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Kulbir Thapa Magar

2026-05-08T04:45:17Z

2fa: Adding new stub basic info

{{Short description|Nepalese Gurkha recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{Expand Russian|topic=bio|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Kulbir Thapa Magar
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|VC|}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Kulbir Thapa VC.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|12|15}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1956|10|03|1888|12|15}}
| birth_place = [[Palpa district|Palpa]], [[Nepal]]
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India|23px}}
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}
| service_years =
| rank = [[Havildar]]
| service_number =
| unit = [[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War I]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
| relations =
| other_work =
| signature =
| website = 
}}

'''Kulbir Thapa Magar''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (15 December 1888 – 3 October 1956) was the first [[Nepalese people|Nepalese]] [[Gurkha]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Biography==
Born on 15 December 1888 in [[Palpa district|Palpa]], Nepal, to Haria Gulte,<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310222143/http://faculty.winthrop.edu/haynese/india/medals/VC/1KThapa.html |date=10 March 2007 |title=Kulbir Thapa }}</ref> Thapa was a 26-year-old [[Rifleman]] in the 2nd Battalion, [[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]], [[British Indian Army]], during the [[World War I|First World War]] when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 25 September 1915 in [[Fauquissart]], [[France]] Rifleman Kulbir Thapa, having been wounded himself, found a wounded soldier of [[The Leicestershire Regiment]] behind the first-line German trench (believed initially to be a 20-year-old soldier from Melton Mowbray by the name of Bill Keightley but since confirmed to be 19152 Private Evan Jones who received a letter from the Adjutant Captain B Dalton, of the 2nd Battalion Queen Alexandra's Own 3rd Gurkha Rifles, dated the 25th February 1916, requesting details of the action, that was made known in 2014 having been kept by the family together with a photograph of Kulbir Thapa for 99 years).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalleicestershireregiment.org.uk/archive/journals/green-tiger-2015-spring-present/2015-autumn/592931|title = Green Tiger - 2015 Autumn - 018.JPG - Royal Leicestershire Regiment}}</ref> Although urged to save himself, the Gurkha stayed with the wounded man all day and night. Early next day, in misty weather, he dragged him through the German wire, within spitting distance from the Germans, and, leaving him in a place of comparative safety, returned and brought in two wounded Gurkhas, one after the other. He then went back, and, in broad daylight, fetched the British soldier, carrying him most of the way under enemy fire.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29371|supp=y|page=11450|date=16 November 1915}}</ref>

The act of faith and courage attracted attention, and when he emerged from his trench for the third time with one more wounded comrade over his shoulder, the German soldiers clapped their hands to encourage the Gurkha on, however the Gurkha walked right across the No-Mans-Land back to his own side.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gurkha_museum |date=2020-09-11 |title=The First Gurkha Victoria Cross – Rifleman Kulbir Thapa, 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles, 25th/26th September 1915 |url=https://thegurkhamuseum.co.uk/blog/kulbir-thapa/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The Gurkha Museum - Winchester |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Victoria Cross awarded to Kulbir Thapa was in the first group of awards for the [[Battle of Loos]] which were gazetted on 18 November 1915. Of the 18 VCs gazetted that day no less than 17 were presented by the King at Buckingham Palace in nine presentations between December 1915 and January 1917. Kulbir Thapa rejoined his battalion in Egypt on 4 January 1916 and did not receive his medal until a year later. The Governor-General of India, [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], at a special parade on Tuesday, 30 January 1917, at the vice-regal lodge, Delhi, India, presented medals and orders to 200 Indian officers and men including the Victoria Cross to Rifleman Kulbir Thapa, 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles, and two other Indian soldiers.<ref>INDIAN PATRIOTISM: THREE VICTORIA CROSSES. ''The Advertiser'' (Adelaide, SA) Thursday, 1 February 1917, p. 8. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5558034</ref><ref>''[[Victoria Cross]] presentations and locations''. Dennis Pillinger and Anthony Staunton, Woden, ACT, 2000.</ref>

He later achieved the rank of [[Havildar]].

==Legacy==
[[File:Kulbir Thapa Aldershot 2021.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Kulbir Thapa in the action that was to win him the [[Victoria Cross]] in 1915]]
His Victoria Cross is displayed at [[The Gurkha Museum]] in Winchester, Hampshire, England. The [[Royal Mail]] issued a 1st class stamp featuring his portrait in their second set of six stamps marking anniversaries of the First World War in May 2015.<ref>The Royal Mail Newspaper Courier, May 2015</ref>

On 25 September 2021 a life-size bronze statue of Thapa carrying a wounded British soldier from the [[Leicestershire Regiment]] off the battlefield during [[World War One]] was unveiled in [[Princes Gardens, Aldershot|Princes Gardens]] in [[Aldershot]] in [[Hampshire]]. The memorial was commissioned by the Greater Rushmoor Nepali Community to highlight the bond between Nepal and Great Britain dating back more than two centuries. Funded by private donations, the £180,000 statue was created by Hampshire-based sculptor Amy Goodman.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-58692621 Memorial honouring Aldershot's Gurkha history unveiled] BBC News, 25 September 2021</ref><ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2021-09-25/crowds-turn-out-for-unveiling-of-statue-to-honour-gurkha-soldiers Crowds turn out for unveiling of statue to honour Gurkha soldiers], ITV News, 25 September 2021</ref>

===In popular culture===
* ''[[Gurkha: Beneath the Bravery]]'', 2023 film is based on Thapa's life. [[Samir Gurung]] plays the role of Kulbir Thapa Magar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bajracharya|first=Srizu|date=3 February 2020|title=Remembering the valour of the Gurkhas|url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2020/02/03/remembering-the-valour-of-the-gurkhas|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2020|title=Khukri Rum|url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/business/khukri-rum/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11384790/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_1_tt_6_nm_2_in_0_q_Gurkha|title=Gurkha: Beneath the Bravery|website=[[IMDb]] |accessdate=September 17, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
* [[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
* [[VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915]] (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)

==See also==
* [[List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Commons category|Kulbir Thapa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapa, Kulbir}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:Nepalese World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Palpa District]]
[[Category:Nepalese people of World War I]]

Gerald Pereira

2026-05-07T06:23:01Z

2fa: creating some pg first draft...

{{Short description|Indian trade unionist (1929–1976)}}
{{COI|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{About other people|the Indian trade unionist|Gerald Pereira|Geraldo Pereira (disambiguation){{!}}Geraldo Pereira}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gerald Pereira
| image = Gerald Pereira in the 1950s.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Pereira in the 1950s
| birth_name = Gerald Antonio Eustaqio de Monte Pereira
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|9|20|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|3|4|1929|9|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = Vasco da Gama, Goa, India
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|Luisa Carvalho|24 December 1960}}
| children = 3
| occupation = Lawyer
| years_active = 1950s–1976
| known_for =
| movement = [[Goa liberation movement]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist |
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] ([[M.A.]])
* [[Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai]] ([[LL.B]])
}}
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1967–1976)
| otherparty = {{plainlist |
* [[Goan Peoples Party]] (1950s–1960s)
* [[Frente Popular (Goa)|Frente Popular]] (1963)
}}
| notable_works = ''An Outline of Pre-Portuguese History of Goa'' (1973)
| awards =
}}

'''Gerald Antonio Eustaqio de Monte Pereira''' (20 September 1929 – 4 March 1976) was an Indian [[freedom fighter]], author, lawyer and [[trade unionist]]. An active contributor in the [[Goa liberation movement]], he founded the first trade union in [[Goa]]. He is the author of the book, ''An Outline of Pre-Portuguese History of Goa''.

== Early life ==
Gerald Antonio Eustaqio de Monte Pereira was born on 20 September 1929 in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] in [[Portuguese India]],<ref name="Rajhauns15">{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=Prominent Goans |journal=Rajhauns Yearbook 2015 |pages=448–449}}</ref> to the [[Goan Catholic]] family of Xavier Pereira, who worked for a technical firm in [[Bombay]], [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDaniel |first=Alonzo Simpson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq1mAAAAMAAJ |title=The Absorption of Hydrocarbon Gases by Non-aqueous Liquids |date=1990 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |page=40}}</ref> While studying at the St Joseph's Institute in Vasco, Pereira began participating in the [[Goa liberation movement]] after being influenced by his school teacher, [[Dattatraya Deshpande]], who was a freedom fighter. Deshpande was arrested after he hoisted the [[Indian flag]] and distributed nationalist pamphlets in Vasco. Pereira escaped to Bombay, leaving his education incomplete.<ref name="Rajhauns15" /> He then completed his Senior Cambridge schooling in [[Bombay]].<ref name="FreeGoaDecent57">{{Cite magazine |magazine=Free Goa |title=Gerald Pereira - Out For A Clean & Decent Bombay |date=1957-04-25 |url=https://archive.org/details/gerald-pereira-out-for-a-clean-bombay |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

== Goa liberation movement (1952–1955) ==
While in Bombay, Pereira completed his [[Master of Arts]] at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], and an [[LLB]] from [[Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai|Siddharth College of Law]].<ref name="Rajhauns15" /> He soon took an interest in [[Marxist philosophy]]. In the early 1950s, he joined the [[Goan Peoples Party]] (GPP), which was [[Communist]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=B. Sheikh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Goa Wins Freedom: Reflections and Reminiscences |date=1986 |publisher=Goa University |isbn=978-81-85571-00-3 |pages=126}}</ref> On 13 December 1952, while he was still a student, he participated actively in a demonstration that displayed black flags to the then Portuguese Governor-General, who was visiting the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=278–279}}</ref>

Pereira was a member of the GPP's central committee and the editor of its publication, ''Goan Age''.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> In its inaugural edition, published on 26 January 1954, Pereira wrote an article, ''Goa: Another Korea'', which analyzed how [[America]]ns had strengthened their military presence near Goa.<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[The Indian Express]] |title='Goan Age', New Magazine |date=1954-02-16 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-age-new-magazine |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref> As part of the GPP, he also addressed many public meetings on issues like the planning of ''[[satyagraha]]s'',<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |title=More Satyagrahis For Goa Struggle |date=1954-09-07 |url=https://archive.org/details/more-satyagrahis-for-goa-strugge |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref> encouragement of women to join the freedom struggle,<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |title=Women & Goa Struggle |date=1954-11-22 |url=https://archive.org/details/women-goa-struggle |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref> and the removal of the economic blockade of Goa.<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Bombay Chronicle]] |title=Goans Plead For Removal Of Blockade |date=1957-11-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goans-plead-for-removal-of-blockade_202409 |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

Pereira also published flyers and booklets related to the Goan freedom struggle, including ''Viva 18th June Movement'' and ''Goan Question Reconsidered''.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> He also contributed to newspapers like the ''[[National Herald]]'', ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' and ''[[The Free Press Journal]]''. He also edited the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] journal ''Novem Jivit'' (New Life).<ref name="FreeGoaDecent57" />

In 1955, during the mass ''[[satyagraha]]'' at [[Patradevi]], Pereira was an organiser of the satyagrahis, while Luisa Carvalho, whom he later married, was one of the leaders of the Medical Brigade of the GVSS.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In May 1957, he contested the municipal elections for the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] from [[Mazgaon]] constituency and lost.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Goan Tribune |title=Goan Mayor Defeated |date=1957-05-19 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-mayor-defeated |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref> In June that year, he was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref><ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=81, 343, 369 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

Pereira was active in Bombay's trade union movement, and worked with [[T. B. Cunha]], [[B. T. Ranadive]], [[S. A. Dange]] and [[G. Adhikari]].<ref name="Rajhauns15" /> He was also the Secretary of the T. B. Cunha Memorial Committee.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

== Post-Annexation of Goa ==
=== Trade unionism (1962–1974) ===
After the [[Liberation of Goa|Annexation of Goa]] on 19 December 1961, Pereira led a strike in the port harbour on 12 January 1962 and founded the first trade union in Goa in [[Mormugao Port]], the Marmagao Port, Dock and Transport Workers' Union, now known as the Mormugao Waterfront Workers' Union, on 20 January 1962.<ref name="Rajhauns15" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5A7AAAAMAAJ |title=New Perspectives: Being the Proceedings of 27th Session |date=1966 |publisher=All-India Trade Union Congress |page=8}}</ref>

In 1964–1965, Pereira led another strike of the Port workers for the formation of the Mormugao Dock Labour Board. Pereira was then arrested and imprisoned in the [[Bicholim]] sub-jail.<ref name="Rajhauns15" />

In 1973–1974, Pereira led another strike of the [[Coca-Cola]] workers in Goa.<ref name="Rajhauns15" /><ref>{{cite report |publisher=Government of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/7475/7475-41-SII-OG.pdf |title=Official Gazette |number=41 |series=II |chapter=Labour and Information Department Order No. CLE/I/ID(5)/74/IT-7/74}}</ref> This led to the formation of the Action Committee of Trade Unions and Mass Organisations in Goa.<ref name="Rajhauns15" />

=== Book on history of Goa ===
While Pereira was a student of politics and economics, he was convinced to pursue his masters in history. Thus, as part of his masters thesis, he studied the history of Goa. He researched at the library at [[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] and was guided by many, including [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]]. He completed his thesis in 1963 and about 10 years later, he self-published it as a book, titled, ''An Outline of Pre-Portuguese History of Goa''. The book covers the history of Goa, including the early settlers, [[Bhoja]] kings, the [[Silahara]]s, the [[Kadamba dynasty]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Adil Shahi]] rule, ending with the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]].<ref name="HeraldCollector23">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=History of Pre-Portuguese Goa through a collector's item |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/History-of-PrePortuguese-Goa-through-a-collector%E2%80%99s-item/215054 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Herald Goa]]}}</ref> [[Sandesh Prabhudesai]] describes Pereira as "an expert in history and political science".<ref name="PDAjeeb23">{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjoF0AEACAAJ |title=Ajeeb Goa's Gajab Politics |date=April 2023 |publisher=Qurate Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-94600-69-0 |pages=88, 253}}</ref>

=== Political career (1962–1968) ===
Pereira was one of the founders of the Goa branch of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)),<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> after the CPI split in Goa in 1967–1968.<ref name="Rajhauns15" /><ref name="LuisaPD">{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2006 |title=Comrade Dr Luisa Pereira |url=https://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2006/1112/11122006_com%20luisa.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=[[People's Democracy (newspaper)|People's Democracy]]}}</ref> He was also the General Secretary of the Goa branch of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU)<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> and before that, of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Jyoti |author-link=Jyoti Basu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-Q9AQAAIAAJ |title=Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1970 |date=1998 |publisher=National Book Agency |isbn=978-81-7626-018-3 |page=189}}</ref> Pereira was a member of the CITU Working Committee.<ref name="Rajhauns15" />

On 27 November 1962, Pereira was arrested at [[Londa, Karnataka|Londa]] for being a part of the Communist Party of India, and for allegedly being "Pro-China", in the background of the [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name="Rajhauns15" />

Pereira and other Goan Communists, like [[George Vaz]] and [[Berta de Menezes Bragança]], began working with the Goan peasants soon after the Annexation of Goa, forming the ''Shetkari Paksh'' (Farmers' Party). In the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]], they did not contest with their Communist symbols but instead contested as a political front, the [[Frente Popular (Goa)|Frente Popular]]. This was done to not attract the attention of the Goan Catholic Church, who considered the Communists as a threat.<ref name="PDAjeeb23" /> Pereira contested elections from the [[Mormugao Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esteves |first=Sarto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Politics and Political Leadership in Goa |date=1986 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0602-6 |page=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Halappa |first1=G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EuwDAAAAMAAJ |title=The First General Elections in Goa |last2=Rao |first2=Kurukundi Raghavendra |last3=Rajasekhariah |first3=A. M. |date=1964 |publisher=Karnatak University |page=49}}</ref> He was defeated by [[Urminda Mascarenhas]].<ref name="PDAjeeb23" />

Pereira unsuccessfully contested in the [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXY5AAAAIAAJ |title=Political Science Review |date=1972 |publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan. |page=143}}</ref>

=== Other work ===
In 1966, Pereira was chosen to visit the [[Soviet Union]] as part of the AITUC delegation of the [[Indo-Soviet Cultural Society]] (ISCUS). He was also a part of organisations like the Goan Arts and Culture League, Goa Mundkar and Shetkari Sabha, and the Indo-Cuban Solidarity Centre (CESIC).<ref name="Rajhauns15" />

== Personal life ==
Pereira married Luisa Carvalho, a medical practitioner and also a freedom fighter, on 24 December 1960 under the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]].<ref name="Rajhauns15" /> She was also an active member of the CPI(M) and CITU in Goa.<ref name="LuisaPD" /> Together, they had 3 children, none of whom were initiated into any religion. Pereira lived in Vasco and Bombay, moving to Bombay after he was outlawed in his school days and came back to Vasco only after the [[Annexation of Goa]].<ref name="HeraldCollector23" />

== Illness and death ==
Pereira had a heart attack on 2 June 1975 and was admitted to [[KEM Hospital]], Bombay. After his discharge in August 1975, he began working on an underground campaign against [[the Indian Emergency]] while recuperating in Bombay. He moved back to Goa in February 1976 and immediately continued his trade union work. He died on 4 March 1976, after suffering another heart attack.<ref name="Rajhauns15" /><ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

== Works ==
* ''Viva 18th June Movement''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gerald Pereira |url=https://archive.org/details/viva-18th-june-movement |title=Viva 18th June Movement |date=1971-06-18}}</ref>
* ''Goan Question Reconsidered''
* Editor, ''Selected Writings of Dr. T. B. Cunha''<ref name="Rajhauns15" />
* ''An Outline of Pre-Portuguese History of Goa'' (1973)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=Gerald A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35QdAAAAMAAJ |title=An Outline of Pre-Portuguese History of Goa |date=1973 |publisher=G. Pereira |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pereira, Gerald}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Goa]]

Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T05:39:47Z

2fa:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Davanagere
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Davangere.map}}
| map_caption= Davanagere Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Dr.Prabha Mallikarjun.jpg
| mp = [[Prabha Mallikarjun]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| assembly_cons = [[Jagalur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Jagalur]] [[Harapanahalli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Harapanahalli]] [[Harihar (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Harihar]] [[Davanagere North (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere North]] [[Davanagere South (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere South]] [[Mayakonda (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Mayakonda]] [[Channagiri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Channagiri]] [[Honnali (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Honnali]]
}}
[[File:Davanagere Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]

'''Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency was created in 1977 after the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of Indian states]].

==Assembly segments==
Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight legislative assembly segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|103
|[[Jagalur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Jagalur]] (ST)
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]] and [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
|[[B. Devendrappa (politician)|B. Devendrappa]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|104
|[[Harapanahalli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Harapanahalli]]
|[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
|[[Latha Mallikarjun]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|105
|[[Harihar (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Harihar]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
|[[B. P. Harish]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|106
|[[Davanagere North (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere North]]
|[[S. S. Mallikarjun]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|107
|[[Davanagere South (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere South]]
|Samarth Shamanur Mallikarjun
[[India national congress ]]{{party name with color|Casual vacancy}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|108
|[[Mayakonda (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Mayakonda]] (SC)
|[[K. S. Basavanthappa]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|109
|[[Channagiri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Channagiri]]
|[[Basavaraju V. Shivaganga]]
|-
|110
|[[Honnali (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Honnali]]
|[[D. G. Shanthana Gowda]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kondajji Basappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| T. V. Chandrashekharappa
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Channaiah Odeyar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| Gowdara Mallikarjunappa
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]]
| Style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| Gowdara Mallikarjunappa
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="4" | [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Prabha Mallikarjun]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Davanagere]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Prabha Mallikarjun]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6,33,059
|percentage = 47.95
|change = {{increase}} 7.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gayatri Siddeshwara
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,06,965
|percentage = 45.97
|change = {{decrease}} 8.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = G. B. Vinay Kumar
|party = Independent
|votes = 42,907
|percentage = 3.25
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = NOTA
|votes = 3,124
|percentage = 0.24
|change = {{decrease}} 0.26
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,094
|percentage = 1.98
|change = {{decrease}} 12.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,21,228
|percentage = 77.27
|change = {{increase}} 4.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Davanagere]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1013.htm?ac=13 |title = Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency results 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[G. M. Siddeshwara]]|votes=6,52,996|percentage=54.66|change={{increase}} 8.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=H.B. Manjappa|votes=4,83,294|percentage=40.46|change={{decrease}} 4.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Siddappa B.H.|votes=7,736|percentage=0.65|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate
||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Manjunatha Marikoppa
|votes=5,947
|percentage=0.50
|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,69,702
|percentage = 14.20
|change = {{increase}} 12.62
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,95,225|percentage=73.19|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Davanagere]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detail/7925/43/16 |title = Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency results 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[G. M. Siddeshwara]]|votes=5,18,894|percentage=46.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[S. S. Mallikarjun]]|votes=5,01,287|percentage=44.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Mahima Patel|votes=46,911|percentage=4.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India
|candidate=Com H. K. Ramachandrappa
|votes=8,064
|percentage=0.72
|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 17,607
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,15,132|percentage=73.23|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Davanagere district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[[Election Commission of India]] https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
*http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1013.htm?ac=13

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14.45|75.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Davangere]]

Samarth Shamanur Mallikarjun

2026-05-04T20:59:00Z

2fa: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Samarth Shamanur Mallikarjun''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from Davangere South in [[Davanagere district|Davangere district]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Pattanashetti |first=Girish |date=2026-05-04 |title=Davanagere South: Grandson’s victory with reduced margin in Shamanur bastion matter of concern |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/davanagere-south-grandsons-victory-with-reduced-margin-in-shamanur-bastion-matter-of-concern/article70939063.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Mallikarjun is from [[Davanagere|Davangere]]. He is the grandson of Lingayat leader late Shamanur Shivashankarappa and son of minister [[S. S. Mallikarjun|S.S. Mallikarjun]].<ref name=":0" />

Mallikarjun became an MLA for the first time making a winning debut in the 2026 by election from [[Davanagere South Assembly constituency|Davangere South Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress. He polled 69,578 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Shrinivasa T. Dasakariyappa of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5708 votes.<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMay2026/candidateswise-S10107.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-05-04 |title=Congress wrests two bypolls seats in Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2026/May/04/congress-wrests-two-bypolls-seats-in-karnataka |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Congress retains Bagalkot, Davanagere South in Karnataka Bypolls: Meti and Shamanur legacies stand firm |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/karnataka/congress-retains-bagalkot-davanagere-south-in-karnataka-bypolls-meti-and-shamanur-legacies-stand-firm-2026-05-04-1039906 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamanur Mallikarjun, Samarth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Davanagere district]]

Yohaan Benjamin

2026-04-29T02:26:08Z

2fa: started a info

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Yohaan Benjamin
| fullname = Yohaan Benjamin
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|8|29}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| height =
| position = Winger
| currentclub = [[NK Bravo]] U19
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Minerva Academy FC]]
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = Football Academy of Bangalore
| youthyears3 =
| youthclubs3 = Conscient Football Mumbai
| youthyears4 =
| youthclubs4 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| youthyears5 = 2025–
| youthclubs5 = [[NK Bravo]] U19
| years1 = 2025–
| clubs1 = [[NK Bravo]] U19
| caps1 = 4
| goals1 = 2
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-19 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
}}

'''Yohaan Benjamin''' (born 29 August 2007) is an Indian footballer who plays as a winger for the under-19 team of Slovenian club [[NK Bravo]]. In 2025, he became the first Indian footballer to be selected for the [[UEFA Youth League]].<ref name="khelnow" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=From Shillong to Slovenia: Yohaan Benjamin signs for NK Bravo in Europe {{!}} The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2025/09/04/from-shillong-to-slovenia-yohaan-benjamin-signs-for-nk-bravo-in-europe/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-26 |title=Slovenia opens a new European window for young Indian footballers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/slovenia-opens-a-new-european-window-for-young-indian-footballers/articleshow/124167555.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=Lajong's Yohaan Benjamin makes cut for 25-member U-19 Indian football squad {{!}} The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2025/05/01/lajongs-yohaan-benjamin-makes-cut-for-25-member-u-19-indian-football-squad/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=After successful SPL, Lajong's Yohaan Benjamin features among 35 probables for India U-19 team {{!}} The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2025/04/23/after-successful-spl-lajongs-yohaan-benjamin-features-among-35-probables-for-india-u-19-team/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and youth career ==
Benjamin was born in [[Maharashtra]], India to a Malayali father, Gautam Benjamin and a Telugu mother, Anuli Katakam. <ref> https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/12/22/malayali-yohaan-benjamin-youth-footballer-slovenia-shillong-lajong.amp.html </ref>He began his youth career at [[Minerva Academy FC]], Football Academy of Bangalore and Conscient Football Mumbai. Later, he joined the youth academy of [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]], progressing through their under-17 and under-21 teams. He was part of the club’s youth side that competed in the [[Elite League (India)|U17 Youth League]].<ref name="khelnow" />

== Club career ==
=== Shillong Lajong ===
Benjamin developed through Shillong Lajong’s academy system and represented the club in national youth competitions. His performances at youth level attracted attention from overseas scouts. He scored nine goals in 13 games for their under-17 sides, which included six goals in the [[Youth League (India)|U17 Youth League]].<ref name="khelnow" />

=== NK Bravo ===
In 2025, Benjamin joined the under-19 team of Slovenian club [[NK Bravo]], becoming one of the few Indian youth players to move to Europe.<ref name="tsr">{{cite web |title=From Shillong to Slovenia: Yohaan Benjamin signs for NK Bravo in Europe |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2025/09/04/from-shillong-to-slovenia-yohaan-benjamin-signs-for-nk-bravo-in-europe/ |website=The Sports Room |date=4 September 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> He has appeared for the club in the [[Slovenian Junior League|NextGen Liga]], the top-tier youth competition in Slovenia, making 4 appearances and scoring 2 goals.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Slovenia opens a new European window for young Indian footballers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/slovenia-opens-a-new-european-window-for-young-indian-footballers/articleshow/124167555.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

=== UEFA Youth League ===
NK Bravo qualified for the [[UEFA Youth League]] after winning the Slovenian youth championship. Benjamin was included in the club’s under-19 squad for their second-round tie against [[FC Porto (youth)|FC Porto U19]], becoming the first Indian footballer to be selected for the competition.<ref name="khelnow">{{cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Uttiyo |title=Yohaan Benjamin set to become first Indian to play in UEFA Youth League |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2025-10-indian-football-yohaan-benjamin-uefa-youth-league |website=Khel Now |date=4 October 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

== International career ==
Benjamin has represented [[India national under-19 football team|India U19]] at the [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]], appearing in four matches as India won the title.<ref name="khelnow" />

== See also ==
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
* [[Manisha Kalyan]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Paramananda Chayengia

2026-04-23T05:09:32Z

2fa: put up a pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Paramananda Chayengia
| office = Chief Executive Member of the [[Mising Autonomous Council]]
| image = File: Paramananda Chayengia.jpg
| caption = MAC Chief
| constituency = Mingmang
| country = {{IND}}
| preceded = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
| office2 = President of the [[Takam Mising Porin Kebang]]
| party = [[Sanmilita Gana Shakti]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age| 17 Jan 1960}}
| office1 = President of the [[Sanmilita Gana Shakti]]
| term_start2 = 1993
| term_end2 = 1995
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_start = 2019
| parents = Dandiram Chayengia
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| other_party = [[North-East Democratic Alliance]]
| preceded1 = ''Party established''
| succeeded1 =
| succeeded2 = Jukta Nath Kumbang
| preceded2 = Hari Narayan Pegu
| website = {{URL|https://sanmilitaganashaktiasom.org/}}
}}

'''Paramananda Chayengia''' (born 1960) is an Indian politician from [[Assam]] serving as the chief executive councilor of the [[Mising Autonomous Council]]. He is the president of the [[Sanmilita Gana Shakti]].<ref name="sentinel">{{Cite web|date=21 November 2025|title=Sanmilita Gana Shakti Asom Marks 20th Foundation Day; Plans to Field Candidates in 2026 Polls|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/sanmilita-ganashakti-asom-marks-20th-foundation-day-plans-to-field-candidates-in-2026-polls|author=Sentinel Digital Desk|access-date=4 February 2026|website=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Times-of-India">{{Cite web|date=10 January 2025|title=Arunachal CM urges people to take pride in tribal identity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-cm-urges-people-to-take-pride-in-tribal-identity/articleshow/117129258.cms|last=Ete|first=Joken|access-date=4 February 2026|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He is a former president of the [[Takam Mising Porin Kebang]].

==Early life==
Paramananda Chayengia is the son of Dandiram Chayengia.<ref name="ceoassam.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=Paramananda Chayengia|url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2016/affidavits/113/7-PARAMANANDA%2520CHAYENGIA.PDF|author=|access-date=4 February 2026|website=ceoassam.nic.in|language=en}}</ref> He was born in present-day [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where both his father and mother were employed professionally.<ref name="Arunachal-Observer">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2019|title=Chayengia calls to unite Tani groups for global identity during Si-Donyi festival|url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2019/01/07/chayengia-calls-unite-tani-groups-global-identity-si-donyi-festival |author=AO News Service|access-date=4 February 2026|website=arunachalobserver.org|language=en}}</ref> He graduated from [[Panjab University]] in 1984.<ref name="ceoassam.nic.in"/> He is a resident of [[Dhemaji]], Assam.<ref name="ceoassam.nic.in"/>

==Political career==
Chayengia was the president of the [[Takam Mising Porin Kebang]] from 1993 to 1995. In [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]], Chayengia contested from [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency]], placing third as an independent candidate. The [[Sanmilita Gana Shakti]] was formed by the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]] assembly elections as the political vehicle of the Takam Mising Porin Kebang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=2021-03-24 |title=Assam's small ethnic groups dumped BJP over CAA. The party wooed them back – not just for elections |url=https://scroll.in/article/990118/assams-small-ethnic-groups-dumped-bjp-over-caa-the-party-wooed-them-back-not-just-for-elections |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sharma">{{cite book |last=Sharma|first=Chandan Kumar|chapter=Mapping The Trajectory of Contemporary Ethnic Identity Movement: The Case of the Misings of Assam|date=2012|url=https://www.academia.edu/40787605/Mapping_the_Trajectory_of_a_Contemporary_Ethnic_Identity_Movement_The_Case_of_the_Misings_of_Assam|isbn= 9788192401317|editor=Nani Gopal Mahanta|title=Peace and Conflict Studies: Perspectives from South Asia|publisher=Department of Political Science, [[Gauhati University]]}}</ref> In 2009, Chayengia was serving as the head of the [[Mising Autonomous Council]] (MAC) while leading an alliance of the Sanmilita Gana Shakti and the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/dissidence-muddies-cong-hopes-ranee-narah-has-her-task-cut-out-in-lakhimpur-against-sarma-pegu/cid/637193|title=Dissidence muddies Cong hopes - Ranee Narah has her task cut out in Lakhimpur against Sarma & Pegu|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=22 April 2009|access-date=4 February 2026|last=Das|first=Ripunjoy}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph3">{{Cite web|date=5 January 2011|title=Court notice to Dispur on Mising council|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/court-notice-to-dispur-on-mising-council/cid/442069|author=Staff Reporter|access-date=4 February 2026|website=Telegraph (India)|language=en}}</ref> In 2013, the SGS won a majority of seats in the MAC elections, and refuted reports that they were supported by the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Telegraph2">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/old-foes-from-north-south/cid/195400|title=Old foes from North & South|publisher=The Telegraph (India)|date=2 April 2014|access-date=2 February 2026|last=Singh|first=Vinod}}</ref> Chayengia was elected chairman of the Mising Autonomous Council.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumanta|chapter=Autonomous district councils in North-east India - A strategy for socio-economic development of tribalcommunities|date=2017|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372627479_Autonomous_district_councils_in_North-east_India-_A_strategy_for_socio-economic_development_of_tribal_communities|editor1=Suman Kalyan Chaudhury|editor2=Suman Kalyan Chaudhury|editor3=Sukanta Sarkar|title=Development of Tribal communities- Problems and challenges|page=38|publisher=Avon Publication}}</ref> In [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]], Chayengia contested from [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency]] as an independent, placing third. In 2019, the Sanmilita Gana Shakti won a majority of seats in the Mising Autonomous Council, and Chayengia was elected chief executive councilor at the head of a coalition involving the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Assam-Tribune">{{Cite web|date=28 January 2019|title=BJP-SGS alliance sweeps Mac, SKAC polls|url=https://assamtribune.com/bjp-sgs-alliance-sweeps-mac-skac-polls|author=Staff Reporter|access-date=4 February 2026|website=[[Assam Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chayengia, Paramananda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dhemaji district]]
[[Category:People from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Mising people]]

Thiruvancheri Kavu

2026-04-22T00:02:17Z

2fa: started a details

{{Short description|Shakteya temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Thiruvancheri kavu
| image = File:The Hindu Goddess Kali LACMA M.2011.5 (1 of 5).jpg
| alt = 13 Shakteya Temples of Kerala
| caption = Bhadra kali
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Thiruvancheri Kavu, [[Kuthuparamba]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.83217|N|75.55477|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| location = [[Kannur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Bhadrakali]], [[Shiva]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = Exact date unknown
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Thiruvancheri Kavu''' is located near [[Kuthuparamba]], [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]]. It is a site of ancient worship where Shakteya rituals are performed. The temple is notable for its integration of Shakta and Shaiva traditions. It is one of the 13 Shakteya temples in Kerala related to [[Kashmir Shaivism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir Tantrism |url=https://shaivism.net/articles/10.html |website=shaivism.net |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Text of the Vice-President's address during Rajanaka Puraskar ceremony held at KTDC Samudra, Kovalam Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2012788 |website=Press Information Bureau Government of India |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Journey through 13 Abodes of Rurujit Kali |url=https://www.indica.today/research/tracing-legacy-kashmiri-tantra-kerala-rurujit-kali/ |website=indica.today |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

The temple was destroyed 200 250 years ago. The [[Kingdom of Kottayam]] initiated rebuilding the temple after finding the destroyed remains. The deity is the family goddess of the western branch of the [[Kingdom of Kottayam]]. [[Pazhassi Raja]] belongs to this family.<ref>{{cite web | title= Sri Thiruvanchery Kaavu|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g12345421-d19784228-r735277568-Sri_Thiruvanchery_Kaavu-Kuthuparamba_Kerala.html |website=Tripadvisor.com |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012834 | title=Vice President emphasizes the need to explore and rediscover our traditional knowledge systems }}</ref>

== Temple architecture and deities ==
Thiruvanjeri Kavu is designed according to the traditional Kerala temple architecture known as Rurujith Vidhanam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/25289175 |website=Academia.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |title=The Yāmala-tantras with special reference to the worship of Rurujit. Lecture given during the Sree Vidya-Tanthrika-Upasaka Sangamam 2015. Organised by Sree Vidya Prathishtanam, Kodungallur, Kerala on 13-12-2015 |last1=Sarma |first1=S. a. S. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Temple Architecture |url=http://www.templenet.com/Kerala/kerala_archi.html |website=templenet.com |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref> The temple complex houses two sanctum sanctorum where the deities [[Bhadrakali]], [[Matrikas|Saptha Mathrukkal]], [[Ganesh|Ganapathy]], and [[Virabhadra]] are enshrined facing the sanctum sanctorum of [[Shiva]]. There is a separate sanctum for Kshetrapalaka, revered as Kalabhairava, and believed to be nurtured by Devi.

== Sacred grove or Kavu ==
<gallery>
File:Sacred grove Thiruvancheri kavu (1).jpg
File:Sacred grove Thiruvancheri kavu (2).jpg
File:Sacred grove Thiruvancheri kavu (3).jpg
File:Sacred grove Thiruvancheri kavu (4).jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
'''13 Shakteys Temples of Kerala'''
# Mannampurath Kavu, Neeleswaram
# [[Madayi Kavu|Thiruvarkkattu Kavu or Madaayi Kavu]], Pazhayangadi
# [[Kalarivathukkal Temple|Kalari Vatulkkal Kavu]], Valapattanam
# Mamanikkunnu Kavu, Irikkur
# Thiruvancheri Kavu, Kuthuparamba
# Kaliyam Kavu, Vadakara, Edacheri
# [[Pisharikavu|Pishari Kavu]], Koyilandi, Kollam(Malabar)
# Thiruvalayanaadu Kavu, Kozhikode
# Kodikkunnathu Kavu, Pattambi
# [[Thirumandhamkunnu Temple|Thirumandham kunnu Kavu]], Angadippuram
# [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple|Kodungallur Kavu]], Thrissur
# Muthoot Kavu, Thiruvalla
# [[Panayannarkavu|Panayannar Kavu]], Mannar, Thiruvalla

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
{{Shaktism}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}
{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

Aditya Kalyanpur

2026-04-21T11:57:37Z

2fa: starting first data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian table player (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Aditya Kalyanpur
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|7|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| origin =
| instrument = [[tabla]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 32
| label = AK Productions
| associated_acts = [[Alla Rakha]], [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[A._R._Rahman]], [[Katy Perry]]
| website = [http://www.adityakalyanpur.com/ adityakalyanpur.com]
}}
'''Aditya Kalyanpur''' (born 21 July 1978) is an Indian [[Tabla]] Maestro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Evening-ragas-set-to-enthral/articleshow/3446590.cms|title=Evening ragas set to enthral |website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2008 |accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/music/article8651407.ece "Music"] ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 2016-06-21.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/Aditya-Kalyanpur-the-next-tabla-maestro/articleshow/7769516.cms "Aditya Kalyanpur, the next tabla maestro?"] ''Times of India''. Retrieved 2016-06-21.</ref> He belongs to the [[Punjab gharana]].<ref>[https://adityakalyanpur.com "adityakalyanpur.com"]</ref>

==Early life and background==
Aditya Kalyanpur was born in [[Mumbai]], India.

He began his studies at the age of five under the guidance of Tabla Maestro late [[Alla Rakha Khan]] and his son [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/A-treat-for-music-lovers-on-August-18/article14815814.ece|title=A treat for music lovers on August 18|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 August 2007|accessdate=6 February 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

He is a [[commerce]] [[Graduation|graduate]] from [[Mithibai College]].<ref>http://www.sangeetonline.org/sangeetonline/AdityaKalyanpur.pdf{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.adityakalyanpur.com/|title=Welcome|website=Aditya Kalyanpur|access-date=2017-01-07}}</ref>

==Performing career==
Aditya Kalyanpur was initially known for his debut performance with his guru Zakir Hussain for the Wah Taj! commercial when he was 11 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myspace.com/adityakalyanpur|title=Aditya Kalyanpur | Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos|website=Myspace|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref>

His style consists of bold and clear execution of syllables, pinpoint precision in rhythm coupled with a colossal repertoire of compositions and improvisational technique.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

He has accompanied artists including [[Shivkumar Sharma]], [[Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Prabha Atre]], [[N. Rajam]], [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Sultan Khan]], [[Shahid Parvez]], [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], [[Satish Vyas (musician)|Satish Vyas]], [[Shujaat Khan]], and [[Nayan Ghosh]]. He has also accompanied Carnatic performers including [[T. N. Krishnan]], [[N. Ramani]], [[U. Shrinivas]], and [[Lalgudi Krishnan]].
Kalyanput went on tour with [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]] for his JAI HO World Tour!<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5547e332e4b057da64c2cc28/t/554a350de4b02ac8b4977084/1430926605908/AdityaEPK.pdf|title=Aditya Kalyanpur: The Face of Indian Drumming|access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101016/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5547e332e4b057da64c2cc28/t/554a350de4b02ac8b4977084/1430926605908/AdityaEPK.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He can be heard on [[Katy Perry]]'s "Legendary Lovers" from her album "[[Prism (Katy Perry album)|Prism]]," has recorded with [[Keith Richards]] of [[The Rolling Stones]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Awards==
*"TOP" Grade Artist of All India Radio<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/adityakalyanpur/photos/a.101937159841456/2746856885349457/?type=3|title=Aditya Kalyanpur|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*'Taal – Mani' by Sur Singar Samiti{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*Vidyasagar Award, ITC{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*Sangeet Visharad{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*National Scholarship for Advanced Training, Government of India{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*Awardee of Pandit Jasraj Competition, Vedic Heritage Center, Long Island, New York{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

==Performances==
*Orient Arts Festival, Estonia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://erpmusic.com/festival-orient/orient-2005|title=Festival Orient 2005|website=erpmusic.com|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref>
*Edinburgh festival, Scotland (2003){{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*Earagal Arts Festival, Ireland{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*Jazz Yatra, Mumbai{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*Great Lakes Folk Festival, Lansing, Michigan{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
*[[Saptak Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/festival/events/saptakschedule.htm|title=Saptak Music Festival - Ahmedabad - Gujarat- Program Schedule 2019|website=www.webindia123.com|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.adityakalyanpur.com/ Official Site]
*[http://www.myspace.com/adityakalyanpur MySpace]
*[https://www.facebook.com/adityakalyanpur/ Facebook Page]
*[https://www.instagram.com/adityakalyanpur/ Instagram Account]
*[https://twitter.com/adityatabla Twitter Account]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCntGDdaf8v7IMPHGW8LDG2A YouTube Account]
*[https://www.newenglandschoolofmusic.org/ New England School of Music]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyanpur, Aditya}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian drummers]]
[[Category:Male drummers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]

Ramchandra Dattatreya Ranade

2026-04-18T07:27:15Z

2fa: put up new info added tags

{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramchandra Dattatrey Ranade
| image = Downloadrdranade.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1886 A.D.
| birth_place = Jamakhandi, Bagalkot District, Karnataka, [[India]]
| death_date = 1957 A.D.
| death_place = Nimbal, near Bijapur, Karnataka, India
| other_names =
| known_for = His work on Upanishads – [[A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy]]
| occupation = Teaching, Retired as Head of Department of Philosophy, Allahabad University; Vice-Chancellor, Allahabad University.
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Ramchandra Dattatrey Ranade''' (1886–1957) was an Indian scholar-philosopher-saint of Karnataka and Maharashtra.

==Biography==
He was born on 3 July 1886 in Jamakhandi, in Bagalkot District of [[Karnataka]]. After completing his schooling he studied at Deccan College, Pune. In the year 1914 he passed M.A. with full honours and for a very brief period joined the teaching staff of Fergusson College, Pune. He taught at Willindon College, Sangli, on a regular basis before being invited to join Allahabad University as Head of Department of Philosophy where he rose to be the Vice-Chancellor. After retirement in 1946 he lived in an ashrama in a small village, Nimbal, on border of Maharashtra and Karnataka, near Vijaypura (Bijapur) where he died on 6 June 1957.

==Philosophy==
According to Shri Gurudev Ramchandra Dattatrey Ranade, the three main approaches in arriving at the solution to the problem of the Ultimate Reality have traditionally been the theological, the cosmological and the psychological approaches.{{sfn|Ranade|1926|p=247}} The cosmological approach involves looking outward, to the world; the psychological approach meaning looking inside or to the Self; and the theological approach is looking upward or to God. [[Descartes]] takes the first and starts with the argument that the Self is the primary reality, self-consciousness the primary fact of existence, and introspection the start of the real philosophical process.{{sfn|Ranade|1926|p=248}} According to him, we can arrive at the conception of God only through the Self because it is God who is the cause of the Self and thus, we should regard God as more perfect than the Self. [[Spinoza]] on the other hand, believed that God is the be-all and the end-all of all things, the alpha and the omega of existence. From God philosophy starts, and in God philosophy ends. The manner of approach of the Upanishadic philosophers to the problem of ultimate reality was neither the Cartesian nor Spinozistic. The Upanishadic philosophers regarded the Self as the ultimate existence and subordinated the world and God to the Self. The Self to them, is more real than either the world or God. It is only ultimately that they identify the Self with God, and thus bridge over the gulf that exists between the theological and psychological approaches to reality. They take the cosmological approach to start with, but they find that this cannot give them the solution of the ultimate reality. So, Upanishadic thinkers go back and start over by taking the psychological approach and here again, they cannot find the solution to the ultimate reality. They therefore perform yet another experiment by taking the theological approach. They find that this too is lacking in finding the solution. They give yet another try to the psychological approach, and come up with the solution to the problem of the ultimate reality. Thus, the Upanishadic thinkers follow a cosmo-theo-psychological approach.{{sfn|Ranade|1926|p=248}} A study of the mukhya Upanishads shows that the Upanishadic thinkers progressively build on each other's ideas. They go back and forth and refute improbable approaches before arriving at the solution of the ultimate reality.{{sfn|Ranade|1926|pp=249–278}}

==Works==
He was a good orator who was also a good writer. His monumental work that made him famous, ''[[A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy|author=R.D.Ranade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyRKQwAACAAJ&q=A+constructive+survey+of+upanishadic+philosophy}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was published by Oriental Books Agency, Pune, in 1926 under the patronage of Sir Parashuramarao Bhausaheb, Raja of Jamkhandi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sketches of Saints Known and Unknown|author= Jashan P. Vaswani|publisher=Sterling Paperbacks (P) Ltd.|place=New Delhi|page=197 to 202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JPT6s07l-IC&q=A+constructive+survey+of+upanishadic+philosophy&pg=PA199|isbn= 9788120739987|date= 2008-08-01}}</ref> He also wrote ''Pathway to God'' in Hindi and Marathi<ref>{{cite book|title= Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism|author=Harold G. Coward |author-link=Harold Coward |publisher=Suny Press| page=181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqYShQ12YdEC&q=A+constructive+survey+of+upanishadic+philosophy&pg=PA181|isbn=9780887065729 |date=30 October 1987 }}</ref> and ''Ramdasvacanamrut'', which is based on the scriptures of [[Samarth Ramdas]]. As an eminent scholar of the Upanishads who had specialised in Greek philosophy, Shri Gurudev Ramchandra Dattatray Ranade emphasised the centrality of the psychological approach as opposed to the theological approach for the proper understanding of the Ultimate Reality.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Philosophy in English: From Renaissance to Independence|author=[[Nalini Bhushan]], [[Jay L. Garfield]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|page= 245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebo8NpbpNk0C&q=A+constructive+survey+of+upanishadic+philosophy&pg=PA245|isbn=9780199911288|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> His works also include:

* Pathway to God in Kannada Literature.
* The Bhagavadgita as Philosophy of God Realisation.
* Evolution of My Own Thought.
* Ekanath Vachanamrut.
* Sant Vachanamrut.

==Inchegiri Sampradaya==
Shri Gurudev Ramchandra Dattatray Ranade belonged to the [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]].

Shri Chandra Bhanu Pathak was disciple of Gurudev Ranade, who carried forward his lineage in northern part of India, Bikaner, Rajasthan. He was a renowned, loving, affectionate guru among his disciples. His works include the translation of the Geeta in several languages including Marathi and English.

The lineage is being carried forward by Shri Khinw Singh Ji Shekhawat (alias Shri Yogkshem Shekhawat) who continues the teachings of Gurudev Ranade and Chandra Bhanu Pathak in Bikaner.

Shri Chandra Bhanu Pathak was married to Pratibha Pathak and leaves behind his family. He had no children of his own but took on his older brother Kailash Chandra Pathak and Vimala Devi Pathak’s son Rajnish Kumar Pathak as his own, his grand children Ratna Pathak, Rahul Pathak and Rohit Pathak and his great grandchildren Rishi Thakar and Parth Thakar.
{{Navnath Sampradaya – Inchegiri Sampradaya}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|title=A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy|first=R. D.|last=Ranade|year=1926|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://gurudevranade.com/gurudev-ranade/ International Website of Gurudev R.D Ranade homepage]
* [http://www.gurudevranade.org Authorised website of Shree Gurudev Ranade, Nimbal]
* [http://acprbgm.org/ Academy of Comparative Philosophy and Religion]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313047/mode/2up A poetic biography of Gurudev in Sanskrit in the book "Shri Gurudeva Kathamritam" by Waman Trimbak Apte]

{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranade, Ramachandra Dattatrya}}
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of ancient philosophy]]
[[Category:Inchagiri Sampradaya]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]

Uddālaka Āruṇi

2026-04-12T09:23:00Z

2fa: started new details

{{short description|Vedic sage}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| children = [[Svetaketu]]
| disciples = [[Yajnavalkya]], [[Janaka]], [[Kahoda]]
| birth_place = [[Panchala kingdom|Kuru-Panchala]], [[India]]
| notable_ideas = *[[Uddālaka_Āruṇi#Theory of three elements|Theory of three elements]]
*[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]-[[Brahman]] Doctrine
| main_interests = * [[Metaphysics]]
* [[Science]]
}}
'''Uddalaka Aruni''' (fl. c. 8th century BCE), ([[Devanagari]]: उद्दालक आरुणि) also referred to as '''Uddalaka''' or '''Aruni''' or '''Uddalaka Varuni''', was a revered [[Vedic]] sage of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=benami9>Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998), ''[https://archive.org/details/comparativehisto0000scha A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant]'', Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 9-11</ref><ref>[[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychaudhuri]] (1972), ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282598/page/n47/mode/2up Political History of Ancient India]'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 8-9, 21–25</ref> He is mentioned in many Vedic era Sanskrit texts, and his philosophical teachings are among the centerpiece in the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' and ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'', two of the oldest Upanishadic scriptures.<ref name=lochtefeld717/><ref name="Glucklich2008p65"/> A famed Vedic teacher, Aruni lived a few centuries before the [[Buddha]],<ref name=benami9/> and attracted students from far regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]]; some of his students such as [[Yajnavalkya]] are also highly revered in the Hindu traditions.<ref name="Glucklich2008p65">{{cite book|first=Ariel|last=Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA65| year=2008|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-971825-2|pages=65–66}}</ref> Both Aruni and Yajnavalkya are among the most frequently mentioned Upanishadic teachers in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|first=Klaus K.|last=Klostermaier|title=Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&pg=PA158|year=2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3|page=158}}</ref>

According to Ben-Ami Scharfstein, a professor emeritus of Philosophy at [[Tel Aviv University]], Uddalaka Aruni was one of the [[History of philosophy|first philosophers]] in [[recorded history]].<ref name="benami9" /> [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]] established Uddalaka Aruni as the first ‘[[Natural science|natural scientist]]’ in the intellectual history of the world. In the ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]],'' Aruni asks metaphysical questions concerning the nature of reality and truth, observes constant change, and asks if there is something eternal and unchanging. From these questions, embedded in a dialogue with his son, he presents the concept of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]] (soul, Self) and [[Brahman]] (universal Self).<ref name="benami56">{{cite book|author=Ben-Ami Scharfstein|title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC |year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7|pages=56–61}}</ref>

== Life ==
Uddālaka Āruṇi was a brahmin of the [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] lineage who was from [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]-[[Panchala|Pañcāla]]. He was the pupil of Aruṇa (his father) and Patañcala Kāpya. He was the preceptor of [[Yājñavalkya|Yājñavalkya Vājasaneya]], Kahola Kauṣītaki, Proti Kausurubindi, and his own son [[Svetaketu|Śvetaketu Auddālaki]]. He defeated Prācīnayogya Śauceya and likely Bhadrasena Ājātaśatrava in debate, but was defeated in the debate of [[Bahudakshina Yajna]] held at the [[court of King Janaka]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], by his own pupil Yājñavalkya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale|publisher=John Murray|year=1912|volume=I|pages=87–89|language=}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale|publisher=John Murray|year=1912|volume=II|pages=409|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Keith|first=Arthur Berriedale|date=1908|title=The Sankhayana Aranyaka|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=40|issue=2|pages=383|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00080527|s2cid=161840511 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1842896 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Hindu philosophy}}
The name Aruni appears in many of the [[Principal Upanishads]], in numerous verses. For example:
*In sections 3.7 and 6.2 of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', in a dialogue where Aruni is relatively a minor participant.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=457, 526}}</ref>
*In sections 6.1–16 and 5.3 of the ''Chandogya Upanishad'', as a major dialogue between Aruni and his son [[Shvetaketu|Svetaketu]], a dialogue about [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and [[Brahman]] that contain ideas foundational to the [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=142–155, 156–164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/faith-column-mk-srinivasans-discourse-on-chandogya-upanishad/article17763329.ece|title=Special kind of union|date=2017-04-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-08|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The dialogue sets the context of the son, who goes to a Vedic school for twelve years of studies, is conceded that he has learnt the books (Vedas). Aruni, the father enquires and presses Svetaketu whether at school, he pondered and understood the nature of existence, what is truth, what is reality, the meaning of life and self-knowledge,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/Learning-proper-lesson/article14958530.ece|title=Learning proper lesson|date=2011-03-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-08|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the relationship between oneself, other beings and the universal self.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=156–172}}</ref><ref name=benami56/><ref>{{cite book|first=Julius|last=Lipner|author-link=Julius Lipner|editor=Richard V. De Smet and Bradley J. Malkovsky|title=New Perspectives on Advaita Vedānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JugqR3unjB4C&pg=PA55 |year=2000|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-11666-4|pages=55–66}}</ref>
*In verse 1.1 of the ''[[Kaushitaki Upanishad]]'', where the scion of Gangya invites Aruni, but he sends his son to the event. This verse is notable for the conversation therein that suggests the full name of Aruni to be Uddalaka Aruni Gautama, and the mention of him as one of the characters in a group event that hosted "Vedic studies in the hall of sacrifice" (''[[yajna]]'').<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=25–26}}</ref>
*In the ''[[Katha Upanishad]]'', which opens with the story of Vajasravasa, also called ''Aruni Auddalaki Gautama''. According to [[Max Muller]], assuming the manuscripts have been correctly reproduced over their history, there may be a difference between "Auddalaki" (grandson) and "Uddalaki" (son), but he adds [[Adi Shankara]] considered them to be same Aruni, in his commentaries on the Upanishads.<ref>Max Muller (1962), [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n57/mode/2up Katha Upanishad], in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 1 with footnote 1</ref> The theme discussed in the dialogues of the ''Katha Upanishad'' is also Atman and Brahman. [[Paul Deussen]], an Indologist at University of Kiel, states that there are inconsistencies about his full name in the Hindu traditions.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|pages=982 (Uddalaka Aruni), 953 (Aruni, Auddalaki Aruni)}}</ref>

==Texts==
Sage Aruni is revered in the Hindu tradition, and like many of its revered ancient scholars, later-era scholars from the earliest times attributed or named their texts after him. Some of these treatises include:
* ''Arunisruti'', also called ''Uddalaka Sruti'', likely a medieval era theistic text that has been lost to history, and one cited by [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>{{cite book|author=B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma|title=History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Times|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&pg=PA567 |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1575-9| pages=567 note 16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bādarāyaṇa|title=The Vedanta-sutras| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288| year=1904| publisher=Thompson and Company| page=288}}</ref>
* ''[[Aruneya Upanishad|Aruni Upanishad]]'', also called ''Āruṇeyī or Āruṇika Upanishad'', is a minor upanishad related to the [[Samaveda]]<ref>Swami Harshananda, [https://references.rkmm.org/external/manual/a-concise-encyclopaedia-of-hinduism/article/%C4%81ru%E1%B9%87ey%C4%AB-upani%E1%B9%A3ad?p=03408e62817b3af3099725755af0978b04fddd5ece0745ea1b7f78cbb5508433 A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism]</ref> and is one of the oldest renunciation and monk life-related [[Sannyasa Upanishads]] of Hinduism.<ref name=olivelle5/> The text was likely completed in or after 4th-century BCE but before the start of the common era, according to Joachim Sprockhoff, the German scholar of Upanishads and according to [[Patrick Olivelle]].<ref name=olivelle5>{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads| publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0195070453| pages= 5, 8–9, 60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Joachim F|last=Sprockhoff|year=1976|title=Samnyasa: Quellenstudien zur Askese im Hinduismus|publisher=Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner|language=de| isbn=978-3515019057}}</ref> The ''Aruni Upanishad'' states that bookish and ritual knowledge is irrelevant, the true pursuit of knowledge is the meaning, the essence and the import of Vedic ideas, one has the right and duty to abandon the worldly life in the singular pursuit of spirituality.<ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Olivelle|author-link=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3zmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508327-9|pages=118–119, 178}}</ref>

== Philosophy ==
One very important work of [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]], ''Science and Society in ancient India'', discusses Aruni. In this book he established Uddalaka Aruni as the first "[[Natural science|natural scientist]]" in the intellectual history of mankind. He wrote, "Uddalaka collected observations as far as his historical conditions permitted him and even went on diligently to make experiments to understand nature and man."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Debiprasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBIKAQAAIAAJ|title=Science and Society in Ancient India|date=1977|publisher=Research India Publications|language=en}}</ref>

=== Theory of three elements ===
According to his [[theory]], there are three elements that make up living things, each of which is a power. The elements are heat, water, and food (meaning plant). He believed the primal creation due to desire emanated heat/light, light having same desire emanated water from itself, then water having the same desire emanated food from itself, which according to him explains why there is plenty of food when it rains. Aruni explained that the existent entered these three elements and when it entered, it caused the elements to contain something of the other two. Fire, for example, not only contains heat but also other two elements.<ref>{{Cite book|last=COLLINS|first=Randall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&pg=PA963|title=THE SOCIOLOGY OF PHILOSOPHIES|date=2009-06-30|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02977-4|pages=963 note 15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scharfstein|first=Ben-Ami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&pg=PA56|title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant|date=1998-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7|pages=58–59|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pereira|first=José|date=1986|title=Bādarāyaṇa: Creator of Systematic Theology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006275|journal=Religious Studies|volume=22|issue=2|pages=193–204|doi=10.1017/S0034412500018205|jstor=20006275|s2cid=170175160 |issn=0034-4125|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Atman-Brahman doctrine ===
One of the most well-known teachings of Atman appears in [[Chandogya Upanishad]] as the instruction of Uddalaka Aruni to his son [[Shvetaketu|Svetaketu]]. Uddalaka begins his explanation that one can know about the universal of a material substance from a particular object made of that substance. For example, by means of something made of clay, one can know clay; by means of an ornament made of copper, one can know copper.<ref name="unit11"/> He gives an example for [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]-[[Brahman]] doctrine: Just as bees collect nectar from different sources, but when gathered together they form an undifferentiated mass; just as different rivers after flowing into the ocean become one with the ocean, similarly [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] resides individually in every being but merges with the [[Brahman]] and becomes one with it. Uddalaka next asks his son to put some salt in a glass of water. Shvetaketu does so. Upon being asked by his father to fetch the salt, Shvetaketu could not find it as it had dissolved in the water. Next, Aruni asks his son to taste the water. Upon being found salty, Aruni preaches [[Shvetaketu]] instruction on the Ultimate Reality. <blockquote>He says, ‘You don’t perceive that one Reality (sat) exists in your body, my son, but it is truly there. Everything which is has its being in that subtle essence. That is Reality! That is the Soul! And you are that, Shvetaketu!"<ref name="unit11">{{Cite web|last=Dayal|first=S|title=Unit-11 Intellectual developments and asceticism|url=http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/64788/1/Unit11.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.egyankosh.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525082325/http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/64788/1/Unit11.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Paul Deussen|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.191073|title=Sixty Upanisads Of The Veda -part- Ist|date=1905}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Humphrey|first=Robert|title=COSMOGENESIS IN ANCIENT HINDU SCRIPTURES AND MODERN SCIENCE|url=https://www2.rivier.edu/journal/roaj-spring-2015/j904_humphrey_revised.pdf|journal=Rivier Academic Journal|volume=|pages=8–10}}</ref></blockquote>

== Influence ==
Uddalaka Aruni is said to have systematized the Vedic and Upanishadic thoughts. Many [[Mahavakya]]s are ascribed to sage Uddalaka Aruni. Among those, "Tat Tvam Asi" (That thou art) of the ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' is an oft-quoted thought in [[Hinduism]]. Its teacher is Uddalaka Aruni and the student his son Svetaketu.<ref name=lochtefeld717>{{cite book|first=James G.|last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/717 717]}}</ref>

His teachings extend beyond metaphysical speculations and philosophy. Parts of his works contain the seeds of [[Atomism#Indian atomism|Indian atomism]], because of his belief that "particles too small to be seen mass together into the substances and objects of experience".<ref>Thomas McEvilley (2012), ''The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies.'' New York: Constable & Robinson</ref> Some scholars such as [[Hermann Jacobi]] and [[Randall Collins]] have compared Aruni to [[Thales of Miletus]] in their scientific methodology, calling them both as "primitive physicists" or "proto-materialist thinkers".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Amiya Kumar Bagchi|first2=Amita|last2=Chatterjee|title=Marxism: With and Beyond Marx|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx3ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT143 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-56176-7|page=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Randall|last=Collins|title=The Sociology of Philosophies |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&pg=PA963| year=2009| publisher=Harvard University Press| isbn=978-0-674-02977-4|pages=963 note 15}}</ref>

==In the Mahabharata==
The [[Adi Parva]] describes Aruni as a disciple of [[Glossary of Hinduism terms|Sage Ayoda-Dhaumya]]. Once a flood took place in the fields of the ashram. A breach was formed in the embankment. Dhaumya sent Aruni to stop the water from entering the embankment. After a long time, Aruni had not returned. So, Dhaumya went out to find Aruni. The latter was lying in the breach of the embankment to prevent the water from entering it. Because of his loyalty, Aruni is also known as Uddalaka Aruni as a mark of his preceptor's respect.<ref>Parthasarathy Rengaswami (2013), ''[http://mahabharata-stories.blogspot.com/2013/10/three-disciples.html Stories From the Mahabharata: 5. Three Disciples]''.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yajnavalkya]]
*[[Svetaketu]]
*[[Janaka]] of [[Videha]]
*[[Empedocles]] and [[atomism#Greek atomism|Greek atomism]]
*[[Agastya]]
*[[Adi Parva]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/chhand/ch_2.html/ Swami Krishnananda.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322211052/http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/chhand/ch_2.html |date=22 March 2010 }}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=3hcEr_UssvsC&q=Uddalaka A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy By Benimadhab Barua, p. 124-142]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&q=%2F&pg=PA649 Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world By Gaṅgā Rām Garg]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:7th-century BC people]]
[[Category:8th-century BC religious leaders]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:7th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:7th-century BC Hindus]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Kuru kingdom]]

Rajendra Prasad Yadav (Atri politician)

2026-04-11T20:35:47Z

2fa: put up a post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Prasad Yadav
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician social work
| parents = [[Ajay Kumar Yadav]] (Son) [[Kunti Devi Yadav]] (Wife)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=824|title=KUNTI DEVI(RJD):Constituency- Atri(GAYA)|website=myneta.info}}</ref>
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]]
| term_start = 1995
| term_end = 2005
| predecessor = Ranjeet Signh
| successor = [[Kunti Devi Yadav]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] [[Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Rajendra Prasad Yadav''' was an [[Indian politician]] who was elected as a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]] constituency in 2005 and 2015 as the candidate of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/atri.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Atri Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-election-2020-atri-assembly-seat-rjd-kunti-devi-yadav-jdu-nitish-kumar-1135562-2020-09-25|title=अतरी विधानसभा सीट: RJD का गढ़, जहां सेंधमारी की तैयारी में हैं नीतीश|website=www.aajtak.in|accessdate=25 September 2020}}</ref>

==Political life==
Yadav was won [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]] constituency thrice as a member of [[Janata Dal]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in 1995 to 2005.

