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Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City

2022-10-25T20:11:18Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:F934:49F0:4E32:E36D: /* External links */

{{Short description|National coat of arms}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
|name = Coat of arms of Vatican City
|image = Coat of arms of the Vatican City.svg
|image_width = 200
|year_adopted = 7 June 1929
|shield = The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State describes the shield as ''chiavi decussate sormontate del Triregno in campo rosso'' (keys in saltire surmounted by the [[papal tiara]] on a red field) and depicts the keys as two, one silver ([[argent]]) in [[bend (heraldry)|bend]] and one gold ([[or (heraldry)|or]]) in [[bend sinister (heraldry)|bend sinister]], interlaced at their intersection with a red ([[gules]]) cord. The tiara is represented as white with golden crowns.<ref name=official>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/Ecclesiastico/deposito/Leggi_Vaticane.pdf|title=Appendix B ("All. B. Stemma Ufficiale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano") of the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, 7 June 1929|website=uniroma2.it|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217230421/http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/Ecclesiastico/deposito/Leggi_Vaticane.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
|name = Coat of arms of the Holy See
|image = Coat of arms Holy See.svg
|image_width = 200
|armiger = [[Holy See]]
|year_adopted = Late 14th century<ref name=Galbreath1/><ref name=Araldica/>
|use = Discontinued by mid-1980s; flags of Holy See and Vatican City unified since then<ref>[http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/09/21/united_nations_to_raise_holy_see_flag_on_september_25/1173557 Radio Vaticana]</ref>
}}
{{Vatican City sidebar}}
The '''coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City''' in the form that combines two crossed keys and a tiara used as a coat of arms of the [[Holy See]] have origins attested from the 14th century.<ref name=Galbreath1>"A red shield bearing two white crossed keys, and surmounted by the tiara, is to be seen in a window of [[Bourges Cathedral|the cathedral of Bourges]] accompanying the achievements of the [[anti-pope]]s [[Clement VII]] and [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]], and other examples of these tinctures are to be found in manuscripts dating from the time of the former of these anti-popes and from that of [[Nicholas V]], in a series of shields painted on the ceiling formerly in the church of San Simone at Spoleto (ca. 1400), in the 15th-century glass in the cathedrals of York and of Carpentras, in various 15th-century books of arms both English, German, and Italian, as well as in Martin Schrot's book of arms which is as late as 1581." [https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22surmounted+by+the+tiara,+is+to+be+seen+in+a+window%22&dq=%22surmounted+by+the+tiara,+is+to+be+seen+in+a+window%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z3T6Uo7qHo3Q7AbP74DYDQ&redir_esc=y Donald Lindsay Galbreath, ''A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry'' (W. Heffer and Sons, 1930)].</ref><ref name=MP/> The combination of one gold and one silver key is a somewhat later development.<ref name=MP/><ref name=Galbreath2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22present+usage+of+placing+a+gold+key%22&dq=%22present+usage+of+placing+a+gold+key%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XHX6UvrnL-HD7Aby_4HoDw&redir_esc=y Donald Lindsay Galbreath, ''A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry'' (W. Heffer and Sons, 1930), p. 9].</ref>

The coat of arms of [[Vatican City]], a [[Sovereign country|sovereign]] entity established by the [[Lateran Treaty]] of 11 February 1929, was adopted by the [[Fundamental Law of Vatican City|Fundamental Law]] of the new state on 7 June 1929,<ref name=official/> and has its coat of arms defined by law as having the silver key [[Bend (heraldry)#In bend|in bend]] and the gold key [[bend sinister (heraldry)|in bend sinister]].<ref name="vatican.va">https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/sp_ss_scv_stemma-bandiera-sigillo_en.html#Stemma della Santa Sede</ref>

