Vṛddhi

2021-08-07T21:51:23Z

2A00:801:2D1:71A6:E15E:3D38:6E15:EBDF: /* Vṛddhi in Sanskrit */

'''Vṛddhi''' is a technical term in [[morphophonology]] given to the strongest grade of vowel in the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] phenomenon of [[Indo-European_ablaut|ablaut]] more generally referred to as [[apophony]].

==Origins==

The term is derived from Sanskrit ''vṛddhi'', {{IPA-sa|ˈʋr̩d̪d̪ʱɪ|IPA}}, {{lit.}} 'growth',{{efn|in Sanskrit, a {{IAST|''-tí''}}-[[nomen actionis]] formed from the verbal root '' {{IAST2|vṛdh-/vardh-}}'' 'to grow'}} from {{proto|ie|werdʰ-|to grow}}<ref>[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/piet&text_number=1446&root=config ''*werdʰ-'' 'to grow'] entry at Indo-European etymological database of [http://starling.rinet.ru/main.html ''The Tower of Babel'' project]</ref>

The concept itself, along with the rest of the vowel gradation processes, has its origin in an early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language.<ref>Clackson, §3.3.</ref>

==Vṛddhi in Sanskrit==
{{See also|Sanskrit grammar#grammatical tradition|Sanskrit grammar#morphophonology}}
The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛdhhi formation has been extensively studied and documented as part of Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the Aṣṭhadhyayī of the grammarian [[Pāṇini]].<ref name=Burrow21>Burrow, §2.1.</ref>

For example:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Meier-Brügger|Fritz|Mayrhofer|2003|loc=L 413}}</ref>
* {{IAST2|''bhṛ-tá-''}} "carried" (zero grade)
* {{IAST2|''bh'''á'''r-aṇa-''}} "burden" (first grade, full grade, or [[guṇa#Sanskrit_grammar|guṇa]])
* {{IAST2|''bh'''ā'''r-yá-''}} "to be carried" (second grade, lengethened grade, or vṛddhi)

The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows:<ref>Bucknell, tb. 5.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel gradation
|- style="text-align:center;"
! !! Zero grade !! ← 1st grade → !! 2nd grade
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
| ∅ || <big>a</big>|| <big>ā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Palatal
| <big>i/ī y i/ī</big>|| <big>e{{efn|originally 'ai'}} ay ya</big>|| <big>ai{{efn|originally 'āi'}} āy yā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Labial
| <big>u/ū v u/ū</big>|| <big>o{{efn|originally 'au'}} av va</big>|| <big>au{{efn|originally 'āu'}} āv vā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Retroflex
| <big>ṛ r ṛ</big>|| <big>ar ar ra</big>|| <big>ār ār rā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dental
| <big>ḷ</big>|| <big>al</big>|| <big>āl</big>
|}

==Vṛddhi in Indo-European==

In modern [[Indo-European linguistics]] it is used in Pāṇini's sense, but not restricted to Sanskrit but applicable to the [[Indo-European languages]] in general as well as to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language from which this feature was inherited:
* {{PIE|*''bʰr̥-''}}{{efn|The [[Asterisk#Historical linguistics|asterisk]] * indicates that a form is not directly attested, but has been reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material.}} (zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rix|2001|pp=76f}}</ref>
* [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-|{{PIE|*''bʰ'''e'''r-''}}]] (full grade)
* {{PIE|*''bʰ'''ē'''r-''}} (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)

==Vṛddhi-derivations==
A '''vṛddhi-derivation''' or '''vṛddhi-derivative''' is a word that is derived by such lengthening, a type of formation very common in Sanskrit, but also attested in other languages. Such derivatives signify "of, belonging to, descended from". An example:<ref name="Fortson116">{{Harvcoltxt|Fortson|2004|pp=116f}}</ref>
* PIE [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱuros|{{PIE|*''sw'''é'''ḱuro-''}}]] "father-in-law" ([[Vedic Sanskrit]] {{IAST2|''śv'''á'''śura-''}}) → {{PIE|*''sw'''ē'''ḱuró-''}} "relating to one's father-in-law" (Vedic {{IAST2|''śv'''ā'''śura-''}} "relating to one's father-in-law", [[Old High German]] ''swāgur'' "brother-in-law")

Derivatives that are formed by inserting a full grade (as opposed to a lengthened grade) vowel into the "wrong" position of a zero grade are also called vṛddhi-derivations:<ref name="Fortson116" />
* PIE {{PIE|*''diw-''}}, zero grade of [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws|{{PIE|*''dy'''ḗ'''u-s''}}]] "sky"→ {{PIE|*''d'''e'''yw-os''}} "god, [[dyeus|sky god]]" (Vedic {{IAST2|''d'''e'''vás''}}, [[Latin]] ''d'''e'''us'', etc.)

==Notes==
{{Notelist|20em}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Fortson |first=Benjamin W., IV |title=Indo-European Language and Culture |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-4051-0316-7 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Meier-Brügger |author1-link=Michael Meier-Brügger |first2=Matthias |last2=Fritz |first3=Manfred |last3=Mayrhofer |author3-link=Manfred Mayrhofer |title=Indo-European Linguistics |year=2003 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017433-2 |location=Berlin; New York }}
* {{cite book |last=Rix |first=H |title=Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben |year=2001 |edition=2 |isbn=3-89500-219-4|title-link=Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben }}
* {{cite book |last1=Clackson |first1=James |title=Indo-European Linguistics |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-65313-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Burrow |first1=T |title=The Sanskrit Language |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-1767-2 |edition=2001}}
* Bucknell, Roderick S, ''Sanskrit Manual'' (2000) {{ISBN|81-208-1188-7}}

{{Proto-Indo-European language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vrddhi}}
[[Category:Sanskrit grammar]]
[[Category:Vyakarana]]
[[Category:Indo-European linguistics]]

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Vṛddhi