==Legacy==
* His son [[Ajay Kumar Yadav]] former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/gaya-bihar-assembly-election-result-rjd-ajay-yadav-wins-atri-vidhan-sabha-seat-defeats-manorma-devi-of-jdu-3293302.html|title=Atri Election Result Live: अतरी से राजद के अजय यादव ने जदयू की मनोरमा देवी को 7,931 वोट से हराया|website=hindi.news18.com|accessdate=11 November 2020}}</ref>
* His wife [[Kunti Devi Yadav]] former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/atri.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Atri Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-kunti-devi-former-rjd-mla-of-atari-assembly-of-gaya-died-in-patna-due-to-kidney-disease-21583595.html|title=उम्रकैद की सजा काट रहीं पूर्व राजद विधायक कुंती देवी का निधन, पेरोल पर पति भी पहुंचे अंत्‍येष्टि में|website=www.jagran.com|accessdate=23 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Atri Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Rashtriya Janata Dal}}

[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kamlesh Jangde

2026-04-10T04:02:59Z

2fa: started basic data added tags

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
</noinclude>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Janjgir-Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir-Champa]]
| predecessor = [[Guharam Ajgalle]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| spouse = Basant Kumar Jangde
| parents = Bhuredas Patre
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|12|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Padampur (Mungeli), [[Chhattisgarh]]
| education = [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] from Literature
| name = Kamlesh Jangde
}}

'''Kamlesh Jangde''' (born 30 December 1977) is an Indian politician serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir-Champa]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janjgir-Champa Lok Sabha Election 2024: Janjgir-Champa Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} जांजगीर-चंपा लोकसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2024 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/chhattisgarh/janjgir-champa-constituency-result-26503 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Women activists {{!}} Beating all odds2">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Women activists {{!}} Beating all odds|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-women-activists-beating-all-odds-2565862-2024-07-13|accessdate=7 August 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071147/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-women-activists-beating-all-odds-2565862-2024-07-13|archivedate=7 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> She has also served as a member of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]] and District President of [[Surguja district|Surguja]] of [[BJP Mahila Morcha]] from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Gopal |date=2024-03-03 |title=BJP Sansad Kamlesh Jangde Biography in Hindi: भाजपा सांसद कमलेश जांगड़े का जीवन परिचय... |url=https://npg.news/politics/bjp-sansad-kamlesh-jangde-biography-in-hindi-biography-of-bjp-mp-kamlesh-jangde...-1261606 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=npg.news |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jangde, Kamlesh}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Sakti district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}{{18th Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh}}

Sevalal Maharaj

2026-04-09T05:31:20Z

2fa: started article

{{Short description|Indian socio-religious reformer and community leader (1739–1806)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{infobox person
| image = Santh Sevalal Maharaj.jpg
| name = Shri Sant Sevalal Maharaj
| birth_name = Seva Bhima Naik
| birth_date = {{birth date|1739|2|15|df=yes}}
| father = Shri Bheema Naik
| relatives = 1) Shri Badu Bheema Naik (Brother), 2) Shri Hapa Bheema Naik (Brother), 3) Shri Pura Bheema Naik (Brother).
| mother = Dharmani Yadi Bheema Naik
| birth_place = Surgondankoppa, [[Davanagere district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1902461#:~:text=Santh%20Sevalal%20Maharaj%20was%20born,teacher%20of%20the%20Banjara%20community.|title=Government is celebrating Banjara Dharmaguru Santh Sevalal Maharaj Jayanti for first time ever|publisher=PIB India|access-date= 23 February 2023}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1806|12|04|1739|2|15|df=yes}}
| occupation = Social reformer (बंजारा समाज दैवत)
| death_place = Ruhigarh, [[Yavatmal district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| resting_place = [[Poharadevi]], [[Washim district, Maharashtra]], India
| successor = Sant Ramrao Maharaj
}}
'''Shri Sant Sevalal Maharaj''' (15 February 1739 – 4 December 1806)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satyanarayana |first=Dyavanapalli |date=2021-02-21 |title=The journey and life of Sant Sri Sevalal Maharaj |url=https://telanganatoday.com/the-journey-and-life-of-sant-sri-sevalal-maharaj |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian socio-religious reformer and community leader. He is revered by the Gor [[Banjara]] community as a ''[[guru]]''.

== Early life ==
Guru Sevalal Maharaj was born to Bheema Naik Ramawat (father) and Dharamani Mata Bheema Naik Ramawat (mother) in the 18th century. Maharaj had 3 siblings: Shri Badu Bhima Naik Ramawat (Rathod), Shri Happa Bhima Naik Ramawat (Rathod), and Shri Pura Bhima Naik Ramavat (Rathod).

He died at Ruhigarh (Yavatmal District) and was buried at Poharadevi in [[Washim district]], now in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].

== Legacy ==
His ''samadhi'' stands adjacent to a [[Poharadevi Jagdamba Mata Temple|temple dedicated to goddess Jagadamba]] devi in Pohradevi. Although he was opposed to personality cults and rituals, it became a popular destination for Banjaras.

Similar temples dedicated to Sevalal and to Jagdamba exist elsewhere and attract many worshipers.<ref name="burman94">{{cite book |title=Ethnography of a Denotified Tribe: The Laman Banjara |first=J. J. Roy |last=Burman |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-8-18324-345-2 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai57G7ei0tIC&pg=PA94}}</ref>

Folk songs praising Sevalal are popular during Banjara festivities.<ref name="burman94" /> Every Banjara/Gor/Lambadi village or hamlet has a temple for Sri Sevalal Guru. Banjara hoist a pink or red flag for the ''jagadamba'' and white colour for him at spiritual sites in every village as a show of reverence and community dignity.

== Banjara Virasat Museum ==
The Banjara Virasat Museum, located in [[Poharadevi Jagdamba Mata Temple|Poharadevi]], is dedicated to preserving and showcasing the [[cultural heritage]] of the Banjara community. The museum features a 150-foot Sevadhwaj with an equestrian statue of Sant Sevalal Maharaj. It offers daily light and music laser shows, and thirteen galleries of historical exhibits. It aims to establish Poharadevi as a cultural and religious destination.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Art and Literature of Banjara Lambanis: A Socio-cultural Study |first=Dhanasing B. |last=Naik |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2000 |isbn=978-8-17017-364-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXcn-PhP3AwC}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1739 births]]
[[Category:1806 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]

Lakshmi Narayan Sudhanshu

2026-04-04T11:13:43Z

2fa: Starting A Pg

{{Short description|Indian writer, poet and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lakshmi Narayan Sudhanshu
| native_name = लक्ष्मी नारायण सुधांशु
| office = 3rd [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 15 March 1962
| term_end = 15 March 1967
| predecessor = [[Dhanik Lal Mandal]]
| successor = [[Bindeshwari Prasad Verma]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1957
| constituency1 = [[Dhamdaha Assembly constituency|Dhamdaha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = 15 December 1906
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|04|07|1906|12|15}}
| occupation = Writer, Poet, Politician
| awards =
| caption =
}}
'''Laxmi Narayan Sudhanshu''' (1906–1974) was an Indian writer, litterateur, poet, independent activist and political leader. He won the [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from an assembly seat in [[Purnia]]. He also held the post of Speaker of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 1962 to 1967. Sudhanshu is known for actively participating in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. He was imprisoned in Bhagalpur jail by the Britishers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sopam |first1=Reena |title=One upon a time in Bihar, writers and poets also contested elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/one-upon-a-time-in-bihar-writers-and-poets-also-contested-elections/story-j7ULi3mTiMOoHqcjTXwpBP.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104112613/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/one-upon-a-time-in-bihar-writers-and-poets-also-contested-elections/story-j7ULi3mTiMOoHqcjTXwpBP.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=114वीं जयंती पर याद किए गए बिहार विस के पूर्व सभापति डॉ. लक्ष्मी नारायण सुधांशु |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/purnea/former-speaker-dr-lakshmi-narayan-sudhanshu-remembered-on-114th-birth-anniversary/bh20201216121032839 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104112615/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/purnea/former-speaker-dr-lakshmi-narayan-sudhanshu-remembered-on-114th-birth-anniversary/bh20201216121032839 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Sumita |title=जयंती पर याद किए गए बिहार हिंदी साहित्‍य सम्‍मेलन और बिहार विधान सभा के पूर्व अध्‍यक्ष लक्ष्मी नारायण सिंह 'सुधांशु' |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-former-speaker-of-bihar-assembly-and-hindi-literature-conference-laxmi-narayan-singh-commemorated-on-jayanti-21284015.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=18 January 2021 |language=Hindi |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104112616/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-former-speaker-of-bihar-assembly-and-hindi-literature-conference-laxmi-narayan-singh-commemorated-on-jayanti-21284015.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Early life and education ===
Lakshmi Narayan Sudhanshu was born on 15 December 1906 in Rupaspur village, located in [[Dhamdaha Assembly constituency|Dhamdaha]] sub-division of [[Purnia district]]. In 1934, he did MA in Hindi from [[Banaras University|Kashi University]]. In 1962, he earned a degree of [[D. Litt]] from [[Bhagalpur University]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Career ===
His first published novel was ''Matriprem''. He was elected an MLA in 1952 after winning an assembly seat in [[Purnia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhamdaha: एक विधानसभा सीट से चुने जाते थे दो विधायक, कांग्रेस का था दबदबा |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/history-of-dhamdaha-vidhan-sabha-constituency-bihar-assembly-elections-2020-tstb-1140356-2020-10-05 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=5 October 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In 1962, he was elected unopposed as the Speaker of the [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] and held the position from 15 March 1962 to 15 March 1967.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhishek |title=बिहार विधानसभा भवन के स्वर्णिम 100 साल: ऐतिहासिक भवन में इन 16 लोगों ने सुशोभित की स्पीकर की कुर्सी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bhawan-celebrates-100-years-complete-list-of-speakers-in-bihar-assembly-so-far/articleshow/87155652.cms |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=21 October 2021 |language=Hindi |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104115333/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bhawan-celebrates-100-years-complete-list-of-speakers-in-bihar-assembly-so-far/articleshow/87155652.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also played an active role in the freedom struggle movement. In 1955, he established Kala Bhavan to promote literature, art and culture in [[Purnia]].<ref name=Google/>

From 1935 to 1938, he was the headmaster of Govardhan Sahitya Vidyalaya, [[Deoghar]]. At the same time, he was the editor of a quarterly magazine, ''Sahitya''. He was also the editor of the weekly newspaper ''Rashtra-Sandesh'' of Purnia district and Patna's monthly magazine ''Avantika''. He served as the President of the Hindi Pragati Samiti, established by the [[Bihar government]]. In 1939-40, he was the President of the Purnia District Board. In 1950, he was nominated as the President of the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He is one of the founders of the Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad and was also a lifelong member of its board of directors. He started his literary career during his student life itself. He published a novel titled ''Bhatruprem'' in 1926, followed by ''Gulab Ki Kaliyan'' in 1928 and ''Rasrang'' in 1929.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Dr. Virendra Kumar |title=आलेख - साहित्य समाज और राजनीति की त्रिवेणी |publisher=Rachnakar |date=January 2019}}</ref>

=== Death ===
He died in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], on 7 April 1974.<ref name=Google>{{cite book |author1=Dr. Manish Rannjan (IAS) |title=Bihar General Knowledge |date=21 July 2023 |page=122 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5488-490-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqMEAAAQBAJ&dq=Laxmi+Narayan+Sudhanshu&pg=PA122}}</ref>

=== Commemoration ===
A biography book, ''Laxminarayan Sudhanshu Vyaktitva Aur Kratitiva'' (Laxminarayan Sudhanshu Personality and Works), was published in 2009 and written by Vanshidhar Singh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vanshidhar |title=Laxminarayan Sudhanshu Vyaktitva aur Kratitiva |url=https://koha.moes.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=61002 |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences |date=2009}}</ref> The Government of Bihar State has constituted an award after him, called Laxmi Narayan Sudhanshu Prize, which is given to scholars who published Research papers related to the Hindi language and literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Awards and Honours of Bihar |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/awards-and-honours-of-bihar-1481631895-1 |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104115908/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/awards-and-honours-of-bihar-1481631895-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Books ==
* ''Matriprem''
* ''Kavya Me Abhivyanjanavad''
* ''Jeewan Ke Tattv Aur Kavya Ke Siddhant''
* ''Hindi Sahitya Ka Brihat Itihas'', [[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]], Kashi
* ''Pracheen Bharatiya Arya Raj Vans''
* ''Avantika'' (as magazine editor)
* ''Bhatruprem''
* ''Gulab Ki Kaliyan''
* ''Rasrang''

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Bihar]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhanshu, Lakshmi Narayan}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Purnia district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Keerthana (actress)

2026-04-01T08:39:50Z

2fa: started new pg needs work

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keerthana
| image =
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actress]]
| death_date =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
}}
'''Keerthana''' is an Indian film and television actress. She handled lead and supporting roles during the 1990s in [[Tamil film|Tamil]], [[Telugu film|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] film. She entered the Tamil film field through ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]'' in 1992, which was [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s 1st film as a lead actor.<ref name="news18">{{cite news |title=Actress Keerthana's Pic With Thalapathy Vijay From 1992 Film Naalaiya Theerpu Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-keerthanas-pic-with-thalapathy-vijay-from-1992-film-naalaiya-theerpu-viral-8807969.html |access-date=11 November 2024 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]''<ref name="news18" /> || Priya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Debut film
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Suriyan Chandiran]]'' || Keerthana || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994 || ''[[Pathavi Pramanam]]'' || Seetha Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Sundara Vadana Subbalaxmi Moguda '' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Ungal Anbu Thangachi'' || Rekha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' || Chitra || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Thai Thangai Paasam]]'' || Meena || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum]]'' || Rasathi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1996 || ''[[Mummy Mee Aayanochadu]]'' || Sangeeta || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Vetri Mugam'' || Sumathi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Minor Mappillai]]'' || Seetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ladies Doctor]]'' || Rani || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Saamoohya Paadam]]'' || Ammu || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997 || ''Seethakka'' || Ammulu || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Allari Pellikoduku'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]'' || Geetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Ancharakalyanam'' || Seetha || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Vettu Onnu Thundu Rendu]]'' || Ponmanam || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' || Ganga || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]'' || Deepa || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Mudhal Etcharikkai]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pooparika Varugirom]]'' || Ramya || Tamil ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Tella Gulabi'' || Keerthana || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Saamy]]'' || Venkatraman's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Galatta Ganapathy]]'' || Jagan's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' || P. Krishnan's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Good Bad Ugly'' || Keerthana || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Subathra's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Ippadikku En Kadhal]]'' || Cheran's sister-in-law || Tamil ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' || Mahalingam's wife || Tamil || Uncredited
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
|1998–1999
|Akshaya
|Rekha/Akshaya
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2000
|Micro Thodragal - Kaathirukka Oruthi
|
|[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2003
|[[Salanam]]
|Nandhini
|[[Vijay TV]]
|-
|2003–2004
|[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]
|Indumathy
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2004
|Roja
|Anjali
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2004–2005
|Engiruntho Vanthaal
| rowspan="2" |Uma
|-
|2005–2007
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2005
|My Dear Bootham
|Kanga (Special Appearance)
|-
|2006–2007
|Raja Rajeshwari
|Neeli
|-
|2008–2009
|Namma Kudumbam
|Vimala
|[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|rowspan="3" |2020–2021
|[[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]]
|Jayanthi
|rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]
|Arulvakhu Vedhavalli
|-
|[[Thirumathi Hitler]]
| Keerthana
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2021
|[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]
|Arulvakhu Vedhavalli (Special Appearance)
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2021–2022
|Vidhya No. 1
|rowspan=2|Parvathy
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2022–2024
|[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan="3" |2022
|[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]
|Guest
|-
|Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda
|Herself
|-
|Sippikul Muthu
|Mallika (Special Appearance)
|rowspan=2|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2022–2024
|[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]
|Lakshmi
|-
|2022
|Vaadi Rasathi
|Rasathi
|[[Vendhar TV]]
|-
|2022–2023
|[[Magarasi]]
|Durga Bhai
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2022–2024
|[[Kanaa (TV series)|Kanaa]]
|Kasturi
|rowspan="2" |[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2023
|[[Maari (TV series)|Maari]]
|Amman (Special Appearance)
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Geethanjali (Telugu TV series)|Geethanjali]]
|Special Appearance
|[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|[[Poova Thalaya (TV series)|Poova Thalaya]]
|Malini (Special Appearance)
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2024
|[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]]
|Sivagami (Special Appearance)
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2025
|[[Maari (TV series)|Maari 2]]
|Dhumorna (Extended Special Appearance)
|-
|2026
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargiradhu]]''
|Parvathy
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2026–present
|''[[Ayali (2025 TV series)|Ayali]]''
|Archana
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4569588}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keerthana}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Bose Institute

2026-03-30T14:12:10Z

2fa: corrected lead as per guidelines and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Research institution in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox research institute
| name = Bose Institute
| logo = Bose Institute Emblem (Vectorized).svg
| logo_upright = .7
| image = File:North_East_Elevation.jpg
| caption = Unified campus of Bose Institute
| established = {{start date and age|1917|11|30}}
| type = [[Interdisciplinary research]]
| research_field = * [[Plant Science]]
* [[Structural biology|Structural Biology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Biophysics]]
* [[Synthetic organic chemistry|Synthetic Organic Chemistry]]
* [[Medicinal chemistry|Medicinal Chemistry]]
* [[Spectroscopy]]
* [[Bioinformatics]]
* [[Computational biology|Computational Biology]]
* [[Theoretical chemistry|Theoretical Chemistry]]
* [[Nuclear astrophysics|Nuclear Astrophysics]]
* [[High Energy Physics]]
* [[Condensed matter physics|Condensed Matter Physics]]
* [[Complex system|Complex Systems]]
* [[Quantum computing|Quantum Computation]]
* [[Environmental science|Environmental Science]]
| head_label = Chairperson
| head = [[Devang Vipin Khakhar]]
| director = [[Kaustuv Sanyal]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|22.579689|N|88.2417152|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = EN Block, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091
| free_label = Founder
| free = [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]]
| operating_agency = [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
|}}

'''Bose Institute''' (or '''Basu Bigyan Mandir''') is a premier public [[research institute]] of India for [[Biology|biological sciences]], physical sciences and chemical sciences and also one of its oldest.<ref>http://www.jcbose.ac.in/history {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425202737/http://www.jcbose.ac.in/history |date=25 April 2021 }}, ''Official website of Bose Institute''</ref> The institute was established on 30 November 1917 by [[Jagdish Chandra Bose|Acharya Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose]], the pioneer of modern scientific research in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Bose was its director for the first twenty years till his demise. [[Debendra Mohan Bose]], who succeeded the Nobel laureate [[C. V. Raman|Sir CV Raman]] as Palit Professor of Physics at the [[University of Calcutta]], was the director of Bose Institute for the next thirty years.

==Academics==
===Research===
Current concentration of research is in the fields of [[biotechnology]], [[Botany|plant biology]], [[microbiology]], [[molecular medicine]], [[biochemistry]], [[biophysics]], [[bioinformatics]], [[environmental science]] and [[physics]]. The institute pioneered the concept of interdisciplinary research in Asia and India in sync with global trends. The pioneering work of [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] at the dawn of Bose institute on the effect of stimuli in plants was helpful in the establishment of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli in plants. The institute has contributed to extremely important discoveries and has been home to internationally renowned researchers like [[Sambhu Nath De]] (discoverer of the [[cholera toxin]]), [[Debendra Mohan Bose]] ([https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2404250 who pioneered the use of photographic emulsion plates in particle physics as attested by the Nobel laureate Sir C. F. Powell] ) along with [[Bibha Chowdhuri|Bhibha Chowdhuri]] and others, [[Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya]], Shyamadas Chatterjee ([https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12045-015-0236-x known for research on fusion]) etc.
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Directors
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], 1917–1937
*[[Debendra Mohan Bose]], 1937–1967
*[[Sourindra Mohan Sircar]], 1967–1975
*[[Sushil Kumar Mukherjee]], 1976
*[[Sasanka Chandra Bhattacharyya|S.C. Bhattacharyya]], 1977–1984
*[[Birendra Bijoy Biswas]], 1985–1990
*P.K. Roy, 1992–2000
*Maqsood Siddiqui, 2001–2005
*Sibaji Raha, 2006–2016
*Uday Bandyopadhyay, 2019–2024
*[[Kaustuv Sanyal]], 2024–present
|}

===Museum===
[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] himself started the display of his instruments which, as a continuous process, made their way into the present museum in the year 1986–87. The main purpose of this technological museum is to display and maintain some of the instruments designed, made and used by Sir J. C. Bose, his personal belongings and memorabilia. The museum is housed in the main campus at 93/1 A. P. C. road (formerly Upper Circular road) and is open on all weekdays.<ref>[http://www.jcbose.ac.in/museum Official website of Bose Institute Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606094030/http://jcbose.ac.in/museum |date=6 June 2017 }}, ''Museum of Bose Institute''</ref><ref>[http://www.jcbosescienceheritagemuseum.org/services.php Official Website of the J.C. Bose Science Heritage Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220191116/http://www.jcbosescienceheritagemuseum.org/services.php |date=20 December 2016 }}, ''Services Page''</ref>

===Funding===
Bose institute is funded by [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], Govt of India.<ref name="Bose Institute, Kolkata - Department Of Science & Technology">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/autonomousstinstitutions/bose-institute-kolkata |title=Bose Institute, Kolkata - Department Of Science & Technology |date=2019-01-28 |website=dst.gov.in |access-date=2019-01-28 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010005/http://dst.gov.in/autonomousstinstitutions/bose-institute-kolkata |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Bose Institute - Kolkata 7354.JPG|200px|thumb|right]]

==Notable researchers==

* {{SDlink|Jagadish Chandra Bose}}
* {{SDlink|Debendra Mohan Bose}}
* {{SDlink|Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya}}
* {{SDlink|Bibha Chowdhuri}}
* {{SDlink|Sambhu Nath De}}
* {{SDlink|Probir Roy}}
* {{SDlink|Indrani Bose}}
* {{SDlink|Siddhartha Roy}}
* {{SDlink|Dipankar Home}}
* {{SDlink|Joyoti Basu}}
* {{SDlink|Sampa Das}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bose Institute}}
* {{official website}}

{{Scientific Research in West Bengal}}
{{Department of Science and Technology (India)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Multidisciplinary research institutes]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1917]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Institutes]]

Jackniband

2026-03-30T13:47:37Z

2fa: started first entry nd citations

{{short description|Settlement in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jackniband
| image_skyline = Jakni Bandh.jpg
| caption = The [[Jakni Bandh bridge]], 2014
| other_name = Jakni Bandh
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|14|27.63|N|73|58|31.94|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
}}

'''Jackniband''' (alternatively spelt as '''Jakni Bandh''' or '''Jaknibandh''') is a [[Human settlement|settlement]] that lies between the village of [[Dramapur]] and the [[census town]] of [[Navelim]].

==Pollution==
In February 2014, the Sirlim-[[Dramapur]] [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] expressed their apprehension to the deputy collector regarding the contamination of the [[Sal River (India)|Sal River]] caused by [[metal waste]] from [[scrapyard]]s located at Jackniband. They requested appropriate measures to address the issue. A member of the panchayat, Dominic Noronha, later revealed that the deputy collector had acknowledged the concern and instructed the [[Salcete]] [[Tehsildar|mamlatdar]] to take necessary action. However, no action had been taken to resolve the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2014-11-27 |title=Illegal scrapyards on Sal bank under scanner for CRZ violations – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/11/27/goanews/illegal-scrapyards-sal-bank-scanner-crz-violations/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2015, an investigation was carried out on water samples obtained from Jackniband. The analysis revealed elevated concentrations of [[fecal coliform]], with readings reaching as high as 13,000 MPN ([[most probable number]]) per 100 ml, and a total coliform count of 54,000 MPN per 100 ml. Additionally, traces of oil, grease, and [[suspended solids]] were detected in the water samples.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-06-26 |title=High levels of coliform, e-coli found in river Sal {{!}} The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/06/26/goanews/high-levels-of-coliform-e-coli-found-in-river-sal/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The river-dependent local population had reported instances of [[skin rash]]es upon contact with the river water, unaware of its polluted state. Subsequent investigations later revealed a situation whereby numerous households situated along the [[riverbanks]] had been discharging untreated sewage directly into the river. Furthermore, the practice of [[open defecation]] by migrants along the riverbanks had compounded the pollution issue.<ref name=":1" />

The Goa State Pollution Control Board (GSPCB) conducted an investigation prompted by complaints from the Dramapur-Sirlim village panchayat regarding potential [[water pollution]] originating from two scrapyards operating near the river. As part of their inquiry, the GSPCB collected water samples in order to assess the situation and gather objective evidence.<ref name=":1" />

==Scrapyards issue==
In March 2015, an endeavor by the [[Dramapur]]-Sirlim panchayat to eradicate two [[scrap yard]]s situated along the banks of the [[Sal River (India)|River Sal]] at Jackniband encountered an obstacle. The final notice issued by the ''[[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]'' to dismantle the scrap yard was nullified and disregarded by the Additional Director of Panchayats, Gopal A Parsekar. The basis for this decision was the assertion that a village ''[[Sarpanch]]'' lacks the jurisdiction to issue a conclusive demolition notice. Citing a precedent from the [[Bombay High Court|High Court]], which held that a ''Sarpanch'' does not possess the authority to issue such a notice, the matter was referred back to the [[village panchayat]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Setback for removal of scrapyards at Jackniband |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Setback-for-removal-of-scrapyards-at-Jackniband/86666 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142644/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Setback-for-removal-of-scrapyards-at-Jackniband/86666 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Undeterred by this setback, the Dramapur Secretary issued fresh directives to the owners of the two scrap yards, instructing them to remove the unauthorized scrap and restore the land to its original condition within a seven-day timeframe. Panchayat Secretary Sanjeev Naik cautioned that if the owners failed to comply with the instructions, the panchayat would undertake further necessary measures to eliminate the illicit scrap yards. Sarpanch Domnick Noronha expressed to the ''panchayat'' to have the two scrap yards eradicated from the banks of the River Sal. He also raised inquiries regarding the failure of the [[Tehsildar|Mamlatdar]] authorities to provide commentary on the legal status of the scrap yards in the inquiry report submitted to the [[Sub-divisional magistrate]] in [[Margao]].<ref name=":3" />

==Accident-proneness==
On 16 October 2015, an inspection was conducted on a road section between Jackniband Junction and [[Navelim]] junction, which had a history of [[Accident-proneness|frequent accidents]]. The inspection team consisted of officials including the [[District collector|Collector]], [[Public Works Department]] (PWD), [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DySP]] traffic, Navelim MLA [[Avertano Furtado]], and ''[[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]'' representatives. Spanning approximately {{Convert|1.2|km}}, the total cost of the necessary works, including [[Land acquisition in India|land acquisition]], was estimated at {{INRConvert|20.5|c|year=2015}}. The local community and residents had expressed their concerns and demanded repairs to mitigate the high accident rate on this road segment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident-prone road inspected |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Accidentprone-road-inspected-/94687 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117182635/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Accidentprone-road-inspected-/94687 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==2014 burglary rise==
In July 2014, Schubert Furtado, sibling of Navelim MLA [[Avertano Furtado]], put forth a proposal to the district magistrate and local law enforcement authorities. The proposal entailed a strategic enhancement of patrols at the Mandopa and Jackniband junctions, aimed at vigilantly monitoring the movements of individuals involved in illicit activities. This proactive measure was prompted by a surge in burglaries within the [[Salcete]] region, with the primary objective of preemptively deterring and apprehending burglars and robbers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avertano says peace is vital for progress |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/avertano-says-peace-is-vital-for-progress/73548 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121115512/https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/avertano-says-peace-is-vital-for-progress/73548 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Proposed works==
In February 2014, Agustinho D'Costa, serving as the ''[[sarpanch]]'' of the Sirlim-[[Dramapur]] [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]], made public statements regarding proposed initiatives aimed at enhancing the visual appeal of the [[river bank]] situated at Jackniband. The plans involved the potential construction of a [[pedestrian walkway]] along the [[Jakni Bandh bridge|existing bridge]] and the installation of a water tank in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2014-02-27 |title=Basic amenities a far cry at Sirlim-Dramapur panchayat – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/02/27/goanews/goa-news-basic-amenities-far-cry-sirlim-dramapur-panchayat/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121115515/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/02/27/goanews/goa-news-basic-amenities-far-cry-sirlim-dramapur-panchayat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2013–2014 bypass road===
In January 2013, [[Avertano Furtado]], the elected representative for [[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]] in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], presented a formal proposition for the construction of a [[bypass road]]. The proposed road aimed to establish a connection between the pre-existing eastern bypass located at Rawanfond and Jackniband situated at Dramapur. The primary objective of implementing this bypass road was to mitigate the prevalent issue of traffic congestion within the village of [[Navelim]]. More specifically, the existing traffic flow from the Eastern bypass, which entered Navelim near the Church, had been a major contributing factor to the significant traffic problems experienced in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navelim may soon emerge a major traffic bottleneck |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/navelim-may-soon-emerge-a-major-traffic-bottleneck/46733 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118103719/https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/navelim-may-soon-emerge-a-major-traffic-bottleneck/46733 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2014, [[Manohar Parrikar]], the Chief Minister of Goa, announced his proposal for a road bypass that would connect the Eastern bypass at Rawanfond to the NH-17 at Jackniband. Parrikar expressed his intention to initiate the project promptly by initiating the land acquisition process through government channels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM promises developmental works for entire Salcete ahead of polls |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/cm-promises-developmental-works-for-entire-salcete-ahead-of-polls/61362 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118105449/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/cm-promises-developmental-works-for-entire-salcete-ahead-of-polls/61362 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2014, an article published by Guilherme Almeida in ''[[O Heraldo]]'' drew attention to the fact that the proposed solution to address the issue of land acquisition had not resulted in any tangible changes to the current situation. As the process of acquiring land proved to be time-consuming, local [[Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLAs) had put forth an alternative plan. This plan involved widening the existing highway between Navelim Church and [[Jakni Bandh bridge]], with the exception of two houses whose owners had not granted their consent for the widening project.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Killer roads continue to force untimely funerals upon us |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Citizen-Herald/Killer-roads-continue-to-force-untimely-funerals-upon-us/79284 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119054440/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Citizen-Herald/Killer-roads-continue-to-force-untimely-funerals-upon-us/79284 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Furtado had devised both short-term and long-term measures to alleviate the traffic problems faced by Navelim. One of the long-term measures entails the construction of a bypass road connecting Jackniband to Rawanfond. However, the implementation of this measure is subject to the acquisition of land, which is a complex process that requires additional time. In the meantime, as a temporary solution to mitigate traffic congestion, particularly near the church junction, Furtado had proposed widening the existing road between Jackniband and Navelim Church. Additionally, the installation of a traffic circle at the junction had been considered to regulate the flow of traffic following the road widening.<ref name=":4" />

===2015–2016 road widening===
On 18 January 2015, the Navelim Civic and Consumer Forum (NCCF) convened its monthly general meeting of consumers at Rosary High School in Navelim. One of the key topics discussed during the meeting was the proposed expansion of the road connecting Navelim and Jackniband.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navelim consumers' meet today |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/newspopup/83663 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121115521/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/newspopup/83663 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2015, [[Avertano Furtado]], the elected representative of the [[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim constituency]], announced a plan that aimed to enhance the road connecting [[Navelim]] junction to Jackniband by widening its span and implementing [[LED lighting]] throughout the entire stretch. The proposed expansion involved increasing the width of the {{Convert|1.5|km}} road segment by 3 meters on both sides and incorporating a divider. The estimated cost of this undertaking was approximately {{INRConvert|25|c|year=2015}}, with {{INRConvert|17|c|year=2015}} assigned for [[Land acquisition in India|land acquisition]] and {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2015}} designated for the construction of footpaths and gutters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident-prone Navelim road to be widened |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Accidentprone-Navelim-road-to-be-widened/96162 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116124710/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Accidentprone-Navelim-road-to-be-widened/96162 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2016, Winston, an [[non resident Indian|NRI]] and [[senior citizen]], expressed his discontent with the local authorities responsible for the widening of the NH17 Navelim-Jackniband road. He took action by writing a letter to the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] and Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], outlining his objections to the project's implementation. Winston alleged that the widening work conducted on NH-17 deviated from the guidelines set forth in the [[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013|Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement (LARR) Act of 2013]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NRI writes to prez, PM over NH17 widening work |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/NRI-writes-to-prez-PM-over-NH17-widening-work/102386 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117184252/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/NRI-writes-to-prez-PM-over-NH17-widening-work/102386 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Winston, the project commenced without adhering to the provisions of the LARR Act, which require the acquisition of land before undertaking any construction activities. He raised concerns about the lack of land acquisition and compensation practices, noting that the prevailing compensation rate of {{INRConvert|2822|year=2016}} per square meter was significantly lower than the market rate of {{INRConvert|20000|year=2016}} per square meter in the area.<ref name=":0" />

===2015 4G mobile tower===
In September 2015, an incident occurred in Dramapur-Sirlim when three panchas lodged official complaints with the relevant authorities, including the local police, regarding the installation of a [[mobile tower]] adjacent to Jackniband bus stop along the National Highway. The primary concern raised by the complainants, namely Dominic Noronha, Bernand Rebello, and Netty Ferrao, was the absence of necessary approvals from the [[village panchayat|local panchayat]] for the tower's installation. The purpose of erecting this tower was to facilitate the provision of [[4G]] [[broadband]] services.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Three Dramapur Panchas complain against mobile tower along NH |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Three-Dramapur-Panchas-complain-against-mobile-tower-along-NH/93329 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118105447/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Three-Dramapur-Panchas-complain-against-mobile-tower-along-NH/93329 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The complainants alleged that the Chief Engineer of the [[Public Works Department]] (PWD) had granted permission for the mobile tower's installation under the condition that the responsible company would organize an awareness campaign to educate the public about the potential impacts of the tower. However, they claimed that no such campaign had been conducted. Additionally, they asserted that the tower had been erected [[clandestinely]] during nighttime in order to avoid potential opposition from the local villagers.<ref name=":2" />

As a result of these concerns, the complainants called for a thorough investigation into the tower's compliance with relevant legal regulations. It is worth noting that Noronha clarified his position, stating that his objection was not against technological advancements per se, but rather focused on the location of the tower within the setback area of the national highway.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Geography of South Goa district]]

Jyoti Deshpande

2026-03-28T14:29:02Z

2fa:

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman and film producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jyoti Deshpande
| image = Jyoti-Deshpande.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| parents =
| spouse =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Film producer|media executive}}
| organization = {{ubl|[[Jio Studios]]|[[Reliance Entertainment]]}}
| known_for =
| yearsactive =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Jyoti Deshpande''' is an Indian film producer and media executive. She is currently serving as the President of Media and Content Business at [[Reliance Entertainment]] and CEO of [[Jio Studios]]. She is the former [[CEO]] of [[Viacom18|Viacom 18]] and managing director of [[Eros International]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Viacom18 names Jyoti Deshpande as CEO|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/viacom18-names-jyoti-deshpande-as-ceo/articleshow/86639660.cms|date=30 September 2021|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603015908/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/viacom18-names-jyoti-deshpande-as-ceo/articleshow/86639660.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Jyoti Deshpande, ex-tuition teacher, Mukesh Ambani's right hand who runs Jio Cinema, Viacom 18|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-jyoti-deshpande-mukesh-ambani-s-right-hand-in-ent-biz-polio-survivor-who-gave-tuitions-to-save-for-mba-3036454|date=17 April 2023|work=DNA India|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181207/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-jyoti-deshpande-mukesh-ambani-s-right-hand-in-ent-biz-polio-survivor-who-gave-tuitions-to-save-for-mba-3036454|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MPW 2022: Viacom18 CEO Jyoti Deshpande has a firm belief in the power of synergies|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/story/mpw-2022-viacom18-ceo-jyoti-deshpande-has-a-firm-belief-in-the-power-of-synergies-372358-2023-03-06|date=19 March 2023|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=2023-06-09|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602191304/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/story/mpw-2022-viacom18-ceo-jyoti-deshpande-has-a-firm-belief-in-the-power-of-synergies-372358-2023-03-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Jyoti is also the former co-chair of the Media & Entertainment Committee, [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ficci appoints Viacom18's Jyoti Deshpande as co-chair of media and entertainment board|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ficci-appoints-viacom18-s-jyoti-deshpande-as-co-chair-of-media-and-entertainment-board-11644849988565.html|date=14 Feb 2022|work=livemint.com|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181211/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ficci-appoints-viacom18-s-jyoti-deshpande-as-co-chair-of-media-and-entertainment-board-11644849988565.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FICCI appoints Jyoti Deshpande as the co-chair of FICCI Media & Entertainment Board|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-ficci-appoints-jyoti-deshpande-as-the-co-chair-of-ficci-media-entertainment-board-2434251/lite/|date=15 Feb 2022|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|financialexpress]].com|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603095514/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-ficci-appoints-jyoti-deshpande-as-the-co-chair-of-ficci-media-entertainment-board-2434251/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has been featured in [[Fortune India]] as well as [[Business Today (student magazine)|Business Today]]'s 50 Most Powerful Women in Business.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside Reliance Jio's content factory|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/inside-reliance-jios-content-factory/103723|date=Oct 30, 2019|website=[[Fortune India|fortuneindia]].com|access-date=June 9, 2023|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603015912/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/inside-reliance-jios-content-factory/103723|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Deshpande earned a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] and [[Economics]] degree from [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]]. She provided tuition to students during college to finance her education and went on to do an [[MBA]] in 1993, from the [[S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=7 women front-runners changing the rules of the power game|url=https://www.peoplematters.in/article/diversity/7-women-front-runners-changing-rules-power-game-13053|website=[[People Matters|peoplematters]].in|date=4 March 2016|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609213500/https://www.peoplematters.in/article/diversity/7-women-front-runners-changing-rules-power-game-13053|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
After finishing her [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]], Deshpande acquired a position with Mindshare Media, a UK-based firm. She was a senior consultant at that time. She then was the Sales & Marketing Head for the [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Network]]. She went to work for James Walter Thompson, an advertising firm, after working for Zee. She was a senior management team member that formed the [[B4U (network)|B4U Television Network]] between 1999 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jyoti Deshpande One of India's most influential businesswomen|url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/jyoti-deshpande-one-of-indias-most-influential-businesswoman/|date=17 Feb 2022|website=businessoutreach.in|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181214/https://www.businessoutreach.in/jyoti-deshpande-one-of-indias-most-influential-businesswoman/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, she joined [[Reliance Industries]] as president of Media Platform & Content owned by [[Mukesh Ambani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Deshpande |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jyoti-deshpande/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628213326/https://www.forbes.com/profile/jyoti-deshpande/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Viacom18 appoints Jyoti Deshpande as CEO |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/viacom18-appoints-jyoti-deshpande-as-ceo-308114-2021-09-30 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628213326/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/viacom18-appoints-jyoti-deshpande-as-ceo-308114-2021-09-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/ambani-builds-on-record-cricket-views-with-film-tv-offerings/articleshow/99506069.cms?from=mdr|title=Reliance's JioCinema may start charging for content after the end of IPL|date=16 April 2023|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|access-date=21 July 2023|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721163149/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/ambani-builds-on-record-cricket-views-with-film-tv-offerings/articleshow/99506069.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the former CEO of [[Viacom18|Viacom 18 Media Pvt. Ltd]] and Group CEO and managing director of [[Eros International]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-women-in-business/story/jyoti-deshpande-the-crisis-manager-316101-2021-12-19|date=26 December 2021|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|title=Jyoti Deshpande: The Crisis Manager|access-date=2023-06-09|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609213500/https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-women-in-business/story/jyoti-deshpande-the-crisis-manager-316101-2021-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Back Ficci appoints Jyoti Deshpande as co-chair of media and entertainment board|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ficci-appoints-viacom18-s-jyoti-deshpande-as-co-chair-of-media-and-entertainment-board-11644849988565.html|website=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=2023-06-09|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181211/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ficci-appoints-viacom18-s-jyoti-deshpande-as-co-chair-of-media-and-entertainment-board-11644849988565.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MPW 2022: 'Be yourself, speak up and focus on outcomes,' says high-power women panel|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/mpw/story/mpw-2022-be-yourself-speak-up-and-focus-on-outcomes-says-high-power-women-panel-375340-2023-03-29|date=29 March 2023|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=2023-07-11|archive-date=2023-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711144332/https://www.businesstoday.in/mpw/story/mpw-2022-be-yourself-speak-up-and-focus-on-outcomes-says-high-power-women-panel-375340-2023-03-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year !! Film !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Desi Boyz]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[White (2016 film)|White]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Sniff (film)|Sniff]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| ''[[Vaahlam Jaao Ne]]''
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|-
| ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |2023
| ''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnlive.com/trending/sara-ali-khan-vicky-kaushal-indore-jalebi/|title=Sara Ali Khan, Vicky Kaushal enjoy Indore's famous Poha-Jalebi during Zara Hatke Zara Bachke promotions; watch video|date=2 June 2023|work=apnlive.com|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602092648/https://apnlive.com/trending/sara-ali-khan-vicky-kaushal-indore-jalebi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoor-looks-bruised-and-beautiful-in-ali-abbas-zafars-bloody-daddy-film-to-premiere-on-jio-app-on-june-9-12451572.html|work=firstpost.com|date=13 April 2023|title=Shahid Kapoor looks bruised and beautiful in Ali Abbas Zafar's Bloody Daddy; film to premiere on Jio App on June 9|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603180306/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoor-looks-bruised-and-beautiful-in-ali-abbas-zafars-bloody-daddy-film-to-premiere-on-jio-app-on-june-9-12451572.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gulaam Chor]]''
| Gujarati
|
|-
| ''[[Blind (2023 film)|Blind]]''
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Sergeant (Indian film)|Sergeant]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Neena Gupta reunites with Kanwaljeet Singh after decades in 'Ishq-E-Nadaan', 'there is a beautiful thing between us that ...'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/neena-gupta-reunites-with-kanwaljeet-singh-after-decades-in-ishq-e-nadaan-there-is-a-beautiful-thing-between-us-that-523940|date=8 July 2023|work=[[Tribune India]]|access-date=11 July 2023|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711184043/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/neena-gupta-reunites-with-kanwaljeet-singh-after-decades-in-ishq-e-nadaan-there-is-a-beautiful-thing-between-us-that-523940|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Trial Period]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Appatha]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Bachubhai]]''
| Gujarati
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Get Set For A Crazy Laugh Riot As Gujarati Comedy Film Bachubhai To Release On July 21|url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/get-set-for-a-crazy-laugh-riot-as-gujarati-comedy-film-bachubhai-to-release-on-july-21/81859804.html|date=10 July 2023|work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]|access-date=11 July 2023|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710144433/https://ahmedabadmirror.com/get-set-for-a-crazy-laugh-riot-as-gujarati-comedy-film-bachubhai-to-release-on-july-21/81859804.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|[[Dunki (film)|''Dunki'']]
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Jhimma 2]]'' ||[[Marathi language|Marathi]]||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2024
|''[[Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya]]''
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|Co-produced with [[Dinesh Vijan]] and [[Laxman Utekar]]
|-
|''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]''
| Co-produced with [[Aditya Dhar]] and Lokesh Dhar
|-
|''[[Laapataa Ladies]]''
|Co-produced with [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kiran Rao]]
|-
|''[[Shaitaan (2024 film)|Shaitaan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Pon Ondru Kanden]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Kotee]]''
|[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|''[[Stree 2]]''
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Singham Again]]''
|
|-
|''[[Baby John (film)|Baby John]]''
|Co-produced with [[Murad Khetani]], [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], Priya Atlee
|-
| rowspan="8" |2025
|''[[Sangeet Manapmaan]]''
|Marathi
|Co-produced with Sunil Phadtare
|-
|''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]''
| rowspan="8" |Hindi
|Co-produced with [[Amar Kaushik]], Bhaumik Gondaliya and Dinesh Vijan
|-
|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2025 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''
|Co-produced with Aditya Dhar and Lokesh Dhar
|-
|''[[Maa (2025 film)|Maa]]''
|Co-produced with [[Ajay Devgn]] and Kumar Mangat Pathak
|-
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]''
|Co-produced with Ajay Devgn, N. R. Pachisia, and Pravin Talreja
|-
|''[[Bhagwat: Chapter One – Raakshas]]''
|Co-produced with [[Harman Baweja]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaur |first=Trisha |date=2025-09-30 |title=Bhagwat Chapter 1: Raakshas Teaser Review: Arshad Warsi & Jitendra Kumar Are Hopefully Not Living In Vikrant Massey's Sector 36! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/trailer-reviews/bhagwat-chapter-1-raakshas-teaser-review-arshad-warsi-jitendra-kumar-are-hopefully-not-living-in-vikrant-masseys-sector-36/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''
| rowspan="3" |Co-produced with Aditya Dhar and Lokesh Dhar
|-
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]}}
|Marathi Hindi
|Co-produced with [[Genelia Deshmukh]]
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm3788160}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama | jyoti-deshpande}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kunchitiga

2026-03-28T02:27:49Z

2fa: cleanup formatting for consistency and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian ethnic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Kunchitiga
|image = Kunchitiga People.jpg
|caption = Kunchitigas
|poptime =
|popplace =
|regions = [[Karnataka]] India
|languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]], and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|religions = [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]]
|related = [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]]{{·}}[[Kannadigas|Kannadiga]]
}}
[[File:Kunchitiga Women and Children.jpg|thumb|A group of Kunchitiga women and children]]
The '''Kunchitigas'''<ref name="Caste list">{{cite book|title=Caste List, Karnataka|page=15|url=https://bcw.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/caste%20list.new.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2023|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110113355/https://bcw.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/caste%20list.new.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (also known as Kunchatiga, Kanchitiga, Kanchitigar, Kunchitigar, Kunchidigar, Kunchigar, Kunchu Okkaliga, Kunju Okkaliga, Kurichigar, Kunchiliyan, Kappiliyan) are a community of people from [[Karnataka]], India. They are mostly concentrated in the [[Tumkur]], [[Bangalore]], [[Shivamogga]] and [[Chitradurga]] districts.<ref name="Nanjundayya, p17">{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|page=17}}</ref><ref name="BalasubramanyamOperations1965">{{cite book|author1=K. Balasubramanyam|author2=India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Mysore|author3=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Mysore: handicraft survey monographs : crafts using wood as the chief raw material|year=1965|series=Census of India, 1961|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref> They are also found in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4">{{cite book|first=Edgar|last= Thurston|year=1909|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras|volume=4|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42994/42994-h/42994-h.htm}}</ref><ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community">{{cite journal|first=Sundaramurthy|last= V.T|date=2007|title=The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-305-07-399-Sundaramurthy-V-T/Anth-09-4-305-07-399-Sundaramurthy-V-T-Tt.pdf|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=9|issue=4|pages=305–313|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891017|s2cid= 74219783}}</ref>

While the Kunchitigas are considered a sub-division of [[Vokkaliga]]s,<ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 5">{{cite book|first=Edgar|last= Thurston|year=1909|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 5|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras|volume=5|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42995/42995-h/42995-h.htm}}</ref><ref name="Nanjundayya, p17"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Balfour|first=Edward|date=1885|title=The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeA0AQAAMAAJ&q=wakkaliga&pg=PA261|location=Graz, Austria|publisher=Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt|page=261|isbn=}}</ref> they are listed separately by the government.<ref name="Caste list"/><ref>{{cite thesis|type=Doctoral |last=Dushkin|first=Lelah|date=1974|title=The NonBrahman Movement in Princely Mysore|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|place=London|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8gBAAAAMAAJ&q=than+gangadikar}}:"the Kunchitigar were somewhat more prosperous and better educated and claimed a higher status than the Gangadikar and other Vokkalligas"</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore Census, 1921|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6008/1/20203_1921_REP.pdf}}</ref> Some Kunchitigas were [[Veerashaiva]]s who embraced [[Lingayatism]] to become a separate division.<ref name="Schouten">{{cite book |author1=Jan Peter Schouten |date=1995|title=Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eo0JR8nH3I8C&pg=PA127|location=Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|page=127|quote=|isbn=9788120812383}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=B. N.|first=Sri Sathyan|date=1967 |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Chitradurga District|chapter=Chapter 3|url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/pdf/1967-11-0/Chitradurga_1967_Chapter3_People.pdf|location=Karnataka, India|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|page=115|isbn=}}:" A section of the Kunchigas or Kunchitigas also follow the Veerashaiva religion."</ref><ref name="Lingayat Kunchitiga">{{cite news |author=Rajashekara S |date=28 November 2020|title=The Lingayat Gambit |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/the-lingayat-gambit/articleshow/79456731.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror |location=|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> The Kunchitigas are classified under the [[General/Unreserved Category]] by the Central Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Karnataka Caste Wise Report|url=https://karepass.cgg.gov.in/CasteReport.do?actionParameter=CasteWise&castecat_code=4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413040933/https://karepass.cgg.gov.in/CasteReport.do?actionParameter=CasteWise&castecat_code=4|archive-date=13 April 2021|access-date=2021-05-25|website=karepass.cgg.gov.in (Karnataka ePASS, Electronic Payment and Application System of Scholarships)|publisher=Department of Backward Classes Welfare, Government of Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/aug/01/Raju-Kshatriyas-Kunchitigas-promised-OBC-category-1500163.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507062324/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/aug/01/Raju-Kshatriyas-Kunchitigas-promised-OBC-category-1500163.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2021|title= Kunchitigas, Raju Kshatriyas request inclusion into OBC category}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/karnataka.pdf|title=PDF - National OBC list for Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="Lingayat Kunchitiga"/>

The Kunchitigas were historically a landholding community of cultivators and merchants.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rice|first=Benjamin Lewis|date=1876|title=Mysore and Coorg: A Gazetteer Compiled for the Government of India, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlkoAAAAYAAJ&q=kunchigar+merchants&pg=PA219|location=Bangalore |publisher=Mysore Government Press |page=219}}: "The large merchants, who live chiefly in Mysore city, are for the most part of the Kunchigar caste ."</ref> They formed part of the administrative<ref name="kamath">{{cite book |last1=Kamath|first1=Suryanath U.|last2=Naik|first2=R.A|date=1983|title=Gazetteer of India Government of Karnataka, Karnataka State Gazetteer Part II|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3241/page/n265/mode/2up?q=Gauda |location=Bangalore|publisher= Parishree Printers |pages=243–244}}: "Villages had gramakuta or gavunda (gauda), the village headman.
He had under him the village militia^ later called as talaras and tolls."</ref><ref name="Karashima">{{cite book |last=Karashima|first=Noboru|year=2014|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|url= |location=India|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=144–145|isbn=978-0198099772}}:"They are, for example, Gavunda chiefs and heggade revenue officers vis-à-vis the Chola Vellala nattars; kalnad military tenure vis-à-vis padai-parru or parigraham tenure in the Chola state"</ref> and warrior classes<ref name="Schouten"/><ref name="Gundimeda">{{Cite book|last=Gundimeda|first=Sambaiah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjjbCgAAQBAJ&q=kammas+sat-shudra&pg=PA19|title=Dalit Politics in Contemporary India|date=2015-10-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-38105-1|pages=19|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gavunda">{{cite journal |last1=Adiga |first1=Malini|date=1997 |title= 'GAVUNDAS' IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA: LANDLORDS AND WARRIORS (AD 600 to 1030)|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143897 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58|pages=139–148|jstor=44143897|access-date= 10 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Omvedt">{{Citation| title=Dalits and the democratic revolution : Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit movement in colonial India / Gail Omvedt | author1=Omvedt, Gail | date=January 1994 | publisher=Sage Publications | isbn=0803991398 | language=English|page=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leuICwAAQBAJ&q=dalits+and+the+democratic+revolution+ksatriya+jatis+south&pg=PT56}}:"In addition the three way ' caste division ( Brahman, non - Brahman, Untouchable ) seems particularly prominent here. There are no recognized 'Ksatriya' jatis anywhere in the south, and the three states (in contrast to the more inequalitarian hierarchies of Tamil Nadu and Kerala) are characterized by the dominance of large peasant jatis with landholding rights who historically supplied many of the zamindars and rulers but remained classed remained classed as 'Shudra' in the varna scheme."</ref> in ancient times. Their chiefs were called "[[Gowda (surname)|Gowda]]"<ref name="Nanjundayya 1931 p26">{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|page=26}}</ref> and "Nayaka"<ref name="Copper Plate"/> in Karnataka, and "[[Gounder]]"<ref>{{cite book|first=Kumar Suresh|last=Singh|title=People of India|volume=40, part 2|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|date=2001|page=640|isbn=9788185938882|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBIwAQAAIAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+Gounder}}:"The community has titles viz. Gowda, Gowdar, Gounder and Kounder."</ref>

==Etymology==
The origin of the word ''Kunchitiga'' is uncertain, and there are two speculative theories about it. The first is that the word ''kunchiti'' is a combination of two words: ''kuncha'' (referring to the brush-like crest on a soldier's helmet) and ''iti'' (spear), describing soldiers with spears.<ref name="Kunchitigara Parampare haagu Samaja Sudharakaru" />

The other is that a [[Kuruba]], Jaldhi Bapparaya, held a ''kuncha'', a brush used by Kuruba weavers. Unde Yattaraya is said to have named his community Kunchitiga in his honour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n41/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=18}}</ref>

==Origin, legends, and history==
While the exact origins of the community are disputed to date, there are legends describing the migration of the community from the north to the south of India.<ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/><ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/><ref name="Nanjundayya p17–18">{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n41/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=17–18}}</ref>

===Jaladhi Bapparaya===
It is believed that the Kunchitigas were originally from North India (Haryana) and were forced to migrate south due to various circumstances in that region. In most legends concerning this migration a Muslim ruler is involved, who is said to have coveted the chief's daughter, Unde Yattaraya. While fleeing the Muslim ruler, she was unable to cross an overflowing river (some accounts say [[Godavari]], others say [[Tungabhadra]]) and was helped by a [[Kuruba Gowda]]<ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/><ref name="Nanjundayya p17–18"/><ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/> called Jaldhi Bapparaya, who was one of the two divine foundlings (the other being Avinakamaraya).<ref name="Nanjundayya p17–18"/> Jaldhi is said to have offered himself as a sacrifice to the river goddess to create an easy passage for the fleeing people. Unde Yattaraya is said to have given her daughter to marry Jaldhi Bapparaya's corpse, who was then revived by divine grace. Unde Yattaraya, Jaldi Bapparaya, and Avinakamaraya are ranked among the progenitors of the Kunchitigas. After crossing the river, the Kunchitigas settled in Vijaynagar first, before moving further south to Nandana Hosur in [[Chitradurga]] District, where they migrated to [[Sira, India|Sira]], which is still considered to be their headquarters.<ref name="Nanjundayya p17–18"/><ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre">{{cite book|last=M|first=Puttaiah|title=Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre|orig-year=1973|year=1973|page=21|location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/>

====Historical significance====
There seems to be evidence to link the Kunchitigas with the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna dynasty]].<ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/><ref name="Kamukula Urbhva Puranam">{{cite book |last=C |first=Subbaiah |date=1911|title=Kamukula Urbhva Puranam, (Based on the Kannada literatures found on copper plates and palm leaves found in Archives)|location=Madras|publisher=Madras Diamond Printing House}}</ref><ref name="Saki 1998 p143">{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Seuna|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=143}}</ref> The Seunas known as [[Yadava]]s of [[Devagiri]]<ref name="ref_India_A_History_John_Keay">{{cite book
| last = Keay
| first = John
| author-link = John Keay
| title = India: A History
| date= 2001-05-01
| publisher = Atlantic Monthly Pr
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0
| pages = 252–257
}} ''The quoted pages can be read at [https://books.google.com/ Google Book Search].''</ref> often proudly claimed their pastoral ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648 |pages=246–247}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Madhukar |last=Dhavalikar |title=Socio-economic Archaeology of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkR3Ke81LoMC |year=2014 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, 2014 |pages=274}}</ref> It is believed the [[Vokkaliga]]s had pastoral origins.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sadasivan|first=S. N|date=2000|title=A social history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=a+social+history+of+india+vokkaligas&pg=PA254|location=New Delhi, India|publisher=APH Pub. Corp|pages=254, 700|isbn=9788176481700}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|date=1942 |title=Marriage And Family In Mysore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280868/page/n26/mode/1up?|location=Bombay|publisher=New Book Co.|page=25|oclc=4565441}}</ref> The legend of Jaldhi Bapparaya<ref name="Saki 1998 p143"/> has a clear theme of being chased south by Muslim invaders. The arrival of the Kunchitigas at Nandana Hosur matches with [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri]]. [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent [[Malik Kafur]] to recapture Devagiri in 1313;<ref>{{cite book|last=Michell|first=George|title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates|url=https://archive.org/details/newcambridgehist00mich_127|url-access=limited|date=1999-06-10|publisher=Arizona University Press|isbn=0-521-56321-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/newcambridgehist00mich_127/page/n49 5]}}</ref> Singhana III was killed in the ensuing battle and Khalji's army occupied Devagiri.<ref>The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency"(1894) J.F.Fleet, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Vol-1, Part-II, Book-III) {{ISBN|81-206-0277-3}}</ref>{{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}} Seunas were once the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas who were dispatched to rule the northern regions {{sfn|A. V. Narasimha Murthy|1971|p=32}}and later became feudatories of the Western Chalukyas.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=138}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=517-518}} Further epigraphic evidence suggests that the Seuna dynasty likely emerged from a Kannada-speaking background.{{sfn|Christian Lee Novetzke|2016|pp=51-54}}Many Seuna rulers had Kannada names and titles such as Dhadiyappa, Bhillama, Rajugi, Vadugi, Vasugi, and Kaliya Ballala.<ref name="Kunchitigara Parampare haagu Samaja Sudharakaru">{{cite book |last=V|first=Anjanappa|title= Kunchitigara Parampare haagu Samaja Sudharakaru|edition =First|publisher=Vishwa Kunchitigara Parishath|publication-date=2009}}</ref> Kunchitigas could be [[Yadava]]s that migrated south with the fall of their dynasty.<ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/>

According to [[Edgar Thurston]], the Vokkaligas claimed to be descendants of the Ballāl Rājah of Ānēgundi.<ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 5"/> The [[Hoysalas]] or Ballāl Rājas were contemporaries of the Seūnas of Devagiri.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rice |first=Edward Peter|date=1921|title=A History of Kanarese Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/kanareseliteratu00rice/page/30/mode/2up?q=Hoysala |location=Calcutta|publisher=Association Press; London, New York Oxford University Press|page=30}}</ref>

An alternate version of the history of Kunchitigas and the traditions of Unde Yattaraya is recorded in the Nandana Hosur Copper Plate, but its reliability is doubted.<ref name="Copper Plate">{{cite book|title=Annual Report Of The Mysore Archaeological Department For The Year 1931|date=1935|publisher=Government Press|location=Bangalore|pages=90–99|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107058/page/n147/mode/2up}}</ref>

===Veera Keturaya and Mahasati Devi Veera Nagamma===
A legend follows Veera Keturaya, his son Veera Nagappa, and daughter-in-law Veera Nagamma. Keturaya is described as a divine ruler born in Warangal that rose to power after the fall of the Kakatiya empire. He is said to have moved south to fulfill his legacy of killing an evil demon king. In his adventure, he meets the 48 clans of the Kunchitigas coming from Dwarka and becomes their leader. Veera Keturaya moves to Vaddagere with the Kunchitigas, conquers Nelamangala by killing the demon king Baicha, and becomes the king of [[Penukonda]]. He is succeeded by Nagappa.<ref name="Shri Veeranagamma">{{cite book|first=Rajanna|last=Hunisepalya|title=Mahasati Shivasharane Shri Veeranagamma Devi|url=http://ammaji.in/English/history.html}}</ref>

Nagappa's unexpected death at the hands of enemy forces brings Nagamma‘a youthful marriage to an end. She is disappointed in [[Shiva]] for failing to protect her husband and ends her life by performing [[Sati (practice)|sati]]. Shiva, displeased with the turn of events, revives her. The Kunchitigas worship Mahasati Devi Veera Nagamma as Shiva's daughter, who through her pure and sincere devotion was able to overcome death.<ref name="Shri Veeranagamma"/>

====Historical significance====
Keturaya is said to have ruled a part of the Warangal's [[Kakatiya]] kingdom in the 12th century, which is approximated by archaeological evidence like a copper inscription.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} He was a contemporary of Penukonda's ruler Jagaraya or Jaga Devaraya. The Penukonda rulers dominated parts of South India roughly during and after the fall of [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of Warangal, and much before the rise of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. After ruling Warangal for 12 years, Keturaya settles down in Varapura, Tumkur.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre p95">{{cite book |last=M|first=Puttaiah|title= Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre|orig-year=1973|year=1973|page=95|location=Bangalore}}</ref>

The poet Kempananjaiah praises Keturaya in his [[yakshagana]] plays.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre p95"/>

The story of Veera Nagamma in Vaddagere, Tumkur, and the movement of the Kunchitigas from the north to south form the basis that Kunchitigas were Yadavas who moved towards Karnataka.