For decades after the creation of Vatican City State, the arrangement of the keys in the Holy See's coat of arms as described in these sources distinguishes it from that of Vatican City State by a reversing of the gold and silver keys. However, such form of the coat of arms has not been used by the Holy See for decades: in all official events and in the [[Apostolic Nunciature|diplomatic missions of the Holy See abroad]], it is always the regular Vatican City flag (with the gold key pointing upwards to the right and the silver key pointing upwards to the left) that is flown,<ref name="doc.noticias24.com">{{Cite web |url=http://doc.noticias24.com/0901/n2xc.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218184056/http://doc.noticias24.com/0901/n2xc.jpg |archive-date=2015-02-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="upload.wikimedia.org">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Nunciatura_apostolica_BSB_01.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="pamelaho.files.wordpress.com">https://pamelaho.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/vatican-city-flag.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="blogs.reuters.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150218181832/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/files/2009/05/dome-and-vatican-flag.jpg Reuters]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/USA_and_Vatican_flag.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="traditioninaction.org">http://traditioninaction.org/religious/religiousimages/F017_WhiteHouse.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref> and the Vatican now only uses the Holy See's coat of arms in [[monochrome]],<ref name="vatican.va"/> which renders it, in practice, one and the same as the coat of arms of [[Vatican City]].

==Origins and background==
[[Ecclesiastical heraldry]] had the same origin and developed contemporaneously with general heraldry, which had become general throughout England, France, Italy and Germany by the end of the 12th century. Ecclesiastical heraldry appears first in [[Seal (device)#Ecclesiastical seals|seals]], nearly all [[vesica piscis|vesica]]-shaped.<ref>
Arthur Charles Fox-Davies in ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1910) {{CathEncy | wstitle=Ecclesiastical Heraldry | short=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?id=dc013cb5997fb53cc04095551d3b9e33|title=Scanned reproduction of the article, with illustrations|website=catholic.com|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224021607/http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?id=dc013cb5997fb53cc04095551d3b9e33|archive-date=24 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

When [[Pope Gregory IX]] waged war against [[Emperor Frederick II]] in 1228, papal troops were described by [[Richard of San Germano]] as "bearing the sign of the keys" (''clavigeros hostes'' or ''clavesignati''). The keys appeared on their banners and were sewn onto their clothing over their breasts. The conflict is consequently called [[War of the Keys]].<ref>{{citation |author=G. A. Loud |authorlink=Graham Loud |chapter=The Papal ‘Crusade’ against Frederick II in 1228–1230 |title=The Papacy and the Crusades |editor=Michel Balard |publisher=Routledge |year=2016}}, pp. 92, 98; {{citation |author=Brett Edward Whalen |title=The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2019}}, p. 36.</ref>

=== Keys and their arrangement ===
The earliest [[blazon]]ing of the arms of the Holy See is that found in [[Froissart's Chronicles]] of 1353, which describes them as "gules two keys in saltire argent".<ref>""Froissart, in his Chronicles referring to the events of the year 1383, is the first to blazon the arms of the Church: faisait Vevesque de Mordwich porter devant lui les armes de l'Eglise, la bannière de St. Pierre, de gueules à deux clefs d'argent en sautoir, comme Gonfanonnier du Pape Urbain." [https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22is+the+first+to+blazon+the+arms+of+the+Church%22&dq=%22is+the+first+to+blazon+the+arms+of+the+Church%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t3L6Up69DavX7AaPooCQDQ&redir_esc=y Donald Lindsay gules, ''A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry'' (W. Heffer and Sons, 1930)]</ref> From the beginning of the 14th century, the arms of the Holy See had shown this arrangement of two crossed keys, most often with a gold key in [[Bend (heraldry)|bend]] and a silver in [[bend sinister]], but sometimes with both keys or (gold), less often both keys silver, as described by Froissart.<ref name=MP>"From the beginning of the 14th century, the two crossed keys constitute the arms of the papacy. The field of the shield is generally gules (red) and the cord is azure (blue). Most often the key placed in bend is gold and the one placed in bend sinister is silver; sometimes they are both gold, or, less often, silver" ([https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDcmDeLuV4C&pg=PA891 Michel Pastoureau, "Keys" in Philippe Levillain, ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia''] (Routledge 2002 {{ISBN|9780415922302}}), vol. 2, p. 891).</ref>