===History===
Some believe Kunchitigas were [[Chalukya]] or [[Rashtrakuta]] warriors. Historian S. C. Nandinath proposed that the word ''Chalukya'' originated from ''Salki'' or ''Chalki'', which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.<ref name="Chalki">Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the dynastic name. Dr. S.C. Nandinath feels the Chalukyas were of agricultural background and of Kannada origin who later took up a martial career. He feels the word ''Chalki'' found in some of their records must have originated from ''salki'', an agricultural implement (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</ref><ref name="root">The word ''Chalukya'' is derived from a Dravidian root (Kittel in Karmarkar 1947, p. 26)</ref> Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top, the symbol of the Vokkaliga.<ref>{{cite book |author1=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer|author2=H. V. Nanjundayya|date=1930|title=The Mysore Tribes And Castes|volume=3|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22885/page/n452/mode/1up?|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore University|pages=350–351}}:"Engraved on the ladle are the badges of the different castes composing this section, such as the plough of the Okkaliga, the scales of the Banajiga, the shears of a Kuruba, the spade of a Odda, the razor of a barber, the washing stone-slab and pot of an Agasa, and the wheel of a Kumbara."</ref> There is a view that the Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah, which is interpreted to mean "cultivators".<ref>{{cite book |last=Shetty|first=Sadanand Ramakrishna|date=1994|title=Banavasi Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUhuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+rashtrakuta |location=Banavasi (India)|publisher=Printwell|page=121}}:"The community of the land tillers or agriculturists was known as vokkaligas. The importance given to the cultivation of land is amply demonstrated by the fact that numerous tanks were dug and irrigational facilities were provided at various places. Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top. There is a view that the
Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning cultivators."</ref> This theory is supported with evidence from Kunchitiga settlements and migration patterns, which resemble a mobile army's method of setting up outposts in their conquests.<ref name="Kunchitigara Parampare haagu Samaja Sudharakaru"/>

As a community of warriors<ref name="Gavunda"/><ref name="Gundimeda"/><ref name="Schouten"/> and cultivators,<ref name="Nanjundayya 1931 p26"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia (The New Cambridge History of India)|last=Ludden|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139053396|page=91}}</ref><ref name="Schouten"/> they were historically associated with the Vijaynagar Empire<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Cambridge History of India:Vijayanagara|last=Stein|first=Burton|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139055611|pages=96–97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Polity+Vokkaliga|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=311}}</ref> and the Wodeyars of Mysore, among other rulers.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gowda|first=H.H.Annaiah|date=5 September 1971|title=Vokkaligas|magazine=The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.92, No.27-39(july-sept)1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110098/page/n617/mode/1up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bombay|publisher=Times of India Press|page=10}}:"Gowdas have been generals and vassals under dynasties such as the Kadambas, Gangas and Rashtrakutas"</ref><ref name="Gavunda"/><ref name="kamath"/> Kunchitigas were the rulers of [[Sira Taluk|Sira]], [[Madhugiri]], and [[Koratagere]].<ref>1600 Varshagala Vokkaligara Ithihasa (Pandukumar B)</ref>

Kunchitigas are also found in interior parts of Andhra Pradesh<ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/><ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/> Some of the [[Polygars]] in the Madurai district were Kunchitigas.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Herman Jensen|date=2002|title=Madura Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqAlHNTOWJgC&pg=PA108|location=Madurai, India|publisher=Cosmo Publications|page=319|isbn=9788170209690|quote=Some of the Poligars in this part of the country were Kappiliyans, and they doubtless brought with them a retinue of their own castemen.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|editor=C.S. Ramakrishna Aiyar|date=1921|title=The Hindu Law Journal|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6m8vAQAAMAAJ&q=Kappiliyan|location=Coimbatore|publisher= C.S. Ramakrishna Aiyar, [1918-1925] |page=5|oclc=7783197|quote=The Kombai Parivarams, who are the servants of the Kappiliyan Zamindars of Kombai and Tevaram in the Periyakulam taluk...}}</ref> Wodeyars frequently battled Madurai Nayakars and had briefly won Dindigal and Theni after [[Chanda Sahib]] ended the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]. Some Kunchitigas are believed to have received land grants.<ref>{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+mysore|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=420,536}}</ref> They are also associated with the expansion of the Dindigal fort.

==Subdivisions==
It is believed that Kunchitigas originally had 101 [[gotra]]s. Currently, people of the following 48 gotras are found in the Karnataka region. The archaeological department found a stone inscription in Nandana-hosuru, Chitradurga District, with information about the 48 gotras.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre p95"/> Endogamous marriages within the same gotra are forbidden.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=4|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n43/mode/2up|location=Mysore|publisher=The Mysore University|pages=20–21}}</ref>

According to various inscriptions that were found on the copper plates and palm leaves in South Indian archives,<ref name="A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presidency 1915 Vol I 120">{{cite book |last=Rangacharya|first=V|title=A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presidency 1915 Vol I|year=1915}}</ref> the 48 gotras were named after their characters and physiques. Among them, Avinavaru, Baduvanavaru, Basalenavaru, Emmenavaru, Dasalenavaru, Danyadavaru, Undenavaru, Jaldhinavaru, and Janakallinavaru married girls of Shri Krishna Kula Nagakanni sect of Yadavas, and the rest of them were married to the offspring of these couples during pre-Vedic periods.<ref name="Kamukula Urbhva Puranam"/><ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 1. Undenavaru||Humorous ones, descendants of Unde Yattaraya
|-
| 2. Yelenavaru ||Powerful, Anjaneya Bhaktas
|-
| 3. Janakallinavaru ||Caretakers
|-
| 4. Arasanavaru ||Guru, judge
|-
| 5. Jaldhinavaru ||Jailors, descendants of Jaldhi Bapparaya
|-
| 6. Rageoru ||Crazy ones
|-
| 7. Avinavaru||Traditional, descendants of Avinakamaraya
|-
| 8. Jannakkoru||Wardens
|-
| 9. Alunavaru ||Philanthropists
|-
| 10. Danyathavaru ||Elegant people
|-
| 11. Eradukkariouru ||Absent minded ones
|-
| 12. Kankalanavaru ||Zealous ones
|-
| 13. Alenavaru ||Sober ones/Teetotallers
|-
| 14. Surenavaru ||clan guru/Advisor
|-
| 15. Basalenavaru ||Traders
|-
| 16. Emmenavaru ||Diplomats
|-
| 17. Ethirukaraioru ||Moral, straightforward
|-
| 18. Huliyaru ||Humane ones
|-
| 19. Settenavaru ||Decision makers
|-
| 20. Goniyoru ||Rigid people
|-
| 21. Alpenavaru ||Aloof ones
|-
| 22. Bellenavaru ||Aggressive ones
|-
| 23. Andenavaru ||Good anchors, Traders and Wise ones
|-
| 24. Jeerikkoru ||Jealous ones
|-
| 25. Kattaratavaru ||Ardent ones
|-
| 26. Onamanavaru||Powerful people
|-
| 27. Kakkiyavaru ||Enthusiastic ones
|-
| 28. Manasanvaru ||Recited Hymns
|-
| 29. Kambalioru ||Juvenile natured
|-
| 30. Ellaioru||Elite people
|-
| 31. Mayoru ||Confused ones
|-
| 32. Athenavaru ||Commanders
|-
| 33. Karikkenavaru ||Youthful ones
|-
| 34. Sarangathoru ||Wise people
|-
| 35. Ravuththnaoru ||Chatterboxes
|-
| 36. Uthathoru ||Toolmakers
|-
| 37. Gudiyoru ||Guard, Guest
|-
| 38. Jeriyoru ||Entertainers
|-
| 39. Uthathoru ||Toolmakers
|-
| 40. Badavanavaru ||Singers
|-
| 41. Dasalenavaru ||Tailors
|-
| 42. Ullenavaru ||Autocrats
|-
| 43. Thabakkioru ||Weavers
|-
| 44. Saradenavaru||Intelligent ones
|-
| 45. Thomkuthioru ||Meticulous ones
|-
| 46. Kokkenavaru ||Knowledgeable ones
|-
| 47. Kuloru ||Traditional people
|-
| 48. Koopaenavaru||Ones with decorated eyes
|-
| 49. Olakkaloru ||Celebrities
|-
| 50. Aranmaneyaru or Dasarivaru||Zamindars
|}

The following gotras are found outside Karnataka.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre"/>

* Kallakanteyavaru
* Jakkeladavaru
* Thandadavaru
* Koddagerenavaru
* Saakuvalleru
* Kodehalliyavaru
* Kottagereyavaru
* Huttenavaru
* Kalledavaru
* Nimbenavaru
* Devanavaru
* Hallakattanavaru
* Uravinevaru (Uravinoru)
The Kunchitigas of [[Malenadu]] were cattle traders that were known as ''maroru'' ({{Translation|"vendors"}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n43/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|page=19,24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14DvAQAACAAJ5 |oclc=59001459}}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1}}
* {{cite book |author=A. V. Narasimha Murthy |title=The Sevunas of Devagiri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxhY_3vLA_YC |year=1971 |publisher=Rao and Raghavan}}
* {{cite book |author=Christian Lee Novetzke |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]

Inside Man

2026-03-27T07:29:15Z

2fa:

{{Short description|2006 crime thriller film by Spike Lee}}
{{About|the 2006 film directed by Spike Lee|other films and other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Inside Man
| image = Inside_Man_(film_poster).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Spike Lee]]
| producer = [[Brian Grazer]]
| writer = [[Russell Gewirtz]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Denzel Washington]]
* [[Clive Owen]]
* [[Jodie Foster]]
* [[Christopher Plummer]]
* [[Willem Dafoe]]
* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]}}
| music = [[Terence Blanchard]]
| cinematography = [[Matthew Libatique]]
| editing = [[Barry Alexander Brown]]
| production_companies = {{plainlist|
* [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54821?sid=d64d3982-0d17-44a4-9027-7eb2da7b10be&sr=3.7660565&cp=1&pos=0|title=Inside Man (2006)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=September 22, 2018|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116041204/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54821?sid=d64d3982-0d17-44a4-9027-7eb2da7b10be&sr=3.7660565&cp=1&pos=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Imagine Entertainment]]<ref name=afi/>
* [[40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks]]<ref name=afi/>
}}
| distributor = Universal Pictures<ref name=afi/>
| released = {{Film date|2006|03|20|[[New York City]]|2006|03|24|United States}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref name=afi/>
| country = United States<ref name=afi/>
| language = English
| budget = $45–60 million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/>
| gross = $184.4 million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/>
}}
'''''Inside Man''''' is a 2006 American [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Spike Lee]] and written by [[Russell Gewirtz]]. It centers on an elaborate bank heist-turned-hostage situation on [[Wall Street]]. The film stars [[Denzel Washington]] as Detective Keith Frazier, the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]]'s hostage negotiator, [[Clive Owen]] as Dalton Russell, the mastermind who orchestrates the heist, and [[Jodie Foster]] as Madeleine White, a Manhattan [[fixer (person)|fixer]] who becomes involved at the request of the bank's founder Arthur Case ([[Christopher Plummer]]) to keep something in his [[safe deposit box]] protected from the robbers.

Gewirtz spent five years developing the premise before working on what became his first original screenplay. After he completed the script in 2002, [[Imagine Entertainment]] purchased it to be made by [[Universal Pictures]], with Imagine co-founder [[Ron Howard]] attached to direct. After Howard stepped down, his business partner [[Brian Grazer]] began looking for a new director and ultimately hired Lee. [[Principal photography]] took place on location in New York City from June to August 2005. With a $45–60 million budget, it is Lee's most expensive film.

''Inside Man'' premiered in New York on March 20, 2006, and was released by Universal Pictures across the United States four days later. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $184.4 million, becoming Lee's highest-grossing film.

==Plot==

In August 2005, inside a small, dimly-lit cell, Dalton Russell proclaims he has committed the perfect [[bank robbery]]. Some time prior, in New York City, masked robbers, dressed in painter coveralls and using variants of the name "Steve" as aliases, seize control of a Manhattan bank, taking patrons and employees hostage. They divide the hostages into groups and hold them in different rooms, forcing them to don masks and coveralls identical to their own, rotating them among various rooms and occasionally inserting themselves covertly into the groups. They also take turns demolishing and building a replacement fake wall in one of the bank's storage rooms.

Police surround the bank, and Detectives Keith Frazier and Bill Mitchell take charge of negotiations. Russell, the head robber, demands food be provided. The police send pizzas whose boxes have hidden listening devices. The bugs pick up someone speaking [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (initially misunderstood to be Russian), which is later identified as propaganda recordings of the late Albanian leader [[Enver Hoxha]], implying that the robbers anticipated the attempted surveillance.

When Arthur Case, the bank's founder and chairman, learns about the holdup, he hires [[Fixer (person)|fixer]] Madeleine White to try to protect the contents of a [[safe deposit box]] within the bank. Russell breaks into a safe deposit box and finds, among other things, documents from [[Nazi Germany]]. White, using her influence with the Mayor of New York, is introduced to Frazier and persuades him to let her talk to Russell, who agrees to allow her inside the bank so they can talk privately. Russell implies that Case started his bank with money he received [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|for collaborating with the Nazis]], resulting in many Jews dying during [[World War II]].

Frazier demands to inspect the hostages before allowing the robbers to leave and Russell shows him around the bank. As he is being shown out, Frazier attacks Russell, but is restrained by another robber. Afterwards, Frazier explains he deliberately provoked him, concluding that Russell is not a killer. However, Frazier's conclusion is almost immediately tested when a hostage execution is staged. The execution prompts an [[New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit|Emergency Services Unit]] team into action. They plan to storm the bank, using [[rubber bullet]]s to knock out those inside. Frazier discovers that the robbers have planted a listening device on the police; aware of the police plans, the robbers detonate smoke grenades and exit the bank hidden among the hostages.

The police detain and question everyone but cannot distinguish the identically dressed hostages from the robbers. A search of the bank reveals the robbers' weapons were plastic replicas. They find props showing that the hostage execution was faked, and no money or valuables appear to have been stolen. Unable to identify the suspects and unable to show a robbery has even been committed, Frazier's superior orders him to drop the case. Frazier, however, searches bank records and finds that safe deposit box No. 392 has never appeared on any records since the bank's founding in 1948. He obtains a search warrant to open it. White then confronts Frazier to persuade him to drop his investigation and during their conversation she hints at Case's Nazi dealings. Frazier refuses to stop his investigation and plays a recording he had surreptitiously made of an incriminating conversation that took place earlier between White and Frazier and the mayor. White confronts Case, who admits the box contained loose diamonds and a [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]] diamond ring he took from a Jewish friend whom he betrayed to the Nazis.

Russell's opening monologue is revealed to have happened while he hid behind a fake wall the robbers had constructed inside the bank's supply room. He emerges a week after the robbery with the contents of Case's safe deposit box, including incriminating documents and several bags of diamonds. On his way out, he bumps into Frazier, who does not recognize him. Russell exits the bank and enters a waiting car filled with his conspirators, some of whom the police had questioned. When Frazier opens the safe deposit box, he finds the ring and a note from Russell that says, "follow the ring". He confronts White, urging her to contact the [[Office of War Crimes Issues]] at the State Department about Case's war crimes. At home, Frazier finds a loose diamond and realizes that Russell slipped it into his pocket during their collision while exiting the bank.

==Cast==
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* [[Denzel Washington]] as Detective Keith Frazier, New York City police detective with a scandal attached to his name who is desperate to make Detective First Grade. He is assigned to negotiate with the ringleader of a Manhattan bank heist. The film marks Washington's fourth collaboration with director [[Spike Lee]]. Lee first approached Washington and gave him the opportunity to play either Frazier or Dalton Russell. Washington turned down the latter, citing concerns over the character's disguise.<ref name="Total">{{cite web |url=http://www.totalfilm.com/features/the-man-inside |title=The Man Inside ...|date=March 24, 2006 |access-date=April 13, 2013 |work=Total Film}}</ref> He cited his Broadway performance as [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger|Brutus]] in ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'' as inspiration, stating, "I think it actually helped me prepare for Frazier—[[Russell Gewirtz|Russell [Gewirtz]]]'s script is heavy with great dialogue. My character does a lot of talking! I kind of thought of Frazier as Brutus goes to Brooklyn. For me, there is a certain rhythm and cadence of New Yorkers, and this gave me the opportunity to play a New York kind of guy who's going through a lot while dealing with this smart and challenging adversary."<ref name="notes">{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodjesus.com/movie/inside_man/notes.pdf |title=Production notes |publisher=[[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] |access-date=June 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529160827/http://www.hollywoodjesus.com/movie/inside_man/notes.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{rp|6}}
* [[Clive Owen]] as Dalton Russell, the ringleader of the elaborate bank heist. Russell first appears at the beginning of the film, [[fourth wall|breaking the fourth wall]] and giving an account of how he will commit the perfect bank robbery. Owen nearly turned down the role; like Washington, he expressed concerns over the character's disguise of a hood, mask and sunglasses. He said, "To play whole scenes where you're masked, you've got on sunglasses and you're wearing a hood is very weird, because a lot of acting is often through intent, and intent is shown through the eyes. To suddenly have that taken away and have this big barrier there was very disarming."<ref name="notes"/>{{rp|6}} Owen, however, accepted the role after further discussing the part with Lee.<ref name="notes"/>{{rp|7}} The script was also revised to include scenes in which Owen's face could be shown.<ref name="directorcommentary">{{cite video |people=Lee, Spike |title=Audio commentary for ''Inside Man'' |medium=DVD |publisher=Universal Studios |date=2002}}; retrieved on August 12, 2013.</ref>
* [[Jodie Foster]] as Madeleine White, Manhattan power broker who is hired to act as a "[[fixer (person)|fixer]]" in response to the bank heist. Foster saw the film as an opportunity to collaborate with Lee, explaining, "Spike is somebody who always fascinated me, and I've loved his movies. I've always wanted to be involved in something he's making."<ref name="notes"/>{{rp|7}} She described her character as a woman with "a relaxed kind of witty quality to her. All the while being very strong, not having to raise her voice very much, not having to yell at anybody — she's got authority. There's seductiveness, a charm, if you will, to her ability to get into people's psyches that's been immensely fun to play. It all went way too fast for me."<ref name="notes"/>{{rp|7–8}}
* [[Christopher Plummer]] as Arthur Case, the chairman of the board of directors and founder of the fictional Manhattan Trust bank. In response to the bank heist, Case hires White to prevent a possible career-ending situation. ''Inside Man'' is Plummer's second collaboration with Lee and Washington, following 1992's ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)|Malcolm X]]''. He described Case as a "wonderful, rich head of all sorts of organizations — I suppose a kind of '[[Enron]] creature' — who runs banks and other world businesses. He has tentacles everywhere, and he's a real son-of-a-bitch who's trying to keep a secret in the process."<ref name="notes"/>{{rp|8}}
* [[Willem Dafoe]] as Captain John Darius, veteran captain of the [[NYPD Emergency Service Unit]]. Dafoe saw the film as opportunity to work in New York City and collaborate with Lee. He felt that the film was "about the city; it's about authority; it's about the mentality of crime; and it's about power ... and payback."<ref name="notes"/>{{rp|9}}
* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] as Detective Bill Mitchell, New York City police detective and Frazier's partner. The film is Ejiofor's second collaboration with Lee, after ''[[She Hate Me]]'' (2004). He first learned of the film after meeting with the director. He explained, "He said he wanted me to read the script and see if I wanted to be involved. Spike asks so many people to come back and work with him in different capacities and as different types of characters."<ref name="notes"/>{{rp|9}}
Appearing as Russell's accomplices are:
* [[Kim Director]] as Valerie Keepsake / Stevie, Russell's girlfriend who keeps the female hostages under control.
* [[James Ransone]] as Darius Peltz / Steve-O, who protects Russell when Frazier attempts to apprehend him.
* Carlos Andrés Gómez as Kenneth Damerjian / Steve, an Armenian who uses recordings on his [[iPod]] of Albanian leader [[Enver Hoxha]] to throw off the police wiretap.
* Bernie Rachelle as Chaim, an older Jewish man who works as a professor at [[Columbia Law School]], who teaches courses on genocide, slave labor, and war reparation claims, who is part of the plot but was not one of the "Steves", given his age and physique.

Appearing as some of the more notable hostages are [[Ken Leung]] as Wing, who was distracted in the bank before the heist by the bosomy woman (played by Samantha Ivers) standing behind him and talking loudly on her phone; Gerry Vichi as Herman Gluck, an elderly hostage suffering chest pains who is quickly released by the robbers; [[Waris Ahluwalia]] as Vikram Walia, a [[Sikh]] bank clerk whose turban is removed by the cops, which is a religious sacrilege for a Sikh male; [[Peter Frechette]] as Peter Hammond, a bank employee whose attempt to hide his cell phone from Russell results in his getting beaten up; Amir Ali Said as Brian Robinson, an 8-year-old boy who speaks with both Russell and Frazier and who plays a violent video game; Ed Onipede Blunt as Ray Robinson, Brian's father; and [[Marcia Jean Kurtz]] as Miriam Douglas, an older woman who initially refuses to strip and is forced to do so by Stevie; Kurtz reprises her role as Miriam from ''[[Dog Day Afternoon]]'' (1975), in which she was depicted as a hostage.<ref name="CastCrew">{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/621151/inside-man#credits |title=Inside Man (2006) - Full Credits |work=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |publisher=[[Turner Entertainment|Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc.]] |access-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227183352/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/621151/Inside-Man/full-credits.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TCMNotes">{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/621151/inside-man#notes |title=Inside Man (2006) - Notes |work=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |publisher=[[Turner Entertainment|Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc.]] |access-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-date=October 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024005702/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/621151/Inside-Man/notes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lionel Pina, who also appeared in ''Dog Day Afternoon'' as a pizza delivery man, reprises his role in ''Inside Man'' as one of the policemen delivering pizzas to the bank's front doors.<ref name="TCMNotes"/>

Other roles include Cassandra Freeman as Officer Sylvia, Frazier's girlfriend; [[Peter Gerety]] as Captain Coughlin, Frazier and Mitchell's superior; [[Victor Colicchio]] as Sergeant Collins, the first officer to respond to the bank robbery; [[Jason Manuel Olazabal]] as ESU Officer Hernandez; Al Palagonia as Kevin, a construction worker who recognizes the language as Albanian, as he was formerly married to an Albanian-born woman; [[Florina Petcu]] as Ilina Miritia, the Albanian woman in question who explains that they are hearing recordings of [[Enver Hoxha]]; Peter Kybart as the [[Mayor of New York City]]; [[Anthony Mangano]] as an ESU officer; and [[Daryl Mitchell (actor)|Daryl Mitchell]] and [[Ashlie Atkinson]] as Mobile Command Officers.<ref name="CastCrew"/>

==Production==
{{quote box|width=35%|align=right|quote=A script has to make me feel curious, and at no point can I feel complacent. In this story, it was the [[red herring]] aspect that I liked—not knowing why things were happening and later having everything revealed in such a satisfying and surprising way. These twists and turns really took the model of a heist film in a new and interesting direction.|source=—Producer Brian Grazer on the script for ''Inside Man''.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|4}}}}

===Development===
The script for ''Inside Man'' was written by [[Russell Gewirtz]], a former lawyer who conceived the idea while vacationing in several countries.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|3}} A first time-screenwriter, Gewirtz studied a number of screenplays, and spent five years developing the premise.<ref name="BullzEye">{{cite web |url=http://www.bullz-eye.com/mguide/interviews/2006/russell_gewirtz.htm |title=Russell Gewirtz interview, Inside Man interview |date=September 8, 2006 |access-date=July 1, 2013 |work=Bullz-Eye.com |last=Medsker |first=David |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123102245/http://www.bullz-eye.com/mguide/interviews/2006/russell_gewirtz.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His friend Daniel M. Rosenberg assisted in developing the script, then known as ''The Inside Man''.<ref name="Variety">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/u-imagine-inside-job-1117871630/ |title=U, Imagine: 'Inside' job |date=August 20, 2002 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Media]] |last=Fleming |first=Michael}}</ref> After it was completed in 2002, the script was passed around several times. Rosenberg shopped it to a number of [[Los Angeles]] agencies,<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|4}} until [[Universal Pictures]] executives [[Scott Stuber]] and [[Donna Langley]] persuaded Gewirtz to take the script to Universal and [[Imagine Entertainment]].<ref name="Variety"/> Imagine purchased Gewirtz's screenplay in 2002, and the project began development at Universal, which retitled the film ''Inside Man''.<ref name="BullzEye"/><ref name="Variety"/>

Imagine co-founder [[Ron Howard]] was attached to direct the film, but turned it down after being asked by [[Russell Crowe]] to direct ''[[Cinderella Man]]'' (2005).<ref name="Total"/> Howard's Imagine partner [[Brian Grazer]] began looking for a new director. After Howard stepped down, [[Menno Meyjes]] contributed to Gewirtz's screenplay, and [[Terry George]] incorporated the [[Nazi Germany]] and diamond ring elements to the script.<ref name="directorcommentary"/><ref name="TCMNotes"/> Meyjes was in negotiations to direct the film, but after he declined, Grazer thought this project was a chance to work with [[Spike Lee]],<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|3}} who had already learned of Gewirtz's script.<ref name="Total"/> Lee said of the screenplay, "I liked the script and really wanted to do it. '''[[Dog Day Afternoon]]'' (1975)', directed by [[Sidney Lumet]], is one of my favorite films, and this story was a contemporary take on that kind of a movie". Ultimately, [[Marcia Jean Kurtz]] and Lionel Pina were additionally cast to reprise their roles from ''Dog Day Afternoon'' in [[Easter egg (media)|Easter egg]] [[cameo appearance]]s.<ref name="Levy">{{cite web |url=http://www.emanuellevy.com/interview/spike-lee-iiinside-mani-1/ |title=Welcome to Emanuel Levy » Spike Lee Inside Man |work=EmanuelLevy.com |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |publisher=[[Emanuel Levy]] |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710023731/http://www.emanuellevy.com/interview/spike-lee-iiinside-mani-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After being cast, [[Denzel Washington]] and [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] worked together on studying their lines and understanding their characters. Lee helped prepare his actors by screening a number of [[heist film]]s including ''Dog Day Afternoon''.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|9}} Washington, Ejiofor, Willem Dafoe and other actors met and worked with members of the [[New York City Police Department]], who shared their experiences and stories involving civilians and hostage situations.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|10}}

===Filming===
====Principal photography====
The film was shot on location in New York City, with [[principal photography]] beginning in June 2005.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|12}} <ref name ="ASCp2">{{cite web |last=Calhoun |first=John |url=http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/April2006/InsideMan/page2.php |title=Cop vs. Robber |date=April 2006 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |work=[[American Cinematographer]] |publisher=[[American Society of Cinematographers]] |page=2 |archive-date=March 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320013552/http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/April2006/InsideMan/page2.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Universal Pictures provided a budget of $45 million.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0454848/ |title=Inside Man (2006) |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701015639/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0454848/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By filming in New York, the production was eligible for the city's "[[Made in NY]]" incentives program.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/news/gotham-gives-lee-inside-job-a-break-1117924065/ |title=Gotham gives Lee 'Inside' job a break |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=Variety Media |date=June 7, 2005 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422034914/http://variety.com/2005/film/news/gotham-gives-lee-inside-job-a-break-1117924065/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Interior sets were created at the New York-based [[Steiner Studios]], and ''Inside Man'' was the second film (after 2005's ''[[The Producers (2005 film)|The Producers]]'') to be shot inside the 15-acre facility.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|14}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/08/nyregion/08studio.html |title=Lights, Camera, Brooklyn! |work=[[New York Times]] |last=Collins |first=Glenn |date=June 8, 2005 |access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref>

[[Location scouting]] revealed a former Wall Street bank at [[20 Exchange Place]] had been closed down and repurposed as a [[cigar bar]].<ref name="NYSets">{{cite web |url=http://onthesetofnewyork.com/insideman.html |title=Inside Man Film Locations |work=OnTheSetOfNewYork.com |access-date=July 29, 2013}}</ref> The building stood in for the fictional Manhattan Trust Bank branch, where the bank heist occurs. "Without a bank, we didn't have a movie," Lee explained. "But everything ended up going very smoothly. We shot in the heart of Wall Street in a bank that had been closed down. It was like having a [[backlot|back lot]] in the middle of Wall Street."<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|13}} An office at the [[Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House]] doubled as the office of Arthur Case (Christopher Plummer).<ref name="NYSets" /> Plummer believed that the office's design was essential to his character: "The space literally presents Case's power, so I found that part of my character was to simply play very cool about everything. You don't have to push the power, because it's all around you."<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|13}} The location was also used to film a scene where Frazier confronts Madeleine White (Jodie Foster). The [[American Tract Society Building]], located at 150 Nassau Street and Spruce Street, Manhattan, doubled as White's office.<ref name="NYSets" /> Cafe Bravo, a coffee shop located at 76 Beaver Street and Hanover Street, was also used for filming. Other filming locations included [[Battery Park]] and the [[Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State|New York Supreme Court House's Appellate Division]] located at East 25th Street and Madison Avenue, Manhattan.<ref name="NYSets" /> Principal photography concluded in August after 43 days of filming.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|12}} <ref name ="ASCp2" />

====Design====
Wynn Thomas supervised the [[production designer|production design]], continuing a 20-year collaboration with Lee. With a former Wall Street bank doubling as the fictional Manhattan Trust branch, Thomas and his team restored the former bank to its 1920s architectural structure. The first floor underwent renovations and was used as the first place where the hostages are held captive by the robbers.<ref name="NYSets" /> The bank's basement was one of several interior sets created at Steiner Studios.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|13}} <ref name="directorcommentary"/> Thomas and his team also designed Frazier's apartment, which he described as "very masculine and rich and highly monochromatic in its many hues of brown."<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|13}} He was also tasked with designing a police interrogation room, as well as the interiors of the New York City Police Department and a [[Light truck|light-duty]] Mobile Command vehicle.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|13}} An actual Mobile Command vehicle, supplied by LDV Inc., was used for exteriors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.policeone.com/police-products/vehicles/specialty/press-releases/126755-LDV-Mobile-Command-Center-Stars-with-Denzel-Washington-in-Spike-Lees-INSIDE-MAN/ |title=LDV Mobile Command Center Stars with Denzel Washington in Spike Lee's INSIDE MAN |work=PoliceOne.com |date=March 29, 2006 |access-date=July 9, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055244/http://www.policeone.com/police-products/vehicles/specialty/press-releases/126755-LDV-Mobile-Command-Center-Stars-with-Denzel-Washington-in-Spike-Lees-INSIDE-MAN/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Cinematography====
{{quote box|width=35%|align=right|[Lee] has a distinct working style; he likes to have the scene play out and get all of his coverage pretty much at the same time. He's not a single-camera-setup director who gets nine shots per scene and spends all day doing it. He prefers to get the actors [[Blocking (stage)|blocked]] and find out where he can place all the cameras so he can get the scene and the performance. Because of this, the actors have to perform in every shot.|source=—Cinematographer [[Matthew Libatique]] describing Lee's directing style, which involved multiple-camera setups.<ref name ="ASCp1"/>}}

The film was director of photography [[Matthew Libatique]]'s second collaboration with Lee. Because the filmmakers intended to finish with a [[digital intermediate]] (the post-production digital manipulation of color and lighting), Libatique chose to shoot the film in the [[Super 35]] format for a 2.35:1 aspect ratio. He mainly used [[List of motion picture film stocks#VISION2 color negative (ECN-2 process 2002–2007)|Kodak Vision2 500T 5218 and Vision2 Expression 500T 5229]] film stocks.<ref name ="ASCp1">{{cite web |last=Calhoun |first=John |url=http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/April2006/InsideMan/page1.php |title=Cop vs. Robber |date=April 2006 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |work=[[American Cinematographer]] |publisher=[[American Society of Cinematographers]] |page=1 |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812015446/http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/April2006/InsideMan/page1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name ="ASCp3">{{cite web |last=Calhoun |first=John |url=http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/April2006/InsideMan/page3.php |title=Cop vs. Robber |date=April 2006 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |work=[[American Cinematographer]] |publisher=[[American Society of Cinematographers]] |page=3 |archive-date=December 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207110606/http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/April2006/InsideMan/page3.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was shot with [[Arricam]] and [[Arriflex]] cameras and [[Cooke Optics|Cooke S4]] lenses.<ref name ="ASCp1" /><ref name ="ASCp3" />

Several scenes required [[multiple-camera setup]]s. Lee wanted to create a visual distinction between the characters Russell (Owen) and Frazier (Washington), while incorporating visual metaphors. Russell's scenes, in which he masterminds the bank heist, were shot with a [[Steadicam]] to suggest that the character is in control. Frazier's scenes, in which he is tasked with handling the hostage situation, were filmed with multiple [[hand-held camera]]s to display the character's confusion.<ref name ="ASCp1"/> Libatique explained, "I said, 'We want to create a sense of control and largely centered frames with Clive's character, and we want to have movement with Denzel's.' Having three operators on the same character, I'd watch all three. In a handheld shot, a long lens has a little bit of movement and a wider lens is inherently smoother. I would actually talk to the operator and tell him not to be so steady. It was the first time I'd worked with so many operators where I wasn't one myself."<ref name ="ASCp1"/> Telephone conversations between Russell and Frazier were shot using two cameras simultaneously filming the actors performing on two different sets of a soundstage at Steiner Studios.<ref name ="notes" />{{rp|10}} <ref name="directorcommentary"/> Steadicam operator Stephen Consentino estimated that 80% of the film was shot with hand-held cameras or a Steadicam.<ref name ="ASCp1"/> A total of seven cameras were used to film the scene where the hostages are finally released. A [[Technocrane]] was used for a [[crane shot]] that would cover the following moment, in which the hostages are placed in buses.<ref name ="ASCp1"/>

The film features a number of scenes which involve Detectives Frazier and Mitchell (Chiwetel Ejiofor) interrogating several hostages during the aftermath of the heist. Libatique described these scenes as a "[[flashforward|flash-forward]]" to events, explaining that Lee "wanted a look that would jump out and tell you you're somewhere else."<ref name ="ASCp3" /> Libatique photographed the scenes with [[Ektachrome|Kodak Ektachrome 100D 5285]] [[reversal film]]. [[Technicolor]] then [[cross-processing|cross-processed]] the filmed footage before it was put through a [[bleach bypass]], which neutralized [[color temperature]] and created more [[Contrast (vision)|contrast]]. Libatique explained, "Basically, it unifies all the color ... When you try to apply [[Color correction|correction]], the film moves in very strange ways."<ref name ="ASCp3"/>

Post-production facility [[EFILM]] carried out the digital intermediate (DI), with Libatique overseeing the process and working with [[colorist]]s Steve Bowen and Steve Scott: "It's difficult to match all of your shots meticulously when you have three cameras and one lighting setup, so I spent the majority of the DI just adhering to the original vision of the disparity in color temperature, which I can accentuate, versus the unified color temperature."<ref name ="ASCp3"/> A majority of ''Inside Man'' was [[Motion picture film scanner|scanned]] on a Northlight film scanner, while the interrogation scenes had to be scanned on a [[Spirit DataCine]], as the [[Negative (photography)|negatives]] proved "too dense for the Northlight to perform the task."<ref name ="ASCp3"/>

===Effects===
====Video game sequence====
{{quote box|width=35%|align=right|I just hope people understand that this is an absolute statement about my horror at how violent these games that young kids play are, and also the infatuation with violence and [[gangsta rap]] among the black community. It's not a real game but it's not that far-fetched from the games that are being sold, and more importantly the mindset behind them. There are just too many black men killing each other as it is.|source=—Lee commenting on the film's 30-second video game sequence, which was created as part of a social commentary.<ref name ="Guardian">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/mar/25/culture.features |title=Lesley O'Toole talks to Spike Lee about his current projects |date=25 March 2006 |access-date=July 8, 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian News and Media Limited]] |last=O'Toole |first=Lesley}}</ref>}}

The film features a scene in which Russell (Owen) interacts with Brian Robinson (Amir Ali Said), an 8-year-old boy who is playing a violent video game titled ''Gangstas iz Genocide'' on his [[PlayStation Portable]]. The scene is intercut with a 30-second animated sequence of the fictional game, in which a character performs a [[drive-by shooting]], before killing an intended target with a [[hand grenade]].<ref name ="Backstage">{{cite web |url=http://www.backstage.com/news/machinima-becoming-used-for-social-criticism/ |title='Machinima' Becoming Used for Social Criticism |date=April 7, 2006 |access-date=July 8, 2013 |work=[[Backstage (magazine)|Backstage]] |last=Crabtree |first=Sheigh |archive-date=January 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129035829/http://www.backstage.com/news/machinima-becoming-used-for-social-criticism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Using the [[Grand Theft Auto|''Grand Theft Auto'' franchise]] as a reference, Lee wanted the scene to serve as a [[social commentary]] on [[gangsta rap]], [[Race and crime in the United States|violent crime among African Americans]]<ref name ="Backstage"/> and the rising level of [[Video game controversies#Violence|killings in video games]].<ref name="Total"/>

Cinematographer Matthew Libatique enlisted his cousin, Eric Alba, and a team of graphic artists known as House of Pain to design the 30-second animated sequence.<ref name ="Backstage"/> Lee asked for the sequence to show two black characters in a [[Ghetto#African American ghettos|ghetto]] environment dressed in gangster attire. He also gave the artists [[mockup]]s of two scenarios that ended in homicide—one being a robbery at an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]], and the other a drive-by shooting.<ref name ="Backstage"/>

House of Pain spent 10 days working on ''Gangstas iz Genocide''. Alba digitally photographed images of buildings near the [[Marcy Houses]] in Brooklyn, New York. Portions of the sequence were [[Previsualization|pre-visualized]] in [[Autodesk 3ds Max|3D Studio Max]], while stills were imported as [[texture mapping|texture maps]] and added to animated cut scenes created in 3D modeling package [[Autodesk Maya|Maya]]. The artists also improvised the use of a hand grenade.<ref name ="Backstage"/> When Lee saw how violent the sequence was, he improvised the line "Kill Dat Nigga!" as a subtitle. The entire sequence was [[Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] out to play onscreen in [[full frame (cinematography)|full frame]].<ref name ="Backstage"/> The original running time of the animated sequence was 60 seconds. Lee cut it to 30 seconds, feeling that a shorter length would make more of an impact.<ref name ="Backstage"/> Upon ''Inside Man'''s theatrical release, he remarked that, "The sad thing is somebody is probably gonna make a game out of it and take that as inspiration."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2006/03/13/spike_lee_cringes_over_video_game_scene_ |title=Spike Lee Cringes Over Video Game Scene In His New Film 'Inside Man' |date=March 13, 2006 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |work=StarPulse.com |author=World Entertainment News Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527033828/http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2006/03/13/spike_lee_cringes_over_video_game_scene_ |archive-date=May 27, 2006 }}</ref>

===Music===
{{Further|Inside Man (soundtrack)}}
Jazz musician and trumpeter [[Terence Blanchard]] composed the [[film score]], marking his eleventh collaboration with Lee.<ref name="Blanchard">{{cite web |url=http://terenceblanchard.com/discography/inside-man-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |title=Discography > Inside Man (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |access-date=July 1, 2013 |work=The Official Terence Blanchard Website |publisher=[[Terence Blanchard]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524162840/http://www.terenceblanchard.com/discography/inside-man-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |archive-date=May 24, 2013 }}</ref> The soundtrack features the song "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]", composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], which originally appeared in the 1998 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Dil Se..]]''. The song is featured during the opening credits of the film.<ref name="inside">{{cite news |title=Ryan Reynold's Deadpool has a famous Bollywood song playing in the background |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/hollywood/060216/ryan-reynold-s-deadpool-has-a-famous-bollywood-song-playing-in-the-background.html |access-date=July 6, 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=July 6, 2016 |archive-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211233358/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/hollywood/060216/ryan-reynold-s-deadpool-has-a-famous-bollywood-song-playing-in-the-background.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A remix of the song, titled "Chaiyya, Chaiyya Bollywood Joint" plays during the end credits, and features [[Panjabi MC]]'s added rap lyrics about people of different backgrounds coming together in order to survive.<ref name="TCMNotes"/> The soundtrack, titled ''Inside Man: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'', was released on CD in North America on March 21, 2006, through record label [[Varèse Sarabande]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.varesesarabande.com/servlet/the-270/Inside-Man/Detail |title=Inside Man |work=varesesarabande.com |publisher=[[Varèse Sarabande]] |access-date=July 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614073738/http://www.varesesarabande.com/servlet/the-270/Inside-Man/Detail |archive-date=June 14, 2013 }}</ref>

==Release==
''Inside Man'' held its premiere in New York at the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)|Ziegfeld Theatre]] on March 20, 2006, coinciding with Lee's 49th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/film/2006/03/21/insidemanpremiere/ |title=JODIE OUT WITH HER 'INSIDE MEN' CLIVE AND DENZEL |work=[[Hello (magazine)|Hello! Magazine]] |publisher=[[Hello (magazine)|Hello!]] |date=March 21, 2006 |access-date=July 2, 2013 |archive-date=July 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709145640/http://www.hellomagazine.com/film/2006/03/21/insidemanpremiere/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 24, 2006, Universal Pictures released the film in 2,818 theatres in North America.<ref name="BOM1">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2006&wknd=12&p=.htm |title=Weekend Box Office Results for March 24-26, 2006 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |date=March 26, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514190654/http://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2006&wknd=12&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was given the widest release of any Spike Lee film, edging out ''[[Summer of Sam]]'' (1999) by 1,282 theatres.<ref name="LeeTheatres">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Director&id=spikelee.htm&sort=maxtheaters&order=DESC&p=.htm |title=Spike Lee Movie Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=August 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831122437/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Director&id=spikelee.htm&sort=maxtheaters&order=DESC&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Inside Man'' was also released throughout 62 foreign markets.<ref name="ByCountry">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=insideman.htm |title=Inside Man (2006) - International Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053539/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=insideman.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on [[DVD]] on August 8, 2006,<ref name ="BOMHomeVideo">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=homevideo&id=insideman.htm |title=Inside Man (2006) - DVD / Home Video Rentals |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053913/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=homevideo&id=insideman.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> on [[HD DVD]] on October 23, 2007<ref name ="HDDVDrelease">{{cite web |url=http://ca.ign.com/movies/inside-man/hd-dvd-965687 |title=Inside Man (2006) - HD-DVD |access-date=July 4, 2013 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc. |archive-date=July 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704150638/http://ca.ign.com/movies/inside-man/hd-dvd-965687 |url-status=live }}</ref> and on [[Blu-ray]] on May 26, 2009.<ref name ="BDrelease">{{cite web |url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2009/04/01/inside-man-tricks-blu |title=Inside Man Tricks Blu |date=April 1, 2009 |access-date=June 30, 2013 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc. |last=McCutcheon |first=David |archive-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701061021/http://ca.ign.com/articles/2009/04/01/inside-man-tricks-blu |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
On its opening day in North America, the film grossed $9,440,295 with an average of $3,350 per theatre.<ref name="CalendarView">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=insideman.htm |title=Inside Man (2006) - Daily Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053438/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=insideman.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of its opening weekend, it had grossed $28,954,945, securing the number one position at the box office.<ref name="CalendarView"/> ''Inside Man'' held the record for the highest opening weekend gross as a Denzel Washington [[Star vehicle|starring vehicle]], surpassing ''[[Man on Fire (2004 film)|Man on Fire]]'' (2004) which debuted with $22.7 million on its first weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=denzelwashington.htm&sort=date&order=DESC&p=.htm |title=Denzel Washington Movie Box Office Results |date=March 27, 2006 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 15, 2013 |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110071252/http://boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=denzelwashington.htm&sort=date&order=DESC&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Inside Man'' had dropped 46.7% in its second weekend, earning $15,437,760; it had dropped to second place behind ''[[Ice Age: The Meltdown]]''.<ref name="BOMWeekend">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2006&wknd=13&p=.htm |title=Weekend Box Office Results for March 31-April 2, 2006 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=May 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526004841/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2006&wknd=13&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film dropped an additional 40.9% in its third week, bringing in $9,131,410, though it remained in the Top 10 rankings for the weekend, placing fourth overall.<ref name="WeekendResults">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=insideman.htm |title=Inside Man (2006) - Weekend Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517034007/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=insideman.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film remained in the top ten for the fourth weekend in a row, grossing about $6,427,815 and finishing sixth for the week.<ref name="WeekendResults"/> In its fifth weekend, ''Inside Man'' had grossed an additional $3,748,955, while in eighth place.<ref name="WeekendResults"/> In its sixth weekend, ''Inside Man'' fell out of the box office top ten, finishing eleventh with an estimated $2,081,690.<ref name="WeekendResults"/> The film ended its theatrical run in North America on July 6, 2006, after 15 weeks (105 days) of release.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> It grossed $88,513,495 in the United States and Canada, ranking as Lee's highest-grossing film, ahead of ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)|Malcolm X]]'' (1992), which had ended its North American release with over $48 million.<ref name="LeeGross">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Director&id=spikelee.htm&sort=gross&order=DESC&p=.htm |title=Spike Lee Movie Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325203836/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Director&id=spikelee.htm&sort=gross&order=DESC&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Inside Man'' was released overseas on March 23, 2006. On its opening weekend, it grossed about $9,600,000 in ten territories. The film grossed $95,862,759 in the overseas box office, with a worldwide total of $184,376,254.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> In North America, it was the 22nd highest-grossing film of 2006,<ref name="Yearly2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2006&p=.htm |title=2006 Yearly Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-date=February 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201023501/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2006&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> while it ranked the 21st highest-grossing film released worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2006&p=.htm |title=2006 Yearly Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030190712/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2006&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[File:Spike Lee at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|upright|Critics praised [[Spike Lee]] for eschewing his usual style and delivering a straightforward thriller.]]
On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 210 reviews and an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Spike Lee's energetic and clever bank-heist thriller is a smart genre film that is not only rewarding on its own terms, but manages to subvert its pulpy trappings with wit and skill – and Denzel Washington is terrific as a brilliant hostage negotiator."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/inside_man/ |title=Inside Man |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Flixster]] |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214075340/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/inside_man/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Metacritic]], another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on 39 critics, considered to be "generally favorable" reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/inside-man |title=Inside Man Reviews |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=July 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709050207/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/inside-man |url-status=live }}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, with exit polls showing that 54% of the audience was male, while 68% was at least 30 years old or older.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2037&p=.htm |title='Inside Man' Takes the Bank |date=March 27, 2006 |first=Brandon |last=Gray |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=May 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529102850/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2037&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[American Film Institute]] named ''Inside Man'' as one of the top ten films of 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.about.com/od/awards/a/afi2006121006.htm |title=AFI Awards 2006 - AFI's Best Movies of 2006 |first=Rebecca |last=Murray |date=December 11, 2006 |work=[[About.com]] |access-date=January 21, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923041306/http://movies.about.com/od/awards/a/afi2006121006.htm |archive-date=September 23, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Manohla Dargis of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote "''Inside Man'' works because it takes a familiar setup—in this case, a Wall Street bank heist that mutates into a hostage crisis—and twists it ever so slightly. A particularly solid screenplay helps here, as do stars who can actually act ... along with an excellent supporting cast and the best lineup of pusses and mugs outside ''[[The Sopranos]]''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dargis |first=Manohla |date=2006-03-24 |title='Inside Man,' a Crime Caper Starring Denzel Washington |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/24/movies/inside-man-a-crime-caper-starring-denzel-washington.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131437/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/24/movies/inside-man-a-crime-caper-starring-denzel-washington.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' wrote "Our willingness to go along with the film's flaws is a tribute to its strengths, and to a cast that includes Chiwetel Ejiofor and Willem Dafoe, plus scores of character actors in small but striking roles."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morgenstern |first=Joe |date=2006-03-24 |title=A Thriller to Bank On: 'Inside Man' Is a Heist Film That's Right on the Money |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114316172008606977 |access-date=2022-10-31 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' gave the film four stars out of five, concluding, "It's certainly a Spike Lee film, but no Spike Lee Joint. Still, he's delivered a pacy, vigorous and frequently masterful take on a well-worn genre. Thanks to some slick lens work and a cast on cracking form, Lee proves (perhaps above all to himself?) that playing it straight is not always a bad thing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=117338 |title=Empire's Inside Man Movie Review |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |publisher=[[Bauer Media Group|Bauer Consumer Media]] |access-date=January 21, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617111841/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?DVDID=117338 |archive-date=June 17, 2013 }}</ref> Wesley Morris of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote, "The basic story is elemental, but because Lee and Gewirtz invest it with grit, comedy, and a ton of New York ethnic personality, it's fresh anyway."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2006/03/24/inside_man_scores_big/ |title='Inside Man' scores big |date=March 24, 2006 |first=Wesley |last=Morris |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |publisher=Globe Newspaper Company |access-date=January 21, 2013}}</ref> David Ansen of ''[[Newsweek]]'' commented, "As unexpected as some of its plot twists is the fact that this unapologetic genre movie was directed by Spike Lee, who has never sold himself as Mr. Entertainment. But here it is, a Spike Lee joint that's downright fun."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2006/04/02/all-the-way-to-the-bank.html |title=All the Way to the Bank |first=David |last=Ansen |work=[[Newsweek]] |publisher=[[The Newsweek Daily Beast Company|The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC]] |date=April 2, 2006 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511032046/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2006/04/02/all-the-way-to-the-bank.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giving the film a B+ rating, Lisa Schwarzbaum of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' described the film as "a hybrid of studio action pic and Spike Lee joint. Or else it's a cross between a 2006 Spike Lee joint and a 1970s-style movie indictment of urban unease."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2006/03/22/inside-man-4/ |title=Inside Man Review |first=Lisa |last=Schwarzbaum |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=Entertainment Weekly, Inc. |date=March 22, 2006 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |archive-date=May 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526202949/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1175623,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' criticized the narrative, writing, "Here is a thriller that's curiously reluctant to get to the payoff, and when it does, we see why: we can't accept the motive and method of the bank robbery, we can't believe in one character and can't understand another."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/inside-man-2006 |title=Inside Man Movie Review & Film Summary (2006) |first=Roger |last=Ebert |date=March 23, 2006 |work=RogerEbert.com |publisher=Ebert Digital, LLC |access-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622145832/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/inside-man-2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' called it a "supremely annoying and nonsensical film".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2006/mar/24/8 |title=Inside Man |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=March 24, 2006 |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian News and Media Limited]] |access-date=July 10, 2013}}</ref> [[Rex Reed]] of ''[[The New York Observer]]'' wrote, "''Inside Man'' has two things going for it: better actors than usual and a slicker look. Otherwise, it's no different from nine out of 10 other preposterous, contrived, confusingly written, unevenly directed, pointless and forgettable junk films we've been getting these days."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observer.com/2006/03/slicker-spike-breaks-the-bank/ |title=Slicker Spike Breaks the Bank |last=Reed |first=Rex |date=March 27, 2006 |work=[[The New York Observer]] |publisher=The New York Observer |access-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-date=April 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121811/http://observer.com/2006/03/slicker-spike-breaks-the-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{Main|Inside Man: Most Wanted}}
In November 2006, it was announced that a sequel to ''Inside Man'' was in development, with Russell Gewirtz reprising screenwriting duties. Under the working title ''Inside Man 2'', the film would have Brian Grazer again serve as producer. Spike Lee was in negotiations to reprise his directing duties<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2006/film/news/inside-team-takes-another-u-turn-1117953145/ |title='Inside' team takes another U turn |date=November 1, 2006 |access-date=July 4, 2013 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Media]] |last=Snyder |first=Gabriel |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812122113/http://variety.com/2006/film/news/inside-team-takes-another-u-turn-1117953145/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while serving as an executive producer alongside returning member Daniel M. Rosenberg.<ref name="IMsequel">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2009/inside-man-2-sees-screenwriter-and-plot-changes/ |title=Inside Man 2 Sees Screenwriter and Plot Changes |date=January 20, 2009 |first=Brandon |last=Lee Tenney |access-date=July 4, 2013 |work=FirstShowing.net |publisher=First Showing, LLC |archive-date=July 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042714/http://www.firstshowing.net/2009/inside-man-2-sees-screenwriter-and-plot-changes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, Terry George was in negotiations to write the screenplay for the sequel;<ref name="UGO">{{cite web |url=http://www.ugo.com/movies/a-spike-lee-rejoint |title=Inside Man 2 |date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=July 4, 2013 |work=[[UGO Networks|UGO]] |publisher=[[IGN|IGN Entertainment]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127075603/http://www.ugo.com/movies/a-spike-lee-rejoint |archive-date=January 27, 2012 }}</ref> he later replaced Gewirtz, whose screenplay was abandoned.<ref name="IMsequel"/> The plot for the sequel was intended to continue after the events of the first film, with Dalton Russell (played by Clive Owen) masterminding another robbery, and again matching wits with NYPD hostage negotiator Keith Frazier (Denzel Washington).<ref name="UGO"/> Lee confirmed that Washington, Owen, Jodie Foster and Chiwetel Ejiofor would all reprise their roles. He also expressed interest in filming ''Inside Man 2'' during the fall of 2009.<ref name="IMsequel"/>

In 2011, it was announced that plans to make ''Inside Man 2'' had been cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://screenrant.com/man-2-dead-spike-lee-project-works-sandy-54927/ |title=Inside Man 2 Dead; New Spike Lee Project In The Works? |first=Sandy |last=Schaefer |access-date=July 4, 2013 |work=Screen Rant |date=April 19, 2010 |publisher=Screen Rant, LLC |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708045114/http://screenrant.com/man-2-dead-spike-lee-project-works-sandy-54927/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lee confirmed this, expressing that he could not secure funding for the project. "''Inside Man'' was my most successful film, but we can't get the sequel made," he said. "And one thing Hollywood does well is sequels. The film's not getting made. We tried many times. It's not going to happen."<ref name="BET">{{cite web |url=https://www.bet.com/article/lrex16/spike-lee-says-no-inside-man-2 |title=Spike Lee Says No "Inside Man 2" |date=July 5, 2011 |access-date=July 4, 2013 |work=[[Black Entertainment Television|BET]] |publisher=[[BET Networks|BET Interactive, LLC]] |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208073049/https://www.bet.com/article/lrex16/spike-lee-says-no-inside-man-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, a sequel titled ''[[Inside Man: Most Wanted]]'' was released direct-to-video and streaming on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Morales|first=Wilson|url=https://www.blackfilm.com/read/2019/09/now-playing-on-netflix-is-inside-man-most-wanted-starring-aml-ameen/|title=Now Playing On Netflix Is Inside Man: Most Wanted Starring Aml Ameen|work=Blackfilm|date=September 29, 2019|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206201004/https://www.blackfilm.com/read/2019/09/now-playing-on-netflix-is-inside-man-most-wanted-starring-aml-ameen/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.universalstudiosentertainment.com/inside-man}}
* {{IMDb title|0454848}}
* {{Mojo title|insideman}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|inside_man}}

{{Spike Lee}}
{{Brian Grazer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 English-language films]]
[[Category:2000s heist films]]
[[Category:2000s police procedural films]]
[[Category:40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks films]]
[[Category:American crime thriller films]]
[[Category:American heist films]]
[[Category:American police detective films]]
[[Category:Films about bank robbery]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films about the New York City Police Department]]
[[Category:Films directed by Spike Lee]]
[[Category:Films produced by Brian Grazer]]
[[Category:Films scored by Terence Blanchard]]
[[Category:Films set in 2005]]
[[Category:Films set in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Imagine Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:2006 American films]]
[[Category:English-language crime thriller films]]

Draupadi Ghimiray

2026-03-25T20:34:00Z

2fa: add formatting further and added references

{{Short description|Indian social activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Draupadi Ghimiray
| image = Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the “Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang Award” to Ms. Draupadi Ghimiray (Sikkim), at the Stree Shakti Puraskar, 2011 presentation ceremony, on the occasion of International Women’s Day Celebrations.jpg
| caption = Former president [[Pratibha Patil]] presenting the “Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang Award” to Ms. Draupadi Ghimiray (Sikkim), at the [[Stree Shakti Puraskar]], 2011.
| other names =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| education =
| occupation = Social activist
| known for = Contribution to education among ''adivasis'' (indigenous populations)
| spouse =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2019)
| signature =
}}
'''Draupadi Ghimiray''' is an Indian [[Activism|social activist.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Padma Awards 2019: President Ram Nath Kovind confers the awards; check full list of recipients |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/padma-awards-2019-president-ram-nath-kovind-confers-awards-check-full-list-recipients-179494-2019-03-11 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> She was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award in 2019'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2019AwardeesList.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards, Government of India | access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>'''

==Notable Work==
Ghimaray founded Sikkim Viklang Sahayata Samiti (SVSS) for the benefit of the [[Disability|disabled people]] of [[Sikkim]].<ref>[https://www.wannathankyou.com/blog/padma-awards-2019-social-environment-animal-welfare-education-categories-125 Padma Awards 2019: Social, Environment, Animal Welfare, Education Categories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214131/https://www.wannathankyou.com/blog/padma-awards-2019-social-environment-animal-welfare-education-categories-125 |date=2 June 2021 }}; wannathankyou; 28th Jan. 2019</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghimiray, Draupadi}}
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:People from Sikkim]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

{{india-activist-stub}}

Sangam (1964 Hindi film)

2026-03-16T21:52:05Z

2fa: started a pg

{{short description|1964 film by Raj Kapoor}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sangam
| image = SangamRaj.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Kapoor]]
| producer = Raj Kapoor
| writer = [[Inder Raj Anand]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Raj Kapoor]]|[[Vyjayanthimala]]|[[Rajendra Kumar]]}}
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = [[Radhu Karmakar]]
| editing = Raj Kapoor
| distributor = [[R. K. Films]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Mehboob Studio]]|[[Filmistan]]}}
| released = {{Film date|1964|06|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 238 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aḵẖtar|first1=Jāvīd|author-link1=Javed Akhtar|last2=Kabir|first2=Nasreen Munni|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-566462-1|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=most of the writers working in this so-called Hindi cinema write in Urdu: [[Gulzar]] or [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] or [[Inder Raj Anand]] or [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] or [[Wajahat Mirza]], who wrote dialogue for films like ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' and ''[[Mother India]]''. So most dialogue-writers and most song-writers are from the Urdu discipline, even today.|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222062332/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| budget =
| gross = 8 Crore<ref>[
https://web.archive.org/web/20100102012402/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA== website]
</ref>

}}

'''''Sangam''''' ({{translation|''[[Confluence]]''}}) is a 1964 Indian [[romantic drama film|romantic]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[drama]] directed, produced and edited by [[Raj Kapoor]] at [[R. K. Films|R. K. Studios]], written by [[Inder Raj Anand]], and distributed by [[R. K. Films]] with [[Mehboob Studio]] and [[Filmistan]]. It stars [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Rajendra Kumar]] in lead roles, along with [[Iftekhar]], [[Raj Mehra]], [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Hari Shivdasani]] in supporting roles. It tells the story of a pilot Sundar (Kapoor), who upon returning home from war after being assumed dead, weds the woman Radha (Vyjayanthimala) he had long loved, unaware that she had been planning to marry his best friend Gopal (Kumar).<ref name="Sangam">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/an-iaf-pilot-a-love-triangle-raj-kapoor-why-sangam-is-a-bollywood-hit-even-after-50-yrs/247544/|title=An IAF pilot, a love triangle & Raj Kapoor: Why Sangam is a Bollywood hit even after 50 yrs|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=9 June 2019}}</ref>

''Sangam'' was the first [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] to be exclusively shot abroad on locations including [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Switzerland]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangam - First Indian Movie To Be Shot Abroad - Raj Kapoor - Classic Hindi Movie Poster - Posters |url=https://www.tallengestore.com/products/sangam-first-indian-movie-to-be-shot-abroad-raj-kapoor-classic-hindi-movie-poster-posters |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Tallenge Store |language=en}}</ref> and was also among the most expensive film of its time with the [[List of longest films in India#List|longest runtime for an Indian film]] up to that time. The film explores themes of love, loyalty, sacrifice, and the consequences of choices made in relationships. It portrays the conflicts and emotional turmoil faced by the characters as they navigate their complicated circumstances. The film was considered bold and much ahead of its time due to its storyline and characterizations. All these things immensely contributed to the box office success of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blast from the past: This film started the trend of shooting abroad |url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/blast-from-the-past-this-film-started-the-trend-of-shooting-abroad-41715.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109230746/https://www.filmfare.com//features/blast-from-the-past-this-film-started-the-trend-of-shooting-abroad-41715.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Sangam'' released on 18 June 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Happily ever after? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/happily-ever-after-2342923 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112220031/https://www.deccanherald.com/features/happily-ever-after-2342923 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: Classics Revisited: Sangam |url=https://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/16dinesh.htm |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=inhome.rediff.com}}</ref> It emerged as a major commercial success, grossing {{INR}}8 crore worldwide, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 1964|highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]], and the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|second highest-grossing film of the decade]] behind ''[[Mughal-E-Azam]]'' (1960).<ref name="RK">{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/sangam-a-trendsetting-love-triangle-in-bollywood/ | title='Sangam': A trendsetting love triangle in Bollywood - EasternEye | date=17 June 2023 }}</ref>

Internationally, the film was released in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/2486956.html|title=Личное СВК (13000 названий) - фильмы 1961–1965 годов (часть 2 – 200 фильмов)|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630231102/http://kinanet.livejournal.com/2486956.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ&q=Sangam|title = Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas: The Culture of Movie-going After Stalin|isbn = 9780253220998|last1 = Rajagopalan|first1 = Sudha|year = 2005|publisher = Indiana University Press|access-date = 11 October 2020|archive-date = 8 August 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240808151407/https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ&q=Sangam|url-status = live}}</ref> It inspired [[Michael Bay]]'s [[War film]] ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' (2001) and was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] languages as ''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]'' (1981) by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/7-hollywood-movies-that-took-some-major-inspiration-from-bollywood-films|title=7 Hollywood movies that are majorly inspired from Bollywood films|date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sundar, Radha and Gopal have been friends since childhood. As they grow into adults, Sundar develops an obsessive romantic attraction to Radha; for him, she is the only woman in the world. However, Radha prefers Gopal, who is also in love with her, and systematically resists Sundar's advances. Matching Sundar's great love for Radha is his unswerving devotion to his friendship with Gopal. Sundar confides his feelings for Radha to Gopal, who decides to sacrifice his love for his friend's sake.

Eventually, Sundar enlists in the [[Indian Air Force]] and is assigned a dangerous mission in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]], delivering items to soldiers fighting there. Before leaving, he extracts a promise from Gopal, whom he trusts implicitly, never to let any man come between Radha and himself while he is away. Sundar subsequently completes his mission, but his aircraft is shot down and he is listed as [[killed in action]] and presumed dead. For his bravery, he is awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]]. The news saddens Radha and Gopal, but they are nonetheless now free to profess their love for one another. Among other expressions of love, Gopal writes her an unsigned love letter that touches her and which she hides away. Just when they begin taking steps to be married, Sundar returns, safe and sound. The self-effacing Gopal sacrifices his love once more, stepping back into the shadows and watching as the reborn Sundar resumes his wooing of Radha. Before Sundar enlisted, Radha's parents did not like him, but after he was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, they happily marry their daughter to him.

After the couple returns from an extended European honeymoon, Sundar is deliriously happy, as his life's dream has been realised. Radha is resolved to be faithful to her husband and to put Gopal out of her mind, privately asking him to stay away from her and Sundar because of the torture his presence causes her. Sundar's devotion to Gopal, however, is such that he constantly tries to draw him into their lives, much to Radha's chagrin. The perfection of their marital bliss is, however, shattered when Sundar accidentally discovers the unsigned love letter Gopal had written to Radha. An enraged Sundar pulls a pistol on his wife and demands she divulge the name of her supposed lover, threatening to kill the man, but she refuses.

In the days that follow, Sundar becomes consumed with discovering the identity of the letter's author. Radha's life becomes miserable, lived out against the incessant drama of Sundar's jealousy, threats, anger, and fixation with the letter. Eventually unable to bear the wretchedness of her existence with Sundar any further, she flees to Gopal for help. Sundar takes the same route, unaware that Radha has gone to Gopal's house. There, matters come to a head. The overwrought Gopal admits his authorship of the infamous letter to Radha, an admission that almost destroys his friend. Sundar asks Gopal why he sacrificed his love for his sake, admitting that he would have happily done the same for him. Radha, meanwhile, chastises the two men for not ever taking her feelings into consideration through the whole situation, and only focussing on their friendship. Gopal, perceiving no exit from the impasse at which the three have arrived, kills himself with Sundar's pistol. Radha and Sundar are finally reunited but in mourning.

==Cast==
* [[Raj Kapoor]] as Flight Lt. Sundar Khanna
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Radha Mehra
* [[Rajendra Kumar]] as [[Magistrate]] Gopal Verma
* [[Iftekhar]] as [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] Officer
* [[Raj Mehra]] as [[Judge]] Mehra
* [[Nana Palsikar]] as Nathu
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Mrs. Verma
* [[Hari Shivdasani]] as Radha's father
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Radha's mother

==Production==

===Development===
In the late 1940s, Raj Kapoor planned to launch a film under the title of ''Gharonda'' with [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nargis]] and himself in the lead playing the central characters.<ref name="Sangam revisited">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060528/spectrum/main5.htm |title=Sangam revisited |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=28 May 2006 |author=Surendra Miglani |accessdate=29 April 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113021807/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060528/spectrum/main5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The story was penned by [[Inder Raj Anand]] during the making of Kapoor's first directorial film, ''[[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]]'' (1948).<ref name="Sangam revisited"/> However, the film was postponed for several reasons and was in [[development hell]] until 1962, when it was titled as ''Sangam'', with new cast and crew.<ref name="Sangam revisited"/>

===Casting===
Initially, Kapoor approached [[Dilip Kumar]] to play the role of Gopal Verma.<ref name="Sangam revisited"/> Kumar agreed to play either one of the two male roles, on the condition that he be given the right to edit the final copy of the film.<ref name="Sangam revisited"/> Since Kapoor could not accept Kumar's condition, he then approached [[Dev Anand]] and offered him the choice of either one of the male leads. Anand also declined the film, citing [[Daily call sheet|call sheet]] problems as the reason.<ref name="Sangam revisited"/> Raj Kapoor then offered the role to [[Uttam Kumar]], but he too declined the offer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Raj Kapoor - Remembering Uttam Kumar: 10 memorable quotes about the 'Mahanayak' of Bengali cinema|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/remembering-uttam-kumar-10-memorable-quotes-about-the-mahanayak-of-bengali-cinema/Raj-Kapoor/photostory/65116621.cms|access-date=2020-12-18|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410000435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/remembering-uttam-kumar-10-memorable-quotes-about-the-mahanayak-of-bengali-cinema/raj-kapoor/photostory/65116621.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The role was finally given to [[Rajendra Kumar]].<ref name="Sangam revisited"/>

===Filming===
During filming, Raj Kapoor took the help of the [[Indian Air Force]] in the shooting of the Air Force scenes. This was also Raj Kapoor's first complete film in colour.

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Jaikishan]], with lyrics penned by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].<ref name="Sangam"/> It was the best-selling [[Hindi film music|Hindi film album]] of the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081535/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=2 September 2013|website=Box Office India}}</ref>

* "Bol Radha Bol" was listed at #1 on [[Binaca Geetmala|Binaca Geetmala annual list 1964]]
* "Yeh Mera Prem Patra" was listed at #2 on [[Binaca Geetmala|Binaca Geetmala annual list 1964]]
* "Main Kya Karoon Ram" was listed at #10 on [[Binaca Geetmala|Binaca Geetmala annual list 1964]]
* "Dost Dost Na Raha" was listed at #12 on [[Binaca Geetmala|Binaca Geetmala annual list 1964]]

{| class=wikitable
!#
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Lyricist
![[Raga]]
! Duration
|-
|1
|"Bol Radha Bol" (Alternate title: "Mere Man Ki Ganga")
|[[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|
|04:39
|-
|2
|"Dost Dost Na Raha"
|Mukesh
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|05:51
|-
|3
|"Har Dil Jo Pyaar Karega"
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mukesh, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|
|04:45
|-
|4
|"O Mere Sanam"
|Lata Mangeshkar, Mukesh
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|04:13
|-
|5
|"O Mehbooba"
|Mukesh
| rowspan="3" |[[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|
|04:59
|-
|6
|"Yeh Mera Prem Patra"
|[[Mohammad Rafi]], Lata Mangeshkar, Vyjayanthimala
|[[Alhaiya Bilaval]]
|04:25
|-
|7
|"[[Mujhe Budhha Mil Gaya|Main Kya Karoon Ram]]"
|Lata Mangeshkar
|
|03:45
|-
|8
|"Ich Liebe Dich (I Love You)"
|Vivian Lobo
|
|
|02:16
|}

==Reception==

Widely anticipated before release owing to its scale, cast and music, ''Sangam'' emerged an ''All Time Blockbuster'' at the box office as well the second biggest-earner ever, behind ''[[Mughal-E-Azam]]''. It ran for almost one year in Kolkata's famous Orient cinema and completed 175 days in other notable cinemas of the city, [[Priya Cinema (Kolkata)|Priya]] and Darpan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|title=All Time Longest Runners In Kolkata: Sholay 2nd - HAHK 4th|access-date=15 February 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215180207/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|url-status=live}}</ref>

It further solidified Rajendra Kumar's ''Superstar'' status and was also one of the last major hits of Raj Kapoor's career as a lead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> Today, ''Sangam'' is considered a cult classic and one of the best [[Romance film|romantic]] films ever made in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="Sangam"/>

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Outcome
! Note
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Films|Best Indian Films]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raj Kapoor]]
|rowspan="6" {{won}}
|On behalf of [[R. K. Films]]
|rowspan="17"|<ref>{{cite news |title=BFJA Awards (1965) |url=http://www.gomolo.com/7/bfja-awards-awards-1965 |publisher=Gomolo.com |accessdate=14 June 2013 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113141241/http://www.gomolo.com/7/bfja-awards-awards-1965 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=The Nominations – 1964|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366555.cms|publisher=[[Indiatimes]]|accessdate=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615231121/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366555.cms|archive-date=15 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=The Winners – 1964|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366557.cms|publisher=[[Indiatimes]]|accessdate=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721182906/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366557.cms|archive-date=21 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award (Hindi)|Best Director]]
|
|-
|Best Editing
|
|-
|Best Art Direction
|[[M. R. Acharekar]]
|
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Radhu Karmakar
|
|-
|Best Audiography
|Allauddin Khan Qureshi
|
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[12th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Movie|Best Film]]
|rowspan="3"|Raj Kapoor
|{{nom}}
|On behalf of [[R. K. Films]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar]]
|rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|[[Inder Raj Anand]]
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan|Shankar-Jaikishan]]
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] for "Dost Dost Na Raha"
|rowspan="2"|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] for "Dost Dost Na Raha"
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|Raj Kapoor
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|Allauddin Khan Qureshi
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[Kashmir conflict]] and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]], depicted in the film

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0058547}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|sangam}}

{{Raj Kapoor}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1964 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films about letters (message)]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force in films]]
[[Category:Indian aviation films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian war romance films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:R. K. Films films]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]

70th National Film Awards

2026-03-13T06:11:12Z

2fa:

{{Short description|Award ceremony for Indian films of 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 70
| award = National Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 2022
| award_org = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| announced_date = 16 August 2024
| presenting_org = [[President of India]]
| presented_date = 8 October 2024
| website = {{URL|https://nfaindia.org/en}}
| site = [[New Delhi]]
| host =
| lifetime_achievement = [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| best_feature = ''[[Aattam]]''
| best_non_feature = ''[[Ayena]]''
| best_book = ''Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography''
| best_critic = Deepak Dua
| most_wins = ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (4)
| last = [[69th National Film Awards|69th]]
| next = [[71st National Film Awards|71st]]
}}

The '''70th National Film Awards''' were announced on 16 August 2024 to honour the best films of 2022 in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], presented by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/national-film-awards-indira-gandhi-and-nargis-dutt-names-removed-from-categories/|title=National Film Awards: Indira Gandhi and Nargis Dutt Names Removed from Categories|first=Sumit|last=Arora|date=16 February 2024|website=adda247|access-date=5 July 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914071259/https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/national-film-awards-indira-gandhi-and-nargis-dutt-names-removed-from-categories/|url-status=live}}</ref> The awards ceremony was originally slated to be held on 3 May 2023 but was postponed to October 2024 due to delays after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards: Heavy criticism from industry for ignoring contributions to sound recording and mixing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-criticism-ignoring-contributions-sound-recording-mixing-101708838112042.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531223722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-criticism-ignoring-contributions-sound-recording-mixing-101708838112042.html |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The winners were announced on 16 August 2024, by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] in a press conference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915154330/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |url-status=live }}</ref> The winners along with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] recipient were felicitated by the [[President of India|President]], [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 8 October 2024 at the [[Vigyan Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Awards: When And Where To Watch The Ceremony. Details Inside |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/national-awards-when-and-where-to-watch-the-ceremony-details-inside-6740573 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=70th National Film Awards Watch Online: Rishabh Shetty, Yash and More To Receive Honours |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/70th-national-film-awards-watch-online-rishabh-shetty-yash-and-more-to-receive-honours-9077840.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008202025/https://www.news18.com/movies/70th-national-film-awards-watch-online-rishabh-shetty-yash-and-more-to-receive-honours-9077840.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selection process==
The [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] invited online entries with the acceptable last date for entries until 30 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/entries-invited-for-national-film-awards|title=Entries invited for National Film Awards|website=Imphal Free Press|access-date=5 July 2024|archive-date=22 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722070017/https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/entries-invited-for-national-film-awards|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=nfdcindia |author=[[National Film Development Corporation of India]] |postid=C1_pujPx_qA/ |title=invitation to all applicants of the 70th National Film Awards, 2022. |date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/nfdcindia/3278522572597623424 |archive-date=16 August 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by [[Central Board of Film Certification]] between 1 January 2022, and 31 December 2022, were eligible for the film award categories. Books, critical studies, reviews or articles on cinema published in Indian newspapers, magazines, and journals between 1 January 2022, and 31 December 2022, were eligible for the best writing on cinema section.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Entries of dubbed, revised or copied versions of a film or translation, abridgements, edited or annotated works and reprints were ineligible for the awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/indira-gandhi-nargis-dutts-names-dropped-from-national-film-awards-categories-2501516-2024-02-13|title=Indira Gandhi, Nargis Dutt's names dropped from National Film Awards categories|date=13 February 2024|website=India Today|access-date=5 July 2024|archive-date=22 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722070007/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/indira-gandhi-nargis-dutts-names-dropped-from-national-film-awards-categories-2501516-2024-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the feature and non-feature Films sections, films in any Indian language, shot on [[16 mm film|16 mm]], [[35 mm movie film|35 mm]], a wider film gauge or a [[Digital cinematography|digital format]], and released in cinemas, on video or digital formats for home viewing were eligible. Films were required to be certified as a feature film, documentary, short film, or animation film etc by the Central Board of Film Certification. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nationalfilmawards.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/70th-National-Film-Awards-2024-Winners-List.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190143/https://nfdcindia.com/uploads/post/0537628001686636693.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-announcement-live-updates-when-and-where-to-watch-best-actor-12th-fail-vikrant-massey-101723795445961.html|title=70th National Film Awards announcement live updates: Rishabh Shetty wins Best Actor, Attam is Best Feature Film|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=16 August 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914071358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-announcement-live-updates-when-and-where-to-watch-best-actor-12th-fail-vikrant-massey-101723795445961.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kantara-aattam-uunchai-ponniyin-selvan-india-national-film-awards-1236108745/|title='Kantara,' 'Aattam,' 'Uunchai,' 'Ponniyin Selvan' Among Winners at India's National Film Awards|date=16 August 2024 |publisher=Variety|access-date=16 August 2024|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816161837/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kantara-aattam-uunchai-ponniyin-selvan-india-national-film-awards-1236108745/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Feature Film==
===Jury===
{| style="width:100%;border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}}[[Rahul Rawail]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| style="width:50%" |{{•}} [[Subhrajit Mitra]]
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}

===Golden Lotus Awards===
Official Name: Swarna Kamal

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
| ''[[Aattam]]''
| Malayalam
| Producer: Joy Movie Productions Director: [[Anand Ekarshi]]
| ₹3,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
| ''[[Fouja]]''
| Haryanvi
| Director: Pramod Kumar
| ₹3,00,000
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
| ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
| Kannada
| Producer: [[Hombale Films]] Director: [[Rishab Shetty]]
| ₹3,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Film in AVGC|Best Film in AVGC]]{{Efn|Animator and Producer & Director comes under Golden Lotus (Swarna Kamal) section for animation, and the VFX Supervisor comes under the Silver Lotus (Rajat Kamal) section for visual effects|name=AVGC}} {{•}}{{small|Producer & Director}}
| ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| Producer: [[Dharma Productions]], [[Prime Focus]] and Starlight Pictures Director: [[Ayan Mukerji]]
|₹3,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
| ''[[Uunchai]]''
| [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]
| ₹3,00,000
|}

===Silver Lotus Award===
Official Name: Rajat Kamal

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Film in AVGC|Best Film in AVGC]]{{Efn|name=AVGC}} {{•}}{{small|VFX Supervisor}}
| ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| Hindi
|Jaykar Arudra, Viral Thakkar and Neelesh Gore
| ₹2,00,000 shared
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values|Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values]]
| ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]''
| Gujarati
| Producer: Soul Sutra LLP Director: [[Viral Shah]]
| ₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
| Kannada
| [[Rishab Shetty]]
| ₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
| Tamil
| [[Nithya Menen]]
| rowspan="2" | ₹2,00,000 shared
|-
|''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]''
|Gujarati
|[[Manasi Parekh]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| ''[[Fouja]]''
| Haryanvi
| [[Pavan Malhotra]]
| ₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| ''[[Uunchai]]''
| Hindi
| [[Neena Gupta]]
| ₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''[[Malikappuram]]''
| Malayalam
|Sreepath
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' {{small|(Song: "[[Kesariya (song)|Kesariya]]")}}
|Hindi
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' {{small|(Song: "Chaayum Veyil")}}
|Malayalam
|[[Bombay Jayashri]]
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|Tamil
|[[Ravi Varman]]
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] {{•}}{{small|[[Screenwriter|Screenplay Writer]] (Original)}}
| ''[[Aattam]]''
| Malayalam
| Anand Ekarshi
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] {{•}}{{small|Dialogues}}
|''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
|Hindi
|Arpita Mukherjee and Rahul V. Chittella
|₹2,00,000 shared
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|Tamil
|[[Anand Krishnamoorthi]]
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|''[[Aattam]]''
|Malayalam
|Mahesh Bhuvanend
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
|''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]''
|Bengali
|Ananda Addhya
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]''
|Gujarati
|Niki Joshi
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up]]
|''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]''
|Bengali
|Somnath Kundu
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] {{•}}{{small|Songs}}
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|Hindi
|[[Pritam]]
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] {{•}}{{small|Background Music}}
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|Tamil
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''[[Fouja]]'' {{small|(Song: "Salaami")}}
|Haryanvi
|Naushad Sadar Khan
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' {{small|(Song: "Megham Karukkatha")}}
|Tamil
|[[Jani Master]]{{Efn|The award committee has suspended the National Award and has withdrawn the invitation to attend the award ceremony, due to the allegations of crime against him under the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act|POCSO]] act.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/jani-masters-national-film-award-suspended-committee-withdraws-invitation-to-the-choreographer-for-the-ceremony-article-113977568 |title=Jani Master National Film Award Suspended; Committee Withdraws Invitation to the Choreographer for the Ceremony | Times Now |access-date=10 October 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008055221/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/jani-masters-national-film-award-suspended-committee-withdraws-invitation-to-the-choreographer-for-the-ceremony-article-113977568 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and [[Sathish Krishnan]]
|₹2,00,000 shared
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Stunt Choreography|Best Action Direction]]
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
| Kannada
| [[Anbariv]]
|₹2,00,000
|}

===Regional awards===
All the awardees are awarded with Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal), a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|+Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Award
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Film
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:40%;" |Awardee(s)
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Producer
!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film|Best Assamese Feature Film]]
|''[[Emuthi Puthi]]''
|Metanormal Motion Pictures
|Kulanandini Mahanta
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Bengali Feature Film|Best Bengali Feature Film]]
|''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''
|[[Surinder Films]]
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Hindi Feature Film|Best Hindi Feature Film]]
|''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
| [[Star India]]
|Rahul V. Chittella
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Kannada Feature Film|Best Kannada Feature Film]]
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
| [[Hombale Films]]
| [[Prashanth Neel]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film|Best Malayalam Feature Film]]
| ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
| Urvasi Theatres
| [[Tharun Moorthy]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film|Best Marathi Feature Film]]
|''[[Vaalvi]]''
|Mayasabha Karamanuk Mandali and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]]
| [[Paresh Mokashi]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Odia Feature Film|Best Odia Feature Film]]
| ''[[Daman (2022 film)|Daman]]''
| JP Motion Pictures
|Vishal Mourya and Debi Prasad Lenka
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Punjabi Feature Film|Best Punjabi Feature Film]]
|''Baghi Di Dhee''
|G-Next Media
|[[Mukesh Gautam]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Feature Film]]
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|[[Madras Talkies]]
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|Best Telugu Feature Film]]
|''[[Karthikeya 2]]''
|Abhishek Agarwal Arts and People Media Factory
|[[Chandoo Mondeti]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|}

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|+Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified In the Schedule VIII of the Constitution
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Award
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Film
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:40%;" |Awardee(s)
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Producer
!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director
|-
! scope="row" | [[Discontinued and intermittent National Film Awards#Best Tiwa Feature Film|Best Tiwa Feature Film]]
| ''Sikaisal''
|Imaging Media
|[[Bobby Sarma Baruah]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|}

===Special Mention===
All the awardees are awarded with a certificate.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:38%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]
| ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
| Hindi
| Actor: [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
| rowspan=2 |Certificate only
|-
| ''[[Kadhikan]]''
| Malayalam
| Music Director: [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
|}

==Non-Feature Film==
Non-feature length films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary, short film, animation film etc are eligible for non-feature film section.

===Jury===
{| style="width:100%;border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}}[[Nila Madhab Panda]] (chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}

===Golden Lotus Award===
Official Name: Swarna Kamal

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]
| ''[[Ayena]]''
|
*Hindi
*Urdu
|Producer: Teh Films Director: Siddhant Sarin
|₹3,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Direction (non-feature film)|Best Direction]]
|''From the Shadows''
|
*English
*Bengali
*Hindi
|[[Miriam Chandy Menacherry]]
|₹3,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director (non-feature film)|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|''Madhyantara''
|Kannada
|Basti Dinesh Shenoy
|₹3,00,000
|}

===Silver Lotus Award===
Official Name: Rajat Kamal

All the awardees are awarded with Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal) and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" | Best Biographical / Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film
|''Aankhi Ek Mohenjo Daro''
|Marathi
|Producer:
* de Goan Studio
* Ashok Rane Productions
Director: [[Ashok Rane]]
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
| ''Ranga Vibhoga''
|Kannada
|Producer and Director: Suneel Narasimhachar Puranik
|rowspan="2"|₹2,00,000 shared
|-
|''Varsa''
|Marathi
|Producer and Director: Sachin Balasaheb Suryawanshi
|-
! scope="row" |Best Documentary
|''Murmurs of the Jungle''
|Marathi
|Producer and Director: Sohil Vaidya
| ₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |Best Non Feature Film Promoting Social And Environmental Values
|''On the Brink – Season 2 – Gharial''
|English
|Producer: The Gaia People Director: Akanksha Sood Singh
| ₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
|''A Coconut Tree''
|English
|Producer: JB Productions Director and Animator: Joshy Benedict
|₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Short Film|Best Short Film]]
| ''Xunyota''
|Assamese
|Producer: HM Production Director: Nabapan Deka
| ₹2,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography (non-feature film)|Best Cinematography]]
|''Mono No Aware''
|
*Hindi
*English
|Siddharth Diwan
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Sound Design (non-feature film)|Best Sound Design]]
| ''Yaan''
|
*Hindi
*Malwi
| Manas Choudhury
| ₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Editing (non-feature film)|Best Editing]]
| ''Madhyantara''
|Kannada
|[[Suresh Urs]]
|₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction (non-feature film)|Best Music Direction]]
|''[[Fursat (film)|Fursat]]''
|Hindi
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| ₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Award for Best Narration / Voice Over|Best Narration / Voice Over]]
|''Murmurs of the Jungle''
|Marathi
|Sumant Shinde
| ₹2,00,000
|-
! scope="row" | Best Script
| ''Mono No Aware''
|
*Hindi
*English
|Koushik Sarkar
|₹2,00,000
|}

===Special Mention===
All the awardees are awarded with a certificate.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:38%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | [[National Film Award – Special Mention (non-feature film)|Special Mention]]
| ''Birubala: Witch to Padmashri''
| Assamese
| Producer: Aimee Baruah Production Society Director: [[Aimee Baruah]]
| rowspan=2 |Certificate only
|-
| ''Hargila – The Greater Adjutant Stork''
| Assamese
| Producer: PI Entertainment Director: Partha Sarathi Mahanta
|}

==Best Writing on Cinema==
The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.

===Jury===
{| style="width:100%;border: 1px solid #BEB168;background-color:#FDFCF6;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#F5EFD0;" |{{•}}Gangadhar Mudaliar (Chairman)
|- style="background-color:#F0EADF;"
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
| style="width:50%" |{{•}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}

===Golden Lotus Award===
Official Name: Swarna Kamal

All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal) accompanied with a cash prize.

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Book
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:38%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''[[Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography]]''
| English
| Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers India Author:
*[[Anirudha Bhattacharjee]]
*Parthiv Dhar
|₹1,00,000 each
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]
| {{n/a}}
| Hindi
| Deepak Dua
|₹1,00,000
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==External links==
* [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 Official press release]

{{National Film Awards|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|Na]]
[[Category:Events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic|National Film Awards, 2023]]
[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:2022 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2022 awards in India]]
[[Category:2024 awards in India]]

Hardik Singh

2026-03-07T19:55:26Z

2fa:

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Hardik Singh
| image = Hardik Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Singh in 2022
| full_name = Hardik Singh Rai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|9|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khusropur]], [[Punjab, India]]<ref name=toi>{{cite news |last1=Sahni |first1=Jaspreet |title=Hockey World Cup: Hardik Singh - From ball boy to World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/hockey-world-cup/hockey-world-cup-hardik-singh-from-ball-boy-to-world-cup-player/articleshow/66705314.cms |accessdate=14 July 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
| height = 1.76 m<ref>{{cite web |title=SINGH Hardik |url=https://www.worldcup2018.hockey/men/players/singh-hardik__70516__4212 |website=www.worldcup2018.hockey |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref>
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Indian Oil Corporation
| clubs1 = Petroleum Sports Promotion Board
| years1 =
| clubs2 = Indian Oil Corporation
| years2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2014
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2018–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 174
| nationalgoals2 = 12
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Chennai]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2021 Dhaka]]|}}
}}
'''Hardik Singh''' (born 23 September 1998) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a midfielder for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HARDIK SINGH |url=http://hockeyindia.org/team/hardik-singh.html |website=hockeyindia.org |publisher=[[Hockey India]] |accessdate=15 July 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727135953/http://hockeyindia.org/team/hardik-singh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Singh's father was Varinderpreet Singh Rai, who works as a police officer, played for India. His grandfather Preetam Singh Rai was a hockey coach with the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Tanmay |title=Hockey World Cup: 'Home' support for Hardik Singh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/hockey-world-cup/2018/dec/01/home-support-for-hardik-1905823.html |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 December 2018}}</ref> Hardik played hockey as a youngster in his village [[Khusropur]] under the tutelage of his grandfather. Like his uncles [[Gurmail Singh (field hockey, born 1959)|Gurmail Singh]] and [[Jugraj Singh]], both former internationals, Hardik began playing as a defender in the wings. He took up hockey seriously in 2012 and joined the Punjab Institute of Sports Academy in [[Mohali]] before moving to Surjit Hockey Academy in [[Jalandhar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Unnikrishnan |first1=Dilip |title=CWG 2022, Hockey: Hardik hungers for gold |url=https://scroll.in/field/1028832/cwg-2022-hockey-hardik-hungers-for-gold |website=Scroll.in |access-date=5 April 2024 |date=23 July 2022}}</ref>

Hardik's aunt [[Rajbir Kaur]] also played internationally for India while her husband Gurmail Singh was a part of gold-medal-winning Indian team at the [[1980 Moscow Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice-captain Hardik Singh is fifth in family to win laurels in hockey |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/vice-captain-hardik-singh-is-fifth-in-family-to-win-laurels-in-hockey/303607.html |accessdate=14 July 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714154136/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/vice-captain-hardik-singh-is-fifth-in-family-to-win-laurels-in-hockey/303607.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hardik is a fifth-generation hockey player in the family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fighting spirit behind India hockey team's resurgence: Hardik |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/fighting-spirit-behind-india-hockey-teams-resurgence-hardik-1502977537.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=30 June 2021}}</ref> He regards his uncle Jugraj Singh as his mentor,<ref name=toi/> and credits him for persuading Hardik to stay back when he decided to move to the Netherlands after opportunities in India seemed to dry up for him as an 18-year-old.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==International career==
===2018–2022: Debut and Olympics bronze===
After becoming the vice-captain of the Indian junior team, Singh made his senior international debut at the [[2018 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Asian Champions Trophy]] held in [[Muscat]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Next two months crucial for the team', says Indian Men's Hockey Team Captain Harmanpreet Singh |url=http://asiahockey.org/news/next-two-months-crucial-for-the-team-says-indian-mens-hockey-team-captain-harmanpreet-singh |website=[[Asian Hockey Federation]] |access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> His first match was India's opening fixture against [[Oman men's national field hockey team|Oman]] on 18 October; India won 11–0.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Men's Hero Asian Champions Trophy 2018 campaign |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/indian-mens-hockey-team-beat-hosts-oman-11-0-to-start-5th-mens-hero-asian-champions-trophy-2018-campaign |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=Hockey India |date=19 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Finalists India and [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] were declared joint-winners after the match was abandoned due to rain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Champions Trophy: India, Pakistan declared joint winners after final called-off due to rain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/asian-champions-trophy-india-pakistan-declared-joint-winners-after-final-called-off-due-to-rain/articleshow/66407057.cms |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2018}}</ref>

Singh was included in India's squad for the [[2020 Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey India Announces Men's squad for Tokyo Olympic Games 2020 |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-announces-mens-squad-for-tokyo-olympic-games-2020 |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=Hockey India |date=18 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He scored his first goal of the competition in the quarter-final against [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|Great Britain]]. Singh's 57th-minute counter-attacking goal helped India secure a 3–1 win, and an entry into the medal-round for the first time since the 1980 Moscow Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo 2020: Hardik Singh's counter-attack goal seals India's place in semi-final |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/tokyo-2020-india-mens-hockey-team-beat-great-britain-3-1-qualify-for-semi-finals-743343 |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 August 2021 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A semi-final loss to [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]] was followed by bronze-medal finish after a win against [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]]. Singh scored once in the eventual 5–3 win.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Tokyo 2020, men's hockey: India beat Germany to win bronze, end 41-year wait for Olympic medal |url=https://scroll.in/field/1002078/tokyo-2020-mens-hockey-india-beat-germany-to-win-bronze-end-41-year-wait-for-olympic-medal |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=Scroll.in |date=5 August 2021}}</ref> He scored off a loose ball from a [[penalty corner]] in the second quarter to give his team a 2–1 lead.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Unnikrishnan |first1=Dilip |title=CWG 2022, Hockey: Hardik hungers for gold |url=https://scroll.in/field/1028832/cwg-2022-hockey-hardik-hungers-for-gold |website=Scroll.in |access-date=5 April 2024 |date=23 July 2022}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games]], Singh was a part of the India team that finished second. His team had an undefeated run leading up to the final, where they lost 7–0 to [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]]. He recalled the game being "a big test" for him and that he wanted to "focus more on controlling the tempo of the game and build on leadership qualities."<ref>{{cite news |title="The Final against Australia is a big lesson ahead of the World Cup," says Hardik Singh |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/the-final-against-australia-is-a-big-lesson-ahead-of-the-world-cup-says-hardik-singh |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Hockey India |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> At the Hockey India Awards, Singh was awarded the [[Hockey India#Balbir Singh Sr. award for Player of the Year (men)|Balbir Singh Sr. Award for Player of The Year]] for 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hardik Singh and Savita win the Hockey India Balbir Singh Sr. Award for Player of the Year 2022 |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hardik-singh-and-savita-win-the-hockey-india-balbir-singh-sr-award-for-player-of-the-year-2022 |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=Hockey India |date=17 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===2023–present===
Singh was named in India's squad for the [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|2023 World Cup]]. In its profiling, ''[[ESPN]]'' called him "India's engine in the middle of the park. Non-stop running leads India's pressing, and sublime passer."<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Your Team: Meet India's 18-member squad for Hockey Men's World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/35419255/meet-india-squad-hockey-world-cup-2023-harmanpreet-sreejesh |website=ESPN |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=13 January 2023}}</ref> He scored in India's opening game against [[Spain men's national field hockey team|Spain]] in a 2–0 win.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey World Cup highlights: India beat Spain 2-0 in opener |url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/35436869 |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=ESPN |date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In the next group stage match, against [[England men's national field hockey team|England]], Singh sustained a hamstring injury leading him to miss the rest of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |title=India suffers setback as injured Hardik Singh is ruled out of FIH Hockey World Cup 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/india-suffers-setback-as-injured-hardik-singh-is-ruled-out-of-fih-hockey-world-cup-2023/articleshow/97195310.cms |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 January 2023}}</ref> In July that year, Singh played his 100th match for India, against England, in the 100th Anniversary Spanish Hockey Federation tournament in [[Barcelona]], Spain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey India congratulates Hardik Singh on completing 100 international appearances |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/hockey-india-congratulates-hardik-singh-on-completing-100-international-appearances20230728211633 |access-date=5 April 2024 |agency=[[Asian News International]] |date=28 July 2023}}</ref>

Singh was part of the side that finished first in both the [[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]] and the [[2022 Asian Games|Hangzhou Asian Games]], both played in 2023. Recognizing his performances in these successes, Singh was awarded the [[FIH Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year (Male)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India hockey star Hardik Singh focuses on team play for Olympics success |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/hockey-hardik-singh-paris-olympics-111712042534009.html |website=Mintlounge |access-date=5 April 2024 |language=en |date=3 April 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/hardik-singh-profile-4618 Hardik Singh] at [[Hockey India]]
* {{Sports links}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2023 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2024 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hardik}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Male field hockey midfielders]]
[[Category:2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]

Shrinath Bhanj Deo

2026-03-06T16:39:03Z

2fa: started a post

{{short description|Raja of Mayurbhanj (1863 - 1868)}}
{{infobox royalty
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]
| reign = {{circa|1863}} – {{circa|1868}}
| predecessor = [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]]
| successor = [[Krishna Chandra Bhanj Deo]]
| death_date = {{circa|1868}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Mayurbhanj.png}} [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]
| father = [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]]
| dynasty = [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja]]
}}
'''Shrinath Bhanj Deo''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] from 1863 until his death in 1868.
==Biography==
He was born to [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]], the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biography_of_the_Maharaja_Sri_Ram_Chandr/BuUwAQAAMAAJ |title=Biography of the Maharaja Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo |date=1918 |pages=21–23 |language=en}}</ref> Upon his father's death in 1863, he succeeded to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Rakhal Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QZDAAAAYAAJ |title=History of Orissa: From the Earliest Times to the British Period |date=1980 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |pages=321 |language=en}}</ref> He proved himself a weak and incapable ruler.<ref name=":0" /> During his reign, the affairs of state fell into disarray.<ref name=":0" /> The people of Bamanghati and Upperbhag resorted to looting and rioting.<ref name=":0" /> In response, the administration of Bamanghati was taken over by the Deputy Commissioner of Singhbhum in 1866, and a police station was established at Bankati to keep the people of Upperbhag in check.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=700 |language=en}}</ref> He built Banthia Jagannath, a temple, in [[Baripada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=ଗୋବର୍ଦ୍ଧନ ଦୋରା |url=http://archive.org/details/places-of-tourist-interest-in-odisha-a-cultural-guide-2014 |title=ପ୍ଲେସେସ୍ ଅଫ୍ ଟୁରିଷ୍ଟ ଇଣ୍ଟରେଷ୍ଟ ଇନ୍ ଓଡ଼ିଶା (ଇଂ) |date=2014 |pages=446 |language=or}}</ref>

He died in 1868.<ref name=":1" /> He had, during his lifetime, adopted a [[Brahmin]] boy as his son and wished for him to succeed to his title, rank, and dignity; however, this idea was opposed by all, and upon his death, he was succeeded by his nephew, [[Krishna Chandra Bhanj Deo]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Mayurbhanj]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi

2026-03-03T21:57:14Z

2fa: put up new details w/ refs

{{Short description|2004 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi
| image = Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
| writer = Sankaramanchi Parthasarathi (dialogues)
| screenplay = Relangi Narasimha Rao
| story = Relangi Kiran
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Aditya Om]]
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]]
*[[Vijay Sai]]
* Revathi
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = V Jayaram
| editing =
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = Nithya Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|4|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi''''' ({{Translation|We fell in love, come to the wedding}}) is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] and starring [[Aditya Om]], [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]], [[Vijay Sai]] and newcomer Revathy. This marks the return of the director after a gap of three years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/showcase/ppr.html|title=Telugu cinema showcase - Preminchukundam Pelliki Randi - Relangi Narasimha Rao - Aditya Om, Rekha|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=2023-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714180651/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/showcase/ppr.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2023}}
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Aditya Om]] as Aditya
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] as Swapna
*[[Vijay Sai]] as Vijay
* Revathi as Sundari
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Kanthamma
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/preminchukunnam-pelliki-randi/2gspG9ikYsQ_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bollywoodlo
| length1 = 4:41
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Malathi
| title2 = Gopilola
| length2 = 4:03
| lyrics2 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra2 = Murali, [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| title3 = Pacchagaddi
| length3 = 4:28
| lyrics3 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra3 = [[Raghu Kunche]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| title4 = Sirimallela
| length4 = 3:40
| lyrics4 = Sai Sri Harsha
| extra4 = Sriram Prabhu, [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]]
| title5 = Vayasey Vareva
| length5 = 3:21
| lyrics5 = [[Tanikella Bharani]]
| extra5 = Murali, [[Radhika (singer)|Radhika]]
| total_length = 20:13
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "The best thing about this film is that it is a clean comedy film. The comedy in Telugu films has transformed as the generations passed by. The comedy in present day's films is very much fast and quirky compared to that of ''Preminchukundam Pelliki Randi''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-preminchukunnampellikirandi.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi - Aditya Om, Rekha, Vijay Sai, Revathy - Relangi Narsimha Rao|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=22 April 2004|access-date=14 July 2023|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714180650/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-preminchukunnampellikirandi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote "As a comedy, there are plenty of incongruities. But the humor in dialogs fails to keep up with the situation. What little is there didn’t quite fit in. Though Brahmanandam just disappears as his dead body is taken around in a procession, that can be laughed away as just comedy. In the midst of ridiculous love stories, Preminchukunnam… comes off as something better".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/ppr.shtml|title=Premichukunnam Pelliki Randi|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=23 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604121357/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/ppr.shtml|archive-date=4 June 2004|last=P.|first=Krishnamohan|date=22 April 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1579864}}
{{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Sandhithathum Sindhithathum

2026-03-03T03:28:51Z

2fa: started new pg

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Balu Anand}}
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sandhithathum Sindhithathum
| image = Sandhithathum-Sindhithathum.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Balu Anand]]
| producer = Nammakal T. Sibi Chakravarthi
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay Sathya|Sathya]]
*Yudasha
*Kumarajan
*[[Shobaraj]]
}}
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cinematography = Freddy J David
| editing =
| studio = Sibi Sam Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|13}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 130 minutes
}}
'''''Sandhithathum Sindhithathum''''' ({{Translation|Meeting and thinking}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by [[Balu Anand]] and starring [[Vijay Sathya|Sathya]], Yudasha, Kumarajan, and [[Shobaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=இரட்டைக்குழல் துப்பாக்கி |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-113070400044_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822093107/https://tamil.webdunia.com/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-113070400044_1.htm |archive-date=22 August 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="D">{{Cite web |title=சத்யராஜ் பட இயக்குனரின் 'சந்தித்ததும் சிந்தித்ததும்' |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2013/nov/13/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D-781792.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100748/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2013/nov/13/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D-781792.html |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film is based on a true incident that happened in Bangalore and Nammakal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=17 June 2013 |title=Shot Cuts: Another RGV find |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/shot-cuts-another-rgv-find/article4823188.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410100748/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/shot-cuts-another-rgv-find/article4823188.ece |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film resurfaced in the news in 2021 after Kumarajan's death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் தூக்கிட்டு தற்கொலை..! திரையுலகினர் அதிர்ச்சி..! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/shocking-actor-kumararajan-suicide-her-home-qrft8g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622174214/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/shocking-actor-kumararajan-suicide-her-home-qrft8g |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay Sathya|Sathya]] as Selvam
*Yudasha as Gopika
*Kumarajan as Kumaresan
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[Shobaraj]] as Kempe Gowda
*[[L. Raja]] as Devaraj
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Kumaresan's mother
*[[Riythvika]] as Kumaresan's sister
*Sharmili
*[[Mithra Kurian]] as Aravind's coworker
*[[Balu Anand]]
*Kadhal Saravanan
*[[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
*[[Kottachi]]
}}

== Production ==
Balu Anand returns to direction after a long hiatus.<ref name="D" />

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "It has elements for a decent thriller but we are forced to sit through mundane scenes and insufferable acting, not to mention out-of-the-blue songs".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandhithathum Sindhithathum Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sandhithathum-sindhithathum/movie-review/27456995.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410095655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sandhithathum-sindhithathum/movie-review/27456995.cms |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave a negative review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2013 |title=சந்தித்ததும் சிந்தித்ததும் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2013/12/13202436/sandhithathum-sindhithathum-ci.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410095906/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2013/12/13202436/sandhithathum-sindhithathum-ci.vpf |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Balu Anand}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]
{{Improve categories|date=November 2024}}

Emagadhagan

2026-03-03T02:41:37Z

2fa: creating new article from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language upcoming film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Emagadhagan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kishan Raj
| writer = Kishan Raj
| producer = Krishnamani Kannan Kishan K
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Karthik Sriram
* Rashmitha Hiwary
* Vattakara Satheesh
}}
| cinematography = LD Dinesh Kumar
| editing = Ramnath Yuva
| music = Vignesh Raja
| studio = Prime Reels Pictures
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|7|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Emagadhagan''''' is a 2024 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language, Indian [[Drama film|drama]] film written and directed by Kishan Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=எமகாதகன் இசை வெளியீட்டு விழா |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/12/05/215293.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624091937/https://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/12/05/215293.html |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars Karthik Sriram, Rashmitha Hiwary, Vattakara Satheesh and Maddy Manoj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=சிங்கப்பூர் தயாரிப்பாளரின் 'எமகாதகன்' திரைப்படத்தின் ட்ரைலர் வெளியானது! |url=https://sg.tamilmicset.com/singapore-tamil-news/emagadhagan-official-movie-trailer/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was produced by Krishnamani Kannan and Kishan K under the banner of Prime Reels Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=‘துருவ நட்சத்திரம்’ படத்துக்கு ரூ.60 கோடி கடன் பிரச்சினை: தயாரிப்பாளர் கே.ராஜன் தகவல் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1162210-60-cr-problem-for-dhruva-natchathiram-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212153755/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1162210-60-cr-problem-for-dhruva-natchathiram-movie.html |archive-date=2023-12-12 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Karthik Sriram
* Rashmitha Hiwary
* Vattakara Satheesh
* Maddy Manoj

== Production ==
The film noted debuted for the director Kishan Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=கௌதம் வாசுதேவ மேனனுக்கு இத்தனை கோடி கடனா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/producer-k-rajan-revealed-shocking-information-about-gautham-vasudev-menon-debt-1254338.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201105431/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/producer-k-rajan-revealed-shocking-information-about-gautham-vasudev-menon-debt-1254338.html |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref> The cinematography of the film was by LD Dinesh Kumar, and the editing was handled by Ramnath Yuva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J.Durai |title="எமகாதகன்" ஜூலை 5 முதல் திரையரங்குகளில் வெளியாகிறது... |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/yemagadhagan-movie-will-on-theatres-july-5th-124062200031_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624085518/https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/yemagadhagan-movie-will-on-theatres-july-5th-124062200031_1.html |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=tamil.webdunia.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rate two out of five star and wrote that " Dasharathan who plays the priest and Manoj who plays the hero's friend have done the job given."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-07-05 |title=Emagadhagan |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/emagadhagan-159339 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic appreciated the direction reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emagadhagan Daily thanthi — Postimages |url=https://postimg.cc/xX65GpHC |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=postimg.cc}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt32678603}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gingee Fort

2026-03-02T15:16:03Z

2fa: small fix

{{Short description|Fort in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Gingee Fort
| partof = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location = [[Villupuram District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| image = [[File:Gingee Fort panorama.jpg|300px]]
| caption = A panorama of the Senji fort with the Kalyana Mahal visible just right of centre
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_size = 300
| map_caption =
| type = [[Fort]]s
| coordinates = {{coord|12.2501|N|79.3948|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Part_of = [[Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]
|ID = 1739-012
|Year = 2025
|Criteria = Cultural: iv, vi
}}
| coordinates_footnotes = [http://wikimapia.org/1558528/Gingee-Fort-Raja-Desing]
| code =
| built = 1st century
| builder = Initially '''Kadavan Saenjiyarkon''' of [[Kadava]] dynasty and later [[Chola]] [[dynasty]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] and [[lime mortar]]
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition = Ruins
| ownership = [[Government of India]]
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = [[Chola Empire]] (9th century) [[Kadava]] dynasty (1130–13th century) [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1345–1565) [[Gingee Nayaks]] (1509–1649) [[Bijapur Sultanate]] (1649–1677) {{flagcountry|Maratha Empire}} (1677–1698) {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]](1698–1750) {{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}}[[French colonial empire|French Empire]] (1750–1761) {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] (1761–1857)
* {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British Raj]] (1857–1947)
{{flagcountry|India}} (1947–)
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events = National Monument (1921)
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

'''Gingee Fort''' or '''Senji Fort''' (also known as Chenji, Chanchi, Jinji or Senchi) in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] is one of the surviving forts in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is popularly known as Great Wall of South India. It lies in [[Villupuram District]], {{convert|160|km|mi}} from the state capital, [[Chennai]], and is close to the [[Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It is ranked as the "most impregnable [[fortress]] in India",{{fact|date=December 2025}} and was called the "[[Troy]] of the East" by the [[United Kingdom|British]].{{fact|date=December 2025}}

Originally mentioned as the territory of a [[Kadava]] king titled Senjiyar Kon in Ottakoothar's Moovarula around 1123 AD.<ref name="விக்கிரம சோழனுலா">{{cite book|title=விக்கிரம சோழனுலா |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZI2/page/16/mode/1up?q=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5+|publisher=Kalakshetra, Adyar|date=July 1946|edition=First|access-date=August 10, 2025|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1937">{{cite book|title = The Cōḷas, Volume 2, Issue 1|author =K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|year =1937|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0aWCAAAAIAAJ&q=gingee+fort+kadava}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = The Role of feudatories in later Chola history|author =M.S. Govindaswamy|year =1979|url =https://tamildigitallibrary.in/Articles/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-13178-The%20Role%20Of%20Feudatories%20In%20Later%20Chola%20History}}</ref> The fort was built as a strategic place of fending off any invading armies. As per one account, the fort was further fortified during the 15–16th century. The fort was won for Swarajya by Subedar Harji Rajemahadik for the [[Maratha]]s under the leadership of [[Shivaji]] in 1677 AD. It was then conquered by the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur sultans]], the [[Mughals|Moghuls]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic Nawabs]], the [[French Colonial Empire|French]] and finally the [[British Raj|British]] in 1761. The fort is closely associated with [[Desingh|Raja Tej Singh]], who unsuccessfully revolted against the [[Nawab of Arcot]] and eventually lost his life in a battle.