The practice by which the gold key is placed in bend and the silver in bend sinister was slow in establishing itself,<ref name=Galbreath2 /> and only from the time of [[Pope Pius II]] is it found with certainty. "The practice of placing a gold key in bend over another in bend sinister of silver is not found with any certainty before the time of Pius II (1458–64)."<ref>[http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/1st-june-1956/4/the-sovereign-pontiff-has-the-oldest-coat-of-arms John A. Goodall, "The Sovereign Pontiff has the oldest coat of arms" in ''The Catholic Herald'', 1 June 1956]</ref>

In 1952–1953 the English Heraldry Society gave the blazon of the arms of the Holy See as "Gules a key ''or'' [("gold" in French)] in bend above a key ''argent'' [("silver" in French)] in bend sinister, both wards upwards, the bows united by a cord or, above the shield a tiara, its three crowns or [("gold")], the mitre argent [("silver")].".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=l4weAQAAMAAJ&q=%22key+or+in+bend+above%22&dq=%22key+or+in+bend+above%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2XX6UsaqMeuy7Aaoh4DQAQ&sqi=2&redir_esc=y The Heraldry Society, ''Coat of Arms'' 1952–53, vol. 2, p. 254]</ref> In his 1978 book, ''Heraldry in the Catholic Church'', Archbishop [[Bruno Heim]] described the same arrangement.<ref name=Heim/>

The arrangement of the keys in the Holy See's coat of arms as was described in these sources distinguished it from that of Vatican City State by a reversing of the gold and silver keys.

However, the Holy See authorities have all but ceased to use the distinct coat of arms that theoretically represented the Holy See – in all official events and including [[Apostolic Nunciature|diplomatic missions of the Holy See abroad]], it is always the regular Vatican City flag, with the golden key pointing upwards to the right (and the silver key pointing upwards to the left), that is flown.<ref name="doc.noticias24.com"/><ref name="upload.wikimedia.org"/><ref name="pamelaho.files.wordpress.com"/><ref name="blogs.reuters.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="traditioninaction.org"/>

The Vatican itself now only uses the Holy See coat of arms in [[monochrome]],<ref name="vatican.va"/> which makes it indistinguishable from the coat of arms of [[Vatican City]].

===''Sede vacante''===
[[Image:Sede vacante.svg|thumb|150px|The ''sede vacante'' emblem]]
The gold key is placed in bend also in the ''[[sede vacante]]'' emblem, with the tiara replaced by an ''[[umbraculum]]'' (umbrella) said to represent the absence of a pope and the temporary governance of the [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]] over the temporal affairs of the Holy See,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5JVthemvvwC&q=Coat+of+arms+Holy+See&pg=PA64|title=The Next Pope|first=Anura|last=Guruge|date=16 February 2010|publisher=Anura Guruge|isbn=9780615353722|access-date=7 March 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> and in the arms of the Papal States.

=== Tiara ===
By the end of Froissart's 14th century the [[papal tiara]] was included in the coat of arms of the Holy See according to Galbreath<ref name=Galbreath1/> and ''Insegne e simboli: araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna''.<ref name=Araldica>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=oJsEU5i1GaeP7AbZoYDAAg&id=w3QWAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22Insegne+e+Simboli%3A+Araldica+Pubblica+e+Privata%2C+Medievale+e+Moderna%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Araldiche+della+Chiesa Giacomo C. Bascapé, Marcello Del Piazzo, Luigi Borgia (editors), ''Insegne e simboli: araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna'' (Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali], Ufficio Centrale per i Beni Archivistici, 1983, {{ISBN|978-88-7125159-2}}), p. 337</ref> Claudio Ceresa, on the other hand, says the earliest known evidence of its adoption dates from the following century, in the pontificate of [[Martin V]] (1417–1431).<ref name=Ceresa>[http://www.lucisullest.it/dett_news_print.php?id=3823 Claudio Ceresa, "Una sintesi di simboli ispirati alla Scrittura"] on ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'', 10 August 2008 {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130218091006/http://www.lucisullest.it/dett_news_print.php?id=3823 |date=18 February 2013 }}</ref>