[[File:Gingee Fort Hill view from road.jpg|thumb|Gingee Fort Hill view from road]]

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri or Anandagiri to the west<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 450">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Krishna+Kon&pg=PA90 |title= The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1|last= Hiltebeitel |first=Alf|publisher= University of Chicago|year=1991|isbn= 81-208-1000-7|page=450}}</ref> and Chakilidurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of {{convert|11|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="ASI"/> It was built at a height of {{convert|800|ft|m}} and protected by an {{convert|80|ft|m}} wide [[moat]]. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal(marriage hall)which has a pyramidical shikhara or summit on top, [[Granary|granaries]], [[prison]] cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding [[goddess]] called [[Chenjiamman]]. The fortifications contain a sacred [[pond]] known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.<ref name="ASI"/> The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

==Legend and etymology==
[[File:Throne on the Krishnagiri, Gingi -Gingee-, South Arcot District.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Throne on the Krishnagiri]]
The [[Bijapur]] [[Nawabs]] who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The [[Mughals]], on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]], the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web|title=Rajagiri Fort and Krishnagiri Fort, Gingee|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rajgiri.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710100657/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rajgiri.asp|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NIC"/><ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1991]], p. 19</ref>

As per [[Tamil people|Tamil]] legend, the tragic tale of [[Desingh|Raja Tej Singh]], popularly known in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] as ''Thesingu Raasan'', is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of [[Swarup Singh of Gingee|Swarup Singh]] and revolted against the [[Nawab of Arcot]], and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various [[ballad]]s.

==History==
[[File:Gingee Fort History Board.jpg|thumb|Gingee Fort History Board]]

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts(an archive built by Colin Mackenzie, a high ranking official of the British East India Company in Madras). According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located {{convert|3|mi|km|abbr=on}} away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD.<ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1991]], p. 4</ref> The earliest mention of the hill fort of Gingee is found in an Inscription of Vikrama Chola (1120–63) dated in his 10th Year<ref>ARE 159 of 1930</ref> and a Kadava feudatory calls himself the Lord of Senjiyar of the strong embattled fort.<ref name="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1937"/><ref>{{cite book|title = Inscriptions in the Pudukkóttai State: Early, Cola and Pandiya inscriptionauthor =Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamilnadu|year=2002|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oU5mAAAAMAAJ&q=gingee+fort+kadava}}</ref> Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of [[South India]], starting from the [[Cholas]].<ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1991]], p. 17</ref>

[[File:Throne in Gingee Fort Hill.jpg|thumb|Throne in Gingee Fort Hill]]

Originally the site of a small fort built by the [[Chola dynasty]] during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified and developed by [[Kadava]] kings (12th century) and again by the [[Vijayanagar empire]] during the 14th century.<ref name=Verma>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=93–95|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> As per one account, the fort was built during the 15–16th century by the [[Nayaks of Gingee|Gingee Nayaks]], the lieutenants of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and who later became independent kings.<ref name="Manchanda"/> The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the [[Maratha]]s under the leadership of [[Shivaji]] in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur sultans]] who had originally taken control of the fort from the [[Maratha]]s. In 1691, it was besieged by Moghul generals [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zul Fikar Khan]], [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] and [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Kam Baksha]] but was successfully defended by [[Santaji Ghorpade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/rukaatialamgirio00aurarich#page/113/mode/2up|title = Ruka'at-i-Alamgiri; or, Letters of Aurungzebe, with historical and explanatory notes|year = 1908}}</ref> During [[Aurangzeb]]'s campaign in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Rajaram, escaped to Jinji (Gingee) and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the [[Maratha Empire]] for a few months.<ref name="ASI"/> The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic Nawabs]] who lost it to the [[French Colonial Empire|French]] in 1750 before the [[British Raj|British]] finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to [[Hyder Ali]] for a brief period. Raja [[Desingh]] ruled Gingee during the 18th century.<ref name="NIC">{{cite web|title=Tourist Places in Villupuram district|url=http://www.viluppuram.nic.in/touristpage.htm|publisher=Villupuram District Administration|access-date=2013-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225202624/http://www.viluppuram.nic.in/touristpage.htm|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Where eagles dare|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/where-eagles-dare/article4619668.ece|work=The Hindu|last=Sivadas|first=Sanjay|date=15 April 2013|access-date=2013-08-29}}</ref>

[[File:Festningen Gingee i Karnatik - Peter Anker (1744–1832) - Kulturhistorisk museum, UiO - UEM4446.jpg|thumb|Fort Gingee, Karnatik - Peter Anker (1744–1832)]]

==Architecture==
[[File:GingeeRajas mandap.jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|Kalyana Mahal at Gingee fort]]
The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex,<ref name=cycle>{{cite news|title=Day-trip down history lane|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|work=Metro Plus|date=16 April 2018|last=Moulana|first=Ramanujar|page=4|location=Chennai}}</ref> yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them – forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of {{convert|11|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="ASI"/> It was built at a height of {{convert|800|ft|m}} and protected by an {{convert|80|ft|m}} wide [[moat]]. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), [[Granary|granaries]], [[prison]] cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding [[Hindu goddess]] called [[Chenjiamman]]. The fortifications contain a sacred [[pond]] known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures {{convert|20|m|ft}} in thickness.<ref name="Manchanda">[[#Manchanda|Manchanda]], p. 149</ref> On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.<ref name="ASI"/>

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the [[Citadel]]. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} from it.<ref name=Verma/>

===Rajagiri===
[[File:Gingee fort entrance.jpg|thumb|Gingee fort as seen from the entrance]]
[[File:GingeeFort-Rajagiri.jpg|thumb|Rajagiri Fort]]
The first hill, where the main fort is, is called '''Rajagiri'''. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered the most impregnable. It is about {{convert|800|ft|m}} in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about {{convert|10|yard|m}} wide and {{convert|20|yard|m}} deep. To gain entry into the [[citadel]] one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located is further strengthened by constructing [[embrasure]] walls and gateways along all possible shelves and steep edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a [[Hindu]] goddess, beheaded a hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protested that she would become a widow. [[Draupadi]] explains her similarities in that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous ''kanni'' suffix.<ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1991]], p. 214</ref> Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which the French probably improved during their occupation (1751–1761),
the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan's mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desingh was killed in a war, large stone image of [[Hanuman]], prisoner's well, where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of the Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, the Anaikulam tank, granaries, a magazine and the shrine of [[Venugopalaswamy|Venugopalaswami]]. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) containing sculptures about periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.<ref name="ASI"/>

It was built in 1200 AD and is located in Rajagiri, which means ''Kings Hill''.<ref name="South India Handbook">South India Handbook By Roma Bradnock</ref> It is 1 km from [[Gingee|Gingee Market]]. It is made up of [[saffron]] and black rock. Currently, the fort includes a magazine, [[gym]]nasium, palace site, audience hall, [[stable]], [[clock tower]], [[granary]], treasury in [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] style, store-house for grains and an elephant tank. In the West Entrance, Venu Gopalaswami Temple, Ranganath Temple of Vijayanagar Kings, Kalyan Mandap, Sadatulla Khan's Masjid (1717–18), Mahabbat Khan's masjid. Bath tubs with continuous supply of water, a huge cannon, belong to the temple on the top of the fort near Chakrakulam-Kunda (reservoir).

===Krishnagiri===
[[File:Queen fort from King fort.jpg|thumb|Queen fort as seen from Rajagiri]]
[[File:Krishnagiri Fort.jpg|thumb|Krishnagiri Fort]]
The second important hill with an impressive citadel is called '''Krishnagiri fort''', also known as the '''English Mountain''',<ref name="gingee1943">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3997|via=[[Internet Archive]]|year=1943|last1=Srinivasachari|first1=C.S.|publisher=Annamalai University|location=Madras|title=A History of Gingee and its rulers}}</ref>{{rp|p=3}} perhaps because of the British residents who occupied the fort here for some time. While the greater complex is potentially significantly older,<ref name="gingee1943"/>{{rp|pp=28–31}} the Krishnagiri Fort was built sometime in the 13th century at the request of Kristhna Kón.<ref name="gingee1943"/>{{rp|p=32}} It is situated in the [[Krishnagiri district]]. The Krishnagiri fort is situated to the north of Tiruvannamalai road and is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of granite stone steps leads to the top of the hill. Another fort, connected with Rajagiri by a low rocky ridge, is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George's Mountain. Although the military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, it has some interesting buildings from a later period.

By the 1900s, the fort fell into disuse, although it was partially repaired after being damaged by a 1913 cyclone.<ref name="gingee1943"/>{{rp|p=18}} Once India gained independence in 1947, Krishnagiri Fort came under the jurisdiction of the Indian government. It is preserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="ASI">{{cite web|title=Rajagiri Fort and Krishnagiri Fort, Gingee|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rajgiri.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710100657/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rajgiri.asp|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Kistnagherry_Krishnagiri.jpg|{{center|"Kistnagherry" fort painting by Sir Alexander allan}}
File:Kistnaghurry.jpg|{{center|"Kistnaghurry" fort painting by [[James Hunter (Military Artist)|James Hunter]]}}
File:East View Of Kistnaghurry.jpg|{{center|"East View Of Kistnaghurry" fort painting by [[James Hunter (Military Artist)|James Hunter]]}}
File:Fort of Krishnaghirry.jpg|Fort of Krishnaghirry
</gallery>

===Chakkiliya Durg===
The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri – meaning the fort of the Chamars. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal [[Chamar]] warriors used to stay here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.<ref name="ASI"/>

==Culture==
After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archaeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularize this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, [[temples]] and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, [[war]]fare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the ASI. An entry charge of {{INR}}20 is charged for Indian citizens and {{INR}}250 for foreigners for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.<ref name="ASI"/> Tickets are sold outside of the fort

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="165" height="150px" align="center" caption="">
File:Gingee tomb pillar.jpg|Tomb pillar at lower fort
File:Kalyana Mahal from Rajagiri.jpg|Kalyana Mahal as seen from Rajagiri
File:Gingee fort from ground.jpg|View of Gingee Fort(Queens) from the ground
File:View From Queen's Fort Top - Gingee Town.jpg|View from Queen's Fort Top – Gingee Town
File:Hanuman carving image.jpg|Large stone image of Hanuman
File:Cannon gingee fort.jpg|Cannon present in Gingee Fort
File:Wooden bridge at chasm Rajagiri fort.jpg|alt=|View of Wooden bridge at chasm Rajagiri fort
File:Ranganatha Temple at Summit.jpg|alt=|Ranganatha temple at Rajagiri Fort summit
File:Rajagiri Fort Summit.jpg|Rajagiri Fort
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gingee Venkataramana Temple]]
* [[Chenjiamman]]
* [[Senji Singavaram Ranganatha Temple]]
* [[Military history of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=gingee+fort&pg=PA214|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alt|ref=Hiltebeitel|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1991|isbn=9788120810006}}
* {{cite book|title=Forts & Palaces of India: Sentinels of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12KdMcYlCcwC&q=gingee+fort&pg=PA149|last=Manchanda|first=Bindu |isbn=9788174363817|year=2006|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|ref=Manchanda}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050524211748/http://indiaimage.nic.in/gingeefort.htm Indian Government site]
{{Commons category|Gingee Fort}}
* [https://archive.org/details/historyofgingeea035396mbp History Of Gingee And Its Rulers : Dr Rajah Sir Annamalai_Chettiar : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive]

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last1=Srinivasachari|first1=Chidambaram S.|title=A history of Gingee and its rulers|publisher=The University|date=1943|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.500497}}

{{Forts in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1761 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Hiking trails in India]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]

Alastair Cook

2026-02-24T13:23:05Z

2fa: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|English cricketer (born 1984)}}
{{for-multi|the journalist and broadcaster|Alistair Cooke|the historian and politician|Alistair Cooke, Baron Lexden}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| honorific_prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]]
| name = Alastair Cook
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|CBE}}
| image = Alastair Cook vs Upminster CC.jpg
| caption = Cook in 2014
| country = England
| fullname = Alastair Nathan Cook
| nickname = Cookie, Chef, Captain Cook
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1984|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Gloucester]], Gloucestershire, England
| height = 6 ft 2 in
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Slow seam bowling|slow seam]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Opening batsmen|Opening batsman]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2006–2018
| testdebutdate = 1 March
| testdebutyear = 2006
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 630
| lasttestdate = 7 September
| lasttestyear = 2018
| lasttestagainst = India
| odidebutdate = 28 June
| odidebutyear = 2006
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 196
| lastodidate = 16 December
| lastodiyear = 2014
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| odishirt = 26
| T20Icap = 24
| T20Idebutagainst = West Indies
| T20Idebutdate = 28 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2007
| lastT20Iagainst = South Africa
| lastT20Idate = 15 November
| lastT20Iyear = 2009
| T20Ishirt = 26
| club1 = [[Bedfordshire County Cricket Club|Bedfordshire]]
| year1 = 2002
| club2 = [[Essex Cricket Board]]
| year2 = 2003
| club3 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]
| year3 = 2003–2023
| clubnumber3 = 26
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 161
| runs1 = 12,472
| bat avg1 = 45.35
| 100s/50s1 = 33/57
| top score1 = 294
| deliveries1 = 18
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 7.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/6
| catches/stumpings1 = 175/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 92
| runs2 = 3,204
| bat avg2 = 36.40
| 100s/50s2 = 5/19
| top score2 = 137
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 36/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 352
| runs3 = 26,643
| bat avg3 = 46.41
| 100s/50s3 = 74/125
| top score3 = 294
| deliveries3 = 294
| wickets3 = 7
| bowl avg3 = 32.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/13
| catches/stumpings3 = 386/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 178
| runs4 = 6,510
| bat avg4 = 39.93
| 100s/50s4 = 13/38
| top score4 = 137
| deliveries4 = 18
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 73/–
| date = 29 September 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/11728.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|ENG}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|2013 England and Wales]]|}}
}}
'''Sir Alastair Nathan Cook''' (born 25 December 1984) is an English commentator and a former [[cricket]]er and [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of the England [[Test Cricket|Test]] and [[One-Day International]] (ODI) cricket teams. Known for his compact technique and ability to bat for long periods, Cook is widely regarded as one of the greatest batters of his era and one of the greatest opening batsman of all time. He is [[List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket#Players with 10,000 or more Test runs|the sixth-highest Test run scorer of all time]] and second-highest run scorer for England. He is England's second most-capped Test batsman and captained the England team in 59 Tests, as well as in 69 ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=England Test captain Alastair Cook steps down |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/326681 |access-date=6 February 2017 |website=ecb.co.uk |publisher=England and Wales Cricket Board}}</ref> He was also the youngest player to score 12,000 test runs. Cook retired from Test cricket in September 2018 and played for [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] in English domestic cricket until 2023, while also working for the [[BBC Radio|BBC radio]] programme ''[[Test Match Special]]''.

Cook played for Essex's [[Youth academy|Academy]] and made his debut for the first XI in 2003. He played in several of England's youth teams from 2000 until his call up to the Test team in 2006. Cook was called up to the England national team in India as a last-minute replacement for [[Marcus Trescothick]] and debuted, aged 21, with a century. He went on to score 1,000 runs in his maiden year and made centuries in his first Test matches against [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].<ref name="first100">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6737017.stm|title=Cook hundred keeps England on top|last=Brett|first=Oliver|date=9 June 2007|publisher=BBC |access-date=26 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824221006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6737017.stm|archive-date=24 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cook was appointed captain of the Test team after [[Andrew Strauss]]'s retirement on 29 August 2012. After England's 2016 tour of Bangladesh and India, he stepped down as Test captain. Cook retired from international cricket after the 2018 [[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|series against India]], and from all forms of cricket in October 2023.<ref name="EssexCC">{{cite web |title=Alastair Cook announces retirement |url=https://www.essexcricket.org.uk/2023/10/13/alastair-cook-announces-retirement/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Cook was appointed [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in [[2011 Birthday Honours|2011]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=59808 |date=11 June 2011 |page=15 |supp=y}}</ref><ref name="mbe">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/13726861|title=Andrew Strauss and Alastair Cook lead Birthday Honours list|date=10 June 2011|publisher=BBC |access-date=11 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611111852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/13726861.stm|archive-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and promoted to [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]] in [[2016 Birthday Honours|2016]] for services to cricket.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=61608 |supp=y|page=B8|date=11 June 2016}}</ref> In the [[2019 New Year Honours]], Cook was appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] for services to cricket.<ref name="NYH" /> On the occasion of England's 1000th Test in August 2018, Cook was named in the country's greatest Test XI by the ECB.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/790131|title=England's greatest Test XI revealed|date=30 July 2018|work=ICC|access-date=26 July 2009 }}</ref> In 2023, Cook was inducted into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]].

==Early life and education==
Cook was born in [[Gloucester]]; his mother Stephanie is a teacher from [[Swansea]],<ref name="taffia">{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/other-sport/golf/cricket-alastair-cook-factfile-1857925|title=Cricket: Alastair Cook factfile|date=21 March 2013|publisher=Wales Online|access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> while his father Graham worked as a telecommunications engineer and enjoyed village cricket.<ref name=choirboy>{{cite web|last=Roper|first=Matt|title=Alastair Cook: The choirboy who slayed the Aussies|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/cricket/2011/01/07/alastair-cook-the-choirboy-who-slayed-the-aussies-115875-22831427/|work=Daily Mirror |location=UK|access-date=15 January 2011|date=7 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202235339/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/cricket/2011/01/07/alastair-cook-the-choirboy-who-slayed-the-aussies-115875-22831427/|archive-date=2 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="broads">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article2848462.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726121642/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article2848462.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2008|title=Like father, like son for Broads|last=Wilde|first=Simon|date=11 November 2007|work=The Times |location=UK |access-date=22 December 2007 }}</ref><ref name="clamour">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/the-clamour-grows-throughout-the-land-pick-cook-now-474326.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107144255/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/the-clamour-grows-throughout-the-land-pick-cook-now-474326.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2011 |title=The clamour grows throughout the land: pick Cook now|last=Fay|first=Stephen|date=16 April 2006|work=The Independent |location=UK |access-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref> Cook is a keen musician: by the age of eight he was learning the [[clarinet]]. He became a boarding pupil at [[St Paul's Cathedral School]] in London, an [[independent school]] connected to the cathedral, as a [[choirboy|chorister]], with a rigorous schedule of rehearsals.<ref name=choirboy/><ref name="bbcpitch">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/simonhughes/2290013/Alastair-Cook-hits-right-pitch-at-BBC.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/simonhughes/2290013/Alastair-Cook-hits-right-pitch-at-BBC.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Alastair Cook hits right pitch at BBC|last=Hughes|first=Simon|date=26 January 2008|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |access-date=3 March 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

When he was a boy, his family lived in [[Wickham Bishops]], a village near [[Witham]] in central Essex.<ref>Alastair Cook, ''Starting Out – My Story So Far'' (autobiography), p.1.</ref> During his summer holidays, Cook played cricket for nearby [[Maldon, Essex#Sport|Maldon Cricket Club]], and by the age of 11 he was already playing in the adult Third XI. He played sporadically for Maldon over seven years, with an average of 168 in his final year. He is now an honorary life member of the club.<ref name=choirboy/>

Aged 13, Cook's musical flair led him to become a boarding pupil at [[Bedford School]], an independent school for boys in the [[county town]] of [[Bedford]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/nov/30/the-ashes-2010-alastair-cook-derek-randall|title=The Ashes 2010: Alastair Cook was a natural at 13, says Derek Randall|last=Wilson|first=Andy|date=30 November 2010|work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> He sang, played the clarinet to grade eight<ref name="Nich">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1022063.html|title=England's guardian joins 10K club|work=Cricinfo }}</ref> and learned to play piano and saxophone.<ref name="clamour"/> Music was soon eclipsed when the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) came to play against the Bedford School XI. The visiting team were a man short and drafted the 14-year-old new boy to play against his school, and Cook scored a century.<ref name=choirboy/><ref name="hits"/>

Over the next four years, he hit 17 centuries and two double-hundreds to total 4,396 runs at an average of 87.90, captaining the cricket team in his final year as well as being President of the Music Society.<ref name="hits">{{cite news |last1=Randall |first1=Charles |title=Alastair Cook reprises his original hits |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/2297499/Alastair-Cook-reprises-his-original-hits.html |access-date=10 April 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=16 April 2008}}</ref> He also gained three [[A-Levels]] and nine [[GCSEs]].<ref name="hits"/> In his final year at Bedford in 2003, he scored 1,287 runs for the school, including two unbeaten double-hundreds, averaging 160.87 to take the school record.<ref name="cwc05"/> After his international success, Cook returned for an Old Boys' match at Bedford in 2008, playing for the Head Master's Ultimate XI.<ref name="bedold">{{cite web|url=http://www.bedfordschool.org.uk/default.asp?page=1063|title=Cricket at Bedford|publisher=[[Bedford School]]|access-date=3 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009150235/http://www.bedfordschool.org.uk/default.asp?page=1063|archive-date=9 October 2008}}</ref>

==Domestic cricket==
===Debut (2003–2005)===
[[File:Alastair Cook 2005.jpg|thumb|Cook batting in 2005]]
Having been a member of the [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] [[Youth academy|Academy]] since the age of 16,<ref name="ecb"/> Cook was given his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Essex against [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club]] on leaving school at the end of the 2003 season; put in to field he aided the first dismissal with a catch before scoring just 13 runs in his first innings but pushed Essex to a nine wicket victory with 69 [[not out]] in the second.<ref name="essdebut">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/77/77804.html|title=Essex v Nottinghamshire in 2003|publisher=Cricket Archive|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="classdebut">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/essex-must-wait-for-cook-to-rescue-them-from-the-old-pros-stew-86821.html|title=Essex must wait for Cook to rescue them from the old pros' stew|last=Fay|first=Stephen|date=14 September 2003|work=The Independent |location=UK |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> Despite Essex's relegation being assured, Cook still battled away with an opening stand of 122 opposite [[Will Jefferson]] in the second innings of his second match, against [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]].<ref name="essex2nd">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/2421348/Young-guns-blaze-resistance-for-Essex.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/2421348/Young-guns-blaze-resistance-for-Essex.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Young guns blaze resistance for Essex|last=Lyles|first=Christopher|date=14 September 2003|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |access-date=3 March 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the six innings in which he participated he quickly racked up three half centuries<ref name="cwc05"/> at an average of 47.80.<ref name="spotlight">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/essex/3449879.stm|title=Essex boys in the spotlight|last=Oliver|first=Brett|date=4 February 2004|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>

Having secured his place as opener in the county team, he made his maiden first-class [[century (cricket)|century]] against [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] in May 2004 with 126<ref name="class100">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/79/79564.html|title=Essex v Leicestershire in 2004|publisher=Cricket Archive|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> opposite Jefferson's 128 in an opening stand of 265, Essex's third-highest,<ref name="ecb"/> but the team failed to secure promotion. He was brought in as opening batsman for the MCC in 2005 season's opener against County Champions Warwickshire. With a century in the first innings and 97 in the second, Cook helped secure victory in a match destined for a draw.<ref name="mcc05">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/4432917.stm|title=Bears beaten by magnificent MCC|date=11 April 2005|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> The season opener would not be Cook's only highlight for the year: as the [[2005 Ashes|Ashes]] approached, [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were touring the counties and in a two-day match (which did not count towards his first-class statistics) Cook scored a double century and went on to take the first wicket of [[Justin Langer]] with a catch in the drawn match<ref name="aus05">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ESSEX_03-04SEP2005.html|title=Tour match: Essex v Australians at Chelmsford, 3–4 Sep 2005|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> days after being awarded [[Professional Cricketers' Association#PCA Young Cricketer of the Year|PCA Young Cricketer of the Year]].<ref name="aus05report">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4286834.stm|title=Cook gives glimpse of future|last=Gough|first=Martin|date=27 September 2005|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>

A further highlight of the season saw Cook help Essex to achieve one of [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham's]] two defeats of the season, scoring 107 of Essex's 245 before taking his maiden first-class wicket, followed by another two, with his off-spin.<ref name="cwc05"/> Cook played in every first-class match for Essex and also helped them clinch the [[Pro40|Totesport League Title]] for the first time in 20 years.<ref name="ecb"/> The end of the season saw Cook finish with an average of 48.03 in the County Championship, hitting four centuries.<ref name="ecbvaughan"/>

===Essex and England (2006–2018)===
{{update section|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Alastair cook 1.jpg|thumb|Cook playing for Essex in 2010]]
After his England call up, Cook's appearances at Essex significantly reduced. In the County Championship he appeared in only three matches, making two hundreds and another two fifties in his five innings, topping the season averages with an inflated 141.3.<ref name="countyavg06">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2006/ENG_LOCAL/CC2/STATS/ENG_LOCAL_CC2_AVS_BAT_HIGHEST_AVS.html|title=County Championship Division Two, 2006 Highest Batting Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> Similarly in the [[Friends Provident Trophy|Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy]] he appeared only three times and again topped the batting averages, only being out once with a top score of 91 and average of 148.<ref name="cg06">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2006/ENG_LOCAL/C+G/STATS/ENG_LOCAL_C+G_AVS_BAT_HIGHEST_AVS.html|title=2006 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy Highest Batting Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> He scored less favourably in his one [[Twenty20 Cup]] appearance, scoring only nine runs.<ref name="t2006">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2006/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/STATS/ENG_LOCAL_TWENTY-20_AVS_BAT_HIGHEST_AVS.html|title=Twenty20 Cup, 2006 Highest Batting Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>

In the 2007 season, for Essex alone his first-class average was only 58.8 from three appearances, making two hundreds but countering this with one [[duck (cricket)|duck]]<ref name="cc07">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/countycricket2007/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=4;id=2007;team=1035;type=season|title=Season 2007 – Essex – First-class matches|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> and he made a similar century/duck appearance in the (formerly C&G) Friends Provident Trophy during his 5 matches averaging 38.4.<ref name="fp07">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/countycricket2007/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=2988;team=1035;type=tournament|title=Batting and bowling averages Friends Provident Trophy, 2007 – Essex|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>
The back to back Totesport/Pro40 champions saw Cook make only one appearance in that competition, scoring 81 not out,<ref name="p4007">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/countycricket2007/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=2989;team=1035;type=tournament|title=Batting and bowling averages Pro40 Division One, 2007 – Essex|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> before being relegated. They won Division Two and were promoted the following season, though Cook only provided 11 runs in one innings during the tournament.<ref name="pro4008">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3637;team=1035;type=tournament|title=Batting and bowling averages Pro40 Division Two, 2008 – Essex|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>

Despite his international commitments Cook managed to participate in at least one match of each tournament averaging 36.16 in three County Championship matches<ref name="cc08">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3633;team=1035;type=tournament|title=Batting and bowling averages County Championship Division Two, 2008 – Essex|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> and 15 in his one Twenty20 match.<ref name="t2008">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3640;team=1035;type=tournament|title=Batting and bowling averages Twenty20 Cup, 2008 – Essex|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> Given time off the South Africa One-Day series, Cook fared better in the FP Trophy with 45.3 from 3 matches<ref name="fp08">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3634;team=1035;type=tournament|title=Batting and bowling averages Friends Provident Trophy, 2008 – Essex|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> including contributing the second-highest in the final at [[Lord's]] to seal the trophy.<ref name="fp08final">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/7560698.stm|title=Essex secure Lord's final glory|last=Lillywhite|first=Jamie|date=16 August 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226135250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/7560698.stm|archive-date=26 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2009 English season featured an early Test series against the West Indies where, despite being in the Test team, Cook joined Essex in a tour match. He scored 76 not out in the second innings before the match was rained off, stopping Essex pressing for victory.<ref name="es9tour">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/west_indies/8019681.stm|title=Cook shines as Windies struggle|date=26 April 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429161043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/west_indies/8019681.stm|archive-date=29 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
Before the Test series, he helped Essex force the follow on against Kent in the County Championship but faltered with his team, scoring only 4 in the second innings to lose by 192 runs.<ref name="es9kent">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/4/15498/html/scorecard.stm|title=Essex v Kent 29-04-2009 at Chelmsford|publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503055019/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/4/15498/html/scorecard.stm|archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the Test series, Cook was omitted from the one day team leaving him free to play for Essex. He joined them in their bid to defend their Friends Provident Trophy matching [[Varun Chopra]]'s 65 in a 124 run partnership against Lancashire to gain a place in the semi-final.<ref name="es9lanc">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/8054572.stm|title=Essex book return to Old Trafford|date=20 May 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523110129/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/8054572.stm|archive-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> He and his team could not recreate the same form for the semi-final, at the same location against the same team three days later, after being caught from a running catch by [[Sajid Mahmood]], seeing the team lose by 67 runs.<ref name="es9lanc2">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/8062213.stm|title=Du Plessis shocks holders Essex|date=23 May 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527114857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/8062213.stm|archive-date=27 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Having been knocked out of the FP Trophy, the team turned to the Twenty20 Cup. Making only his fourth appearance in the tournament since 2005, Cook hit 80 off 56 balls in a match against Kent that was rained off.<ref name="es9vain">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/8060019.stm|title=Cook effort in vain due to rain|date=25 May 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528102612/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/8060019.stm|archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

While his England partner, Bopara scored 45 against Sussex, Cook only scored one but made up for this with a 60 run partnership with Bopara days later to put Essex top of the table.<ref name="es9sus20">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/5/15599/html/scorecard.stm|title=Twenty20 Cup: Sussex v Essex 28-05-2009 at Hove |date=28 May 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531085518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/5/15599/html/scorecard.stm|archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="es9sur20">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/8065482.stm|title=Essex go top with win over Surrey|date=29 May 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531175632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/8065482.stm|archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite averaging 49 from these four games, Cook felt he was a long way from the international squad.<ref name="findingway">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/essex/8079439.stm|title=Cook finding his way in Twenty20|date=2 June 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605194556/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/essex/8079439.stm|archive-date=5 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his last performance before joining the Ashes squad, Cook scored a 57 ball century, and batted throughout the whole innings as they beat Surrey,<ref name="t209surr">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/8107667.stm|title=Cook stars as Essex crush Surrey|date=25 June 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628104923/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/8107667.stm|archive-date=28 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> but without Cook and Bopara, the team were knocked out after two successive losses.<ref name="t209out">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/8115554.stm|title=Hants duo send Essex out of T20|date=28 June 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref>

===Post-England===
[[File:Alastair Cook batting 2019.jpg|thumb|left|Cook batting for Essex in 2019]]When Cook retired from international cricket in 2018, he stated that he would continue to play for Essex, signing a three-year contract with them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/45388727|title=Alastair Cook: England great to retire from international cricket after fifth Test|date=3 September 2018|work=BBC Sport|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> In the [[2019 County Championship|2019 County Championship season]] Cook helped Essex to win the title<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/49841072|title=Essex win County Championship: Draw with Somerset confirms 2019 title|date=26 September 2019|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, during the [[2020 Bob Willis Trophy]], Cook scored his 24,000th run in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19880/report/1227617/hampshire-vs-essex-south-group-bob-willis-trophy-2020 |title=Alastair Cook reaches 24,000 first-class runs with latest hundred |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> In April 2022, on the opening day of the [[2022 County Championship]], Cook scored his 70th century in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/61003664 |title=County Championship: Alastair Cook and Nick Browne make tons for Essex v Kent |work=BBC Sport |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>[[File:Alastair Cook after final innings.jpg|thumb|Cook leaving the field after his final innings vs Northants CCC]]

==England youth==
Cook had his first taste of international cricket playing the U15 World Cup in 2000. Three years later Cook was called up to the [[England under-19 cricket team|England Under-19 team]] for their tour of South Africa.<ref name="ecb"/> After it was decided [[Samit Patel]] had enough responsibility batting and bowling, Cook was appointed captain of the team the following year, 2004.<ref name="u19cap">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/137592.html|title=Alastair Cook to lead England Under-19s|date=14 January 2004|work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> His first call of duty was the U19 World Cup in the [[West Indies]] where he guided England through the group stages and on past the Super League stage, including an unbeaten century-each partnership with Patel against New Zealand,<ref name="u19cent">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3513587.stm|title=Young England pare shine|date=24 February 2004|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> and continued a 100% win record with 87 over eventual winners Pakistan<ref name="u19pak">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3492666.stm|title=England set up Windies semi|date=27 February 2004|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> before falling short in the semi-final against the West Indies.<ref name="u19semi">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3526413.stm|title=England denied U19 final|date=2 March 2004|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> He went on from there to captain them in a U19 Test win over Bangladesh<ref name="u19bang">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/138400.html|title=Cook gives England the ascendancy|date=29 July 2004|work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> before taking the One-Day series too.<ref name="u19bodi">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/135448.html|title=Rain presents the series to England|date=27 August 2004|work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> His career with the Under 19 team was cut short when [[Kevin Pietersen]] was called up to replace [[Andrew Flintoff]] in the main team, leaving a spot in [[England Lions cricket team|England A]] tour of Sri Lanka for Cook.<ref name="mcc1">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/143981.html|title=Cook makes his mark with stylish century|last=McGlashin|first=Andrew|date=10 April 2005|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>

After the 2005 domestic season he was part of the intake for the [[ECB National Academy]], but this was interrupted as he flew to [[Pakistan]] to cover the squad for [[Michael Vaughan]]'s knee injury.<ref name="ecbvaughan">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/224685.html|title=Cook called up as cover for Vaughan|date=9 November 2005|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> After not being used in the first XI he travelled back with the academy to the West Indies in the new year scoring 101 in a two-day match against [[Antigua]] before youth cricket came to an abrupt halt for Cook.<ref name="academyant">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/237974.html|title=Cook underlines his credentials|date=20 February 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>

==England==

===2006: India and Sri Lanka===
Cook was included in the ECB National Academy in the winter of 2005–06. The academy's [[International cricket in 2005–06#England A in West Indies|tour of the West Indies]] was cut short on 24 February for Cook who only appeared in the first innings, scoring only 6, before being called up, alongside [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] and [[Owais Shah]], to the [[English cricket team in India in 2005–06|England tour of India]]<ref name="academy">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG-A_IN_WI/SCORECARDS/ENG-A_WI-A_24-27FEB2006.html|title=1st Match: West Indies A v England A at Antigua, 24–27 Feb 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> to replace captain Michael Vaughan, who was suffering from a knee injury, and opener [[Marcus Trescothick]], who was suffering from stress.<ref name="boil">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4774428.stm|title=Cook comes to boil|last=Brown|first=Gavin|date=6 March 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Unlike Shah and Anderson, Cook was welcomed straight into the England XI and made his Test debut aged 21, days after he had flown in from the West Indies. He made an instant impact, opening with [[Andrew Strauss]] and scoring a half century in the first innings before being bowled just before tea on the first day for 60 runs from 160 balls being the second top scorer after 134 from [[Paul Collingwood]].<ref name="test1day1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/4758662.stm|title=England toss away Test initiative|date=1 March 2006|access-date=28 February 2009 |work=BBC News }}</ref> During the second innings, he went on to score 104 not out before England declared,<ref name="nagpurtest1">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T1_01-05MAR2006.html|title=1st Test: India v England at Nagpur 1–5 March 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220210111/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T1_01-05MAR2006.html|archive-date=20 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> making him the sixteenth Englishman to score a century on his debut Test<ref name="boil"/><ref name="firstcentury">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4773282.stm|title=Cook century puts England on top|date=4 March 2006|access-date=28 February 2009 |work=BBC News }}</ref> and an even more exclusive list of five to score 100 and 50 in their first Test.<ref name="buzzing">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/2333215/Still-buzzing-after-a-dream-debut.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/2333215/Still-buzzing-after-a-dream-debut.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Still buzzing after a dream debut|last=Cook|first=Alastair|date=7 March 2006|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |access-date=3 March 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> His hundred was also the 3,000th century in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/408022.html|title=The 3000th Test century, and the longest Twenty20 innings|last=Lynch|first=Steven|date=9 June 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612035107/http://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/408022.html|archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> An impending declaration forced Cook to play quickly to bring up the century; regardless, the match was drawn.<ref name="debut">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4773370.stm|title=Cook overjoyed with dream debut|date=4 March 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> After a mediocre outing in the losing second Test, scoring 17 and 2,<ref name="test2india">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T2_09-13MAR2006.html|title=2nd Test: India v England at Chandigarh 9–13 March 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212164124/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T2_09-13MAR2006.html|archive-date=12 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> he missed the Third Test due to a stomach illness<ref name="stomach">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4819300.stm|title=Strauss puts England on top|date=18 March 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=14 May 2009}}</ref> and was omitted from the one-day series.<ref name="india3">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T3_18-22MAR2006.html|title=3rd Test: India v England in Mumbai 18–22 March 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212173259/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T3_18-22MAR2006.html|archive-date=12 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Returning home, Cook was again selected for the first XI during [[Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2006|Sri Lanka's tour]]. For his debut match at Lord's, Cook was shuffled down to third to make way for the returning Trescothick. However, he still walked to the crease alongside his teammate as Strauss fell at the stroke of lunch.<ref name="lords1">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/225264.html|title=1st Test: England v Sri Lanka at Lord's May 11–15, 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Cook and Trescothick put on 127 in their partnership as Trescothick made a century while Cook later stumbled just before at 89;<ref name="lords06">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4758225.stm|title=Trescothick puts England on top|date=11 May 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> there was no second innings as England enforced the [[follow-on]] but were one wicket away from victory, with Cook being targeted among others for two significant dropped catches.<ref name="drops1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4772787.stm|title=England's costly drops|last=Gough|first=Martin|date=15 May 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Cook's first taste of victory came in the second Test, guiding the team past the target of 78 in the second innings with an unbeaten 34 alongside Andrew Flintoff furthering the reputation of his calm, meticulous style of play against the dangerous spin of [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] who took 4–29.<ref name="sri206">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/5025004.stm|title=England seal second Test triumph|date=28 May 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Although not initially selected for the one-day series, Cook made his limited overs debut in the fourth match scoring 39 from 38 balls in a bright spot of an otherwise dour England performance hampered by injuries.<ref name="odi1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/5121542.stm|title=Sad England suffer fourth defeat|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009 |date=28 June 2006}}</ref>

===2006: Pakistan and Australia===
[[File:Alastair Cook catch.jpg|upright|thumb|Cook in catching practice during the [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07 Ashes]] tour]]
At the start of the following [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006|series against Pakistan]], Cook recorded his second Test century, gaining him a spot on the boards at Lord's alongside [[Ian Bell]] and Collingwood.<ref name="pak106">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvpak/engine/match/225255.html|title=1st Test: England v Pakistan at Lord's July 13–17, 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> He and Bell both recorded back to back centuries by the following Test at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] as well as Cook scoring his then-career best 127 in an innings defeat over Pakistan. In what now seemed a pattern, Cook's century came up while partnering with Collingwood as with his previous two.<ref name="pak206">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/5224240.stm|title=Cook & Bell put England in charge|date=28 July 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> In the controversial forfeited Test, sometimes called Ovalgate, Cook contributed a first innings top score of 40 and second best 83 before Pakistan refused to return to the field.<ref name="pak406">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvpak/engine/match/225258.html|title=4th Test: England v Pakistan at The Oval, Aug 17–21 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> This score secured Cook's tally of runs, 403, as the second-highest scorer for England and third overall in the series.<ref name="pak06Tavg">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006/PAK_IN_ENG/STATS/PAK_IN_ENG_JUL-SEP2006_TEST_AVS.html|title=Pakistan in England, 2006 Test Series Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Once again Cook was overlooked in the one day series.<ref name="pak06avg">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006/PAK_IN_ENG/STATS/NWS_2006_ODI_AVS.html|title=NatWest Series [Pakistan in England], 2006 Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> At the end of the season he was again awarded the Young Player of the Year award as well as being shortlisted for ICC Emerging Player of the Year.<ref name="ecb">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/stats/player-profiles/player-profile.html?PplayerProfileHandle=com.othermedia.ecb.model.PlayerProfileHandle-L-55|title=ECB profile|publisher=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]]|access-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601211825/http://www.ecb.co.uk/stats/player-profiles/player-profile.html?PplayerProfileHandle=com.othermedia.ecb.model.PlayerProfileHandle-L-55|archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref>

As well as the one day series against Pakistan, Cook was overlooked for the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006 Champions Trophy]] squad. However, he was named for the [[2006–07 Ashes series]] touring party and when Trescothick pulled out once again due to stress, Cook re-earned a spot as an opener for the foreseeable future.<ref name="trescashes">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6146688.stm|title=Trescothick to miss Ashes series|date=14 November 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> In the disastrous 5 Test whitewash, Cook failed to impress in the first two Tests, but during a two-day warm-up he retired with a century and afterwards remained adamant that he and England would make a turn around in the series.<ref name="ashesturn">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6168017.stm|title=Cook hopes for series turn-around|date=11 December 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> With England desperately chasing 577 runs, or a draw to not lose the Ashes, Cook stayed at the crease for over six hours, lasting almost all of the fourth day to earn his maiden Ashes century (119) before being caught behind off [[Glenn McGrath]] just shy of three overs before the close of play. This was his fourth Test century before turning 22, no England player had scored more than two by the same age.<ref name="breed">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/606/A18231770|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419232110/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/606/A18231770|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|title=Cook a rare breed|last=Brett|first=Oliver|date=17 December 2006|publisher=BBC |access-date=27 February 2009}}</ref> With only three other batsmen scoring double figures, England lost the Test and the Ashes<ref name="ashes3">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ausveng/engine/match/249224.html|title=3rd Test: Australia v England at Perth, Dec 14–18 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303074348/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ausveng/engine/match/249224.html|archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> and despite only having an average of 27.6 runs,<ref name="ashes07avg">{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/ENG_IN_AUS/STATS/ENG_IN_AUS_NOV2006-FEB2007_TEST_AVS.html|title=The Ashes, 2006–07 Test Series Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-date=30 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230152013/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/ENG_IN_AUS/STATS/ENG_IN_AUS_NOV2006-FEB2007_TEST_AVS.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cook scored one of only three English centuries on the tour and also on 28 December 2006 in Melbourne, Cook scored his thousandth Test run, the second cricketer to do this in their maiden year, after [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]].<ref name="boil2"/>

For his performances in 2006, he was named in the World Test XI by Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22974786/twelve-06|title=Twelve from '06|date=30 December 2006|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

===2007: West Indies, India and Sri Lanka===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:50%;"
|-
!colspan="7"|'''Cook's results in international matches'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Statsguru / AN Cook/Test Matches|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/11728.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ||Matches||Won||Lost||Drawn||Tied||No result
|-
|Test<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Test victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208141518/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |archive-date=8 December 2012 }}</ref> ||135||57||41||36||0||–
|-
|ODI<ref>{{cite web|title=List of ODI victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102151011/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |archive-date=2 January 2013 }}</ref>
||92||44||44||-||2||2
|-
|T20I<ref>{{cite web|title=List of T20I victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102115307/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |archive-date=2 January 2013 }}</ref> ||4||2||2||–||-||-
|}
After being omitted for the [[Twenty20 International]] against Australia and the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]],<ref name="boil2">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6668693.stm|title=Cook comes back to the boil|last=Thompson|first=Anna|date=18 May 2007|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Cook found himself once again in favour for the [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2007|home series against West Indies]]. Starting at Lord's, Cook found himself among four centurions in the opening innings with Collingwood opposite him once again, being one of only five Englishmen to hit as many centuries in 15 Tests and recorded another half century in the following innings to win his first [[Man of The Match]] award.<ref name="wind100">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6662201.stm|title=Cook hundred puts England on top|last=Brett|first=Oliver|date=17 May 2007|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324233442/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6662201.stm|archive-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="windies107">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/engine/match/258459.html|title=1st Test: England v West Indies, May 17–21, 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209091138/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/engine/match/258459.html|archive-date=9 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> After another half century in the second Test, Cook recorded another half century/century combination in the two innings at Old Trafford, his first innings sixty equating to the team's win margin.<ref name="wind307">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/engine/current/match/258461.html|title=3rd Test: England v West Indies in Manchester, June 7–11, 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Cook was selected for his first Twenty20 International against the West Indies, in a losing effort where he scored 15 runs from 16 balls.<ref name="windt20">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/engine/match/258463.html|title=1st T20I England v West Indies at The Oval, June 28, 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302223458/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvwi/engine/match/258463.html|archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed by a disappointing one-day series for Cook, and England, who averaged 22 in 3 matches.<ref name="wind07">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=2870;team=1;type=series|title=NatWest Series [West Indies in England], 2007 – England|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref>

The following [[Indian cricket team in England in 2007|home series against India]] saw Cook continue his fine Test form despite England not winning a Test. He was the third-highest scoring Englishman with an average of 37.<ref name="ind07avg">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2872;type=series |title=Pataudi Trophy, 2007 |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119205442/http://stats.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2872%3Btype%3Dseries |archive-date=19 January 2008 }}</ref> In the first Test, Cook made scores of 36 and 17 as the match ended in a draw. During the first day of the second Test at [[Trent Bridge]], Cook became the youngest English player to rack up 1,500 Test runs eclipsing the record held by [[David Gower]].<ref name="young1500">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6917618.stm|title=India bowlers put England on rack|last=Lillywhite|first=Jamie|date=27 July 2007|publisher=BBC |access-date=27 February 2009}}</ref> In the first innings of the third Test, Cook made his biggest score of the series, 61 and followed this up with 43 in the second innings to help England secure a draw. Cook played in six of the seven ensuing one-day matches, scoring his maiden ODI century in the first match alongside Ian Bell's 126 not out guiding England to a 104 win victory that propped up England's first one-day series victory since 2005.<ref name="salt">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/08/21/centuries_rub_salt_in_wound_of.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823215055/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/08/21/centuries_rub_salt_in_wound_of.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2007|title=Centuries rub salt in wound of Shah's omission|last=Weaver|first=Paul|date=22 August 2007|work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=27 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="windodi">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/current/match/258471.html|title=1st ODI: England v India at Southampton, Aug 17, 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> After two ducks, Cook was dropped in the final, decisive match.<ref name="windodi6">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/match/258476.html|title=6th ODI: England v India at The Oval, Sep 5, 2007|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="windodi4">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/current/match/258474.html|title=4th OdI: England v India at Manchester, 30 Aug 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref>

After being omitted from the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] Cook rejoined [[English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2007–08|England in Sri Lanka]] making an outstanding contribution in both forms of the game. Starting with another ODI series victory, Cook battled with a stomach virus to top score 47 in a losing match<ref name="sriodi1">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/engine/match/291217.html|title=1st ODI: Sri Lanka v England at Dambulla, Oct 1, 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203100920/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/engine/match/291217.html|archive-date=3 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and went on to be the second-highest scoring batsmen in the series behind [[Chamara Silva]] with 155.<ref name="sriodiavg">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3151;type=series|title=England in Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2007/08|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=1 March 2009}}</ref> Cook also picked up his first ODI Man of The Match award in the fourth game after scoring 80 to help England win by five wickets.<ref name="sri407odi">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/engine/match/291220.html|title=4th ODI: Sri Lanka v England at Colombo, 10 Oct 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> After an unsuccessful first Test, Cook went on to be the top scoring Test batsmen for England too, scoring two half centuries in the second Test and 118 in the third match, at an average of 46.<ref name="sritestavg">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3152;type=series|title=England in Sri Lanka Test Series, 2007/08|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=1 March 2009}}</ref> Up until this tour, Cook had held a strange record of having more Test centuries than half centuries<ref name="arcbio">{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/11728.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809104725/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/11728.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2007|title=Cricinfo Bio (August 2007)|work=[[Cricinfo]]|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=16 April 2009}}</ref> but this century marked his last until March 2009 and Cook came under increasing criticism for his lack of ability to convert fifties to hundreds at the top of the order,<ref name="windies409">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7919144.stm|title=Cook ton helps England earn draw|last=Orstein|first=David|date=2 March 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306074236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7919144.stm|archive-date=6 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> yet maintained an average in the low forties.<ref name="ten100">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/8432300.stm|title=Alastair Cook ton helps England ahead in second Test|last=Lillywhite|first=Jamie|date=28 December 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 December 2009}}</ref>

===2008: New Zealand, South Africa and India===
England's tour of the antipodes continued with the [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 2007–08|tour of New Zealand]] and Cook made a great start in the warm up matches, making a half century<ref name="nzwarm1">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7222337.stm|title=England win New Zealand warm-up|date=2 February 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> followed by an unbeaten 138<ref name="nzwarm2">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7224710.stm|title=Cook hits century in England win|date=3 February 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> the following day in limited overs matches. His style was still considered too slow for the following two Twenty20 Internationals and he failed to continue his form in the first ODI where he fell for 11 as part of an England collapse.<ref name="nzodi1">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300437.html|title=1st ODI: New Zealand v England at Wellington, Feb 9, 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221233127/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300437.html|archive-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nzcollapse">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7234974.stm|title=Kiwis win after England collapse|date=9 February 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009|first=Oliver|last=Brett}}</ref> The second match saw a similar collapse by England where Cook's 52 was the only real contribution until he was run out by regular Essex team-mate [[Ravi Bopara]].<ref name="nzodi2">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300438.html|title=2nd ODI: New Zealand v England at Hamilton, 12 Feb 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221233132/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300438.html|archive-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="propped">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7237278.stm|title=New Zealand thrash awful England |last=Brett|first=Oliver|date=12 February 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> The fourth one-day match saw Cook and [[Phil Mustard]] prop up the innings with an opening stand of 158 before both being dismissed in successive balls, leading to a tied match.<ref name="nzodi4">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300440.html|title=4th ODI: New Zealand v England at Napier, Feb 20, 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221233138/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300440.html|archive-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nztie">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7250928.stm|title=England hit back to tie thriller|last=Stevenson|first=Jonathan|date=19 February 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref>

Although normally known for his slow but focussed repose with the bat, the first Test against New Zealand gave Cook a chance making three sharp catches in the first innings<ref name="catches">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7273490.stm|title=Battling England restrict Kiwis|last=Paresh|first=Soni|date=5 March 2008|access-date=2 March 2009 |work=BBC News }}</ref> and mirroring his efforts with three even more spectacular catches in the second innings, the first two off [[Ryan Sidebottom]] who then went on to make a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] with a final [[Leg before wicket|LBW]],<ref name="hattrick">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7284733.stm|title=Sidebottom fires England comeback|last=Jamie|first=Lillywhite|date=8 March 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> the match itself saw England collapse in the second innings for 110 with Cook being the only other player besides Ian Bell to make it into double figures.<ref name="nztest1">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300442.html|title=1st Test: New Zealand v England, March 5–9, 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917035150/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300442.html|archive-date=17 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Incidentally, Cook's other catch in the second innings was also off Sidebottom to dismiss New Zealand captain [[Daniel Vettori]], a feat the pair reproduced in the second innings of the second Test<ref name="nztest2">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300443.html|title=2nd Test: New Zealand v England, March 13–17, 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> and again in the first innings of the third Test.<ref name="nztest3">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300444.html|title=3rd Test: New Zealand v England, Mar 22–26 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> His batting meanwhile began its long road of decline scoring no more than sixty in the two Tests and falling for only two runs in the final match,<ref name="nztest3"/> though in the second Test he did secure another English record being the youngest Englishman at just over 23 years, to score 2,000 Test runs – again eclipsing Gower;<ref name="young2000">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7293286.stm|title=Ambrose stars as England hit back |last=Paresh|first=Soni|date=13 March 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> two days later he recorded his first Test six after 2047 runs, including 233 boundaries, after an accidental top edge and ruined his chances of beating [[Vijay Manjrekar]]'s 2,308 record.<ref name="six">{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/342543.html|title=Joy of Six|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=15 March 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=16 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418094601/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/342543.html|archive-date=18 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Back [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 2008|home in England]] Cook failed to reproduce his legacy of Lord's centuries. Scoring 61 in the only England innings of the first Test<ref name="nztest4">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvnz/engine/match/296900.html|title=1st Test: England v New Zealand at Lord's, May 15–19, 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207125614/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvnz/engine/match/296900.html|archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was his only score over fifty from the four innings in England's successful series.<ref name="nz08tavg">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3241;team=1;type=series|title=Batting and bowling averages New Zealand in England Test Series, 2008 – England|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref>
His poor form in the long format led to him being omitted for the Twenty20 series and all but the final one-day match.<ref name="nz08avg">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3245;team=1;type=series|title=Batting and bowling averages NatWest Series [New Zealand in England], 2008 – England|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Alastair cook bowl.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Cook bowled his first Test over against South Africa at Lord's.]]

With a year to go before the [[2009 Ashes series|2009 Ashes]], it was imperative for Cook to cement his position as opener in the [[South African cricket team in England in 2008|home series against South Africa]]. Again, at Lord's, Cook made his way comfortably<ref name="sa108bbc">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7497128.stm|title=Pietersen ton puts England on top|last=Lillywhite|first=Jamie|date=10 July 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402030244/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7497128.stm|archive-date=2 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> to a half-century before being dismissed for 60. A high team score, together with a benevolent wicket, saw the fifth day bring Cook's first Test over as a bowler: he conceded just one run.<ref name="sa108">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvrsa/engine/match/296909.html|title=1st Test:: England v South Africa at Lord's, Jul 10–14 2008|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201075513/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvrsa/engine/match/296909.html|archive-date=1 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Cook fell in one innings of each Test between fifty and a hundred, amassing the considerable average of 47 for the series.<ref name="sa08tavg">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3242;type=series|title=Batting and bowling averages Basil D'Oliveira Trophy, 2008 – England|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref>

Once again Cook found himself omitted from the Twenty20 and one-day team both for the home series against South Africa as well as the majority of the [[English cricket team in India in 2008–09|away series in India]], where a string of poor England performances saw him called up for the fifth and ultimately the final match after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|terrorist attacks in Mumbai]].<ref name="summer08absence">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7747952.stm|title=India win despite Pietersen ton|last=Lillywhite|first=Jamie|date=26 November 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411222512/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7747952.stm|archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> When the Tests arrived, Cook continued to notch a half-century in one innings of each match, but was outshone by opening partner Strauss's centuries.<ref name="ind08tavg">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=4472;team=1;type=series|title=Batting and bowling averages England in India Test Series, 2008/09 – England|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref>

===2009: West Indies and Australia===
After India, England [[English cricket team in West Indies in 2009|toured the West Indies]] under the new captaincy of Andrew Strauss after Pietersen's brief tenure [[Kevin Pietersen#England captaincy|ended in controversy]]. Cook was shown still to have the selectors' confidence despite his lack of centuries when he was given the unofficial vice-captaincy before the tour began.<ref name="vicecaptain">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7849875.stm|title=Cook appointed as Strauss' deputy |date=25 January 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129072107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7849875.stm|archive-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="haveago">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/431289.html|title=Cook eager to 'give captaincy a go'|date=27 October 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=27 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030100731/http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/431289.html|archive-date=30 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The title gave him a boost: he went on to score two fifties in the first warm-up match, retiring out in the second innings<ref name="windiestour1">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352670.html|title=Tour Match: St Kitts Invitational XI v England XI at Basseterre, Jan 25–27 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301002920/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352670.html|archive-date=1 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> but contrasted that with a duck in the next tour match.<ref name="windiestour2">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352671.html|title=Tour Match: West Indies A v England XI at Bassetterre, Jan 29–31 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084628/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352671.html|archive-date=2 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, in the First Test he scored four and another duck.<ref name="windies081">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352661.html|title=1st Test: West Indies v England at Kingston, Feb 4–7 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303032233/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352661.html|archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the third Test was abandoned due to the poor quality of the surface, Cook was again beleaguered by his perennial problem: he scored two half centuries against opening partner Strauss's 169.<ref name="windies408">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/390680.html|title=3rd Test: West Indies v England at St John's, Feb 15–19 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305143601/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/390680.html|archive-date=5 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> He seemed to have put it behind him in the first innings of the next Test, however, as he and Strauss put on a record opening stand of 229.<ref name="recordstand">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7908230.stm|title=England on top after Strauss ton|last=Ornstein|first=David|date=26 February 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301180700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7908230.stm|archive-date=1 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Strauss was bowled first for 169 as Cook reached the nineties but fell shortly thereafter for 94.<ref name="windies409b">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352663.html|title=4th Test: West Indies v England at Bridgetown, Feb 15–19 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301131603/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352663.html|archive-date=1 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> After two days' batting on a benign pitch, the West Indies declared on 749 for nine in response to England's 600 for six. Put back in with one day to spare, Strauss fell for 33, but, after 38 innings' and fifteen months' waiting, Cook finally arrived at his eighth Test century, and went on to pass his highest score with an unbeaten 139 before play ended in a draw.<ref name="windies409"/><ref name="windies409b"/> During this innings, Cook also became the youngest Englishman to pass 3,000 Test runs.<ref name="stalemate">{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/content/story/393131.html |title=Cook century ensures the stalemate |last=Miller |first=Andrew |date=2 March 2009 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306222434/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/content/story/393131.html |archive-date=6 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

England returned home, only to [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2009|face the West Indies]] once more. The Second Test took the teams to the [[Riverside Ground|Riverside]] in [[Durham, England|Durham]] where, on a benign surface, Cook battled through the first day. After Strauss fell in the morning session, Cook began a partnership with Ravi Bopara, who had recently been promoted to third in the batting order. Over the first day, the two navigated a slow partnership, both strike rates remaining under 55, but, once Cook reached his ninth Test century, Bopara matched it with his own, culminating in a 213-run partnership at Bopara's fall in the closing overs of the day; Cook ended unbeaten on 126.<ref name="flay">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8047882.stm|title=Cook & Bopara flay ragged Windies|last=Lillywhite|first=Jamie|date=14 May 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=14 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517223001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/8047882.stm|archive-date=17 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> After the second day of play was completely washed out, Cook recorded his first Test 150 and subsequently his then-highest score of 160.<ref name="windies709">{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/380713.html|title=2nd Test: England v West Indies at Durham, May 14, 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=14 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522152527/http://content.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/380713.html|archive-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Omitted from the [[2009 World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] competition, Cook returned to Essex for two moderate county matches but impressive Twenty20 games.<ref name="ash09form">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/5601764/Ashes-2009-England-squad-form-guide.html|title=Ashes 2009: England squad form guide|last=Hoult|first=Nick|date=22 June 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |access-date=28 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627132226/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/5601764/Ashes-2009-England-squad-form-guide.html|archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite being the only Englishman to score a century, or even more than 50, in the first innings of England's warm up match against Warwickshire,<ref name="ash09warm">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8125268.stm|title=Cook shines for below-par England|date=1 July 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> in the first Ashes Test at Cardiff, Cook was the lowest scoring recognised batsman, scoring 10 and 6 – caught in the gully in the first innings, and trapped LBW by [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] in the second.<ref name="ash109">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/current/match/345970.html|title=1st Test: England v Australia at Cardiff, Jul 8–12, 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> Cook bounced back in the second Test at Lord's, batting through to the afternoon session, as he and his captain Andrew Strauss (who scored 161) set the record for the highest opening English partnership at Lord's with 196,<ref name="aus209record">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/current/story/414655.html|title=Strauss ton leads strong England|last=Brown|first=Alex|date=16 July 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=16 July 2009}}</ref> Cook initially scored faster than Strauss but fell short of another Lord's century, trapped again by Johnson for 95.<ref name="aus209bbc">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8151872.stm|title=Strauss century defies Australia|last=Brett|first=Oliver|date=16 July 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=16 July 2009}}</ref>

This partnership, along with Strauss' anchoring throughout the innings, led England to a total of 425 and enabled them to gain a 210-run first-innings lead, aided by three catches from Cook off James Anderson and Stuart Broad. Batting quickly in the second innings to force victory, Cook scored 32 from 54 balls before again falling LBW<ref name="ash209">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/current/match/345971.html|title=2nd Test: England v Australia at Lord's, Jul 16–20, 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=20 July 2009}}</ref> but providing enough for England to cement their first victory over Australia at Lord's since 1934 and second since 1896.<ref name="lords09">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8159247.stm|title=Flintoff inspires England victory|last=Brett|first=Oliver|date=20 July 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=20 July 2009}}</ref>

After this high, the series took a severe downturn for Cook as his only appearance in the third Test was a duck.<ref name="aus309">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/match/345972.html|title=3rd Test: England v Australia at Birmingham, Jul 30 – Aug 3 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=23 August 2009}}</ref> With no second innings to redeem himself, pressure began to mount on Cook for the fourth Test at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] where he anchored himself through half the team before being dismissed half-way through the first innings for only 30, a score which would only be topped by wicket-keeper [[Matt Prior]] as England collapsed to Australia's seam attack, bowled out for 102. Though the team batted better in the second innings Cook again was the fifth man out for another 30 as England succumbed to an innings defeat, with Australia levelling the series needing only to draw at [[the Oval]] to retain the Ashes.<ref name="aus409">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/match/345973.html|title=4th Test: England v Australia at Leeds, Aug 7–9 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=23 August 2009}}</ref> During the fortnight break Cook was among a quintet of players released into the County Championship to increase their form alongside.<ref name="ash09county">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8193968.stm|title=England quintet face county stint|date=10 August 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=23 August 2009}}</ref>

In the first-class match against Middlesex both he and Bopara failed in the first innings, with scores of 4 and 1, but Cook top scored in the second innings with 64 to push Essex towards victory.<ref name="esx09win">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/8201920.stm|title=Cook and Bopara see Essex to win|date=14 August 2009|publisher=BBC |access-date=23 August 2009}}</ref> Of the five released, Cook was among three picked for the final and decisive Oval Test and didn't start well being dismissed with only 12 runs on the board, ten of them his. However, in the field Cook was part of Australia's first innings collapse, taking two catches off [[Graeme Swann]] to dismiss the top scoring opener [[Simon Katich]] and the penultimate wicket of [[Stuart Clark]]. Working with a 172 run lead on the second evening, Strauss and Cook's steady partnership was ended prematurely with Cook dismissed for 9 in his final innings of the series. Despite this Cook ended the series on something of a high in his fielding position at short leg, taking a catch off [[Steve Harmison]]'s second wicket in two balls for the penultimate wicket and then taking the winning catch of a leading edge from the defiant [[Michael Hussey]] for 121 off Swann to seal the Ashes victory.<ref name="aus509">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/match/345974.html|title=5th Test: England v Australia at The Oval, 20–23 Aug 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=23 August 2009}}</ref>

===2009–10: South Africa and Bangladesh===
Cook made his return to international Twenty20 cricket during the tour of South Africa in 2009–10. After scoring 11 runs in the first match,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/engine/current/match/387563.html |title=1st T20I: South Africa v England at Johannesburg, Nov 13, 2009 |publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=15 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114095633/http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/engine/current/match/387563.html|archive-date=14 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cook was handed the captaincy after Paul Collingwood picked up an injury prior to the second match<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/current/story/434639.html |title=Cook to captain as Collingwood ruled out |date=15 November 2009 |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=15 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117053638/http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/current/story/434639.html|archive-date=17 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> but led them to an 84 run loss after posting only 26.<ref name="sa209t20">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/engine/match/387564.html|title=2nd T20I: South Africa v England at Centurion, Nov 15, 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=29 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212013748/http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/engine/match/387564.html|archive-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the second Test he scored a patient 118 after being saved by a third umpire referral at 64.<ref name="ten100"/> This, along with a century from Ian Bell, gave England their only Test win of the drawn series with an innings margin.<ref name="sa209">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/387571.html|title=2nd Test: South Africa v England at Durban Dec 26–30, 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=18 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201140707/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/387571.html|archive-date=1 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite a meagre performance in the rest of the series, it was quickly announced that England's 2010 tour against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] would see Strauss rested, with Cook taking on the captaincy role in the Test and One-Day teams as, what national selector [[Geoff Miller]], "an audition for future engagements".<ref name="standin">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/8464356.stm|title=Alastair Cook stands in for jaded Andrew Strauss|date=18 January 2010|publisher=BBC |access-date=18 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120081427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/8464356.stm|archive-date=20 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his first Test as captain in Chittagong, Cook led the team to a win, despite a strong rearguard from Bangladesh, with the top score in both innings.<ref name="ban110">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/426423.html|title=1st Test: Bangladesh v England at Chittagong, Mar 12–16 2010|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=16 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407034229/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/426423.html|archive-date=7 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scoring a century in the first, in the second innings he accumulated 4,000 Test which coincided with teammate Collingwood achieving the same. At 25 years, 79 days Cook became the youngest Englishman to reach this amount and the second youngest worldwide after Indian veteran [[Sachin Tendulkar]] who was 24 years, 224 days old.<ref name="runs4000">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.mirror.co.uk/cricket/2010/03/4000---thats-the-magic-number.html|title=4000 – that's the magic number|last=Wilson|first=Dean|date=15 March 2010|work=Daily Mirror |location=UK|access-date=15 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317203415/http://blogs.mirror.co.uk/cricket/2010/03/4000---thats-the-magic-number.html|archive-date=17 March 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the second Test, Cook scored the winning runs in a nine wicket win, having scored another century.<ref name="ban210">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/bdeshveng2010/engine/current/match/426424.html|title=2nd Test: Bangladesh v England at Dhaka, Mar 20–24 2010|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=26 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322201613/http://www.cricinfo.com/bdeshveng2010/engine/current/match/426424.html|archive-date=22 March 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> By virtue of being captain, Cook returned to England's ODI squad for the first time since 2008 and led the team as an opening batsmen to a three win whitewash with respectable scores.<ref name="odi">{{cite web|title=Batting records – One-Day Internationals|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/11728.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=5 January 2011}}</ref>

After England's successful tour of Bangladesh, Bangladesh came to [[Bangladeshi cricket team in England in 2010|tour England]] with Strauss returning as captain and Cook being omitted once more for the short format.<ref name=odi/> Cook was unable to reproduce the good form he showed as captain, making scores of seven and 23 in the first Test before being dismissed for 29 in the second Test between the two teams.

===2010–11: Pakistan and Australia===
Later in the summer [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2010|Pakistan toured]] England also. In the first Test Cook was unimpressive, making scores of 8 and twelve, although England went on to win the match by 354 runs. Cook's form did not improve in the next match where he made scores of 17 and four. It took until the fifth Test of the summer and the third Test against Pakistan for Cook to pass 50, scoring 110 in a losing cause against Pakistan. Before then, he had come in for much scrutiny, especially regarding his technique outside off-stump, and many considered his place to be under-threat. His timely century secured his place for the last Test, although he only scored 10 in an innings win by England, further putting his place into question heading into the [[English cricket team in Australia in 2010–11|winter tour of Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Fordyce|first=Tom|title=How Alastair Cook came good|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tomfordyce/2011/01/how_alastair_cook_came_good.html|publisher=BBC |access-date=5 January 2011|date=5 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125033859/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tomfordyce/2011/01/how_alastair_cook_came_good.html|archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ashes 2010-11 Sydney Test final wicket.jpg|thumb|left|Cook and his fellow England teammates celebrate in the field as [[Chris Tremlett]] takes the winning wicket in the [[2010–11 Ashes series]].]]
Although there were still concerns about Cook's form and technique ahead of the [[2010–11 Ashes series]], Cook answered his critics in the best way possible. Following a century in one of the warm-up games, Cook opened his series account with 67 as England won the toss and batted at [[the Gabba]] in [[Brisbane]]. After surrendering a first-innings deficit of 221, Cook fought back with fellow-opener Strauss and [[Jonathan Trott]]. Strauss scored 110 as England scored 188 for the first wicket. With this partnership, Cook and Strauss became England's highest scoring opening partners across their four years together, beating an eighty-year-old record set by [[Jack Hobbs]] and [[Herbert Sutcliffe]]; albeit taking 44 more innings to do so.<ref name="hobbs">{{cite news|last=Ballard|first=Ed|title=The Ashes 2010: Andrew Strauss and Alastair Cook enter record books as England's top-scoring openers|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8165808/The-Ashes-2010-Andrew-Strauss-and-Alastair-Cook-enter-record-books-as-Englands-top-scoring-openers.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8165808/The-Ashes-2010-Andrew-Strauss-and-Alastair-Cook-enter-record-books-as-Englands-top-scoring-openers.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK|access-date=8 December 2010|date=27 November 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Cook was joined by Trott and they scored an unbeaten partnership of 329; Cook recorded his first double-century in first-class cricket, finishing on 235 not out, and Trott scored 135 not out before England declared on 517–1. Cook's 235* overtook [[Don Bradman]]'s record score at the ground and several other records were set in that innings.<ref name=2010records>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2010-11/content/current/story/489641.html|title=Australia v England, 1st Test: Stats – Records galore |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2010-11/content/current/story/489667.html|title=Australia v England: Strauss lauds Cook's 'special innings' |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref>

In the second Test at [[Adelaide Oval|Adelaide]], Cook scored another century,<ref name="ashes210">{{cite news|title=Test match series: Australia v England Friday, 3 December 2010 at Adelaide|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/statistics/scorecards/2010/12/85861/html/scorecard.stm|publisher=BBC |access-date=8 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207044134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/statistics/scorecards/2010/12/85861/html/scorecard.stm|archive-date=7 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> his 15th, which saw him match Bradman in scoring 15 centuries before his 26th birthday. Cook broke [[Wally Hammond]]'s record of runs scored without being out and [[Nasser Hussain]]'s record of most minutes at the crease without being out, before being caught behind off an inside edge for 148 after over 1,000 minutes of being at the crease.<ref name="timeatcrease">{{cite news|last=Marks|first=Vic|title=The Ashes 2010: Alastair Cook again torments Australia as England thrive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/dec/04/ashes-cook-england-australia-second-test|work=The Guardian|access-date=8 December 2010|date=4 December 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121035529/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/dec/04/ashes-cook-england-australia-second-test|archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cook, along with his teammates in a losing effort, performed poorly in the third Test but contributed to an innings victory in the fourth, becoming the series' leading run scorer after scoring 82. In the fifth and final Test, Cook twice survived being given out by debutant [[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]], the first from a no ball and the second (at 99 runs) after the third umpire confirmed the onfield decision that the ball had not carried. Eventually caught by Michael Hussey, his score of 189 saw him reach 5,000 Test runs in his career while in the series alone he amounted over 36 hours at the crease, a world record in a five Test series and an English record even including six Test series, as well as scoring 766 runs to become England's second-highest series scorer behind 906 by Wally Hammond 80 years previous.<ref name="seriesruns">{{cite news|last=Pringle|first=Derek|title=Alastair Cook tames Australia in their own back yard and nurdles his way into English folklore|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8240832/Derek-Pringle-Alastair-Cook-tames-Australia-in-their-own-back-yard-and-nurdles-his-way-into-English-folklore.html|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK|access-date=5 January 2011|date=5 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121063017/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8240832/Derek-Pringle-Alastair-Cook-tames-Australia-in-their-own-back-yard-and-nurdles-his-way-into-English-folklore.html|archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the final Test, Cook was presented with both the Man of the Match and Man of the Series awards.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=5| Cook in the [[2010–11 Ashes series]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/11728.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;series=5540;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Cricinfo statsguru |publisher=Stats.espncricinfo.com |access-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411134342/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/11728.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Bseries%3D5540%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dinnings |archive-date=11 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Venue
! 1st inns
! 2nd inns
! Match result
|-
! 1
| Brisbane
|style="text-align:center"| 67 (168)
|style="text-align:center"| 235* (428)
| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/428749.html Match drawn]
|-
! 2
| Adelaide
|style="text-align:center"| 148 (269)
|style="text-align:center"|
| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/428750.html England won by inns & 71 runs]
|-
! 3
| Perth
|style="text-align:center"| 32 (63)
|style="text-align:center"| 13 (16)
| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/428751.html Australia won by 267 runs]
|-
! 4
| Melbourne
|style="text-align:center"| 82 (152)
|style="text-align:center"|
| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/428752.html England won by inns & 157 runs]
|-
! 5
| Sydney
|style="text-align:center"| 189 (342)
|style="text-align:center"|
| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/428753.html England won by inns & 83 runs]
|-
!colspan=2| Total
|colspan=3| 766 runs, ave. 127.66, 3 centuries, 2 fifties
|}

===2011: World Cup, Sri Lanka and India===
Following England's quarter-final departure from the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]], Andrew Strauss resigned the ODI captaincy and Cook was named his successor, despite not having featured in an ODI since leading the team in Bangladesh. In addition to Cook's promotion, seam bowler [[Stuart Broad]] was named captain of the Twenty20 team and England went into the [[Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2011|home series with Sri Lanka]] with different captains for each format of the game.

In the Test series against Sri Lanka Cook made 133 in the first Test of the series to help England take a 1–0 lead. His good form continues into the next match where he made scores of 96 and 106. In the final match of the series Cook made 55 in his only innings of the match, meaning he had scored two centuries and two half centuries in his four innings. Cook's first game as full-time captain against Sri Lanka at the Oval saw England victorious by 110 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-sri-lanka-2011/engine/match/474467.html |title=England Vs Sri Lanka first ODI 28 June 2011 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=Espncricinfo.com |access-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> England went on to win the series 3–2, with Cook top scoring for England in the series with 298 runs in five matches. This performance also led to an ODI player of the series award.

Cook was expected to be a key player when England met India, with the series winners taking over the world number one spot. Although Cook failed to make a significant score in the first game, England won the match to go 1–0 up. Cook only scored seven runs in the entire match in the next game, although England again won to go 2–0 up. In the third match of the series Cook hit a brilliant 294 to help England win the game by an innings and clinch the World's number one spot. In the final match of the series he made 34 as England won the series 4–0. In the second ODI Cook made an unbeaten 80 to help guide England to victory. After making scores of 23 and 12 in the next two matches, Cook finished off the series in good form, making 50 in the final game as England won by six wickets.

For his performances in 2011, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC and Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22420119/england-dominate-icc-test-team-year|title=England dominate ICC Test team of the year|date=26 August 2011|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2011/content/story/547545.html|title=The teams of the year|date=1 January 2012|website=Cricinfo|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

England then travelled to India for a limited overs series overseas. Cook scored 60 in the first match but England lost by 126 runs. He scored just 13 runs in the next three games, which included being dismissed for a duck. In the final match of the series he returned to form, making 60. However, England again lost and suffered a 5–0 series defeat.

===2012: Pakistan, Sri Lanka and West Indies===
In the winter of 2012, England struggled in Test matches in the sub continent. They were beaten by Pakistan in the first match of the series, with Cook being dismissed for single figures in both innings. He made 94 in the next game, the only time he passed 50 in the tour, but it was not enough to prevent England losing the match and going 2–0 down. Cook was out cheaply in the first innings as England were again bowled out for less than 200, and although he made 49 in the next innings it wasn't enough to prevent another England defeat.

In the first Test against Sri Lanka England's form showed no sign of improving and they lost the first match of the series, with Cook being dismissed for a duck in the first innings. With the pressure on England going into the final match of the two Test series, Cook returned to his best, making 94 in the first innings before hitting an unbeaten 49 to help England level the series at 1–1.

Back at home against the West Indies, Cook continued to perform well, hitting a half century in the first match of the series. England went on to win the match by five wickets. They also won the next match of the series, with Cook performing well and making an unbeaten 43 in England's second innings to help guide them to victory. The final match of the series ended in a draw. After being dismissed for a duck in the first ODI, Cook made a superb 112 in the second to help England win the match by 8 wickets.

===2012–13: South Africa and India===
England struggled in the three match series against South Africa, eventually losing the series 2–0. Cook started the series well, making yet another century in the first innings of the first match between the two teams. However, he was dismissed for a duck in the second innings as South Africa took a 1–0 lead. The next match ended in a draw, with Cook making decent contributions, despite failing to pass fifty. The third match was over shadowed when Kevin Pietersen was dropped following an argument with senior England players. Cook scored just ten runs in the match as England lost to lose the series 2–0 and lose their spot at the top of the Test rankings. Cook had an unsuccessful ODI series, the only 50 he made coming in the final match of the series. England lost the match and series finished 2–2.

[[File:Cook batting, 2013 (1).jpg|thumb|300px|Cook batting during the third Test during the 2013 Ashes in England. England won the series 3–0; it was Cook's first Ashes series as captain.]]
On 29 August 2012, Cook became England's Test captain after previous Test captain Andrew Strauss retired from all forms of cricket.<ref name="bbc._Andr">{{Cite web |title=Andrew Strauss: England captain retires from cricket |work=BBC Sport |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=22 January 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/19408311 }}</ref>

Cook, who captained England in Bangladesh for two Tests in a previous series, took charge of England for the Test series against India in the winter of 2012. In each of the first three Tests – the first a defeat and the second a ten-wicket victory – he scored a century. This, together with a century in each of the aforementioned two Tests in Bangladesh, gave Cook five centuries in five Tests as captain, a record number.<ref name="Pietersen, Panesar put England on victory course">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2012/content/story/592929.html|title=Pietersen, Panesar put England on victory course|last=Hopps|first=David|date=25 November 2012|work=CricInfo|publisher=ESPN|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> His scores on the tour also included 119 and 97 in the warm-up matches. The ten-wicket victory in the second Test was lauded by the media as one of England's greatest victories, and Cook's run of hundreds brought him level with the English Test record for most centuries. On 6 December 2012, Cook became England's leading scorer of centuries after making a hundred against India in Kolkata.<ref name="Pietersen, Panesar put England on victory course"/><ref name=ind312>{{cite web|title=3rd Test: India v England at Kolkata, Dec 5–9 2012|work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2012/engine/current/match/565808.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>

On 7 December 2012 he captained England to its first Test series victory on Indian soil since 1984–85, as well as overtaking Mike Gatting as England's highest ever run scorer in India<ref name="Wisden India">{{cite web |title=England end 28-year drought with 2–1 win |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/england-28-year-drought-2-1-win/40442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203233616/http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/england-28-year-drought-2-1-win/40442 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Wisden India}}</ref> For his performances in 2012, he was named both in the World Test XI and ODI XI by the ICC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22216954/australia-michael-clarke-named-captain-icc-test-team-year|title=Clarke named captain of ICC Test Team of the Year|date=30 August 2012|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dhoni leads ICC's one-day Team of the Year |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ms-dhoni-leads-icc-s-one-day-team-of-the-year-582245 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 April 2024 |date=14 September 2012}}</ref> He was also named in the World Test XI by the Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2012/content/story/599709.html|title=The teams of the year|date=5 January 2013|website=Cricinfo|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

Cook continued his impressive form in the ODI series, scoring 75 in the first match, which helped England win the game. Cook was less impressive in the next two games as India took a lead in the series after winning both games. Cook made 74 in the fourth game but England still lost and India took an unassailable 3–1 series lead. England won the last game meaning the series had finished 3–2 to India, meaning the tour was seen as a success and the transition from Strauss to Cook was seen as a smooth one.

===2013: New Zealand and Champions Trophy===

After the tour of India, Cook led England in New Zealand. In the second ODI, Cook hit 78 to guide England to victory and level the series 1–1. England clinched the series by winning the decider, in which Cook made 46 to secure the series for England. In the first Test match, Cook made a century to help England battle to a draw after a poor showing in the first innings. Cook was not at his best in the final two games of the two, although the nature of the wickets meant that the batsmen found it easy to score runs, and so the series ended 0–0. Despite the pitches, many had expected England to win the series and the draw was seen as a disappointment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/21908103 |title=BBC Sport – New Zealand v England, third Test, day five as it happened |website=bbc.co.uk |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810143928/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/21908103 |archive-date=10 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Cook led England in the 2013 Champions trophy, and they won their first game against Australia. It was also Cook's first game as captain against Australia. Cook made 59 against Sri Lanka, but England lost the game meaning they were not assured of their place in the next round. Cook top scored with 64 as England narrowly beat New Zealand to book their place in the semi-final. After beating South Africa in the semi-finals, England played India in the final in what turned out to be a rain-affected match. Despite restricting India to 129 in 20 overs, England lost the match by 5 runs, leaving them as runners-up.<ref name="bbc._Cham">{{Cite web |title=Champions Trophy: India beat England to win final |work=BBC Sport |date=23 June 2013 |access-date=22 January 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/23015551 }}</ref> Cook was named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21896285/team-tournament|title=Team of the tournament|date=24 June 2013|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

In the first Test against New Zealand on home soil, Cook got made good starts in both innings but was unable to convert these scores past fifty. Despite this England won the Test match. In the second match, Cook returned to form, making 130 and leading England to a 2–0 series win. This meant that England remained undefeated in Test series under Cook, winning two and drawing one. Cook played in the ODI series, despite calls for him to be rested ahead of the Ashes. He made scores of 30, 34 and 0 in the three match series, with England losing 2–1.

===2013–14: Back-to-back Ashes series===
{{Original research|section|date=January 2015}}The 2013 home Ashes series marked Cook's first Ashes series as captain. England went into the series as strong favourites, with Australia recently having parted company with their coach. England won the first Test, with Cook making 50 in England's second innings to help them set Australia a competitive target to win the game. They were bowled out for 296, meaning England won the match by 14 runs. Although Cook only managed 20 runs in the next match, England cruised to victory, winning by 347 runs. The third match ended in a draw, with Cook scoring 62 in the first innings, but being dismissed for a duck in the second. The fourth Test saw England win the series after winning the match and taking a 3–0 series lead. The final match ended in a draw, with Cook failing to pass fifty in either of his innings. Despite this, Cook was generally praised for the way he had led the team. In the ODI series, Cook and Flower decided to rest several of England's Test players to ensure they were fit for the series in Australia. Cook himself played no part in the series, being replaced in the team by Michael Carberry.

England and Cook suffered a complete whitewash when they travelled to Australia for the 2013–14 Ashes series. They were heavily defeated in the first Test, losing by 381 runs. Cook top-scored in England's second innings with 65 but it wasn't enough as England slumped to defeat. The second match saw a similar humiliation as England lost by 218 runs. England surrendered the urn after losing the third Test, giving Australia a 3–0 series lead. Cook, playing in his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test match]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashes 2013-14: Alastair Cook says 100th Test will be his toughest|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/25344985|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=12 December 2013|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> made 72 in the first innings but was dismissed for a platinum duck in the second as England lost their third straight match by over 100 runs. The fourth Test saw Cook make another 50, but it wasn't enough to prevent another heavy defeat. England lost the final match and the series 5–0, with questions being asked of Cook's captaincy. Cook captained England in the ODI series but was unable to make a big contribution as England went 3–0 down. Cook scored 44 in the fourth match as England finally won their first game of the tour. However, they went on to lose the series 4–1. Upon returning from Australia, Andy Flower resigned but Cook vowed to continue as captain and was later backed by the ECB to help to mould a new England team.

For his performances in 2013, he was named as captain of the World Test XI by the ICC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/179021|title=Clarke takes top honours at LG ICC Awards 2013|website=icc-cricket.com|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

===2014: Sri Lanka and India===
Cook continued in his role as captain for the home series against Sri Lanka. In the first ODI of the series he made just 11 runs. He followed this up with an unbeaten 30 in the third match and guided England to a ten wicket victory. He was out for just one in the next match as Sri Lanka levelled the series at 2–2. In the deciding match Cook made 56, his first half century of the summer, although it was not enough to prevent England losing the series 3–2.<ref>{{cite news|last=Samson |first=Pete |url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/sport/other-sports/382097/England-lose-ODI-series-as-Buttler-is-controversially-run-out |title=England lose ODI series as Buttler is controversially run out | Other Sport | UFC, Golf, Cricket, Tennis & More |newspaper=Daily Star |date=4 June 2014 |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref>{{deprecated inline|certain=yes|date=November 2019}}

Cook continued to struggle for form in the Test series against Sri Lanka, scoring 17 and 28 as England drew the game. Cook was also criticised for not declaring earlier and not giving his bowlers enough time to win the game. England lost the next match, with Cook again failing to pass fifty in either innings, with his high score in the match being 33 in the second innings.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen|last=Brenkley |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/england-v-sri-lanka-report-england-lose-incredible-test-on-penultimate-ball-of-the-series-9559819.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625001655/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/england-v-sri-lanka-report-england-lose-incredible-test-on-penultimate-ball-of-the-series-9559819.html |archive-date=2014-06-25 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=England v Sri Lanka report: England lose incredible Test on penultimate ball of the series – Cricket – Sport |newspaper=The Independent |date=24 June 2014 |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Alastair Cook batting 2014.jpg|left|thumb|Cook batting for Essex in 2014]]
Cook went into the Test series against India under pressure following the defeat to Sri Lanka. In the first Test he scored just five runs. However, as the match edged towards a draw, he collected his maiden Test wicket of Ishant Sharma when he was bowling medium pace. Cook's poor form continued in the second Test when he made scores of 10 and 22 as England lost the game to go 1–0 down in the series. On 27 July, in the third Test against [[India national cricket team|India]] at the [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], Cook scored 95 in the first innings which showed that he was getting back in form with confidence before getting out to [[Ravindra Jadeja]]. He then went on to score 70 not out in second innings before declaring as England won the match to level the series. Although he only made 17 in the next match, his captaincy was praised as England won the game by an innings to take a 2–1 series lead. Cook made 79 in the final match of the series, which England again won to seal the series 3–1.

Following the win, Cook revealed he had considered his position as captain but was convinced by his wife to continue. After the first match of the ODI series was rained off, Cook made 19 in the second ODI as England suffered a defeat. They went 2–0 down in the series after losing the next game, although Cook batted well, making 44. He made just 9 in the next match as India clinched the series 3–0. Following the defeat questions were asked over Cook's role in the ODI team. However, the team bounced back to win the final game of the series in convincing fashion, with Cook making 46.

Cook captained England for the ODI tour of Sri Lanka. However, he did not perform well in the first two matches, making scores of 10 and 22 as England lost both games. England won the third match, with Cook making 34, although he was later banned for the next game due to a slow over rate. In the fifth match he scored 20, as England won to keep the series alive. However, they lost the last two games, with Cook making scores of 1 and 32. The 5–2 series defeat lead to questions over Cook's leadership of the team.

On 19 December 2014, Cook was removed as one-day captain, and replaced by [[Eoin Morgan]]. This was primarily due to his poor form in ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30555167|title=Alastair Cook removed as England one-day captain |work=BBC Sport |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

===2015: West Indies and New Zealand===
Cook continued his captaincy of the Test team, having not scored a century since May 2013. In the first Test of the three-Test series, Cook registered scores of only 11 and 13, in an otherwise strong performance from England. The match finished in a draw. Cook took advantage of favourable batting conditions in the following Test, making 76 in an opening partnership of 125 in England's first innings with Jonathan Trott. It was England's first century opening partnership since March 2013, and Cook's innings took him past Alec Stewart to become England's second-highest run-scorer in Tests. In the second innings, Cook made 59* in a comfortable run chase to win the Test by nine wickets and help England to secure 1–0 lead in the three match series. In the third Test in Barbados, Cook scored 105 in England's first innings, his first Test century in almost two years. However he made only 4 in the second innings, as England slumped to 123 all out. West Indies comfortably chased the runs they needed to gain a victory, making the final result for the series 1–1.

The English team then welcomed the [[New Zealand national cricket team|Black Caps]] in May, with the first Test of the two-match series at Lord's. In the first Test, Cook continued his resurgence with his 27th century in Tests, scoring 162 in the second innings as England ultimately made 478 all out. England went on to win the game by 124 runs to go 1–0 up in the series. Cook continued his good form in the second Test. He made 75 in England's first innings as they posted 350 to equal New Zealand's first innings score. New Zealand were able to build up a big lead in their second innings, and although Cook made 56 in the final innings in the match, England lost the match by 199 runs and the series finished tied at 1–1. During the second Test, he became England's leading run scorer in Test matches, as well as the first England player to score 9,000 runs in Tests and the first to score 1,000 Test runs against five different nations.

===2015 Ashes===
Cook captained England in the 2015 Ashes series, and although England won the first game, Cook could only manage scores of 20 in the first innings and 12 in the second. England lost the second Test by 405 runs, but Cook was one of the few England batsman to show any resistance, scoring 96 in England's first innings. With the series level Cook made 34 in England's first innings of the third Test and England went on to win the game by eight wickets. England won the fourth Test by an innings and 78 runs, meaning Cook only needed to bat once, scoring 43 in England's first innings. With the Ashes won, Cook was praised for his captaincy and he gave an emotional interview following the victory. England lost the final match of the series, but Cook was again one of few England batsmen to show any resistance with the bat as he scored 85 in their second innings. Despite the loss, England won the series 3–2 and Cook celebrated his second Ashes win as captain.

===2015: Pakistan===
Cook scored his third double-century and 28th Test ton (263) against Pakistan in first Test at Abu Dhabi in October 2015 in 836 minutes: the longest innings by an Englishman and 3rd longest of all time, facing 528 balls. In doing so he also became the all-time highest non-Asian run-scorer in Asia, overtaking Jacques Kallis' 2,039 runs. Despite Cook's brilliant innings, England were unable to force a victory, running out of time after bad light stopped play. In the second Test Cook scored 65 in the first innings as England posted 242. With England chasing down a big target to win in the second innings, Cook could only manage 10 and Pakistan won the match by 127 runs. England need to win the third Test to have any chance of drawing the series and despite taking a first innings lead which Cook contributed 49 to, Pakistan batted well in the second innings and England were dismissed for 256 in their second innings, meaning they lost the series 2–0, despite Cook scoring 63.

For his performances in 2015, he was named as captain of the World Test XI by the ICC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/182259|title=ICC Test and ODI Teams of the Year 2015 announced|website=icc-cricket.com|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref> He was also named in the Test XI by ESPNCricinfo and Cricbuzz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2015/content/story/956299.html|title=Made in the antipodes|date=1 January 2016|website=Cricinfo|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/76936/cricbuzz-team-of-the-year-2015|title=Cricbuzz Team of the Year 2015 |work=Cricbuzz |date=January 2016 |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

===2015/16: South Africa===
In the Test series against South Africa, Cook made a duck in the first innings of the first Test, but England recovered to post 303. England went on to win the game by 241 runs thanks to a strong bowling performance. In the second Test Cook again failed to make a major impression, scoring just 35 runs in the entire match in what proved to be a high scoring draw. Cook started to show some form in the third Test. He scored 43 in England's second innings total of 74–3, as England won the game by seven wickets after dismissing South Africa for just 83 in their second innings. In the final Test of the series, which England had already won, Cook made 76 in the first innings. However, England collapsed in the second innings and only made 101, with Cook being dismissed for five. Despite this, England won the series 2–1 with Cook captaining England to the historic victory.

===2016: Sri Lanka===
In the first Test against Sri Lanka, Cook could only make 16 but England went on to win the match by an innings and 88 runs. In the second Test, he created history on 30 May 2016 in the second Test against Sri Lanka to become the youngest batsman to score 10000 Test runs beating Sachin Tendulkar's 11-year-old record. The 31-year-old broke the record on the fourth day of the second Test match against Sri Lanka at Chester Le Street. He became the 12th international cricketer to reach the landmark and the first Englishman.<ref name="sportscafe.in">{{Cite web|url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/cricket/2016/may/30/alastair-cook-breaks-sachin-tendulkar-s-record-to-become-youngest-player-to-reach-10000-test-runs|title=Alastair Cook breaks Sachin Tendulkar's record to become youngest player to reach 10000 Test runs|date=30 May 2016|website=SportsCafe.in|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> He scored 47 in England's second innings to help England to a convincing nine wicket victory. In the first innings of the third Test, he scored 85 to help England to 416. He came in down the order for England's second innings after being injured in the field and made an unbeaten 49. Rain on the final day meant the match finished in a draw, with England winning the series 2–0.

===2016: Pakistan===
Cook broke India great [[Sunil Gavaskar]]’s record of 9,607 for the most runs as a Test opener while making 81 against Pakistan in the first Test at Lord's.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/36867205|title=England v Pakistan: Alastair Cook moves level with Donald Bradman with 29th Test century|work=BBC Sport }}</ref> However, Cook could only make eight in the second innings and England lost the opening Test by 75 runs. On 22 July 2016, Alastair Cook equalled Don Bradman's record of having hit 29 Test centuries when he scored 105 on the opening day of the 2nd Test against Pakistan at Old Trafford.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/englands-don-alastair-cook-level-with-sir-bradman-with-29th-test-century/17458171|title=England's Don! Alastair Cook level with Sir Bradman with 29th Test century|date=22 July 2016 }}</ref> He chose not to enforce the follow-on when England were far ahead in the second Test – but was vindicated by an England victory, with Cook scoring an unbeaten 76 in England's second innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2016/07/25/england-v-pakistan-alastair-cook-hits-back-at-critics-in-follow/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2016/07/25/england-v-pakistan-alastair-cook-hits-back-at-critics-in-follow/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=England v Pakistan: Alastair Cook hits back at critics in follow-on row|last1=Hoult|first1=Nick|date=25 July 2016|access-date=3 August 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the third Test he made scores of 45 and 66 and England won by 141 runs to go 2–1 up in the series. However, England lost the final match, with Cook scoring 35 in the first innings before making seven in the second innings as England lost by 10 wickets and the series ended in a 2–2 tie.

===2016: Bangladesh===
In the first Test against Bangladesh, Cook scored 4 in the first innings and then made 12 in the second. Despite his low scores, England won by 21 runs. In the second Test Cook made 14 in the first innings, and although he made 59 in the second, England were bowled out for 164 to lose the match by 108 runs and draw the series 1–1.

===2016: India===
In the first Test against India Cook made 21 in the first innings before making 130 in England's second innings total of 260/3, although England were unable to force a victory, with the match ending in a draw. In the second Test he made 2 in the first innings, before going on to score 54 in England's second innings total of 158, as England lost by 246 runs. In the third Test, Cook made 27 in the first innings before making 12 in the second innings, as England lost the match by eight wickets. In the fourth Test Cook made 46 in England's first innings total of 400, but was out for 18 in the second innings as England were bowled out for 195 and lost the match by an innings and 36 runs. In the final Test, Cook made 10 in the first innings as England scored 477, but India gained a first innings lead after scoring 759/7. Cook made 49 in England's second innings as they were dismissed for 207 to lose by an innings and 75 runs. A month and half after the end of the series, Cook stood down as Test captain, having captained the team in an English record of 59 Tests.

For his performances in 2016, he was named as captain of the World Test XI by the ICC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/the-full-list-of-icc-awards-2016-winners/story-HwiwPQa1CPLmYV6y7hx6vM.html|title=The full list of ICC Awards 2016 winners|date=22 December 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

===2017: South Africa===

The first Test at Lord's was Cook's first under the new captain, [[Joe Root]]. Cook didn't score a century in the series but was reliable with three 50s. England won the 4 Test series 3–1 with the only loss at Trent Bridge. Cook's top scored in the second innings there with 42, with no other England batsmen offering much resistance.

===2017–18 Ashes===
Cook's form slump that had continued through the [[2017–18 Ashes series|2017–18 Ashes]], where he had not scored a half-century in 10 innings, finally came to an end with 104* from 166 balls by the end of day two of the Boxing Day Ashes Test in Melbourne. He went on to [[Carry the bat|carry his bat]] with a double century and put England into a lead of over 100, finishing with 244 not out, the highest Test score by an opener who has carried the bat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10883/game/1072308/australia-vs-england-4th-test-eng-tour-of-aus-and-nz-2017-18|title=Match drawn – Australia vs England 4th Test Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|date=25 December 2017 |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> In December 2018 this record was bettered by New Zealand's [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]], in his score of 264* vs Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/46590860|title=New Zealand v Sri Lanka: Tom Latham carries bat for 264 as hosts dominate|date=17 December 2018|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Cook passed 12,000 Test runs at the remarkably young age of 33 years and 10 days old in the following Test defeat in Sydney, losing the Ashes 4–0. This marked his final Ashes series, and final Test outside England.

===2018: Pakistan, India and international retirement===
After a score of 70 of the first match of the [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2018#Test series|home series against Pakistan]], Cook had another slump in form, scoring a total of 155 more runs in 5 further matches Pakistan and India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532965/alastair-cook-flat-lining-says-concerned-graham-gooch|title=Alastair Cook is 'flat-lining' says concerned Graham Gooch|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> On 3 September 2018, after the conclusion of the fourth Test, Cook announced that his twelve-year international career would end at the conclusion of the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|series against India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/45388727 |title=Alastair Cook: England great to retire from international cricket after fifth Test |work=BBC Sport |access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2018/09/03/alastair-cook-announces-retirement-englands-leading-run-scorer/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2018/09/03/alastair-cook-announces-retirement-englands-leading-run-scorer/amp/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Alastair Cook announces retirement: England's leading run scorer calls time on illustrious 12-year Test career|access-date=2 September 2018|work=Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On the fourth day of the fifth Test (after resuming on an overnight score of 46*), Cook made a score of 147 and in doing so became the fifth batsman to score a century in his first and last Test match and the second batsman to score twin fifties in his first and last Test. When he reached 76 during the innings, he overtook [[Kumar Sangakkara]] to become the fifth-highest run-scorer and the highest-scoring left-hander in Test history.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alastair Cook: England opener bows out at 'the right time' after century v India |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/45471951 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cook in an elite club |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/india-tour-of-england-england-vs-india-fifth-and-final-test-at-kia-oval-day-4/article24918542.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/alastair-cook-final-test-century-highlights-sangakkara-the-oval-india-england/2018-09-10|title=Cook serves up double delight in final dig|website=cricket.com.au|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

==Outside cricket==
Cook has written a column in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''<ref name="buzzing"/> and ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cook|first=Alastair|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/848179-alastair-cook-ready-to-guide-england-to-ashes-glory-in-australia |title=Alastair Cook ready to guide England to Ashes glory in Australia |publisher=metro.co.uk |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=9 December 2012}}</ref> He used his skill with the saxophone to contribute to ''[[Freefonix]]'', a [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]] animated series with music-based adventures.<ref name="bbcpitch" /> Cook has donated his time to various charities including taking part in The Great City Race for [[Breakthrough Breast Cancer]]<ref name="cancerrace">{{cite web|url=http://static.cityrace.co.uk/pdfs/alistair_cook_2.pdf|title=England cricket star Alastair Cook sets the pace for the 2008 Standard Chartered Great City Race|date=1 May 2008|publisher=City Race|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327073938/http://static.cityrace.co.uk/pdfs/alistair_cook_2.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and modelled naked alongside fellow cricketers James Anderson and Stuart Broad to help raise awareness for testicular cancer on behalf of the [[Everyman Campaign]].<ref name="naked">{{cite web|url=http://thevillagecricketer.com/2008/04/09/stuart-broad-james-anderson-and-alastair-cook-naked-for-charity-mate/|title=Stuart Broad, James Anderson and Alastair Cook naked – for charity mate|date=9 April 2008|publisher=The Village Cricketer|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228073656/http://thevillagecricketer.com/2008/04/09/stuart-broad-james-anderson-and-alastair-cook-naked-for-charity-mate/|archive-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also an active patron of the David Randall Foundation, a charity that carries the name of his childhood friend and opening partner at Maldon CC & Essex age group teams. Much of the proceeds from his 2014 Benefit Year went to this charity.

In December 2011, Cook married Alice Hunt, whom he had known since childhood.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/16378557 |title=Alastair Cook's wedding with a difference |work=BBC Sport |date=1 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> The couple have two daughters and one son. He was allowed to miss two [[English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2016–17|tour games in Bangladesh]] to be present at the birth of the second child in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/14/alastair-cook-century-baby-celebration|title=Alastair Cook marks first ton for five months with baby celebration |newspaper=Guardian |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/37375138 |title=Bangladesh v England: Haseeb Hameed, Ben Duckett & Zafar Ansari in tour squad |work=BBC |date=16 September 2016 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/uk-news/2019/02/26/sir-alastair-cook-hails-special-day-after-receiving-knighthood-from-queen/|title=Sir Alastair Cook hails 'special day' after receiving knighthood from Queen |work=Shropshire Star|date=26 February 2019 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

Cook helps maintain a farm near [[Leighton Buzzard]], and has described farming and cricket as the two passions in his life, stating that "They are both my passions and not many people can say what they do for their job or their life is what they love doing all the time".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/20/alastair-cook-describes-how-farming-and-cricket-are-his-two-big/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/20/alastair-cook-describes-how-farming-and-cricket-are-his-two-big/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Alastair Cook describes how farming and cricket are his two big passions|first=Victoria|last=Ward|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 March 2016|access-date=12 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Cook is a fan of hunting and [[deer stalking]].<ref>{{cite web|title=International cricket star Alastair Cook goes deer stalking|url=http://www.shootinguk.co.uk/shooting/deer-stalking/international-cricket-star-alastair-cook-goes-deer-stalking-24129|website=Shooting UK|date=15 June 2012 |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref>

Cook published his autobiography (''Sir Alastair Cook: My Autobiography'') in September 2019 with [[Penguin Books]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Autobiography |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/313923/the-autobiography-by-cook-sir-alastair/9780241401446 |website=[[Penguin Books]] |date=14 May 2020 |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McRae |first1=Donald |title=Alastair Cook: 'Steve Smith is redefining what is possible as a batsman' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/sep/09/alastair-cook-steve-smith-batsman-australia-england-test-cricket |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=9 September 2019}}</ref>

==Achievements==
{{Main|List of international cricket centuries by Alastair Cook}}

===Test cricket===
====Records====
* Youngest Englishman to score 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 Test runs.<ref name="young2000"/><ref name="stalemate"/>
* Youngest player (from any country) to score 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 11,000 and 12,000 runs in Test cricket.<ref name="23c">{{cite news |title=India v England: record-breaker Alastair Cook scores 23rd Test century to put tourists firmly in control of third Test |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9726020/India-v-England-record-breaker-Alastair-Cook-scores-23rd-Test-century-to-put-tourists-firmly-in-control-of-third-Test.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9726020/India-v-England-record-breaker-Alastair-Cook-scores-23rd-Test-century-to-put-tourists-firmly-in-control-of-third-Test.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=6 December 2012 |newspaper=Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=runs8000>{{cite news|first=Mike|last=Selvey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/dec/28/alastair-cook-joins-8000-run-club |title=Ashes 2013–14: Alastair Cook joins 8,000-run club faster than Tendulkar | Sport |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alastair Cook: England captain scores 10,000 Test runs – youngest in history|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/36321836|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 May 2016|date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
* Second opener (after Indian opener [[Sunil Gavaskar]]) to reach over 10,000 Test runs, first opener to reach over 11,000 and 12,000 Test runs.

'''Timeline:'''
*March 2006: 16th Englishman to score a century on his debut,<ref name="boil"/> 5th to combine it with a half century.<ref name="buzzing"/>
*December 2006: Only Englishman to score 4 centuries before his 22nd birthday.<ref name="breed"/><ref name="beard">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/sports_talk/stump_bearders/4783739.stm|title=Stump the Bearded Wonder No 128|last=Frindall|first=Bill|date=11 August 2006|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>
*May 2007: Only Englishman (second worldwide) to score 1,000 runs in maiden year.<ref name="boil2"/>
*December 2007: Only Englishman to score 7 centuries before his 23rd birthday.<ref name="attitude">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/alastair-cook-we-dont-want-an-attitude-of-lets-do-our-two-weeks-and-get-out-of-here-1067115.html|title=Alastair Cook: 'We don't want an attitude of "let's do our two weeks and get out of here"'|last=Viner|first=Brian|date=15 December 2008|work=The Independent |location=UK |access-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221055951/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/alastair-cook-we-dont-want-an-attitude-of-lets-do-our-two-weeks-and-get-out-of-here-1067115.html|archive-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*February 2009: England's record opening stand against West Indies (229 with Andrew Strauss).<ref name="recordstand"/>
*November 2010: England's record partnership in Australia, world record partnership and innings at the Gabba (329 with Jonathan Trott, 235 not out).<ref name=2010records/>
*December 2010: England's record for runs scored and time spent at the crease between dismissals (383 runs in 1,053 minutes).<ref name=timeatcrease/>
*January 2011: World record for time spent batting in a five Test series, second most series runs by an Englishman (2,171 minutes, 766 runs).<ref name="seriesruns"/>
*December 2012: Most Test centuries for England (broke the record at 23 centuries).<ref name=23c/>
*December 2012: First captain worldwide to score a century in first five Tests.<ref name=india2012>{{cite web|title=India v England in numbers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/20756849|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=18 December 2012|date=17 December 2012}}</ref>
*December 2012: England's highest run-scorer in India (866 runs).<ref name=india2012/>
*May 2015: Most Test runs for England (broke the record at 8,901 runs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/9869557/alastair-cook-is-englands-all-time-leading-test-run-scorer|title=Alastair Cook is England's all-time leading Test run scorer|publisher=Sky Sports|date=30 May 2015|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref>
* August 2015: First England cricketer to be involved in 50 Test wins.<ref name="Alastair50testwins">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Batting records-Most Test wins |date=29 December 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208141518/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |archive-date=8 December 2012 }}</ref>
* October 2015: Longest England Test innings (836 minutes), 3rd longest of all time.
* October 2015: Became the all-time highest non-Asian run-scorer in Asia.
* October 2016: England's most capped player in Tests, surpassing [[Alec Stewart]]'s record of 134.
* November 2016: England's most capped Test captain, surpassing [[Mike Atherton]]'s record of 54.
* November 2016: Most Test centuries by England skipper, surpassing [[Graham Gooch]]'s record of 11.
* December 2017: sixth-highest run-scorer in [[Test cricket]], surpassing [[Brian Lara]]'s record of 11,953 runs and reaching 12,000 Test runs.
* June 2018: Most consecutive Test matches of all time, surpassing [[Allan Border]]'s record of 153.
* September 2018: fifth-highest run-scorer in Test cricket and became the highest Test run-scorer among left-handers, surpassing [[Kumar Sangakkara]]'s record of 12,400 runs. He also became only the fifth batsman to score centuries in both his first and last Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/sport/national/16832299.cook-joins-elite-club-after-scoring-century-in-final-test/|website=The NWE Mail|title=Cook joins elite club after scoring century in final Test|date=10 September 2018 }}</ref>
* In 2024, he became the 33rd England player to be honored in the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame|ICC Hall of Fame]], joining the ranks of [[W. G. Grace|WG Grace]], [[Shane Warne]], [[Brian Lara]], [[Ian Botham]], and [[Viv Richards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wallace |first=James |date=2024-10-16 |title=Alastair Cook becomes 33rd England player inducted into ICC hall of fame |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/oct/16/cricket-alastair-cook-england-icc-hall-of-fame |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===International recognition===
*2003
**[[NBC Denis Compton Award]]<ref name="compton">{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/209589.html|title=The NBC Denis Compton Awards|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119223628/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/209589.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2004
**NBC Denis Compton Award<ref name="compton"/>
*2005
**NBC Denis Compton Award<ref name="compton"/>
**[[Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year|CWC Young Cricketer of the Year]]<ref name="cwc05">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/cook-s-cup-runs-over-with-youthful-zest-and-talent-325987.html|title=Cook's cup runs over with youthful zest and talent|last=Llewellyn|first=David|date=10 November 2005|work=The Independent |location=UK |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>
**[[PCA Young Cricketer of the Year]]<ref name="ypa05">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/220257.html|title=Flintoff named Player of the Year...again|date=27 September 2005|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2009}}</ref>
*2006
**NBC Denis Compton Award<ref name="compton"/>
**PCA Young Cricketer of the Year<ref name="ecb"/>
*2011
**[[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the City of London]]<ref name="freedom">{{cite web|title=Cook's latest honour close to home|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-in-australia-2010-11/alastair-cook,312993,EN.html#photos=gallery_%252Fphoto-story.html%253FLphotoId%253D1325686|publisher=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]]|access-date=13 January 2011|date=13 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116044044/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-in-australia-2010-11/alastair-cook,312993,EN.html#photos=gallery_%252Fphoto-story.html%253FLphotoId%253D1325686|archive-date=16 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE)<ref name="mbe"/>
**[[2011 LG ICC Awards|ICC Test Player of The Year]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Jonathan Trott beats Alastair Cook, Tendulkar and Amla to cricket award|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/14887238|publisher=BBC|access-date=13 September 2011|date=12 September 2011}}</ref>
**[[2011 LG ICC Awards#Test Team of the Year|ICC World Test XI]] opening batsman
*2012
**[[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|''Wisden'' Cricketers of the Year]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Nick|first=Hoult|title=Alastair Cook named one of Wisden's cricketers of the year alongside Tim Bresnan, Glen Chapple, Alan Richardson and Kumar Sangakkara|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9196096/Alastair-Cook-named-one-of-Wisdens-cricketers-of-the-year-alongside-Tim-Bresnan-Glen-Chapple-Alan-Richardson-and-Kumar-Sangakkara.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9196096/Alastair-Cook-named-one-of-Wisdens-cricketers-of-the-year-alongside-Tim-Bresnan-Glen-Chapple-Alan-Richardson-and-Kumar-Sangakkara.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=11 April 2012|date=11 April 2012|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
**[[2012 LG ICC Awards#Test Team of the Year|ICC World Test XI]] opening batsman<ref>{{cite web|last=Sport|first=Telegraph|title=New England captain Alastair Cook named in ICC team-of-year|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9508321/New-England-captain-Alastair-Cook-named-in-ICC-team-of-year.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9508321/New-England-captain-Alastair-Cook-named-in-ICC-team-of-year.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=3 December 2013|date=30 August 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
**[[2012 LG ICC Awards#ODI Team of the Year|ICC World ODI XI]] opening batsman<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhoni named captain of ICC ODI team, Kohli, Gambhir in XI|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/cricketnews/dhoni-named-captain-of-icc-odi-team-kohli-gambhir-in-xi/article1-930036.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 December 2013|date=14 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207095225/http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/cricketnews/dhoni-named-captain-of-icc-odi-team-kohli-gambhir-in-xi/article1-930036.aspx|archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref>
*2013
**[[ICC Awards#Men's awards|ICC World Test XI]] captain<ref>{{cite web|title=Alastair Cook & James Anderson on ICC cricketer award shortlist|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/25197082|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=3 December 2013|date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
*2015
**[[2015 ICC Awards#Test Team of the Year|ICC World Test XI]] captain
*2016
**[[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Queen's Birthday Honours 2016|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-queens-birthday-honours-2016|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Cabinet Office|access-date=10 June 2016|date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
**[[ICC Awards#Men's awards|ICC World Test XI]] captain
*2019
**[[Knight Bachelor]]<ref name=NYH>{{cite web|title=The Queen's New Years Honours 2019|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-years-honours-list-2019|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Cabinet Office|access-date=28 December 2018|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{ESPNcricinfo|id=11728}}
*[https://www.wisden.com/players/alastair-cook-3733 Alastair Cook]'s profile page on Wisden

{{England Test cricket captains}}
{{England ODI cricket captains}}
{{England T20I cricket captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Achievements
|list1=
{{ICC Cricket Hall of Fame}}
{{ICC Men's Test Cricketer of the Year}}
{{Batsmen who have scored 10000 Runs in Test Cricket}}
{{Englishmen with 100 or more Test caps}}
{{Compton–Miller Medal winners}}
{{PCA Player of the Year}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, Alastair}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
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Red Fort Archaeological Museum

2026-02-15T17:39:59Z

2fa: put up first article more to come

{{Short description|Museum in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Coord|28.654494|77.243445|display=title}}
[[File:Red Fort 8.JPG|thumb|The Red Fort Archaeology Museum is currently housed in the ''Mumtaz Mahal'']]
The '''Red Fort Archaeological Museum''' is currently located in the ''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]'' of the [[Red Fort]] in [[Old Delhi]], northern [[India]]. The museum contains paintings, artifacts, calligraphy, fabrics and other objects dating from the [[Mughal era]].

== History ==
Originally known as the ''Palace Museum'', this museum dates back to 1911<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=R.V. |date=2011-08-29 |title=Of Mumtaz, a mahal and a museum |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2406190.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2014-02-08}}</ref> when it was located in the ''[[Naubat Khana (Red Fort)|Naubhat Khana]]''. It was later moved to the ''Mumtaz Mahal'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=John |year=1911 |title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon |url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/198 |edition=8th |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink, & Co. |page=198 |isbn=978-1175486417 |access-date=2014-01-25}}</ref> originally used as a [[mess]] by British troops. The museum is now under the aegis of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

Most of the Mughal belongings and jewels of the Red Fort were looted and stolen during [[Nadir Shah's invasion of India]] in 1747 and again after the failed [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against the British. They were eventually sold to private collectors or the [[British Museum]], [[British Library]] and the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. For example, the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond, the jade [[wine cup of Shah Jahan]] and the [[crown of Bahadur Shah II]] are all currently located in London. Various requests for [[restitution]] have been rejected by the British government.<ref>{{cite news| title=Koh-i-Noor Diamond Will Not Be Returned To India, David Cameron Insists| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/02/21/koh-i-noor-diamond-not-returned-india-david-cameron-insists-pictures_n_2732342.html| last=Nelson| first=Sara C.| work=[[The Huffington Post]]| date=21 February 2013| access-date=2013-07-27}}</ref> The museum, therefore, is only able to show a very small fraction of Mughal property and heritage.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_delhi_mumtazmahal.asp |title=Mumtaz Mahal Museum, Red Fort |year=2011 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2013-12-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMEVP-__Z80 amateur video of the Red Fort Archaeological Museum]

[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Red Fort]]

Venu Srinivasan

2026-02-12T03:25:32Z

2fa: enhanced layout for accuracy and corrected details

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Indian patronymic|Venu|Srinivasan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venu Srinivasan
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Venu Srinivasan TVS Motor Chairman.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| known_for =
| education = [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] [[Purdue University]]
| occupation = Industrialist
| years_active =
| height =
| title = Chairman Emeritus of [[TVS Motor Company]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/auto/tvs-appoints-ralf-speth-as-chairman-venu-srinivasan-to-continue-as-md-8053711.html | title=TVS appoints Ralf Speth as chairman; Venu Srinivasan to continue as MD | date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| boards = T. V. Sundaram Iyengar & Sons
| spouse = [[Mallika Srinivasan]]
| children = [[Lakshmi Venu]], [[Sudarshan Venu]]
| relations = [[TVS family]] T. S. Srinivasan (father) [[Prema Srinivasan]] (mother) [[Sheela Balaji]] (sister) [[T. V. Sundaram Iyengar]] (grandfather)
}}
'''Venu Srinivasan''' (born 11 December 1952) is an Indian industrialist, he is the chairman emeritus of two-wheeler manufacturer [[TVS Motor Company]] and auto components manufacturer [[TVS Holdings]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Venu Srinivasan |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/venu-srinivasan-1/ |website=Forbes |access-date=11 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, he serves on the board of [[Tata Sons]] and as one of the vice-chairmen of [[Tata Trusts]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayaraghavan |first1=Kala |last2=Vyas |first2=Maulik |title=Tenures of Tata Trusts vice chairmen extended |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/tenures-of-tata-trusts-vice-chairmen-extended/articleshow/101406712.cms |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 July 2023}}</ref> He received the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian award, in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anand-mahindra-venu-srinivasan-to-be-honoured-with-padma-bhushan-naukri-com-founder-to-get-padma-shri/articleshow/73628195.cms| title=Anand Mahindra, Venu Srinivasan to be honoured with Padma Bhushan; Naukri.com founder to get Padma Shri | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=26 January 2020 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |website=padmaawards.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

He started and oversees Srinivasan Services Trust (SST), a social outreach trust which works in more than 2,500 villages in India.<ref name="machinist_cii">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.tvssst.org
| title = Srinivasan Services Trust
| author = SST
| publisher = SST
| date = 1 April 2015
| access-date = 1 April 2015
}}</ref> Its focus areas are societal development through development of women and children, water conservation, improving livelihoods through agriculture & livestock and preservation & conservation of environment.