==Papal States==
[[File:Coat of arms of Federico and Guidobaldo da Montefeltro.svg|thumb|150px|The Montefeltro family arms with the addition of the papal insignia acquired by [[Federico da Montefeltro|Federico III]] as [[Gonfalonier of the Church]].]]
The distinction between the coat of arms of the papacy and that of the territory ruled by it dates back at least to the 16th century. Galbreath states: "From the 16th century on, this, the third coat of the Papacy — which may be blazoned ''Gules a pair of keys crossed in saltire, one gold, one silver, tied gold, surmounted by a tiara silver, crowned gold'' — is taken to represent the Papacy as distinct from the [[Papal States]]."<ref>Galbreath 1930, p. 25</ref> This statement is quoted with approval by Heim.<ref>Heim 1978, p. 101</ref>

The arms of the Papal States differed in having the [[umbraculum]] (the emblem of the Pope's temporal powers) in place of the tiara, and were incorporated as the first [[quartering (heraldry)|quartering]] of the royal coat of arms of the [[Napoleon]]ic [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] (1805–1814).<ref>[http://www.archivi.beniculturali.it/dga/uploads/documents/Sussidi/8_SussXI_t_745_1064.pdf Giacomo P. Bascapè, Marcello Del Piazzo, ''Insegne e simboli. Araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna. Parte Terza: Araldica Napoleonica in Italia'' (Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, 1983), p. 770]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/pope.htm|title=Papal Heraldry|website=www.heraldica.org|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> This coat of arms was not resumed for the territory over which the Pope's temporal powers were restored in 1929 with the creation of Vatican City State.

The holder of the title of [[Gonfalonier of the Church]] was entitled to include in his own arms the same design of the crossed keys and umbraculum on a red field.

==Vatican City State==
{{further|Fundamental Law of Vatican City State}}
The coat of arms of Vatican City State is officially described, under the heading "Annex B. Official coat of arms of Vatican City State", in article 20 of the [[Fundamental Law of Vatican City State]] in force since 22 February 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/vatican_city_state/legislation/documents/scv_doc_20001126_legge-fondamentale-scv_it.html|title=La nuova legge fondamentale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano|website=vatican.va|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> which repeats the contents of article 19 of the original Fundamental Law of Vatican City State adopted on 7 June 1929 with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19290607_moto-proprio.html|title=Motu Proprio Di nostro moto proprio che contiene la Legge Fondamentale della Città del Vaticano (7 giugno 1929) - PIO XI|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> Each of these official documents includes an illustration of the coat of arms of the state accompanied by the words "''Chiavi decussate sormontate dal triregno in campo rosso''" ("Crossed keys beneath the [[papal tiara]] on a red field") and is accompanied by an illustration that depicts the keys as two in number, one white ([[argent]]) in [[bend (heraldry)|bend]] and one golden ([[or (heraldry)|or]]) in [[bend sinister (heraldry)|bend sinister]], interlaced at their intersection with a red ([[gules]]) cord. The tiara is represented as white with golden crowns.<ref name=official/>

==Charges on the escutcheon==
Claudio Ceresa says that the oldest known representation of the crossed keys beneath the papal tiara dates from the pontificate of Martin V (1417–1431), whose successor, [[Eugene IV]] (1431–1447), included it in the design of a silver coin.<ref name=Ceresa/>{{dead link|date=February 2014}} Galbreath and ''Insegne e simboli: araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna'' say it is attested from the previous century.<ref name=Galbreath1/><ref name=Araldica/>

===The keys===
The keys refer to the promise of [[Jesus Christ]] to Peter, "I will entrust to you the keys of the [[kingdom of heaven]]. Whatever you declare bound on earth shall be bound in heaven; whatever you declare loosed on earth shall be loosed in heaven."<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|16:19}}</ref> They are a symbol of the power the Catholic Church believes that Christ gave to Saint Peter and his successors,<ref name=Montezemolo/> with the gold key signifying that the power reaches to heaven and the silver key that it extends to all the faithful on earth, the interlacing indicating the linking between the two aspects of the power, and the handles of the key being at the base to symbolize the power being in the hands of the pope.<ref name=Heim>"The symbolism of the keys is brought out in an ingenious and interpretative fashion by heraldic art. One of the keys is of gold ([[or (heraldry)|or]]), the other of silver ([[argent]]). The golden key, which points upwards on the [[Dexter and sinister|dexter]] side, signifies the power that extends even to Heaven. The silver key, which must point up to the [[Dexter and sinister|sinister]] side, symbolizes the power over all the faithful on earth. The two are often linked by a cordon [[Gules (heraldry)|Gules]] as a sign of the union of the two powers. The handles are turned downwards, for they are in the hand of the Pope, Christ's lieutenant on earth. The wards point upwards, for the power of binding and loosing engages Heaven itself." Bruno Bernhard Heim, ''Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws'' (Van Duren 1978 {{ISBN|9780391008731}}), p. 54</ref>