Venu was also the chairman, Board of Trustees, of the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]] and has supported restoration work at the complex and several other ancient temples in India. He was also appointed as a non-official director on the Central Board of [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anand Mahindra, Ravindra Dholakia, Venu Srinivasan, Pankaj Patel appointed to RBI Board. |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/anand-mahindra-ravindra-dholakia-venu-srinivasan-join-rbi-board/articleshow/92206061.cms |website=Economic Times |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Venu Srinivasan is the grandson of the TVS Group's founder, [[T. V. Sundaram Iyengar]].<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/money/1999/jul/28venu.htm
| title = 'Indian customer is not aggressive in his demands' (Interview with Venu Srinivasan)
| work = [[Rediff.com]]
| date = 29 July 1999
| access-date = 8 June 2010
}}</ref> He did his schooling at [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai]]. After graduating from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/ceg-alumni-guindy-anna-university-association-petition-6224|title=Why alumni of Chennai's College of Engineering, Guindy are a worried lot today |publisher=Citizen Matters|date=30 August 2018|author=Aruna Natarajan}}</ref> he completed a Master of Science degree in management from [[Purdue University]] in [[Indiana]] (United States).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-07-16 |title=Warwick's doctorate to Venu Srinivasan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/warwicks-doctorate-to-venu-srinivasan/articleshow/780534.cms |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He has received a Doctor of Management by Purdue University and a Doctor of Science by [[University of Warwick]] in [[Coventry]], UK and the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purdue University honours TVS Motor Co's Venu Srinivasan |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/purdue-university-honours-tvs-motor-venu-srinivasan-5645 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>

He became the managing director of Sundaram-Clayton in May 1979. He went on to become the chairman of TVS Motor Company.
In the late 1980s, Venu scripted a turnaround for the two-wheeler maker, which was mired in labour troubles with striking workers, leading to mounting losses. Venu shut the factory down for three months, forcing the unions to relent. He then upgraded plant machinery, invested in new technologies and implemented [[Total Quality Management]] (TQM), a Japanese method of process-driven manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Venu Srinivasan - Doctor of Management - Purdue University |url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2014/Q2/HonDocs-bios/mr.-venu-srinivasan---doctor-of-management.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.purdue.edu}}</ref>

He also brought in Professor Lord [[Kumar Bhattacharyya]] of the University of Warwick as a consultant to provide guidance. In 2001, ending years of partnership with Suzuki, TVS Motor Company split from the Japanese automaker and started manufacturing on its own.<ref name="bw_exec_profile">{{Cite web
| url = http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9429994&ticker=878598
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130118143253/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9429994&ticker=878598
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 18 January 2013
| title = TVS Motor Company Ltd – Executive Profile: Venu Srinivasan
| publisher = BusinessWeek
| access-date = 8 June 2010
}}</ref>

TVS Motor Company re-entered the market by launching TVS Victor – India's first indigenously built four-stroke motorcycle.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/55382/
| title = TVS Targets 24% Of Market Share This Fiscal
| date = 19 August 2002
| publisher = Financial Express
| access-date = 28 November 2011
}}</ref> The launches that followed, set TVS Motor on the path to becoming India's third-largest two-wheeler manufacturer.

Under Venu's leadership as the managing director, Sundaram-Clayton's brakes division won the [[Deming Prize]] in 1998 for having "achieved distinctive performance improvements through application of company-wide quality control".<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=28517
| title = Sundaram Clayton bags Deming Prize
| newspaper = Business Standard India
| publisher = Business Standard
| date = 23 October 1998
| access-date = 8 June 2010
}}</ref> In 2002, TVS Motor Company also won the Deming Prize, becoming the first two-wheeler company in the world to do so.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tvs-motor-bags-deming-award-for-quality-mgmt/60728/
| title = TVS Motor Bags Deming Award For Quality Management
| publisher = Financial Express
| date = 3 November 2002
| access-date = 8 June 2010
}}</ref> In 2019, Venu himself received the Deming Distinguished Service Award, granted to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in the dissemination and promotion of Total Quality Management.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.juse.or.jp/deming_en/award/1281.html|title=2019 Deming Prize Winners|website=Deming Prize}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.juse.or.jp/deming_en/award/1025.html|title=Deming Award definition|website=Deming Prize}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Venu Srinivasan was elected as President of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) year 2009–10.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Announcement |date=2009-03-27 |title=Mr Venu Srinivasan is new CII President |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/mr-venu-srinivasan-is-new-cii-president-109032700118_1.html |access-date=2022-04-29}}</ref> Venu was conferred the coveted Padma Shri Award by the President of India in 2010 for his contributions in the field of trade and industry.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=17 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117004138/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the "Goodwill Envoy for Culture and Diplomacy of the Republic of Korea". He was earlier the Honorary Consul General, Republic of Korea (in Chennai). In 2010, he was honoured by South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]], with the civilian honour, '''Order of Diplomatic Service Merit''', in recognition of his contribution to promoting bilateral relations between South Korea and India.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venu-srinivasan-conferred-award/article94379.ece
| title = Venu Srinivasan Conferred Award
| work = The Hindu
| date = 25 January 2010
| access-date = 19 January 2012
}}</ref>

Asian Network for Quality (ANQ) chose Venu as one of the winners for its Ishikawa-Kano Award for the year 2012, for his contribution to the theory and practice of quality management within TVS Motor Company.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3712269.ece
| title = Venu Srinivasan gets Ishikawa-Kano award
| publisher = Business Line
| date = 1 August 2012
| access-date = 19 January 2012
}}</ref>

Venu was appointed the Honorary Commander of Korean Naval vessel, ROKS Choi Young (DDH-981)<ref>{{cite web |title=Venu Srinivasan appointed honorary commanding officer of Korean naval vessel. |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/venu-srinivasan-appointed-honorary-commanding-officer-of-korean-naval-vessel/article23119655.ece |website=Thehindubusinessline |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref> for his dedication to enhance the friendship and co-operation between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of India. In December 2014, Venu was conferred an [[Honorary Busan citizenship|honorary citizenship]] by the mayor of Busan Metropolitan City, the 2nd largest city in Korea.<ref>{{cite web |title=TVS Chairman conferred honorary citizenship of Busan. |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/TVS-Chairman-conferred-honorary-citizenship-of-Busan/article20933868.ece |website=Thehindubusinessline |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref>

As per Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, dated OCTOBER 09, 2024,Venu Srinivasan is ranked 55th with a net worth of $5.65 Billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 100 Richest |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!Year
!Name
!Awarding organization
!Ref.
|-
|2003
|Star of Asia
|[[Bloomberg Businessweek|Businessweek]]
|<ref name="bw_exec_profile" />
|-
|2004
|Doctor of Science
|[[University of Warwick]]
|
|-
|2004
|Jamsetji Tata Lifetime Achievement Award
|Indian Society for Quality
|<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2009 |title=Mr Venu Srinivasan is new CII President |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mr-venu-srinivasan-is-new-cii-president/353133/ |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|J R D Tata Corporate Leadership Award
|All India Management Association
|<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2005 |title=TVS head Venu Srinivasan bags JRD Tata Award |work=Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-02-04/news/27487519_1_aima-itc-chairman-management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606145039/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-02-04/news/27487519_1_aima-itc-chairman-management |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2012 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Doctor of Science
|IIT, Kharagpur, India
|<ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2014 |title=Honorary Doctorate for TVS Motors' Venu Srinivasan |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Honorary-Doctorate-for-TVS-Motors%E2%80%99-Venu-Srinivasan/2014/05/22/article2237436.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140702044627/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Honorary-Doctorate-for-TVS-Motors%E2%80%99-Venu-Srinivasan/2014/05/22/article2237436.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2014 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|[[Padma Shri]]
|[[Government of India]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma awardees Venu Srinivasan, Manoharan overwhelmed |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3575801 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615170111/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3575801 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |access-date=12 November 2011 |work=MSN News}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|Order of Diplomatic Service Merit
|[[Government of South Korea]]
|<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2010 |title=Venu Srinivasan conferred award |work=MSN News |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article94379.ece |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|Ishikawa-Kano Award
|Asian Network for Quality
|<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2012 |title=Awardees of 2012 Ishikawa-Kano Award |work=ANQ Congress 2012 |location=Hong Kong |url=http://www.hksq.org/anq2012/ika.html |access-date=19 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Doctor of Management
|Purdue University, USA
|<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2014 |title=Purdue University, USA Honours Mr. Venu Srinivasan |work=Purdue University 2012 |location=United States of America |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/purdue-university-honours-venu-srinivasan/article6025359.ece |access-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Honorary Commander of Korean Naval vessel, ROKS Choi Young
|Republic of Korean Navy
|<ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2014 |title=Venu Srinivasan appointed commanding officer of Korean naval vessel |work=Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221911_1_republic-venu-srinivasan-dedication |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121165658/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221911_1_republic-venu-srinivasan-dedication |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Honorary Citizen of Busan City, Republic of Korea
|Busan Metropolitan Council
|<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2014 |title=TVS Chairman Venu Srinivasan conferred honorary citizenship of Busan |work=Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/tvs-chairman-venu-srinivasan-conferred-honorary-citizenship-of-busan/articleshow/45564501.cms |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Goodwill Envoy for Public Diplomacy
|Republic of Korea
|
|-
|2016
|Champion of Champions and Best CEO
|Business Today
|-
|2018
|Life Time Achievement Award
|F A D A
|
|-
|2019
|Deming Distinguished Service Award
|JUSE<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers |url=https://www.juse.or.jp/english/profile/ |website=JUSE}}</ref>
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2020
|Padma Bhushan
|Government of India
|<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=Anand Mahindra, Venu Srinivasan to be honoured with Padma Bhushan; Naukri.com founder to get Padma Shri |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anand-mahindra-venu-srinivasan-to-be-honoured-with-padma-bhushan-naukri-com-founder-to-get-padma-shri/articleshow/73628195.cms |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Man of the Year
|Autocar Professional
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Venu Srinivasan is Autocar Professional's Man of the Year 2021 |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/feature/venu-srinivasan-is-autocar-professional-man-of-the-year-2021-80765}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Outstanding Institution Builder Award
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Outstanding Institution Builder Award |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Kumar-Mangalam-Birla-Gets-Business-Leader-Of-Decade-Award/12-04-2023-472644/}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Criticism ==
Venu Srinivasan has also been criticised on multiple counts when he was the Chairman of Board of Trustees of the Sri Ranganathaswamy temple, Srirangam as head of Thiruppani committee of the Kabaleeswararar Temple, Chennai and a court case is ongoing with regards to unauthorised and illegal demolition of a Siva temple in Thirukurungudi Temple.

'''Widely publicised complaints by Rangarajan Narasimhan, there are multiple FIRs and court cases against Venu Srinivasan:'''
* Illegally being head of trustees, despite not being a hereditary trustee <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/87679087/| title=Rangarajan Narasimhan vs The State Of Tamil Nadu on 19 January, 2022}}</ref>
* Illegally conducting underground research and not involving the ASI <ref name="Scion of TVS Group in trouble">{{cite web | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/scion-of-tvs-group-in-trouble.html| title=Scion of TVS Group in trouble}}</ref>
* Illegal demolition of various statues inside the Srirangam Temple <ref name="Scion of TVS Group in trouble"/>
* Venu Srinivasan was the head of the Thiruppani Committee for the Kabaleeswara Swamy temple, Chennai when the peacock Parvathi idol was stolen. He is on anticipatory bail in the ongoing court investigation<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/nov/29/idol-theft-case-anticipatory-bail-granted-to-venu-srinivasan-1904637.html| title=Idol theft case: Anticipatory bail granted to Venu Srinivasan| date=29 November 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{Tata Group}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Venu}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Tamil billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:TVS Group]]
[[Category:TVS family]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

Suzette Jordan

2026-02-12T03:07:15Z

2fa: further cleaned up page for consistency also and corrected details

{{short description|Indian women's-rights activist}}
{{update|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suzette Jordan
| image = File:Suzette Jordan with her cat.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Suzette Jordan with her cat
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1974|10|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kolkata, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|03|15|1974|10|21|df=y}}
| death_place = Kolkata, India
| other_names =
| occupation = Women’s rights activist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| children = 2
}}

'''Suzette Jordan''' (21 October 1974 – 13 March 2015) was a prominent women's-rights activist and [[Anti-rape movement|anti-rape]] campaigner from [[Kolkata]], [[India]].

==Surviving gangrape in 2012==
On the evening of 6 February 2012, Jordan met five youths ([[Kader Khan]], Md. Ali, Nasir Khan, Ruman Khan and Sumit Bajaj) for the first time at a nightclub in [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] who offered to drop her home, when she was leaving. Soon after, she was gang-raped by the five in a moving car, and later dumped near Exide Crossing, opposite the [[Calcutta Club]]. Around 3.30 am, she boarded a taxi to her residence in [[Behala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-park-street-rape-case-2154310|title=All you need to know about the Park Street rape case|date=10 December 2015|website= dnaindia.com|accessdate=10 September 2020}}</ref>

===Revealing her identity===

In June 2013,<ref name="Suzette - BBC" /> she made the decision to publicly reveal her identity, sharing it with viewers across various news channels. While the media and police initially ensured an information blackout of the victim's name, as is customary in [[Rape in India|India]], she later publicly revealed her identity as 37-year-old and a mother of two, in order to encourage other survivors to speak out.<ref name="Suzette - BBC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31865472|title=Suzette Jordan: India anti-rape campaigner dies after illness|journal=BBC News | date=13 March 2015|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Suzette - NDTV">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/park-street-rape-survivor-suzette-jordan-who-took-on-bengal-government-dies-746256|title=Park Street Rape Survivor Suzette Jordan, Who Took On Bengal Government, Dies|date=13 March 2015|agency=NDTV www.ndtv.com|accessdate=14 March 2015|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref>

After revealing her identity, Jordan said, "Why should I hide my identity when it was not even my fault? Why should I be ashamed of something that I did not give rise to? I was subjected to brutality, I was subjected to torture, and I was subjected to rape, and I am fighting and I will fight."<ref name="Suzette - NDTV" /><ref name="Suzette - BBC 1">{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22999478 | title=Why an India rape victim disclosed her identity | journal=BBC News | date=21 June 2013 | accessdate=13 March 2015 | author=Jha, Rupa}}</ref> At the time of her death, three of the five men accused of raping Jordan inside a moving car had been arrested and were on trial, although they denied the charges. The remaining two, including the main suspect, had not been arrested.<ref name="Suzette - PTI">{{cite news|url=http://us.india.com/news/india/park-street-rape-victim-suzette-jordan-dies-in-kolkata-314829/|title=Park Street rape victim Suzette Jordan dies in Kolkata|date=13 March 2015|agency=Press Trust of India india.com|accessdate=14 March 2015|publisher=us.india.com}}</ref> The names of the accused are Mohommad Ali and Kader Khan (then the boyfriend of [[Nusrat Jahan]]) who were absconding, and Nasir Khan, Ruman Khan (Ruman Khan alias Tussi) and Sumit Bajaj who were in custody.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Good-backgrounds-bad-company/articleshow/11955686.cms|title=Good backgrounds, bad company|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=20 February 2012|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=2016-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120221/jsp/calcutta/story_15159107.jsp#.VmmHQ7iGSko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225070633/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120221/jsp/calcutta/story_15159107.jsp#.VmmHQ7iGSko|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2012|title=Brothers Khan fight rape charge|date=21 February 2012|website=www.telegraphindia.com|publisher=Telegraph India|access-date=2016-06-26}}</ref>

===Outcome of case===
One of the prime accused was Kadir Khan, the then-boyfriend of Bengali television star [[Nusrat Jahan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Park-Street-rape-case-Why-influential-Bengali-actress-Nusrat-Jahan-not-named-in-chargesheet/articleshow/54655060.cms|title=Park Street rape case: Why influential Bengali actress not named in chargesheet ?|accessdate=10 Sep 2020|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/573906/bengali-actor-rape-controversy.html|title=Bengali actor in rape controversy|accessdate=10 Sep 2020|website=deccanherald.com}}</ref> (who later went on to become a [[member of parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] from [[Basirhat]]). Khan was picked up by [[West Bengal Police]] from a hideout in [[Noida]] five years later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/kader-khan-prime-accused-in-park-street-gang-rape-case-arrested-after-nearly-five-years/story-u5Ws1ShdEplNFrQflx0bCP.html|title=Kader Khan, Prime accused in Park street gang rape case arrested after nearly five years|accessdate=10 Sep 2020|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> As of 2020, he remains in prison.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The other accused, Naser Khan, Ruman Khan and Sumit Bajaj, were arrested in February 2012. On 10 December 2015, the city sessions court, [[Kolkata]] found all five of the accused guilty. The accused were convicted under 120 (B) (criminal conspiracy), 506 (criminal intimidation), 323 (voluntarily causing hurt), 34 (common intention), and 376(2)(g) (gang rape). The three accused in custody (Naser, Ruman and Sumit) were sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment, months after the victim died of encephalitis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-park-street-rape-case-all-five-accused-found-guilty-three-convicted-by-kolkata-court-2154075|title=Park Street rape case: Three accused found guilty by Kolkata court|last=Mehta|first=Pooja|date=10 December 2015|website=www.dnaindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/qR8vrujadJxaNuicIoyQGN/Park-Street-rape-case-Kolkata-court-finds-three-accused-gui.html|title=Park Street rape case: Kolkata court finds three accused guilty|last=Sen|first=Shreeja|date=2015-12-10|website=www.livemint.com|access-date=2016-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/12/10/park-street-rape-accused-guilty_n_8767376.html|title=Three Convicted In Kolkata Park Street Gangrape Case|last=Hebbar|first=Prajakta|date=10 December 2015|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/park-street-rape-case-three-convicts-found-guilty-115121000491_1.html|title=Park Street rape case: Three convicts found guilty|date=10 December 2015|website=business-standard.com|access-date=2016-06-26}}</ref>

Four years after the incident, prime accused Kader Khan and Muhammad Ali were arrested on 30 September 2016 in Noida, brought back to Kolkata and produced before the court.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Park Street rape case: Main accused Kader Khan arrested from Delhi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-park-street-rape-case-main-accused-arrested-delhi-344060-2016-09-30|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=30 September 2016 |publisher=India Today|access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Park street gangrape: After four and a half years, prime accused Kader Khan nabbed|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/Park-street-gangrape-After-four-and-a-half-years-prime-accused-Kader-Khan-nabbed/2016/09/30/article3633456.ece|website=www.newindianexpress.com/|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=30 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930114340/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/Park-street-gangrape-After-four-and-a-half-years-prime-accused-Kader-Khan-nabbed/2016/09/30/article3633456.ece|archive-date=30 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In mid-June, 2020, Sumit Bajaj was released 20 months before his sentence ended, for 'good behaviour'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/park-st-gang-rape-convict-released/articleshow/76539815.cms|title=Park Street gangrape convict released|accessdate=10 Sep 2020|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

===Social impact===
The case was widely debated in the media, with some political and social commentators casting aspersions on Jordan's character, and quickly became a political issue. When Jordan originally reported the crime, the [[chief minister]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]], called her a liar and accused her of trying to embarrass the government, a position that provoked national outrage.<ref name="Suzette - PTI"/>

==Later activism==
Jordan became a women's rights activist and briefly worked as a counsellor for a helpline for victims of sexual and domestic violence.<ref name="Suzette - Yahoo">{{cite news | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/how-do-you-survive-being-named-%E2%80%98the-park-street-rape-victim%E2%80%99--054758334.html | title=How Do You Survive Being Named 'The Park Street Rape Victim'? | date=3 July 2013 | agency=Yahoo News India in.news.yahoo.com | accessdate=14 March 2015 | author=Mohan, Shriya}}</ref> She spoke up against the humiliation and discrimination against victims, for instance when she was denied entry into a Kolkata restaurant. She made use of the media, appearing in a talk show, ''Satyamev Jayate'' hosted by actor [[Aamir Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.satyamevjayate.in/Fighting-Rape/EPISODE-1Watchvideo.aspx?uid=E1-EV-V6&lang=hindi|title = Fighting Rape – Salute the Brave|website = www.satyamevjayate.in|access-date = 2016-06-26}}</ref> as well as through [[Facebook]] to highlight societal issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20141013-name-and-shame-805408-2014-10-01|title = Name and shame|last = Banerjee|first = Malini|date = 1 October 2014|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date = 2016-06-26}}</ref>

==Family life and death==
Jordan was a single mother with two daughters. Her grandmother was a school principal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bag |first=Shamik |date=2015-03-13 |title=Being Suzette Jordan |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1X3IzaR15onkSG2LKYFn2J/Being-Suzette-Jordan.html |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> She had been battling a severe form of meningitis, and died at the age of 40, on 13 March 2015, of [[meningoencephalitis]].<ref name = "Suzette - BBC" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jordan, Suzette}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Deaths from meningitis]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Activists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Henry Balfour

2026-02-10T22:43:20Z

2fa: started new post more to come

{{Short description|British archaeologist (1863–1939)}}
{{about||the Scottish politician|Henry Balfour (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAI]]
| image = Henry Balfour.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Balfour published in ''[[Popular Science Monthly]]'', 1904
| birth_date = 11 April 1863
| death_date = 9 February 1939
| workplaces = [[Pitt Rivers Museum]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Oxford]]
}}

'''Henry Balfour''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Haddon | first1 = A. C. | author-link = Alfred Cort Haddon| title = Henry Balfour. 1863-1939 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1940.0010 | doi-access = free| journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 3 | issue = 8 | pages = 108–126 | year = 1940 | s2cid = 192176923 }}</ref> [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAI]] (11 April 1863 – 9 February 1939) was a British [[archaeologist]], and the first curator of the [[Pitt Rivers Museum]].

He was president of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute]], [[Museums Association]], [[Folklore Society]], [[Royal Geographical Society]], and a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB | last1 = La Rue | first1 = Hélène | title = Balfour, Henry (1863–1939) | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/30557}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Henry Balfour was born in 1863 in Croydon, London, United Kingdom.<ref name="Named Collectors: Henry Balfour">{{cite web |last1=Larson |first1=Frances |title=Named Collectors: Henry Balfour |url=https://history.prm.ox.ac.uk/collector_balfour.html |publisher=Pitt Rivers Museum |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> He was the only son of [[Lewis Balfour]] (1833–1885), a silk broker from Croydon, and Sarah Walker Comber (1836–1916).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times|date=30 July 1857}}</ref> He had two older sisters: Edith Balfour (born c. 1859) and Marian Balfour (born c. 1860).

Balfour was educated at [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]] (matriculated 1881–graduated 1885), and took [[Honour Moderations|Honours Mods]] and later the final school of animal [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] in 1885. In 1884, the University of Oxford accepted the collection of ethnological and archaeological specimens made and arranged by General [[Augustus Pitt Rivers]]. Professor [[Henry Nottidge Moseley|H. N. Moseley]], in whose charge the creation of the [[Pitt Rivers Museum]] was placed, invited Balfour, who was one of his students, to assist in the installation of the collection in the new museum building. Moseley had recognized the keen and alert intelligence of Balfour, his love of animals, and his skill as a draughtsman.<ref name="Named Collectors: Henry Balfour"/>

Balfour continued to work under Moseley's supervision until Moseley's death in 1891 when the responsibility for the museum was transferred to Balfour. Balfour was appointed Curator in 1893 and continued in that position until his death. Balfour's work and his collecting grew the museum past the original nucleus of the Pitt Rivers collection. He developed a circle of colleagues from institutions around the world and drew on those relationships to encourage new acquisitions. He travelled extensively and donated a large number of accquisitions to the museum. He also gave lectures to Oxford University students who went on to excellent careers as anthropologists and colonial administrators and who also donated to the museum.<ref name="Named Collectors: Henry Balfour"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry Balfour, F.R.S.: 1863—9th February, 1939. |url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/obituaries/henry-balfour/ |website=therai.org.uk/ |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

Balfour stated in his Presidential Address to the [[Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society]] in 1919:

<blockquote>Arguing from the known to the unknown, these modern survivals of early cultures have been used, as far as possible, to complete the picture of the life and industries of Prehistoric Man. From the combined material derived from ancient and modern times series were created to show, tentatively at any rate, how the more developed types of appliances were arrived at by successive slight improvements from their simple and generalized prototypes. Incidentally these typological series serve to demonstrate the geographical distribution of particular arts, industries, and appliances, a matter which is becoming recognized as increasingly important, as affording valuable clues to the intricate problems of racial dispersal and migration routes, and as supplying evidence of the culture-contact between various peoples not necessarily related to one another.</blockquote>

Balfour went on to say, "In studying the development of human arts, it must not be supposed that progress was effected by a simple process of what is known as 'end-on' evolution, the successive morphological changes following one another in simple unilinear series."<ref name="frs" />

In 1887 Henry married [[Edith Marie Louise Wilkins]], the only daughter of [[Robert Francis Wilkins]] of Kingswear, South Devon. They had one son, Lewis Balfour (1887–1974). The Balfours lived at 11 [[Norham Gardens]], Oxford before moving to [[Langley Lodge]], [[Headington, Oxford]] later in life. A few months after the death of his wife, Balfour died at his home in [[Headington, Oxford]], on 9 February 1939.

== Works ==
Although he only wrote one book, ''The Evolution of Decorative Art'' (1893), Balfour published numerous scholarly articles, often taking a specific type of object – from musical bows to fire-pistons or fishing-kites – and exploring its "evolutionary development" through history and across different cultures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.prm.ox.ac.uk/collector_balfour.html |title=Biography of Henry Balfour |last=Larson |first=Frances |date=August 2005 |work=The Relational Museum |publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]] |access-date=1 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130123940/http://history.prm.ox.ac.uk/collector_balfour.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

* 1888 – "Evolution of a Characteristic Pattern on the Shafts of Arrows from the Solomon Islands". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', May 1888, pp. 328–31.
* 1889 – "Note on the use of elk teeth for money in North America". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', August 1888, p. 54.
* 1889 – "The Fin Whale Fishery in North Lapland". Henry Balfour. ''The Midland Naturalist'', Vol. XII, 1889, pp. 1–14.
* 1890 – "The Old British 'Pibcorn' or 'Hornpipe,' and its Affinities". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', November 1890, pp. 142–54.
* 1892 – "Stone implements from the Malay Peninsula in the Pitt-Rivers Museum". ''Archaeologia Oxoniensis'', December 1892, pp. 1–6.
* 1895 – "Ancient Double Hooks of Bronze". ''Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist'', 1895, pp. 1–3.
* 1897 – "Life History of an Aghori Fakir". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', May 1897, pp. 340–57.
* 1898 – "Notes on the arrangement of the Pitt-Rivers Museum", pp. 1–4.
* 1898 – "Notes on the Modern Use of Bone Skates". ''Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist'', January 1898, pp. 1–9.
* 1898 – "Sledges with Bone Runners in modern use". ''Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist'', October 1898, pp. 1–13.
* 1899 – "The Natural History of the Musical Bow". The Clarendon Press (Oxford University Press), 1899
* 1901 – "Guilloche Pattern on an Etruscan Potsherd". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' No. 4, p. 8.
* 1901 – "Native Smoking Pipes from Natal". Collected by H. D. R. Kingston and described by Henry Balfour. ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', No. 10, pp. 11–12.
* 1901 – "A Swan-neck Boomerang of unusual form". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', March 1901, p. 33.
* 1901 – "Three Bambu Trumpets from Northern Territory, South Australia". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', No. 28, p. 33.
* 1901 – "Memorial Heads in the Pitt-Rivers Museum". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', May 1901, pp. 65–6.
* 1901 – "A Spear-head and Socketed Celt of Bronze from the Shan States, Burma". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', July 1901, pp. 97–8.
* 1902 – "The Goura a stringed-wind musical instrument of the Bushmen and Hottentotts". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', January–June 1902, Vol. XXXII, pp. 156–75.
* 1903 – "On the Method employed the Natives of N.W. Australia in the Manufacture of Glass Spear-heads". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', May 1903, p. 65.
* 1903 – "Thunderbolt Celts from Benin". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', No. 102, pp. 182–3.
* 1903 – Review of Mead "The Musical Instruments of the Incas", Henry Balfour. ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', No. 112.
* 1904 – "Presidential Address". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', January–June 1904, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 10–19.
* 1904 – "Musical Instruments from the Malay Peninsula", in ''Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology, Part II'', edited by [[Nelson Annandale]], pp. 1–18.
* 1904 – "Presidential Address to the Anthropological Section B.A.A.S. (British Association for the Advancement of Science).", Cambridge 1904, pp. 1–12.
* 1905 – "Presidential Address". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', January–June 1905, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 12–19.
* 1905 – "A Double-headed Club from the Fijian Islands". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' February 1905, p. 17.
* 1905 – "Bird and Human Designs from the Solomon Islands, illustrating the influence of one design over another". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' June 1905, pp. 81–3.
* 1905 – "Musical Instruments of South Africa", B.A.A.S. (British Association for the Advancement of Science) Report 1905. pp. 1–2 (Section H – South Africa, 1905).
* 1906 – "Note upon an implement of Palaeolithic type from the Victoria Falls, Zambesi". ''Journal of the Anthropological Institute'', January–June 1906, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 170–1.
* 1906 – Flint-engraved pottery from the ruins at Khami and Dhlo Dhlo, Rhodesia. ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' 1906 – No. 11, pp. 1–3.
* 1907 – "Haida Portrait Mask". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' January 1907, p. 1.
* 1907 – "The Friction-Drum". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (JRAI), January–June 1907, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 67–92.
* 1909 – "The Origin of West African Crossbows", Henry Balfour. ''Journal of the African Society'', Vol. VIII, No. XXXII, July 1909, pp. 338–56.
* 1909 – "Presidential Address, Museums Association" . ''Museums Journal'', July 1909, pp. 5–18.
* 1909 – "The Indian Collection at South Kensington", letter Henry Balfour. ''The Times'' 23 February 1909.
* 1910 – "Archaeological and Ethnological Research in South Africa". ''The Times'', 5 November 1910, pp. 1–16.
* 1912 – "Notes on a Collection of Ancient Stone Implements from Ejura, Ashanti". ''Journal of the African Society'', Vol. XII, No. XLV, October 1912, pp. 1–16.
* 1912 – "The Wart-Hog", letter from Henry Balfour. ''Country Life'', 9 November 1912, p. 656.
* 1913 – "Kite Fishing", in ''Essays presented to William Ridgeway on his Sixtieth Birthday, 6 August 1913'', edited by [[E. C. Quiggin]], published by the Cambridge University Press, pp. 583–608.
* 1914 – "Frictional Fire-Making with Flexible Sawing-Thong". ''Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute'', January–June 1914, Vol. XLIV, pp. 32–64.
* 1915 – "Note on a new kind of fish-hook from Goodenough Island. D'Entrecasteaux Group, New Guinea". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' February 1915 – No. 9, p. 1.
* 1916 – "Origin and Relationship of Hani, Tewha-Tewha and Pou-Whenua". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', No. 108, p. 181.
* 1917 – "Ceremonial Paddle of the Kalabari of Southern Nigeria". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' April 1917 – No. 44, pp. 1–2.
* 1917 – "Ceremonial Paddle of the Kalabari of Southern Nigeria". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' April 1917, No. 44, pp. 57–8.
* 1917 – "Some types of native hoes, Naga Hills". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' July 1917 – No. 74, pp. 1–3.
* 1917 – "Willow Wand Whistles", letter from Henry Balfour. ''Times Literary Supplement'', 29 March 1917.
* 1917 – "Ethnological Suggestions in regard to Easter Island or Rapanui" ''Folk-Lore'', December 1917, pp. 355–381.
* 1918 – "Some specimens from the Chatham Islands". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' October 1918 – No. 80, pp. 1–4.
* 1919 – "An Eskimo Week-Calendar". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' June 1919 – No. 47, pp. 1–2.
* 1919 – "Presidential Address" . ''Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society'', Vol. LXV (1919), pp. xxiii–xxxiii.
*—. 1920 – "The Rushbrook Painted Coat", letter from Henry Balfour. ''Country Life'', 31 January 1920.
*—. 1921 – Foreword to ''The Sema Naga 1921'' by J. H. Hutton.
*—. 1921 – "The Statues of Easter Island". Folklore, Vol. XXXII, No. 1, 31 March 1921, pp. 70–2.
*—. 1921 – "Varieties of the Common Gannet". ''British Birds'' Vol. XV, No. 4, 1 September 1921.
*—. 1921 – "The Archer's Bow in the Homeric Poems". Huxley Memorial Lecture 1921, pp. 1–20.
*—. 1922 – "Earth Smoking-Pipes from South Africa & Central Asia". R''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' May 1922 – No. 45, pp. 1–5.
*—. 1922 – "Hose, Charles (1863–1929)", in Dictionary of National Biography, 1922–30, pp. 948–950.
*—. 1923 – "Musical Instruments in the Charterhouse Museum". ''Greyfriar'', Vol. VIII, No. 111, 1923.
*—. 1923 – "The Welfare of Primitive Peoples – Presidential Address", ''Folk-Lore'', March, 1923, pp. 12–24.
*—. 1924 – "The Geographical Study of Folklore – Presidential Address", ''Folk-Lore'', March, 1924, pp. 16–25.
*—. 1925 – "The Status of the Tasmanians among the Stone Age Peoples". Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, Vol. V, Part I, 1925, pp. 1–15.
*—. 1926 – Foreword to ''The Ao Naga'' by J. P. Mills
*—. 1926 – "Ceremonial Fire-making in the Naga Hills. Reprinted from ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' June 1926, pp. 1–3.
*—. 1926 – "Risso's Grampus off the Pembrokeshire Coast". ''The Field'', 5 August 1926
*—. 1927 – "Coup-de-Poing". ''Nature'' 119 1927 (pp. 490–1). Two letters one W. J. Sollas (University College, Oxford) and the other a reply Henry Balfour.
*—. 1927 – "Fishing in Homer", two letters from Henry Balfour. ''The Times Literary Supplement'' 2 June 1927 and 30 June 1927
*—. 1929 – "Stone Implements of the Tasmanians and the Culture-Status which they Suggest". ''Report of the Hobart Meeting 1928 of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science'', pp. 314–322.
*—. 1929 – "South Africa's contribution to prehistoric archaeology". Presidential Address to the Anthropology Section, British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) report 1929, pp. 1–12.
*—. 1929 – "Concerning Thunderbolts". ''Folk-Lore'' Vol. XL, No. 1, 31 March 1929, pp. 37–49.
*—. 1929 – "Obituary – Sir [[Charles Hercules Read]], July 6, 1857 – February 11, 1929". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', April 1929, No. 48, pp. 61–2.
*—. 1929 – Foreword to booklet on the Hausa people.
*—. 1932 – "An ingenious primitive". Letter to the editor from Henry Balfour. ''Country Life'', 10 December 1932.
*—. 1932 – "Thorn-lined Traps in the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' March 1932 – No. 77, pp. 1–3.
*—. 1932 – "Notes on the Composite Bow from Hunza". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'', No. 196, p. 161.
*—. 1934 – "Occurrence of 'Cleavers' of Lower-Palaeolithic type in Northern Nigeria". ''MAN: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science'' No. 25, pp. 21–24.
*—. 1934 – "The Tandu industry in Northern Nigeria and its affinities elsewhere". ''Essays Presented to C. G. Seligman'', 1934, pp. 5–18.
*—. 1937 – "Address at the Annual General Meeting", of the Society held on 18 October 1937, the President (Henry Balfour). ''Geographical Journal'', Vol. XC No. 6, December 1937, pp. 489–497.
*—. 1937 "Spinners and Weavers in Anthropological Research". Frazer Lecture, published by Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press) in 1938, pp. 1–19.

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Attribution
[[File:PD-icon.svg|12px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]:  {{Cite journal | last1 = Haddon | first1 = A. C. | author-link = Alfred Cort Haddon| title = Henry Balfour. 1863-1939 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1940.0010 | doi-access = free| journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 3 | issue = 8 | pages = 108–126 | year = 1940 | s2cid = 192176923 }}

==External links==
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
*{{NPG name}}

{{RGSPresidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balfour, Henry}}
[[Category:Archaeologists from London]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:People from Croydon]]
[[Category:People associated with the Pitt Rivers Museum]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Folklore Society]]

Kundara Johny

2026-02-07T23:46:26Z

2fa: brief refine formatting for consistency and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian actor (1951–2023)}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kundara Johny
| birth_name = Johny Joseph
| image = KUNDARA_JOHNY.jpg
| occupation = Actor
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1952|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam|Quilon]], [[Travancore–Cochin]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2023|10|17|1952|01|01}}
| death_place = Kollam, [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = Stella Johny
| parents = Catherine (Mother)
| children =
| years_active = 1979–2023

}}

'''Johny Joseph''', better known by the stage name '''Kundara Johny''' (1 January 1952 – 17 October 2023), was an Indian actor in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He additionally performed in [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] films such as ''Vaazhkai Chakram'' and ''[[Nadigan]]''.

==Early life==
Johny made his debut, at the age of 23, through the 1979 Malayalam movie, ''[[Nithya Vasantham]]'', playing a 55-year-old character.<ref>{{cite web|title=സിനിമയില്ലെങ്കില്‍ സാമൂഹ്യപ്രവര്‍ത്തനം|url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/250225?page=0,0|publisher=mangalamvarika.com|access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Johny was married to Stella, a Hindi professor at [[Fatima Mata National College]], [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/11/03/stories/2004110301010200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223005457/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/11/03/stories/2004110301010200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-02-23 |title=Life Thiruvananthapuram : An act of valour |date=2004-11-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-09-15}}</ref> He died of a heart attack at a private hospital in [[Kollam]], on 17 October 2023, at the age of 71.<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/17/actor-kundara-johny-no-more.html Actor Kundara Johny dies at 71]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-actor-kundara-johny-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-at-71-in-kerala-2450380-2023-10-18|title=Malayalam actor Kundara Johny dies of cardiac arrest at 71|date=18 October 2023 |publisher=India Today}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1979 || ''[[Agniparvatham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Nithya Vasantham'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhukan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1980 || ''[[Rajaneegandhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nattuchakkeruttu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Meen'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''Karimpana'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1981 || ''Urukkumushthikal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thushaaram]]'' || Cap. Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Parankimala]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Visham]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Karimpoocha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aayudham (1982 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Tharattu]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1982 || ''[[Angachamayam]]'' || Sony ||
|-
| ''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]'' || S.I. Jacob ||
|-
| ''[[Vidhichathum Kothichathum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chilanthivala]]'' || Inspector Harris ||
|-
| ''[[Varanmaare Aavashyamundu]]'' || Gunda ||
|-
| ''[[Komaram (film)|Komaram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1983 || ''[[Ee Yugam]]'' || Vaasu ||
|-
| ''[[Himam]]'' || Gireesh ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Madapravinte Katha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paalam (1983 film)|Paalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]]'' || Rasheed ||
|-
| ''[[Onnu Chirikku]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1984 || ''[[Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram]]'' || Raghavan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Enganeyundashaane]]'' || Suresh ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Painkilikatha]]'' || Nandakumar I.A.S ||
|-
| ''[[Thathamme Poocha Poocha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swanthamevide Bandhamevide]]'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''[[Unaroo]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Athirathram (film)|Athirathram]]'' || Govindankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
| ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]'' || Gopinath ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1985 || ''[[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]]'' || Gunda ||
|-
| ''[[Angadikkappurathu]]'' || Anthony Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[Paara (film)|Paara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellarikka Pattanam]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''Mukhayamanthri'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Innoru Naal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Black Mail (1985 film)|Black Mail]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Idanilangal]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Karimpinpoovinakkare]]'' || Kunjachan ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1986 ||''[[Vartha]]'' || Francis ||
|-
| ''[[Adiverukal]]'' || Kootuvadi Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Niramulla Ravulkal]]'' || Contractor Peethambaran ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Kathorthirikkum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Onnu Randu Moonnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nilaavinte Naattil]]'' || Inspector John ||
|-
| ''[[Urukku Manushyan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ardha Raathri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajavinte Makan]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnistham Ennishtam]]'' || Achu ||
|-
| ''[[Ithile Iniyum Varu]]'' || Rajesh ||
|-
| ''[[Aavanazhi]]'' || CI Alex George ||
|-
| ''[[Nyayavidhi]]'' || Vareeth ||
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Kannukal]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Padayani (film)|Padayani]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1987 || ''[[Naalkavala]]'' || Sub Inspector Andrews ||
|-
| ''[[Vrutham]]'' || Harindran ||
|-
| ''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]'' || Dr. Rajan Thomas ||
|-
| ''Kayyethum Doorathu'' || ||
|-
| ''Ajantha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theekattu]]'' || James ||
|-
| ''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ithrayum Kaalam]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Samayamayi]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' || Nambiar's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1988 || ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' || Driver Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Abkari]]'' || Peethambaran ||
|-
| ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' || Police Inspector Narayana Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Mukthi]]'' || James ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1989 || ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedom]]'' || Parameshwaran ||
|-
| ''[[Carnivel]]'' || Pocker ||
|-
| ''[[Ammavanu Pattiya Amali]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' || Gopala Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' || Aringodar's Sishyan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1990 || ''Aaram Vardil Aabhayandhara Kalakam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mukham]]'' || Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Arhatha]]'' || Achu ||
|-
| ''[[Shubhayathra]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Appu (1990 film)|Appu]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1991 || ''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]'' || C.I George ||
|-
| ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]'' || Hemachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Nayam Vyakthamakkunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Balram]]'' || CI Alex George ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1992 || ''[[Kallan Kappalil Thanne]]'' || Cheenkanni Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Thalastaanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyaprathinja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaram]]'' || Commissioner Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1993 || ''[[Devaasuram]]'' || Ashokan ||
|-
| ''[[Koushalam]]'' || C.I. Thomas Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers]]'' || Ettuveettil Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Samooham]]'' || Anto ||
|-
| ''[[Chenkol]]'' || Parameshwaran ||
|-
| ''Thalamura'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni]]'' || Bhargavan ||
|-
| ''Kulapathi'' || Antappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kabooliwala]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Injakkadan Mathai & Sons]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1994 || ''[[Chukkan]]'' || Ganapathi ||
|-
| ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Betaaj Badshah'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sagaram Sakshi]]'' || K.K. Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1995 || ''[[Spadikam]]'' || Maniyan ||
|-
| ''[[Sindoora Rekha]]'' || Circle Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Freddy ||
|-
| ''Radholsavam'' || Katturan ||
|-
| ''Keerthanam'' || ||
|-
| ''Rajakeeyam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Indian Military Intelligence]]'' || Captain Sharma/Akbar ||
|-
| ''[[Sakshyam]]'' || Major ||
|-
| ''[[Kusruthikaatu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1996 || ''Hitlist'' || ||
|-
| ''Swarnakireedam'' || ||
|-
| ''Chhote Sarkar'' || || Hindi film
|-
| ''Kanjirappally Kariachan'' || Kalloorkaadan Koshi ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Aaraam Thampuran]]'' || Appan's henchmen ||
|-
| ''Vamsam'' || Palakkunnel Thommichan ||
|-
| ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Chandrashekharan ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Samaantharangal]]'' || Roy ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1999 || ''[[Bharya Veettil Paramasukham]]'' || Ramabhadran ||
|-
| ''[[Thachiledathu Chundan]]'' || Thankayya Mooppan ||
|-
| ''[[Crime File]]'' || Pappachan ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Dada Sahib]]'' || Inspector Ashokan ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Saivar Thirumeni]]'' || Bhaskara Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''Www.anukudumbam.com'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari]]'' || Kunju Raman ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' || IG Rajan Koshy IPS ||
|-
| ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' || Customs Assistant Collector Venugopal ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Madhuchandralekha]]'' || Shanmugham ||
|-
| ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]'' || DYSP Alex George ||
|-
| ''[[Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2007 || ''[[Avan Chandiyude Makan]]'' || Bhargavan M.L.A. ||
|-
| ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Khaki (2007 film)|Khaki]]'' || S.P Mahesh ||
|-
| ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' || Commissioner Aravindakshan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 ||''Jubilee'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Roudram]]'' || DYSP Habeeb ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kutty Srank]]'' || DySP Mathai ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiriraja]]'' || Chandrashekharan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || ''[[Ninnishtam Ennishtam 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Venicile Vyapari]]'' || C.I. Nambeeshan ||
|-
| ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]'' || Rajeevan ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Sthalam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[My Fan Ramu]]'' || Commissioner Sathyasheelan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''Swaha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Konthayum Poonoolum]]'' || Sandeep Mohan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]'' || DYSP Paul ||
|-
| ''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]'' || Superintendent of Police ||
|-
| ''ATM'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''Payyamvalli Chanthu'' || ||
|-
| ''Cellphone'' || ||
|-
| ''Popcorn'' || Sam Christy ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Vallikkudilile Vellakkaran'' || Kaimal ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''Thelivu'' || Retired Jail Superintendent ||
|-
| ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99'' || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Meppadiyan]]'' || Jacob ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2007
||[[Kireedam (2007 film)|''Kireedam'']]
|
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2010
|''Rowdyism Nasinchal''
|
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|1991
|[[Modada Mareyalli|''Modadha Mareyalli'']]
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Channel
|-
|2011
|''Kadhayile Rajakumari''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2017
|''Nilavum Nakshatrangalum''
|[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2017
|''CBI Diary''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2018-2020||''Bhadra''||[[Surya TV]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0426958}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Johny&limit=65 Johnny at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johny, Kundara}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Basai Muhammadpur

2026-02-07T00:41:00Z

2fa: starting the stub basic info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basai Muhammadpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Basai Muhammadpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Basai Muhammadpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.07901|N|78.40691|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.226
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5055
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basai Muhammadpur''' ({{IAST|Basaī Muhammadpur}}), also spelled '''Basai Mohammadpur''', is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located south of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 5,055, in 839 households.

== Geography ==
Basai Muhammadpur is located south of Firozabad, to the east of a small stream called the [[Ganda Nala]]. The land to the west of the village is cut up by ravines that lead to the Ganda Nala. To the southwest, near a small hamlet called Anta ki Marhaiya, the Ganda Nala flows into the [[Yamuna]]. East of this is a large patch of dense [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]] woodland that forms part of the Firozabad Reserved Forest. This forest is due south of Basai Muhammadpur itself, between the village and the Yamuna. Another dense patch of forest is located to the northwest of Basai Muhammadpur, on the other side of the Ganda Nala. The areas north and east of Basai Muhammadpur, though, are dominated by open farmland. To the east of Basai Muhammadpur is the village of [[Anandipur Karkauli]], while to the northeast are [[Nurpur Kutubpur]] and the market village of [[Bilahna]].<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Basai Muhammadpur had a population of 5,055, in 839 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.9% male (2,726) and 46.1% female (2,329). The 0–6 age group numbered 1,022 (545 male and 477 female), making up 20.2% of the total population. 888 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 17.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Basai Muhammadpur as having a population of 2,766 people (1,525 male and 1,241 female), in 514 households and 514 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|192–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Basai Muhammadpur as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 2,146 people (1,135 male and 1,011 female), in 403 households and 306 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 2,286 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Basai Muhammadpur had 3 primary schools and 1 primary health centre. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Maa Exchange

2026-02-04T21:11:22Z

2fa: Starting New Info

{{Short description|Indian reality TV show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
'''''Maa Exchange''''' is a [[Hindi language]] Indian [[reality television]] series which premiered on 12 January 2011 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan30.php|title=Sony launches Maa Exchange|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|date=6 January 2011}}</ref> The series is produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] of UTV Software Communications.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2011/maa-exchange-first-drama-unfolds-110111.html|title=Maa Exchange: first drama unfolds|publisher=Sampurn Wire - OneIndia Entertainment|date=11 January 2011}}</ref>
The show is hosted by television actress [[Surekha Sikri]].

"Maa Exchange" is an Indian version of the show "[[Wife Swap (British TV series)|Wife Swap]]", where wives are exchanged. But to suit the Indian sensibilities, the concept has been changed to swap mothers instead.{{fact|date=June 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-tv-stub}}

{{Wife Swap}}
{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Visapur Dam

2026-02-04T18:59:22Z

2fa: started new article

{{Infobox dam
| name = Visapur Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Visapur Dam D01010
| dam_crosses = Hanga river
| location = Srigonda
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2692|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|26|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|130|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1936<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Visapur_D01010 | title=Visapur D01010 | access-date=March 26, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|33320|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|0|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8035565|74.5827484|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Visapur Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Hanga river near Srigonda, [[Ahmednagar district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|26|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2692|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|130|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|33320.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2011-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmednagar district topics}}

[[Category:Dams in Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1936]]
[[Category:Earth-filled dams]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]

Ame Badha

2026-01-24T05:38:17Z

2fa: basic rework details for consistency and fixed typos for clarity

{{short description|1935 Gujarati humorous novel by Dhansukhlal Mehta and Jyotindra Dave}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = yes
| name = {{Lang|gu-latn|Ame Badha}}
| image = File:Ame Badha.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Cover Page
| author = {{plainlist|
* [[Dhansukhlal Mehta]]
* [[Jyotindra Dave]]
}}
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Comic novel|humorous novel]]
| set_in = [[Surat]]
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| published = 1935
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 20524493
| dewey = 891.477
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''{{Lang|gu-latn|Ame Badha}}''' ({{IPA|gu|əme bə.dʰã|pron|}}; {{translation|We All}}) is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Comic novel|humorous novel]] co-authored by [[Dhansukhlal Mehta]] and [[Jyotindra Dave]], published in 1935. It is widely considered to be the second humorous novel in [[Gujarati literature]], after ''[[Bhadrambhadra]]'' (1900) by [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]]. The novel presents the story of protagonist Vipin from his birth to marriage.

==Origin==
Gujarati writer [[K. M. Munshi]] suggested that the authors, Dhansukhlal Mehta and Jyotindra Dave, write a humorous novel for his publication ''Gujarati''. They agreed, and used to frequent Munshi's office and sometimes a restaurant to discuss the novel. Initially, the five chapters of the novel were serialized in ''[[Gujarati (magazine)|Gujarati]]''. When ''Gujarati'' was cancelled for unknown reasons, the novel was re-serialized in another magazine, ''[[Kaumudi (magazine)|Kaumudi]]''. It was later published as a book in 1935.<ref name=Lavaria2006>{{cite thesis|last=Lavaria|first=Labhubhai P|title=સ્વાતંત્ર્યોત્તર ગુજરાતી હાસ્ય સાહિત્ય: એક અભ્યાસ|trans-title=Post Independence Gujarati Humorous Literature: A Study|date=31 December 2006|type=Ph. D.|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/47202|chapter=Chapter 4|publisher=Department of Gujarati, [[Gujarat University]]|location=Ahmedabad|pages=95|hdl=10603/47202 }}</ref>

The intent of both writers was to depict a picture of contemporary social life in [[Surat]].<ref name=Choudhuri2011>{{cite book|editor-last=Choudhuri|editor-first=Indra Nath|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: D-H|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hURlAQAACAAJ|volume=II|year=2011|edition=Revised|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delh|isbn=978-81-260-3080-4|page=1287}}</ref>

==Content==
Twenty-seven chapters long, the novel is narrated in [[First-person narrative|first person]]. It does not contain a continuous story, but presents events centered in [[Surat]], the native home of both authors.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Vala |first=Hari |title=ગુજરાતી હાસ્યનવલકથાઓ: એક સમિક્ષાત્મક અધ્યયન |trans-title=Gujarati Humorous Novels: A Critical Study |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/36621 |type=Ph.D |language=gu |year=2011 |chapter=Chapter 2 |publisher=Department of Gujarati, [[Sardar Patel University]] |location=Vallabh Vidyanagar |pages=68|hdl=10603/36621 }}</ref> It offers a humorous account of social life in Surat. The plot follows the life of the protagonist, Vipin, from his birth until after his marriage.<ref name=Choudhuri2011/>

The authors expressed humor through the everyday lives of [[Surat]]i people. The content depicts typical first-hand knowledge of a 'Surat-born and bred' child, with the brush of a caricaturist. The Surati love for kite-flying, the barber's daily visits, the tailor's adventures in cutting and sewing, the washerman's duties, a hundred other rounds of visits of artisans and others are included in the novel. Some of the chapters from novel include the mode of teaching by the orthodox schoolmaster, the confusion at the time of a Surati wedding, the search for the proper bride, etc.<ref name="Jhaveri1956">{{cite book|last=Jhaveri|first=Krishnalal Mohanlal |author-link=Krishnalal Jhaveri |title=Further milestones in Gujarāti literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqxHAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|edition=2nd|publisher=Forbes Gujarati Sabha|location=Mumbai|pages=322}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Reception==
The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]'' mentions that the novel remains an unparalleled classic in the field of Gujarati humorous literature.<ref name=Choudhuri2011/>

==Adaptation==
A telefilm directed by Hridaynath Gharekhan, based on {{Lang|gu-latn|Ame Badha}}, was broadcast on [[DD Girnar]] as an episode on the TV series ''Indian Classics''.{{when|date=May 2018}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddgirnar.com/uploadvideo/indian_classics%20July%202014.pdf#5 |title=INDIAN CLASSIC ARCHIVAL MASTER PROGRAMME DETAILS |publisher=DD Girnar |format=PDF |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> Dhansukhlal Mehta adapted the novel into a [[one-act play]], ''Sari Jatu Surat'' (1942).<ref name="Thaker2008">{{Cite book|script-title=gu:અભિનેય નાટકો (૩૬૦ ગુજરાતી નાટકોની રંગસૂચિ)|last=Thaker|first=Dhirubhai|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] Trust|year=2008|isbn=|edition=2nd|location=Ahmedabad|pages=170–171|language=gu|title=Abhiney Natako (360 Gujarati Natakoni Rangsuchi)|trans-title=Staged Plays (List of 360 Gujarati Plays)|author-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|oclc=945585883}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Google books|id=PqcRAQAAIAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1935 novels]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language novels]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Indian humour]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographical novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:First-person narrative novels]]
[[Category:Collaborative novels]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian magazines]]

2012 Indian Premier League opening ceremony

2026-01-15T12:34:32Z

2fa: minor cleanup

{{Afd-merge to|2012 Indian Premier League|2012 Indian Premier League opening ceremony|15 January 2026}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = 2012 Indian Premier League opening ceremony
| image_name = 2012 Indian Premier League opening ceremony.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| date = {{start date|2012|04|03|19|30||+05:30|df=y}}
| place = [[YMCA College of Physical Education]], [[Chennai]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|13|1|35.6|N|80|14|10.25|E|scale:3125_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| filmed by = [[SET Max]]
}}
The [[opening ceremony]] of the [[2012 Indian Premier League|fifth season]] of [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) took place on the evening of 3 April 2012 in the [[YMCA College of Physical Education]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crickethighlights1.com/ipl-2012/ipl-2012-opening-ceremony-live-streaming-video-3rd-april-2012-911.html|title=IPL 2012 Opening ceremony live streaming video 3rd April 2012|publisher=CricketingHighlights1.com|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621091934/http://crickethighlights1.com/ipl-2012/ipl-2012-opening-ceremony-live-streaming-video-3rd-april-2012-911.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ceremony was designed by [[Wizcraft Entertainment]], and began at 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], lasting almost two and half hours.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/news/IPL-2012-Opening-Ceremony-Lengthy-Bollywood-style-ceremony-launches-IPL-5/articleshow/12520718.cms|title=IPL 2012 Opening Ceremony: Lengthy Bollywood style ceremony launches IPL 5|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 April 2012|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="ipl">{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/news/2012/announcements/414/kareena-kapoor-spices-up-ipl-opening-nite|title=Kareena Kapoor spices up IPL Opening Nite|publisher=Indian Premier League|date=21 March 2012|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827031518/http://www.iplt20.com/news/2012/announcements/414/kareena-kapoor-spices-up-ipl-opening-nite|archive-date=27 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tickets for the ceremony were priced at {{INRConvert|1500}} and were available online at the official website of the IPL from 16 March 2012.<ref name="ipl"/><ref name="amit"/> Similar to the previous versions, the [[Captain (cricket)|captains]] of the nine participating teams took the "[[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] Spirit of Cricket" pledge.<ref name="ipl"/> Various [[Bollywood]] actors, dancers, and musicians performed in the ceremony.<ref name="toi1"/>

==Background==
The event was planned to be held at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], but was shifted to the YMCA College of Physical Education ground.<ref name="toi2"/> The capacity of the YMCA college was lesser than that of the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, and this caused disappointment.<ref name="toi2"/> [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] said that the decision was made because the opening match was to be played at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, and thus they cannot have opening ceremony in it due to risk of the cricket ground getting damaged by the performances.<ref name="toi2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/news/IPL-2012-Opening-Ceremony-Bollywood-stars-promise-glittering-launch-to-IPL-5/articleshow/12510100.cms|title=IPL 2012 Opening Ceremony: Bollywood stars promise glittering launch to IPL 5|agency=[[Times News Network]]|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 April 2012|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> Sabbas Joseph, director of Wizcraft Entertainment, talking about the ceremony stated that, "There will be good things, lots of entertainment and cricket. It's the first time that such a large-scale, separate concert is being organised for the IPL, so big things have been planned."<ref name="cc">{{cite news|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/IPL-2012-Opening-ceremony-set-for-high-dose-of-entertainment/12939|title=IPL 2012: Opening ceremony set for high dose of entertainment|publisher=cricketcountry.com|date=31 March 2012|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402205939/http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/IPL-2012-Opening-ceremony-set-for-high-dose-of-entertainment/12939|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Ceremony==
[[File:Katy Perry - Part Of Me Australian Premiere - June 2012 (4).jpg|thumb|right|[[Katy Perry]] made her maiden performance in India at the ceremony.|150px]]
The ceremony started at 19:30 IST, however the gates were opened at 17:00 IST.<ref name=amit/> A huge cut out poster of [[Salman Khan]] was kept at the YMCA ground prior to the ceremony.<ref name="toi2"/> The ceremony was hosted by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] who had undergone two abdominal surgeries in February 2012.<ref name=amit>{{cite news|title=Amitabh Bachchan to host IPL 5 opening ceremony|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/news/Amitabh-Bachchan-to-host-IPL-5-opening-ceremony/articleshow/12328132.cms|access-date=25 August 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 March 2012|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Earlier he had conveyed a message via Twitter saying, "April 3rd is the day for the opening. Preparing for it already. Getting back into the grind."<ref name=amit/> Media reports suggested that Bachchan will be dancing, however Joseph said that this is unlikely to happen.<ref name="cc"/> He began the ceremony by reciting a poem, "If I were to be born again" by [[Prasoon Joshi]].<ref name="toi1"/> Later, the [[Colonial Cousins]], along with South African band [[First Project]] and [[DJ Ravi Drums]], performed in the ceremony.<ref name="toi1"/> It was followed by [[Priyanka Chopra]] performing with cricketers like [[Harbhajan Singh]] on various songs from her films.<ref name="toi1"/> [[Prabhu Deva]] also performed on songs from his films such as ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' and ''[[Hum Se Hai Muqablah]]''.<ref name="toi1"/>

After that, few members of the [[Chennai Super Kings]]' squad arrived on the stage, and Chopra joined them.<ref name="toi1"/> Later [[Kareena Kapoor]] danced to songs from her films ''[[Ra.One]]'' and ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''.<ref name="toi1"/> The performances of Chopra and Kapoor were choreographed by [[Shiamak Davar]] and his companions.<ref name="cc"/> After the dance performances, the captains of the nine teams took the "MCC Spirit of Cricket" pledge.<ref name="toi1"/> Captain of the defending champions, [[M.S. Dhoni]] placed the trophy on the podium and it was followed by the chairman of IPL, [[Rajiv Shukla]] crediting the players, franchise owners, supporting staff and the spectators for the success of IPL.<ref name="toi1"/> He then formally opened the 2012 IPL, saying, "It gives me a great pleasure to flag off the fifth edition of the DLF Indian Premier League, an arena where quality international and domestic cricketers take part in intense contest of strategy and skill. IPL is a platform where talent meets opportunity."<ref name="toi1"/>

Salman Khan performed on songs from his films ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'', ''[[Bodyguard (Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'', ''Wanted'', ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'' and ''[[Jab Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kiya]]''.<ref name="toi1"/> American pop star [[Katy Perry]] closed the ceremony performing "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]" and "[[California Gurls]]".<ref name="toi1"/> The ceremony ended with fireworks.<ref name="toi1"/>
{{clear}}
{{multiple image
| footer = Performances at the ceremony

| footer_align = center
| width = 180
| align = center
| image1 = IPL 5 pohoto(8).jpg
| caption1 = Prabhu Deva
| image2 = IPL 5 pohoto(10).jpg
| caption2 = Priyanka Chopra
| image3 = IPL 5, opening ceremony (2012).jpg
| caption3 = Kareena Kapoor
| image4 = IPL 5 pohoto(13).jpg
| caption4 = Salman Khan
| image5 =
| caption5 = Colonial Cousins, First Project and DJ Ravi Drums
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.iplt20.com/ Official Website of Indian Premier League]

{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2012 Indian Premier League|Opening ceremony]]
[[Category:Opening ceremonies]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ceremonies in India]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Manipur

2026-01-10T23:34:57Z

2fa: started new entry

{{WikiProject status|inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INMN}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Manipur]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Manipur/to do|to-do list]] there.

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Manipur/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Manipur related. Please add this page to your watchlist and monitor the articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Manipur]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Manipur]] and [[:Category:India]]

==Goals==

# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Manipur-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Manipur.

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Manipur, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Manipur#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
#{{User|Tinucherian}}
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#{{User|Flyingphoenixchips}}
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#{{User|Konchin Tukthaba}} 11:26:42, 3 July 2025 (UTC) 

===Former members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|Buaidh}} 19:04:19, 19 July 2019 (UTC) – WikiProject templates and categories.
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===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Manipur should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Manipur participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Manipur participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Manipur}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Manipur|invite}}
{{yyend}}
For other Manipur user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Manipur user templates]]}}'''.

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Kerala]]

==Portal==
{{Pbox|Manipur|align=left}}{{clear}}

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Manipur]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Manipur notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WP India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Manipur for guidelines.

To use it, place
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at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
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==Stubs==
For stubs about the geography of Manipur, use '''<nowiki>{{Manipur-geo-stub}}</nowiki>'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Manipur geography stubs]] category.

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Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart

2025-12-28T03:42:41Z

2fa:

{{Short description|Conflict and Danish civil war in India, between 1643–1645}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Conflict between William Leyel and Bernt Pessart
| place = [[Indian Ocean]]
| image = {{multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=250|align=center|border=infobox
| image1 = Bernt Pessart expedition 1644.png
| image2 = Danish India 1622-1636.png
| footer ='''Top''': Bernt Pessart's expedition, 1644–1645 '''Bottom''': [[Danish India]], 1622–1636
}}
| image_size = 300
| date = 1643–1645
| territory = All of Danish India accepts Willem Leyel as governor
| result = Leyel victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Bernt Pessart|Pessart loyalist]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} [[Willem Leyel|Leyel loyalist]] {{flagicon|VOC}} [[Dutch Coromandel]] {{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} [[Fort St. George, India|English Madras]] {{flagicon|Portuguese Empire|1667}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Karaikal|Carical]] '''Supported by:''' [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Bernt Pessart]]{{KIA}} {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Jacob Stackenborg]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Niels Andersen (Pessart Loyalist)|Niels Andersen]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Frantz Erkmand]]{{Surrender}} {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Michel Evertsen]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Peter de Sivart]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Marten Jansen]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} [[Willem Leyel]] {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} [[Claus Rytter]] {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} [[Herman Clausen]] {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} [[Jørgen Hanse]]n {{Flagicon|VOC}} [[Anthony van Diemen|Anthony Diemen]] {{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} [[Francis Day (Madras)|Francis Day]] {{flagicon|Portuguese Empire|1667}} [[Antonio Pacheco (Portuguese India)|Antonio Pacheco]]<hr/>[[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]]
| units1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} ''Dend gode Haab'' {{flagicon|Danish India}} Dansborg garrison {{flagicon|Danish India}} ''Den store Charluppe''
| units2 = {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} ''Valby'' {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} ''Christianshavn'' {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} ''Christian''
| strength1 = ~51 1 ship 1 [[barge]] Multiple guns
| strength2 = 70 men 3 ships 1 [[longboat]] 3 guns
| casualties1 = 1 ship Unknown amount of men 36 imprisoned
| casualties2 = Negligible
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| combatant3 =
| commander3 =
| strength3 =
| units3 =
| casualties3 =
}}

The '''Conflict between William Leyel and Bernt Pessart''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]; ''Conflikten mellem Leyel og Pessart'') refers to the tensions and minor [[civil war]] between [[Willem Leyel]] and [[Bernt Pessart]] over the governorship of [[Tranquebar]] and the [[Danish East India Company]]. The conflict led to the escape of Bernt Pessart, and the command at Tranquebar accepted Willem Leyel as governor of [[Danish India]].

== Background ==
During the [[Age of Discovery|Age of Exploration]] various European nations sought to establish themselves in the [[Indian subcontinent]] to expand commerce and trade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |pages=}}</ref> [[Christian IV of Denmark]] ({{Abbr|r|reign}} 1588–1648) sought to expand Denmark's international presence and economy and subsequently established the [[Danish East India Company]] in 1616.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=P. C. |date=June 1974 |title=Sociétés et Compagnies de Commerce en Orient et dans l'Ocean Indien. By Michel Mollat editor. (Actes du Huitième Colloque International d'Histoire Maritime, Beirut, 1966). Paris: S. E. V. P. E. N., 1970. Pp. 731, 8 plates. 62 Francs. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700080281 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=514–515 |doi=10.1017/s0022050700080281 |issn=0022-0507 |s2cid=154693349|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Ostindisk Kompagni {{!}} lex.dk |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Ostindisk_Kompagni |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Den Store Danske |language=da}}</ref> In 1618, on the basis of an un-ratified treaty with [[Senarat of Kandy]], [[Ove Gjedde]] was sent to India to establish a monopol on [[Ceylon]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=P. E. |first=Pieris |url=https://ia800907.us.archive.org/23/items/ceylonportuguese00pier/ceylonportuguese00pier.pdf |title=Ceylon and the Portuguese |publisher=The University of California Los Angeles |year=1920 |pages=197–206 |language=English}}</ref>

Senerat did no longer desire the Danish monopol when Gjedde arrived.<ref name=":02" /> Instead Gjedde succeeded in signing a treaty with the [[Nayak (title)|nayak]] of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|the Thanjavurian kingdom]], which by an annual tribute gave the Danes the right to the small fishing village of [[Tharangambadi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tranquebar, 1620-1845 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/trankebar |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=danmarkshistorien.dk |language=da}}</ref>
[[File:Masulipatam mg 8557.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|View of Masulipatam (Bandar), 1676. [[Roland Crappé]] made Bandar the centre for the company's trade, and Bernt Pessart further made it the official headquarters.]]
During the 1620s and 30's trade flourished, and a far-flung string of Danish factories and outposts were established in [[Bengal]], the [[Coromandel Coast]] and [[Sunda Islands]].''<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |location=Copenhagen |pages=}}</ref>'' Though in the late 1630s and early 40's the company would start to owe large debts, and in response governor Bernt Pessart unsuccessfully made numerous risky voyages to make money.<ref name=":0" /> Pessart would ignore the Danish company's most profitable contacts such as [[Tanjore]] and [[Makassar]], and even Tranquebar which fell into chaos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olsen |first=Gunnar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_8cHQAACAAJ |title=Dansk Ostindien |publisher=Fremad |year=1966 |pages=120–121 |language=Danish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=Rebellerne i Trankebar: Et Stykke Dansk Koloni-Historie |publisher=Gads Dansk Magasin |year=1907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De Danske-Ostindiske Koloniers Historie |publisher=Legare Street Press |year=1907 |volume=I |location=Copenhagen |pages=32–34 |language=Danish}}</ref> Pessart would, in favour of Tranquebar, reside in [[Machilipatnam|Bandar]] which were the center of trade in plain [[Cotton|cotton goods]].''<ref name=":022" />''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Leyel |first=William |url=https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/other/index-creator/149/103799/23436633 |title=Rentekammerafdelingen: Willum Leyels arkiv (1639 - 1648) |publisher=Danske Kancelli |year=1644}}</ref> Here Pessart would become involved in [[diamond trade]].<ref name=":0" />

== Prelude ==
Because of the situation in India, Christian IV sent captain [[Willem Leyel]] to [[Dansborg]] to investigate the company's affairs.''<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/928692.pdf |title=Søhistoriske Skrifter |publisher=Handels- og Søfartsmuseet Kronborg |year=1999 |volume=XXI |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web |title=1639 - 55 - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk |url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582377 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=123hjemmeside.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=1639 - 55 - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk |url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582377 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=123hjemmeside.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> Leyel arrived on 5 September 1643 in Dansborg.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />''<ref name=":1" /> Here he fulfilled his royal orders and investigated Tranquebar; He noticed heavy damage to Fort Dansborg and found the [[warehouse]] empty.''<ref name=":022" />'' Pessart explained that Danborg was no longer of much use, and that the warehouse was emptied to load off two ships that were sent to the Sunda Islands.''<ref name=":022" />''

When Pessart informed Leyel that he was going to [[Machilipatnam|Bandar]], Leyel opted to join because he distrusted Pessart's intentions.''<ref name=":022" />''<ref name=":2" /> When leaving Tranquebar, distrusted Leyel put a couple of men loyal to him on each of Pessart's ships and left others at Dansborg.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />''

=== Joint voyage to Bandar ===
When at sea Pessart insisted to visit the English station at [[Madras]], where he had accounts to settle with [[Francis Day (Madras)|Francis Day]].''<ref name=":32" />'' Here they stayed in four days, until Leyel got impatient and gave orders to sail.''<ref name=":022" />'' When Pessart heard they were about to weight anchor he was obligated to get on board, yet was furious at Leyel's decision.''<ref name=":32" />''<ref name=":2" /> On 25 September they reached Bandar,<ref name=":1" /> Leyel was pained to hear about the debts and credits of the Danish Company in the town.''<ref name=":022" />'' Leyel and Pessart then continued to Emeldy.''<ref name=":32" />'' Here on 10 October Pessart tried to get the vessel, ''The Bengali Prize'' nearer to shore so it could unload, yet it [[ran aground]] and was badly damaged.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />'' Pessart carelessly put up a tent and began to drink{{Multi image
| image1 = Routes during the conflict between Pessart and Leyel (September to October 1643).png
| caption1 = September–October, 1643
| header = Sea campaigns
| total_width = 200
| align = left
| image2 = Routes during the conflict between Pessart and Leyel (April to June 1644).png
| direction = vertical
| caption2 = April–June, 1644 {{legend|#FF5E5E|Routes of Willem Leyel}}{{legend|#4C83D6|Routes of Bernt Pessart}}{{legend|#D6CF4C|Joint routes}}
}}

== Conflict ==
One night several men secretly came to Leyel and told him that Pessart was planning to take ''Valby'' and sail off with his men.''<ref name=":022" />'' In response on 28 October Leyel sent Jørgen Hansen with eight unarmed men over to ''Valby'' where they went on board and cut the cable.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />'' This move was a minor risk; If Pessart had found out what was happening, he might have came out of his tent with his 20 armed men and a fight might have occurred, which Leyel wished to avoid.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />''

With the intent to arrest Pessart, Leyel went ashore and advanced on Pessart's tent with a party of armed men.''<ref name=":32" />''<ref name=":2" /> Yet when they entered the tent, they found out that Pessart had already fled with 16 men.''<ref name=":2" />'' Leyel found out, that Pessart not only had intentions to seize ''Valby'' but also to set Leyel's ship, ''Christianshavn'', on fire.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />''

=== Chase of Pessart ===
Leyel immediately sent off Jørgen Hansen with a longboat and a strongly armed crew to try overtake Pessart's [[barge]].''<ref name=":32" />'' Hansen did overtake Pessart during the night and shouted to Pessart that he must return and declare his arrest, to which Pessart shouted that he would rather die.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />'' Hansen now gave orders to fire on Pessart's barge, yet the heavy sea made it hard to aim properly.''<ref name=":022" />'' Hansen pursued Pessart all the way to the [[Pedapulivarru]] [[reef]], where he would give up because of Pessart's readiness to fight.''<ref name=":32" />'' Pessart would continue down to Dansborg.''<ref name=":022" />''<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Fort Square, From The South Side Of The Parade, Fort St. George - British Library X768-2(5).jpg|thumb|[[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Madras]], by William Orme]]
Leyel and his men would stay at Emeldy during [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]], while Pessart would reach the [[Santhome]] and later Dansborg.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />'' Leyel reached [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] in early April and received a warm reception by Francis Day.Fort St. George.''<ref name=":32" />'' On June 11, 1644, Leyel, with ''Christianshavn'' and ''Valby'', reached Dansborg,<ref name=":1" /> yet the city showed no sign of life.''<ref name=":022" />''<ref name=":2" /> Unsure of the situation, Leyel sent letters to the commander at Dansborg, Jacob von Stackenborg, and [[chaplain]], Niels Andersen with no response.''<ref name=":32" />'' Leyel suspected that Pessart had ordered to close to fort to Leyel and his men, and therefore Leyel wrote in one of his letters:
{{Blockquote|text=''You may be sure that i will use even the most extreme measures, as is meet and proper, and to perform which i shall not lack the means ... To punish rebels and perjurers, as both the [[Dutch India|Dutch]] and the [[British India|English]] have promised me every assistance; still, i hope that it will not prove necessary to resort to such extreme measures.''<ref name=":022" />|author=Willem Leyel}}After some time Leyel was still denied access to Tranquebar, and was therefore in need of fresh provisions, so he left for [[Karaikal]],<ref name=":1" /> where he would send Portuguese Antonio Pacheco to Dansborg for negotiations.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":2" /> Pacheco was not well received in Dansborg, and when Leyel again anchored near Dansborg, Pacheco would successfully try to sail out to him, though under fire from Dansborg.''<ref name=":022" />''<ref name=":32" />

=== Siege of Dansborg ===
{{Main|Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg}}
[[File:Tranquebar 1790 - Peter Anker (1744–1832) - Kulturhistorisk museum, UiO - UEM4452 (cropped).jpg|thumb|View of Tranquebar and its fortifications, 1790, by [[Peter Anker]]]]
Since Dansborg was still seald off, Leyel went ashore on June 22 with 70 armed men and two guns.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />'' He was received well by the local inhabitants and the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]], who feed his soldiers and offered to help.''<ref name=":022" />'' The siege lasted for some time. Finally the commander, Frantz Erkmand came out and admitted that there now was a [[shortage]] of almost everything in Dansborg.''<ref name=":2" />'' Erkmand would surrender on the terms that he would be [[pardon]]ed, which Leyel accepted.''<ref name=":022" />''<ref name=":2" />

Leyel now inspected the town and fort to which he concluded that it had been left by Pessart in poor conditions.''<ref name=":022" />'' As response to the poor conditions and {{Multi image
| image1 = Danish India 1643-1669.png
| caption1 = Danish settlements, factories and trading routes in India during Wilem Leyel's regime.
| header = Danish India 1643-1669
| total_width = 250
| align = left
}}
conflict with Pessart, he summoned a coincil meeting which ended in the recognition of Leyel as the new governor.''<ref name=":32" />''<ref name=":2" />

== Aftermath ==
{{See also|Ambush near the Bay of Manila|Skirmish at the Strait of Malacca}}Meanwhile, Pessart had left for [[Japan]],<ref name=":1" /> though he was [[Skirmish at the Strait of Malacca|intercepted by the Dutch]] of the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca Strait]].''<ref name=":32" />''<ref name=":1" /> Pessart would be imprisoned for 6 month, after which he would be sent on a joint Dano-Dutch expedition to the [[Spanish Philippines]].''<ref name=":2" />'' When Leyel got word of this, he quickly notified the Spanish governor.''<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":32" />'' Though this would be unnecessary, since Pessart would be [[Ambush near the Bay of Manila|killed by a native]] Filipino near the [[Bay of Manila]].''<ref name=":022" />''<ref name=":1" />

Leyel would now focus on the damages left by Pessart on the Danish Company.''<ref name=":022" />'' He would send annual voyages to the Danish outposts in [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]] and [[Makassar]], and would actively [[Dano-Mughal War|privateer against the Mughal Empire]].''<ref name=":32" />''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}
* {{Annotated link|Ove Gjedde}}
* {{Annotated link|Masulipatnam}}
* {{Annotated link|Conquest of Koneswaram Temple}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Commonscatinline|Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart}}

[[Category:1640s conflicts]]
[[Category:1644 in India]]
[[Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:Feuds]]
[[Category:History of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Wars involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:1640s in Danish India]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]

Bhim Singh (wrestler)

2025-12-26T16:09:00Z

2fa: brief fix section per sources further and updated info

{{short description|Indian wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
|name=
|nickname=
|image =
| image_size =
|caption=
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
|sport=[[Freestyle wrestling]]
|event=
|club=
|coach=
|alma_mater=
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1966 Kingston]]|+97 kg}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1966 Asian Games|1966 Bangkok]]|[[Wrestling at the 1966 Asian Games|+97 kg]]}}
}}

'''Bhim Singh''' is an Indian retired heavyweight freestyle wrestler. In 1966 he won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games and a Gold at the Asian Games, and received the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref name=award/> He should not be confused with fellow wrestlers [[Bishambar Singh]] and [[Bishwanath Singh]] who competed in the same period, but in different weight categories.<ref name=iat/><ref name=com/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=iat>[https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?spid=1B8F1C4F6FEE48C39811CA93C63BEF5E Singh, Bhim (IND)], [https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?spid=3EBCEBF230A4434FA2A4232A649CFC3C Singh, Bishambar (IND)]. iat.uni-leipzig.de</ref>
<ref name=com>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/commonwealth/wrestle.htm COMMONWEALTH GAMES MEDALLISTS – WRESTLING]. gbrathletics.com</ref>
<ref name=award>[http://www.yespunjab.com/info4u/item/48797-list-of-recipients-of-arjuna-awards-in-wrestling-award-for-outstanding-achievement-in-national-sports List of recipients of Arjuna Awards in wrestling]. yespunjab.com</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhim}}
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in wrestling]]

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

Chicken karahi

2025-12-20T15:45:21Z

2fa: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|South Asian dish}}
{{not to be confused with|chicken curry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Chicken Karahi
| image = Punjabi Chicken Karahi.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Chicken Karahi
| alternate_name =
| national_cuisine = [[Pakistan]], [[India]]<ref name="MarquesDhiman2020"/>
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="MarquesDhiman2020"/>
| creator =
| course =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Chicken as food|Chicken]]
| variations =
| calories =
| country = [[Northwestern South Asia]]
| other =
}}
'''Chicken karahi''', or '''chicken kadahi''', is a [[chicken dish]] from [[South Asia]].{{efn-ua|Though the romanization of the [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] ''karahi'' and ''kadahi'' is slightly different, it is the same word in Hindi-Urdu (कड़ाही / کڑاہی), with the same pronunciation. This is because in [[Devanagari]], a [[nuqta]] is added to the letter ड, (ḍa) to produce the sound ड़ (ṛa) in the word कड़ाही, whereas in the Urdu script, the small t̤oʾe diacritic is added to the letter ر (rāʾ) to produce ڑ (ṛe) in the word کڑاہی. The Hindi-Urdu romanization of the dish is variously rendered as '''chicken karahi''', '''chicken kadahi''', '''chicken karai''', or '''chicken kadai'''.}}<ref name="MarquesDhiman2020"/><ref name="HalimRusso2011">{{cite book |last1=Halim |first1=Gloria |last2=Russo |first2=Samantha |title=Healing Foods, Healthy Foods: Use superfoods to help fight disease and maintain a healthy body |date=25 February 2011 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-1-84803-571-3 |language=en}}</ref> It is known as '''gosht karahi''' or '''gosht kadahi''' when prepared with [[Goat meat|goat]] or [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] meat instead of that of chicken.<ref name="Dawn" /> The dish is prepared in a [[karahi]] (a type of wok from the [[Indian subcontinent]]) and can take between 30 and 50 minutes to prepare and cook the dish.<ref name="Elementary Chef">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefoodwonder.com/chicken-karahi/|title=Chicken Karahi – Is this delicacy one of the best dishes in Pakistan?/|date=3 May 2021|access-date=2021-11-18}}</ref><ref name="Dawn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1136573/|title=Food Stories: Mutton karahi/|date=6 October 2014|access-date=2021-11-18}}</ref> Ginger, garlic, tomatoes, green chilli and coriander are key to the flavor of the dish.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-02 |title=Chicken Karahi - Chicken Tomato Curry - Jamil Ghar |url=https://jamilghar.com/chicken-karahi/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> What distinguishes chicken karahi from other curries from the region is that traditionally, it is cooked without onions in the base, and instead uses just tomatoes, ginger and garlic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooks |first=Fatima |date=2020-02-26 |title=Chicken Karahi Recipe |url=https://fatimacooks.net/chicken-karahi-recipe-pictures-tips-authentic/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Fatima Cooks |language=en-US}}</ref> It is usually served with naan, roti or rice. This dish is common in North Indian and Pakistani cuisine.<ref name="MarquesDhiman2020">{{cite book |last1=Marques |first1=Joan |last2=Dhiman |first2=Satinder |title=Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility |date=5 July 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-39676-3 |page=204 |language=en |quote=They serve Pakistani and Indian staples, like chicken karahi, goat curry, and saag paneer (Kinney, 2017).}}</ref>

[[File:Chicken Karahi in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|The dish being prepared in a large [[karahi]], a pot of the Indian subcontinent.]]

== History ==
The [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] word ''karahi'' (a type of pot used in the [[Indian subcontinent]]) derives from the [[Prakrit]] word ''kataha'' (कटाह), being mentioned in the [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karahi |url=https://www.gastronomiac.com/ustensiles_et_vocabu/karahi/ |publisher=Gastronomiac |access-date=10 December 2025 |language=fr-FR |date=2025 |quote=Karahi ou Kadahi vient du mot prakrit Kataha, mentionné dans Râmâyana (*), Sushruta Samhita (**).}}</ref>

Chicken karahi (chicken kadahi) may originate in the [[Punjab region]] of the Indian subcontinent, being famous in the city of [[Lahore]].<ref name="Dawn" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Campion |first1=Charles |title=The Rough Guide to London Restaurants |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-097-8 |page=44 |language=en}}</ref> The dish's relative, gosht karahi (gosht kadahi) is thought to have originated in the colonial era [[North-West Frontier Province]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan) with this dish being made of lamb or goat, rather than chicken.<ref name="Dawn" />

The dish is a staple in menus of Indian and Pakistani restaurants in various parts of the world; the 'Bigger than Bollywood' experience at Hexham Library in [[Northumberland]] featured Indian cooks making chicken karahi with [[naan]] for [[British Film Institute]] tourists as early as 2002.<ref>{{cite book |title=Library + Information Update |date=2002 |publisher=Chartered Institute of Library & Information Professionals |page=21 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{Indian dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Chicken dishes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadai Chicken}}
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Pakistani chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Spicy foods]]

Antana

2025-11-28T00:08:15Z

2fa: starting the data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Antana
| settlement_type = Village & Gram Panchayat
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.842575|N|76.620248|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baran district|Baran]] ([[Hadoti]] Region)
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Smt. Prembai Nagar
| leader_title2 = Member of Parliament [[Jhalawar-Baran (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_name2 = [[Dushyant Singh]] ([[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] Atru-Baran Legislative constituency
| leader_name3 = Radheshyam Bairwa ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| area_total_km2 = 2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 289
| population_total = 1772
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hadoti language|Hadoti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 325218
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07451
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 889 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Child sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| website =
}}
'''Antana''' is a village in the [[Hadoti]] region of [[Rajasthan]], India. It serves as a [[Gram panchayat]] for two nearby villages: [[Musen Mata]] and [[Ummedganj]]. The nearest town is [[Atru]], which is 8 km away. It is located 32 km from the district headquarters, Baran.

== Government ==
The Antana gram panchayat administered by Sarpanch.

It is divided into various wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.

The current sarpanch of panchayat is Prem Bai who is illiterate. Mostly her husband Rajendra Nagar control the Antana panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Combined Profile Summary |url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/combinedProfileDetails.do?stateId=8&localBodyTypeCode=3-P&label1=80&label11=1180&label111=34696 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303043234/https://egramswaraj.gov.in/combinedProfileDetails.do?stateId=8&localBodyTypeCode=3-P&label1=80&label11=1180&label111=34696 |archive-date=2024-03-03 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=egramswaraj.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Past Sarpanch of Antana Gram Panchayat ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year/Tenure
!Ward Cateogary
!Name of SARPANCH
!Sex
!Cateogory
!Notes
|-
|2005-2010
|GEN
|Ashok Meena
|M
|ST
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Book of Gram Panchayat General Election 2005 |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/Upload/SARPANCH%20publication-FINAL.pdf }}</ref>
|-
|2010-2015
|GENW
|Kali Bai
|F
|STW
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Book of Gram Panchayat General Election 2010 |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/Upload/Publication_sarpanch_2010.pdf }}</ref>
|-
|2015-2020
|SC
|Mukesh Kumar
|M
|SC
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Book of Sarpanch Panchayat General Election 2015 |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/Upload/Report%20of%20sarpanch%20PRI%20Election%202015%20Vol%203.pdf }}</ref>
|-
|2020~present
|GENW
|Prem Bai
|F
|OBCW
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Book of Panchayat General Elections (Panchayat Samiti) 2020-21 Part-I |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/Upload/Panchayat_General_Elections_(GramPanchayat)_2020-21_Part-II.pdf }}</ref>
|}

== Population and literacy ==
As of the 2011 census, there were a total of 365 families in Antana, comprising a total population of 1772, of which 938 were men while 834 were women.

The population of children of ages 0-6 was 216, which made up 12.19% of the total population. The average sex ratio was 889, lower than the Rajasthan state average of 928. The child sex ratio was 895, higher than the Rajasthan average of 888.

In 2011, the literacy rate was 80.46%, compared to 66.11% for Rajasthan, with male literacy at 91.50%, and female literacy at 68.03%.

== Employment ==

1,021 people had jobs, with 46.52% describing their work as main work (employment or more than 6 months), while the remainder were involved in marginal activity, less than 6 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antana Population (2021/2022), Village in Atru Tehsil |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Rajasthan/Baran/Atru/Antana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330041346/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Rajasthan/Baran/Atru/Antana |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref>

== Education ==
It has a Government Senior Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antana, Baran {{!}} Grampanchayat {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Antana/Oc5m6q1xKC |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

== Transport ==
It is well connected to Atru Tehsil and nearby villages via road. The nearest railway station is at Atru.

== Healthcare facilities ==
There is a primary healthcare center.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gram Panchayats and Villages in Atru|villages in Atru Tehsil]]
[[Category:Villages in Baran district]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats and Villages in Atru Tehsil]]

Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri

2025-10-05T01:14:04Z

2fa: added details for consistency

{{Short description|Indian physicist (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Condensed matter physics]] | Low temperature physics }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | 1982–2004 [[Indian Institute of Science]] | 1997–2000 [[National Physical Laboratory of India|National Physical Laboratory]] | 2004– [[S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] |
| 2024-&present;[[UGC DAE CSR Kolkata Centre]] |

[[Cornell University]]-(visiting) | [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]-(visiting) }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | 1970–73 [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] | 1973–75 [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] | 1975–80 [[Cornell University]] | 1980–82 [[Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | Robert O. Pohl }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Cryogenics]], [[nano materials]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1986 IPA N. S. Satyamurthy Award | 1994 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1996 MRSI Medal | 2000 [[Indian Science Congress|ISC]] Millennium Medal |2002 MRSI-ICS Gold Medal | 2003 FICCI Award | 2008 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Homi Bhaba Medal |[[The Asiatic Society]] M.N. Saha Gold Medal }}
}}
'''Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri''' (born 1 March 1952) is an Indian [[Condensed matter physics|condensed matter]] physicist, materials scientist and a Distinguished Emeritus Professor at the [[S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]]. Known for his pioneering work on the interplay of disorder and interaction, Raychaudhuri is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[Indian National Science Academy]] as well as the Asia-Pacific Academy of Materials. He is a recipient of a number of awards such as Millennium Medal of the [[Indian Science Congress]], ICS Gold Medal of the Materials Research Society of India and FICCI Award. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1994.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Main Building.jpg|thumb|left|S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]]
Born on the [[New Year's Day]] of 1952 in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri completed his BSc from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in 1973 and MSc from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1975 before proceeding to [[Cornell University]] from where he secured a PhD in 1980, working under the supervision of Robert O. Pohl.<ref name="Profile on IISc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~arup/cv.pdf |title=Profile on IISc |date=2017-10-16 |website=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref> His post-doctoral studies were at [[Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research]] as an [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt fellow]] and on his return to India in 1982, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as a lecturer.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} He continued at IISc until 1997 during which period, he served as an assistant professor and as an associate professor before becoming a professor in 1997. The same year, he moved to the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]] as its director on deputation for a three-year stint and returned to IISc in 2000 to resume his duties as a professor. At IISC, he also chaired the Central Cryogenic Facility from 1993 to 1997 and served as the convener of the ''Integrated PhD Programme'' from 1994 to 1997. In 2004, he returned to his home state to join [[S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] as a senior professor and served as its director from 2006 until his superannuation from service.<ref name="Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri - Professor & Director ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bose.res.in/faculty/fac_new/arupkumarraychaudhuri.html.201304100915 |title=Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri - Professor & Director |date=2017-10-16 |website=S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences |access-date=2017-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131231044/http://www.bose.res.in/faculty/fac_new/arupkumarraychaudhuri.html.201304100915 |archive-date=31 January 2018 }}</ref> Post retirement, he continues his association with S. N. Bose National Centre by holding the positions of a Distinguished Emeritus Professor<ref name="Director & Distinguished Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bose.res.in/faculty/arup.htm |title=Director & Distinguished Professor |date=2017-10-16 |website=S. N. Bose National Centre |access-date=2017-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225925/http://www.bose.res.in/faculty/arup.htm |archive-date=16 October 2017 }}</ref> and the Nodal Officer of its Technical Research Center project.<ref name="Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri-Distinguished Professor (Emeritus)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bose.res.in/faculty/fac_new/arupkumarraychaudhuri.html |title=Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri-Distinguished Professor (Emeritus) |date=2017-10-16 |website=S. N. Bose National Centre |access-date=2017-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225922/http://www.bose.res.in/faculty/fac_new/arupkumarraychaudhuri.html |archive-date=16 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Perovskite-155026.jpg|thumb|235px|Perovskite crystals]]
Raychaudhuri's work have mainly been in the disciplines of material science and condensed matter physics, particularly on the physics of transition metal oxides such as [[perovskite]] oxides.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P01-1301 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202205235/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P01-1301 }}</ref> Glassy state and High Tc superconductor physics and colossal magnetoresistance have been some of his other interests and his research has helped in the elucidation of the interplay of disorder and interaction.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=464 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref> Towards the later part of his career, he worked on ''nanofabrications using nanolithography techniques''. He is also credited with the development of an indigenous low temperature scanning tunneling microscope and a host of other experiment equipment.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=16 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=n0lJv9oAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arup_Raychaudhuri |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 172 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Raychaudhuri=3AArup_Kumar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

Raychaudhuri is known to have contributed to the development of integrated doctoral programs at IISc as the head of the program during 1994–97.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has served as a member of the ''Commission on Low Temperature Physics'' of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] and 35 doctoral researchers have been mentored by him.<ref name="Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri-Distinguished Professor (Emeritus)" />

== Awards and honors ==
In 1986, The Indian Physics Association awarded the N. S. Sathyamurthy Award for young scientists to Raychaudhuri.<ref name="N.S. Satyamurthy Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipa1970.org.in/nslist.php |title=N.S. Satyamurthy Award |date=2017-10-16 |website=Indian Physics Association |access-date=2017-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225826/http://www.ipa1970.org.in/nslist.php |archive-date=16 October 2017 }}</ref> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1994.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> He received the MRSI Medal of the Materials Research Society of India in 1996; the society would honour him again in 2002 with the MRSI-ICSC Super Conductivity and Materials Science Annual Prize.<ref name="MRSI Awards and Honours">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=MRSI Awards and Honours |date=2017-10-16 |website=Materials Research Society of India |access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref> The [[Indian Science Congress]] selected him for the Millennium Medal in 2000 and three years later, he received the 2003 FICCI Award in materials science and applied sciences. The [[Indian National Science Academy]] honored him with the Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal in 2008.<ref name="Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal ">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34 |title=Homi Jehangir Bhabha Medal |date=2017-10-16 |website=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-16 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#34 }}</ref>

Raychaudhuri has held several research fellowships which include the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt fellowship]] (1980) as well as the J. C. Bose National fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (2006) and was an Associate of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1986), Nuclear Science Centre (1996) and [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (1996).<ref name="Profile on IISc" /> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1993, the same year as he received the honorary senior fellowship of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Raychaudhuri,_Prof._Arup_Kumar |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> The year 2000 brought him two elected fellowships, those of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315130140/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R }}</ref> and Asia-Pacific Academy of Materials which was followed by the elected fellowship of Indian National Science Academy a year later.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-10-16 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> He was also selected for the honorary professorship by the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research in 2000. The award orations delivered by him include Platinum Jubilee Lecture of [[Indian Science Congress]] in 1999.<ref name="Profile on IISc" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Das, Soma |author2=Sriram, P. A. |author3=Raychaudhuri, A. K. |title=Effects of nonlinear forces on dynamic mode atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy |journal=Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=2167–2171 |doi=10.1166/jnn.2007.788|pmid=17655011 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ghosh, Manoranjan |author2=Raychaudhuri, A. K. |title=Shape transition in ZnO nanostructures and its effect on blue-green photoluminescence |journal=Nanotechnology |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue=44 |article-number=445704 |doi=10.1088/0957-4484/19/44/445704|pmid=21832746 |arxiv=0807.1439 |bibcode=2008Nanot..19R5704G |s2cid=206053102 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Venkata Kamalakar, M. |author2=Rayachudhuri, A. K. |title=Critical phenomena in magnetic nanowires |journal=Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology |date=2009 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=5248–5253 |doi=10.1166/jnn.2009.1150|pmid=19928208 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Venkata Kamalakar, M. |author2=Raychaudhuri, A. K. |title=Resistance anomaly near phase transition in confined ferromagnetic nanowires |journal=Physical Review B |date=2010 |volume=82 |issue=19 |article-number=195425 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.82.195425|bibcode=2010PhRvB..82s5425V }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ghosh, M. |author2=Raychaudhuri, A. K. |title=Optical properties of Mg-substituted ZnO nanoparticles obtained by solution growth |journal=IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology |date=2011 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=555–559 |doi=10.1109/TNANO.2010.2050899|bibcode=2011ITNan..10..555G |s2cid=3230820 }}

== See also ==
* [[Scanning probe microscopy]]
{{portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~arup/pub.html |title=List of Publications |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Arup Kumar |date=2017-10-16 |website=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=2017-10-16}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raychaudhuri, Arup Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park faculty]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]

Hassan Ali Khan Barha

2025-10-02T03:29:28Z

2fa:

{{Short description|Mughal noble (1666–1722)}}
{{distinguish|Hussain Ali Khan Barha}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hassan Ali Khan Barha
| title = [[Nawab]] of [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]], [[History of Prayagraj#Subah of Illahabas|Allahabad]] and [[History of Bihar#Zamindars of Bihar and the Mughals|Bihar]]
| image = Ḥasan ʿAlí Xárí, later ʿAbdulláh Xár Quṭb al-mulk..jpg
| caption = Nawab Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha smoking a [[Hookah|shish pipe]] while being attended to by a servant
| succession = Nawab of [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]]
| moretext =
| reign = 1710 – 13 November 1720
| predecessor = [[Syed Mian|Abdullah Khan I]]
| successor = Sayyid Nazim ud-din Khan
| succession1 = Nawab of [[History of Prayagraj#Subah of Illahabas|Allahabad]]
| predecessor1 = Qudrat-ullah Khan
| successor1 = Mirza Sarbuland Khan
| birth_name = Hassan Ali Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1666}}
| birth_place = [[Jansath]], [[Subah of Delhi]], Mughal Empire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1722|10|12|1666|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], Subah of Delhi, Mughal Empire
| burial_date =
| burial_place = Delhi
| full name =
| regnal name = Sayyid Mian II
| house = [[Barha Dynasty]]
| father = [[Syed Mian|Abdullah Khan I]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| occupation = [[Grand vizier|Wazir-e-Azam]] and [[Ispahsalar|Sipahsalar]]
}}

'''Nawab Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha''' (1666 – 12 October 1722), also known as '''Qutub-ul-Mulk''', '''Nawab Sayyid Mian II''', and '''Abdullah Khan II''', was one of the [[Sayyid brothers]], and a key figure in the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Farrukhsiyar]].

He was the eldest son of the Nawab of Ajmer, [[Syed Mian|Sayyid Mian Abdullah Khan I]] and later inherited his father's titles as well as the name Abdullah Khan but was also frequently referred to as ''Qutb al mulk'', "Pivot of the Realm". Deposing emperors at their own will, both Abdullah Khan and his brother [[Nawab Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Hussain Ali Khan]] became the most powerful figures in early 18th century Mughal court.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-92-64-10414-3|title=Development Centre Studies the World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics|last1=Angus|first1=Maddison|date=2003-09-25|publisher=OECD }}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
[[File:The Decapitation of Khan Jahan Lodi.jpg|Khan-i Jahan Muzaffar Barha|thumb|left]]
Hussan Ali belonged to the [[Barha dynasty]], which claimed to be descendants of Muhammad, or [[Sayyids]], this claim was always dubious.{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|Reichmuth, Stefan|2009|p=4}} Emperor [[Jahangir]], although noting that people questioned their lineage, considered their bravery as a proof of their claims.{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|p=18}} They took much pride in their Indian ancestry,{{sfn|Reichmuth, Stefan|2009|p=4}} and according to the American historian [[Richard M. Eaton]], were "as native to India as were [[Jats]], [[Rajputs]] or [[Marathas]]."<ref>{{Cite book |author=Eaton, Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpCMEAAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2020 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-14-198539-8 |language=en|page=342|quote=On one side were the Saiyid brothers, whose Baraha clan of Indian Muslims was as native to India as were Jats, Rajputs or Marathas.}}</ref> [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]] writes that they were of peasant origins, their ancestors had moved at an uncertain date from their homeland in [[Punjab]] to a barren region in [[Muzaffarnagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|p=18}}

By the time of the [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]], the dynasty was firmly regarded as "Old Nobility" and enjoyed the unique status of holding the premier realms of [[Ajmer]] and [[Deccan Plateau|Dakhin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irvine |first1=William |title=The Later Mughals |date=August 2012 |isbn=978-1290917766 |page=203|publisher=HardPress }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Barha was one of the main backers of [[Farrukhsiyar]]'s rise to the throne. He initially served as Bakshi for the empire but later rose to become the [[Vizier|Vezier]] or [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]]. He was additionally made the Nawab of [[Bihar]] which he ruled though proxy. Abdullah Khan and his brother Hussain Ali Khan restored Mughal authority to [[Ajmer]] in [[Rajasthan]] with the surrender of [[Maharaja Ajit Singh]], and Abdullah Khan negotiated the surrender of the Jat rebel [[Churaman]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&dq=puppet+syed+brothers&pg=PA119 |title= The Wonder That Is Urdu |page= 119 |author= Krishna S. Dhir |date= 2022 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 9788120843011 }}</ref> During their rule, the Sikh rebel [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] was also captured and executed. The Sayyid faction at court were a powerful family rule that was linked together by ties of blood and marriage. The Sayyids engaged in recruitment of soldiers very few who were not Sayyids, or inhabitants of [[Jansath|Barha]], or were non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-VbRAAAAMAAJ&q=khafi+khan+the+syeds+barha+non-muslims |title= Discovery of Pakistan |author= Abdul Aziz |date= 1964 |publisher= the University of Michigan |page= 136 }}</ref> This distinguished them from their rivals, as it gave them greater strength and cohesion. The unique privilege of the Barha Sayyids of leading the imperial vanguard gave them an advantage over other parts of the Mughal army, and exalted the sense of social pride of the Barha Sayyids. The arrogance of the Sayyid brothers during their rule as they grew in power aroused the jealousy of the king and other nobles in the court. However, the emperor Farrukhsiyar failed in all his attempts to dislodge Sayyid rule.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119444/page/n43/mode/2up |title= The Reign Of Muhammad Shah 1919-1748 |author= Zahiruddin Malik |date= 1977 }}</ref>

Over the course of his life. Abdullah Khan Barha had a hand in the installation or deposition of the [[Mughal emperors|Emperors]]: [[Bahadur Shah I]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irvine |first1=William |title=The Later Mughals |date=August 2012 |isbn=978-1290917766 |page=204|publisher=HardPress }}</ref> [[Jahandar Shah]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irivine |first1=William |title=The later Mughals |year=2006 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=8175364068 |page=205}}</ref> [[Farrukhsiyar]], [[Rafi ud-Darajat|Rafi Ud Darajat]], [[Shah Jahan II|Shah Jahnan II]], [[Muhammad Shah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kazim |first1=Syed |title=A critical study of the role and achievements of Sayyid brothers |journal=University |hdl=10603/57016 |year=2008 }}</ref> and [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Ibrahim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Past Present: King makers |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/883389 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |date=1 November 2009}}</ref>

Upon the assassination of his brother, [[Nawab Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha]] by Turani nobles through the assassin Mirza Haider [[Dughlat]] of the Mongol Dughlat tribe,<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ptanmYYRlxwC&q=Husain+%27+Ali+Khan+++approached+by+Mir+Haider+Beg+dughlat |title= Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal:Volume 4 |year= 1910 |publisher=Asiatic Society. }}</ref> he led an army against the Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] with his own puppet Emperor, [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Ibrahim]]. After large swathes of his own army deserted him, Abdullah Khan personally fought on foot following the Barha tradition and was captured by the Emperor. Sayyid Abdullah Khan remained a prisoner in the citadel of Delhi, under the charge of Haider Quli Khan, for another two years. He was "treated with respect, receiving delicate food to eat and fine clothes to wear". But so long as he survived, the Mughals remained uneasy, not knowing what sudden change of fortune might happen. Thus the nobles never ceased their efforts in alarming Muhammad Shah.<ref>{{cite book |title= Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material · Volume 1 |page= 675 |date= 1999 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |author= S.R. Sharma }}</ref> In order to reduce the power of the Turani nobles, Muhammad Shah thought of using the services of Qutb-ul-Mulk after setting him free and raising him to a high mansab. He sent a message to Qutb-ul-Mulk in this regard and received an encouraging reply from him. However, on hearing of this overture made by Muhammad Shah to Qutb-ul-Mulk and fearing the dire implications thereof, Qutb-ul-Mulk's opponents had him poisoned to death on 12 October 1722.<ref>{{cite book |title= Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century |page= 280 |author= Muhammad Umar |publisher= the University of Michigan |date= 1998 |isbn= 9788121508308 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QhuAAAAMAAJ&q=He+sent+a+message+to+Abdullah+Khan+in+this+regard+and+received+an+encouraging+reply+from+him}}</ref>

== Depictions ==
{{Gallery
| title = Depictions of Nawab Abdullah Khan Barha
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| captionstyle =
| File:India, Mughal Dynasty - Husain Ali Khan Entertaining His Brothers (The Sayyid Brothers) - 2013.334 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif
| alt1=
| Abdullah Khan (Gold Cummerbund) with his brothers. Seated opposite his younger brother Nawab Hussain Ali Khan Barha (without a cummerbund).
| File: A seated portrait of Sayyid Abdullah Khan holding court Early 18th century The British Museum.jpg
| alt2=
| Sayyid Abdullah Khan Barha holding court
| File: Abdullah Khan Barha.jpg
| alt3=
| A young Abdullah Khan as governor of Allahabad during the reign of Bahadur Shah I
}}

== Sources ==
*[[John F. Richards]]. ''New Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 264–268.
* {{Cite book |author=Kolff, Dirk H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&dq=barha+sayyids&pg=PA18 |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Reichmuth, Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoCCBAAAQBAJ&dq=barha+sayyids&pg=PA4 |title=The World of Murtada Al-Zabidi: 1732-91 Life, Networks and Writings |date=2009 |publisher=Gibb Memorial Trust |isbn=978-0-906094-60-0 |language=en}}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan Barha, Hasan Ali}}
[[Category:1666 births]]
[[Category:1722 deaths]]
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:People murdered in 1722]]

Ichharam Desai

2025-09-29T15:48:07Z

2fa: started the stub w/ refs

{{Infobox writer
| name = Ichharam Suryaram Desai
| image = Ichharam Desai.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym = Shankar
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1853|8|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1912|12|5|1853|8|10|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Author, [[anthologist]] and journalist
| signature = Icharam Desai Signature.jpg
| website = 
}}

'''Ichharam Suryaram Desai''' (10 August 1853 – 5 December 1912), also known by his pen name, '''Shankar''', was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] author, [[anthologist]] and journalist. Though he did not complete his primary education, he worked with several newspapers and magazines and also wrote several novels, edited anthologies and translated classics.

==Life==
[[File:Iccharam Desai.jpg|thumb|left]]
Ichharam was born on 10 August 1853 in [[Surat]]. He studied through [[Educational stage|sixth grade]] in English and during his youth developed an interest for manuscripts. He briefly worked for ''Deshimitra'' press as a typesetter. He moved to [[Bombay]] in 1876. He published ''Aryamitra'' weekly for four months before joining ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'' as a proofreader. In 1878, he moved back to Surat and started a monthly publication, ''Swatantrata'', named by poet [[Narmadashankar Dave|Narmad]].<ref name="Kalia2004">{{cite book|author=Ravi Kalia|title=Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&pg=PA22|date=January 2004|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-544-9|page=22}}</ref><ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Ichharam-Desai.html|title=ઈચ્છારામ દેસાઈ|work=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|access-date =21 September 2014|language=gu}}</ref><ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA923|volume=1|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=923–924}}</ref>

He was arrested for treason by [[British Raj|British]] for his political writing but was freed later with the help of [[Pherozeshah Mehta]].<ref name="Kalia2004"/> He again went to Bombay in 1880 and started publishing the ''[[Gujarati (magazine)|Gujarati]]'' weekly which he ran until his death on 5 December 1912.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Datta1987"/><ref name="Mehta1984">{{cite book|author=Shirin Mehta|title=The peasantry and nationalism: a study of the Bardoli satyagraha|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantrynationa0000meht|url-access=registration|date=1 December 1984|publisher=Manohar|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantrynationa0000meht/page/63 63]}}</ref><ref name="Patel1995">{{cite book|author=Sujata Patel|title=Bombay: mosaic of modern culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZJPAAAAMAAJ|date=26 October 1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563689-5|page=93}}</ref><ref name="Mehta1990">{{cite book|author=Makrand Mehta|title=Regional roots of Indian nationalism: Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRduAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Criterion Publications|pages=19–25|isbn=9780836424850}}</ref><ref name="Kendra2007">{{cite book|author=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust|pages=57, 504}}</ref>

==Works==
''Hind ane Britannia'' (1886) is a [[political fiction|political novel]] which discusses political conditions under [[British Raj]] in India of that time. His ''Shivajini Loot'' (1888) and ''Tipu Sultan'' (part 1, 1889, incomplete) are his historical novels. ''Ganga — Ek Gurjarvarta'' (1888) and ''Savitasundari'' (1890) are his social novels. ''Rajbhakti Vidamban'' (1889) and ''Bharatkhand na Rajyakarta'' are his other works.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Datta1987"/><ref name="Chavda1982">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIluAAAAMAAJ|title=Modern Gujarat|date=1982|publisher=New Order Book Company|pages=71, 164|author=V. K. Chavda}}</ref><ref name="Mācave1979">{{cite book|author=Prabhākara Mācave|title=Literary Studies and Sketches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=334SAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=United Writers : selling agents, Firma KLM|page=102}}</ref>

''Chandrakant'' (1889, 1901, 1907) is an incomplete series on [[Vedanta]] philosophy. He compiled the ''Brihat Kavyadohan'', volume I—VIII (1886—1913), an anthology on medieval Gujarati poets and poetry.<ref name="Datta1987"/><ref name="Malabari1882">{{cite book|author=Behramji Malabari|author-link=Behramji Malabari|title=Gujarat and the Gujaratis: Pictures of Men and Manners Taken from Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lyd8jPbN218C&pg=PA165|year=1882|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0651-7|page=165}}</ref> He edited several books including ''Purushottam Maas ni Katha'' (1872), ''Okhaharan'' (1885), ''[[Nalakhyan]]'' (1885), ''Padbandh Bhagwat'' (1889), ''Krishnacharitra'' (1895), ''Adi Bhaktakavi [[Narsinh Mehta]] Krit Kavya-sangraha'' (1913). He edited translation of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' in three volumes (1904, 1911, 1921) after being translated by others.<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Datta1987"/><ref name="Jhaveri1934">{{cite book|author=Krishnalal Mohanlal Jhaveri|title=The Present State of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjE0AAAAIAAJ|year=1934|publisher=University of Bombay|page=69}}</ref>

He translated several works into Gujarati including ''Raselas'' (1886), ''Yamasmriti'' (1887), ''Maharani Victoria nu Jivancharitra'' (1887), ''[[Charucharya]] athva Subhachar'' (1889), ''[[Arabian Nights]]'' volume 1–2 (1889), ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' volume 1–2 (1891), ''Kalavilas'' (1889), ''Vidurneeti'' (1890), ''Kamandkiya Neetisaar'' (1890), ''Saral [[Kadambari]]'' (1890), ''Shridhari Geeta'' (1890), ''Shukneeti'' (1893), ''[[Evenings at Home|Balako no Anand]]'' volume 1–2 (1895), ''[[Rajatarangini]] athva Kashmir no Itihaas'' volume 1 (1898), ''[[Aurangzeb]]'' (1898), ''[[Panchadasi]]'' (1900), ''[[Valmiki Ramayana]]'' (1919).<ref name=gsp/><ref name="Datta1987"/>

==References==
{{Wikisource|gu:શ્રેણી:ઇચ્છારામ દેસાઇ|Ichharam Desai}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* [https://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Ichharam-Desai.html Introduction] on [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Ichharam}}
[[Category:People from Surat district]]
[[Category:1853 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Translators of One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:Translators of the Ramayana]]

Punrasar Balaji Temple

2025-09-22T16:30:26Z

2fa: put up basic place more to come

{{Short description|Temple of Hanuman in Rajasthan, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Punrasar Hanumanji
| image = Punrasar_balaji.jpg
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.216667|N|73.283333|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = Bikaner
| locale =Punrasar
| website =
|deity=Hanuman|established=1718}}
'''Punrasar Balaji''' is a holy site dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Hanuman]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूनरासर बालाजी मंदिर, बीकानेर, राजस्थान |date=2 May 2016 |url=https://www.apnisanskriti.com/temple/punrasar-balaji-temple-bikaner-rajasthan-2810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बीकानेर : पूनरासर में उमड़ा आस्था का सैलाब, हजारों श्रद्धालुओं ने हनुमान मंदिर में धोक लगाई |url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/bikaner-news-punrasar-hanuman-mandir-mela-5060473/ |website=Patrika.com}}</ref>

==Temple==
Punrasar Balaji temple was established on Jaisth Sudhi Purnima of [[Vikram Samvat]] 1775. This place is surrounded by the sand dunes and is about 57 km away from [[Bikaner]]. Besides the main Nij Temple, there is also a statue of Hanumanji at the tree of Khejdi. At Khejdi, the ancient Hindu custom of ''Jhadula'' (cutting the hairs of new born children) takes place. Churma Prasadi, a sweet dish made up of [[wheat flour]], [[butter]] and [[sugar]] is provided to the devotees of by the [[Pujari]] and his family members as the [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]]. The prasad is first offered to Hanumanji for [[bhog]] and is then distributed to the devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूनरासर बालाजी |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/tourism/temples/punrasar-balaji}}</ref>

Three famous fairs are held every year in Punrasar. They take place on [[Chaitra Sudhi Purnima]], [[Asoj Sudhi Purnima]] and the month of [[Bhadrapad]] each. There are many rooms situated in the temple premises which are available for the devotees at no cost. There also exists a newly constructed [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]] having A.C. and Non A.C. Rooms named Jairam Dharamshala. A Bhojnalaya(for food) is also running by Temple governing Body ( i.e. Mandir sri Punrasar Hanumanji Pujari Trust) at free of Cost which is famous for its delicious food.

==Location==
[[Punrasar]] is a part of [[Bikaner district]] in Rajasthan and it is situated on the [[National Highway 11 (India)|National Highway 11]]. It is 57 km away from Bikaner, 43 km from [[Dungargarh|Shri Dungargarh]] and 15 km away from [[Seruna]].

==History==
According to the legend, a famine took place in Punrasar in 1774. The people started fleeing in search of food and wages. Jairam Das Bothra, a resident of Punrasar, went to Punjab in search of grain. When he was leaving with laden sacks on a camel cart, the camel's leg got broken and it was unable to walk. Bothra convinced his colleagues to go back to the village and then he went to sleep. Suddenly he felt as if someone was calling him; he got awoken and looked around but could not find anyone. He went to sleep but heard the same sound again, and he still did not found anyone. He remembered Hanuman and folded his hands, asking the one who was making that sound to appear. Then Hanuman appeared as a [[pandit]] and said,"O devotee! I know that you are in trouble, but as from now on all your troubles are solved". After saying this he pointed out to the Hanuman statue and asked Bothra to take the statue with him and establish it in the village, adding that this will solve all his troubles. Bothra replied that his camel's leg is broken so he cannot move on. Then the pandit said that his camel is alright, and Bothra was astonished to see that his camel was fine and ready to go. He took Hanuman's statue with him and established it. The pandit told Bothra that he himself or his family members would have to take care of the deity. Since then the successors of Bothra are taking care of the temple. The Bothra family belongs to the Jain [[Bothra]] [[Bania (caste)|Baniya]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]

Hemavati River

2025-09-13T11:15:41Z

2fa: updated details

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{for|the [[Carnatic music]] [[raga]]m|Hemavati (ragam)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Hemavati river at Banakal.jpg|right|300px|thumb| River Hemavati at the southern side of [[Banakal]]]]
[[File:Hemavati dam gorur.jpg|300px|thumb|Hemavati dam in Gorur]]
[[File:Gorur Narasimha temple2-1.jpg|thumb]]

The '''Hemavati''' is a river in southern India's [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8822F54E3774E0440003BA962ED3|Hemāvati River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> and an important [[tributary]] of the [[Kaveri]].

==Origin and course==
The source of the Hemavati River lies in the [[Western Ghats]] (Javali village) at an elevation of about {{convert|1,230|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.karnatakavision.com/karnataka-rivers-dams.php
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060429214201/http://karnatakavision.com/karnataka-rivers-dams.php
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=29 April 2006
|title=Main Rivers of Karnataka
|publisher=Karnatakavision.com
|access-date=2006-10-05
}}</ref> Located in [[Mudigere]] taluk of [[Chikmagalur District]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], it flows through [[Hassan District]] where it is joined by its chief tributary the [[Yagachi River]] and then into [[Mandya district]] before joining the Kaveri near [[Krishnarajasagara]]. It is approximately 245 km long and has a drainage area of about 5,410 km2.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/42551.htm
|title=Hemavati River
|publisher=www.india9.com
|access-date=2006-10-05
}}</ref>

==Hemavati Dam and Reservoir==
[[Gorur dam]] across the Hemavati was completed in 1979 above Gorur in Hassan district and downstream from the Yagachi confluence. The dam is a [[masonry dam]] with a central spillway through six radial gates. It is 44.5 meters in height and 4692 meters long with an area of 9162 hectares. The reservoir has a live storage capacity of 35.7 [[Tmcft|TMC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/salient_features_hemavathy.htm|title=Hemavathy Reservoir Project}}</ref>
The dam provides irrigation and drinking water not only for major portion of Hassan and Mandya districts, but also to far away regions of [[Tumkur]] district, that fall under [[Krishna River]] basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/dec/02/bsy-fulfils-bypoll-promise-hemavathiwater-reaches-madaluru-tank-in-sira-2230706.html|access-date=2 December 2020|title= Tributary of Cauvery reaches Krishna Basin}}</ref>

The [[Shettihalli Rosary Church]], which was submerged during the construction of the dam, can be seen only when the water level is low during the summer months. The church was constructed in the [[Gothic Architecture|Gothic]] architectural style by French [[Missionary|missionaries]] in the 1860s. The church was abandoned in 1960 when the government decided to build the dam. When the water level is low [[coracle]]s are used to go inside the church.<ref name=Deccan>{{cite news|title=Rising out of the waters|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/435803/rising-waters.html|access-date=16 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=NG>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Gurdyal|title=Rosary Church at Shettihalli (emerges and submerges)|journal=National Geographic Traveller|date=2013|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/traveler-magazine/photo-contest/2013/entries/205028/view/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506030613/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/traveler-magazine/photo-contest/2013/entries/205028/view|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2013|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hemavati River}}
* [http://nwda.gov.in/index3.asp?sublink2id=20&langid=1 National Water Development Agency - Netravati - Hemavati Link]

{{Kaveri River}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

{{coord|12|34|N|76|27|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dams in Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}