===The tiara===
While actual wearing of the papal tiara has been discontinued by [[John Paul I]] and his successors, it remains a papal heraldic symbol. A crown was added to the headgear of the Pope in 1130 to symbolize sovereignty over the [[Papal States]]. In 1301, [[Boniface VIII]], at that time in conflict with [[Philip IV of France]], added a second crown to indicate that his spiritual authority was superior to any civil power. In 1342, [[Benedict XII]] added a third crown to symbolize the superiority of papal religious authority over that of non-religious monarchs. The original significance of the three crowns was lost over time and they came to represent instead the pope's powers as [[holy orders|priest]], ruler and [[magisterium|teacher]].<ref name=Montezemolo>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/stemma-benedict-xvi_en.html|title=Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, "Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI"|website=vatican.va|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Flag of Vatican City]]
* [[Fundamental Law of Vatican City State]]
* [[Holy See]]
* [[Vatican City]]
* [[Index of Vatican City-related articles]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Donald L. Galbreath: ''Papal Heraldry''. Cambridge, 1930; Heffer and Sons.
* Bruno Bernhard Heim: ''Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origins, Customs and Laws''. Gerrards Cross: Van Duren, 1978.
* Baron du Roure de Paulin: ''L'Héraldique Ecclésiastique''. Paris, 1911; H. Daragon.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Coats of arms of the Vatican City}}
* [https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/sp_ss_scv_stemma-bandiera-sigillo_en.html Holy See Press Office—State of Vatican City Flag, Coat of Arms and Seal (''official site'')]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217230421/http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/Ecclesiastico/deposito/Leggi_Vaticane.pdf Text of the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, including a reproduction of Annex B depicting the coat of arms of the state]
* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/pope.htm#pope Papal Heraldry]

{{-}}
{{Coats of arms of Europe}}
{{Papal symbols and rituals}}
{{Vatican City topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coats Of Arms Of The Holy See And Vatican City}}
[[Category:Government of Vatican City]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Vatican City| ]]
[[Category:National coats of arms|Vatican City]]
[[Category:Vatican heraldry]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with keys|Holy See]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with mitres|Holy See]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with crosses|Holy See]]
[[Category:Christian symbols]]
[[Category:Holy See]]

Lilium longiflorum

2022-10-25T20:11:01Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:F934:49F0:4E32:E36D: /* External links */

{{Short description|Species of lily}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Lilium longiflorum (Easter Lily).JPG
|genus = Lilium
|species = longiflorum
|authority = [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb.]]
}}

'''''Lilium longiflorum''''' (Japanese: テッポウユリ, ''Teppōyuri''), often called the '''Easter lily''', is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and [[Ryukyu Islands]] ([[Japan]]). ''[[Lilium formosanum]]'', a closely related species from [[Taiwan]], has been treated as a variety of Easter lily in the past. It is a stem rooting lily, growing up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} high. It bears a number of trumpet shaped, white, fragrant, and outward facing flowers.

==Features==
Plants tend to grow from about {{convert|50|cm|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} tall. They have long oval leaves and the vein enters the horizontal direction. From April to June, the plant's flowering season, it produces pure white flowers on top of the stem. The stem has a cylindrical shape, with a diameter of about {{convert|5|cm|abbr=on}}.

==Cultivation==
A [[variety (biology)|variety]] of it, ''L. longiflorum'' var. ''eximium'', native to the [[Ryukyu Islands]], is taller and more vigorous. It is extensively cultivated for [[cut flowers]]. It has irregular blooming periods in nature, and this is exploited in cultivation, allowing it to be forced for flowering at particular periods, such as [[Easter]]. However, it can be induced to flower over a much wider period. This variety is sometimes called the ''Bermuda lily'' because it has been much cultivated in [[Economy of Bermuda#Agriculture|Bermuda]].
[[File:Lilium longiflorum 'Pink-Heaven'.jpg|thumb|220px|Lilium longiflorum 'Pink-Heaven']]
[[File:Takasagoyuri 06z1458csv.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Easter Lily -- Lilium longiflorum.jpg|thumb]]

==Use in Christian symbolism==
''Lilium longiflorum'' is known as the Easter lily because in [[Christianity]], it is a [[Christian symbolism|symbol]] of the [[resurrection of Christ]], which is celebrated during [[Eastertide]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Easter Lily Tradition and History|url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/04/easter-lily-tradition-and-history/|last=Collins|first=Cynthia|date=19 April 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=20 April 2014|quote=The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet-like shape on Easter morning.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schell|first=Stanley |title=Easter Celebrations|url=https://archive.org/details/EasterCelebrations|year=1916|publisher=Werner & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/EasterCelebrations/page/n96 84]|quote=We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection.}}</ref> The "lily has always been highly regarded in the Church", as [[Jesus]] Himself referenced the flower, saying "Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these" ({{Bibleverse|Luke|12:27|KJV}}).<ref name="Soares1907">{{cite book|last=Soares|first=Theodore Gerald|title=The Week of Our Lord's Passion|url=https://archive.org/details/TheWeekOfOurLordsPassion|access-date=20 April 2014|year=1907|publisher=Hope Publishing Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/TheWeekOfOurLordsPassion/page/n220 210]|quote=The lily has always been highly regarding in the Church. Jesus said "Consider the lilies." The white lily is the symbol of purity. There is a peculiar fitness in the choice of this flower as an Easter emblem. Its bulb is hidden in the earth, and waits the coming of the Easter season to spring forth and blossom. Beautiful in itself it is still more beautiful in its sacred significance.}}</ref> Moreover, according to pious legend, "after [[Passion (Christianity)|Jesus' death]] and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the [[Garden of Gethsemane]], where Jesus went to pray the night before His [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]]. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed".<ref name="Hafer2006">{{cite book|last=Hafer|first=Todd|title=Easter A to Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWqeXi5C0-QC&pg=PT17|access-date=20 April 2014|year=2006|publisher=Hallmark Cards, Incorporated|isbn=9781595301079|page=17|quote=Easter lilies are, perhaps, the most famous holiday flowers of all time. Sometime after Jesus' death and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed and became very sad about what was happening to Him.}}</ref><ref name="Swenson2002">{{cite book|last=Swenson|first=Allan A.|title=Flowers of the Bible: And How to Grow Them|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aMG20kK2jIC&pg=PA182|access-date=20 April 2014|year=2002|publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation|isbn=9780806523149|page=182|quote=Christian tradition also says that lilies were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane after Christ's agony.}}</ref> In many [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|church]]es, the [[chancel]] is adorned with Easter lilies throughout the [[Eastertide|Paschal season]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Luther League Review: 1936-1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GDTAAAAMAAJ|year=1936|quote=There were Easter lilies everywhere, on the platform in Sunday School, and the church was full of them, around the organ, along the chancel rail, inside the chancel, the whole front of the church seemed full of them.|publisher=Luther League of America}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Franklin|first=Estelle Eva |title=Home Science Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNBOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550|year=1906|publisher=Home Science Publishing Company|page=550|work=Lore of the Lily: Beautiful Traditions That are Associated With the Easter Flower-Its Universality|quote=The Easter lily, the emblem of the Christian church for centuries, is probably more largely used for decoration of altar and shrine throughout the civilized world, in the festival of the Resurrection, than all other flowers combined.}}</ref> A poem of the early 1900s titled ''Easter Lilies'' by [[Esther Saville Allen | Mrs. S.R. Allen]], delineates this custom:
{{quotation|Somewhere while the Easter lilies Swing their perfumed censers white, Softened rays of sunlight falling In lines aslant, and warm, and bright, Shall gild the altar, nave and chancel; Rest with tender roseate ray On the font, enwreathed with lilies For baptismal rites today. Another pilgrim on the journey From the cradle to the tomb, Shall receive a name and blessing While the Easter lilies bloom.|Mrs. S.R. Allen ([[Esther Saville Allen]])<ref name="Ludwig1906">{{cite book|last=Ludwig|first=O. C.|author2=S.R. Allen |title=Pictures and Poems of Arkansas|work=Easter Lilies|url=https://archive.org/details/picturesandpoem00ludwgoog|access-date=20 April 2014|year=1906|publisher=Sketch Book Publishing Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/picturesandpoem00ludwgoog/page/n121 103]}}</ref>}}

==History==
In 1903, the USDA's Agricultural Research Services (ARS) started to distribute disease-free plant materials and seeds.

In [[Economy of Bermuda|Bermuda]], from the 1890s to the early 1900s, there was from over some 200 fields a thriving export trade of lily bulbs by sea to [[New York (state)|New York]]. A disease then started affecting the lilies: a virus was identified by [[Lawrence Ogilvie]], the Bermuda Government's first [[Plant pathologist|plant pathologist]] 1923 to 1928.

In 1924 [[Lawrence Ogilvie]] (age 25) saved the industry by identifying the problem to be not aphid damage as previously thought, and instituting controls in the fields and packing houses. There was a marked improvement in exporting 23 cases of lily bulbs in 1918 to 6043 cases in 1927 from the then 204 lily fields.<ref>October 1928 ''Monthly Bulletin of the Bermuda Department of Agriculture and Fisheries'' article by [[Lawrence Ogilvie]]</ref> With the disease eliminated by him, he saved the [[Economy of Bermuda|economy of Bermuda]] (lilies and early vegetables sent by ship to New York were then economically much more important for Bermuda than hotels and financial services now).

Lawrence Ogilvie was established by his skills as a successful young scientist, still in his 20s, when he had a 3-inch column describing his work published in 1927 in the world's premier scientific-journal [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']].<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal |last1=Ogilvie |first1=Lawrence |title=An Important Virus Disease of Lilium longiflorum and its Varieties |journal=Nature |date=April 1927 |volume=119 |issue=2997 |pages=528 |doi=10.1038/119528b0 |s2cid=8937999 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v119/n2997/abs/119528b0.html |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>

In 1929, USDA's Agricultural Research Services started a breeding program, and released one of the first dwarf cultivars for potted-plant production.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Easter Lilies and the Role of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/12000000/Partnering/LilySuccess.pdf|publisher=USDA-ARS}}</ref> Prior to USDA's effort, lily bulbs were mostly [[import]]ed from Japan until the 1940s. The supply of bulbs was suddenly cut off after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and Easter lilies became extremely valuable in the United States.

Currently, nearly all Easter lily bulbs used in North America are grown on coastal bottom lands in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, particularly in the town of [[Smith River, California]].

== Chemistry ==
The Easter lily is a rich source of [[steroid]]al [[glycoside]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Munafo | first1 = JP | title = Quantitative analysis of steroidal glycosides in different organs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) by LC-MS/MS | journal = J Agric Food Chem | year = 2011 | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 995–1004 | doi = 10.1021/jf1036454 | pmid = 21235207| last2 = Gianfagna | first2 = TJ}}</ref> It also contains bitter principles such as [[3,6′-diferuloylsucrose]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84572-0| title = Phenolic glycosides from Lilium longiflorum| journal = Phytochemistry| volume = 26| issue = 11| pages = 2965| year = 1987| last1 = Shoyama| first1 = Yukihiro| last2 = Hatano| first2 = Koji| last3 = Nishioka| first3 = Itsuo| last4 = Yamagishi| first4 = Takashi}}</ref>

==Toxicity==
''L. longiflorum'' is toxic to [[cat]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2460/javma.2002.220.49 |author=Langston CE |title=Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats |journal=J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. |volume=220 |issue=1 |pages=49–52, 36 |date=January 2002 |pmid=12680447 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hall J |title=Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily (''Lilium longiflorum'') when ingested by the cat |journal=Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med |volume=6 |page=121 |year=1992 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Volmer P |title=Easter lily toxicosis in cats |journal=Vet Med |page=331 |date=April 1999 |url=http://www.aspcapro.org/mydocuments/p-toxbrief_0499.pdf }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the [[renal tubular]] epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause [[acute kidney injury]]. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of the lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vethelpdirect.com/vetblog/2010/05/02/lily-poisoning-in-cats/|title=Lily poisoning in cats – Vet Help Direct Blog|date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of plants known as lily]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|last1=Vidali|first1=Luis|last2=Hepler|first2=Peter K.|title=Characterization and localization of profilin in pollen grains and tubes of ''Lilium longiflorum''|journal=Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton|volume=36|issue=4|year=1997|pages=323–338|issn=0886-1544|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)36:4<323::AID-CM3>3.0.CO;2-6|pmid=9096955}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Holm|first1=Preben Bach|title=Three-dimensional reconstruction of chromosome pairing during the zygotene stage of meiosis in ''Lilium longiflorum'' (thunb.)|journal=Carlsberg Research Communications|volume=42|issue=2|year=1977|pages=103–151|issn=0105-1938|doi=10.1007/BF02906489|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Reiss|first1=Hans-Dieter|last2=Herth|first2=Werner|title=Calcium ionophore A 23187 affects localized wall secretion in the tip region of pollen tubes of ''Lilium longiflorum''|journal=Planta|volume=145|issue=3|year=1979|pages=225–232|issn=0032-0935|doi=10.1007/BF00454445|pmid=24317727|s2cid=24097777}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.the-genus-lilium.com/longiflorum.htm www.the-genus-lilium: ''Lilium longiflorum'']
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=240001418 ''Lilium longiflorum'' in Flora of China]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q311206}}

[[Category:Lilium|longiflorum]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Vatican City]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Ryukyu Islands]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Easter traditions]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Peter Thunberg]]

Flag of Vatican City

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2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:F934:49F0:4E32:E36D:

[[File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|300px|right|thumb|Flag of Vatican City]]
The national [[flag]] of the [[Vatican City]] is also the flag of the [[Holy See]]. It was created in 1929 as a direct order from [[Pope Pius XI]].

== Appearance ==
It has two [[vertical]] stripes in light [[yellow]] and [[white]]. The original flag had yellow and [[red]] stripes. The flag also features the Vatican City's [[coat of arms]].

[[Category:Vatican City]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Vatican City| ]]
[[Category:National flags|Vatican City]]

{{Europe-stub}}

Sambucus nigra

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2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:F934:49F0:4E32:E36D: /* External links */

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the moschatel family Adoxaceae}}
{{Redirect|Black elderberry|the species native to North America sometimes known by the same name|Sambucus canadensis}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sambucus nigra 004.jpg
|image_caption = Shrub in flower
|genus = Sambucus
|species = nigra
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Sambucus nigra range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution in Europe
| range_map2 = Sambucus nigra canadensis & cerulea range map 2.png
| range_map2_caption = Natural range of North American subspecies: ''[[Sambucus cerulea|S.{{nbsp}}cerulea]]'' (dark/light blue) and ''[[Sambucus canadensis|S.{{nbsp}}canadensis]]'' (green/red)
}}

'''''Sambucus nigra''''' is a [[species complex]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Adoxaceae]] [[native plant|native]] to most of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Sambucus&SPECIES_XREF=nigra&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|title=Flora Europaea Search Results|website=Rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Common names include '''elder''', '''elderberry''', '''black elder''', '''European elder''', ''' European elderberry''', '''European black elderberry''' and '''tramman''' ([[Isle of Man]]).<ref>{{ITIS |id= 35324 |taxon= ''Sambucus nigra''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SANI4|title=Plants Profile for Sambucus nigra (black elderberry)|website=Plants.usda.gov|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. The plant is widely grown as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]] shrub or small tree. Both the flowers and the berries have a long tradition of culinary use, primarily for cordial and wine.<ref name=RHSAZ/>

Although elderberry is commonly used in [[dietary supplement]]s and [[traditional medicine]], there is no [[evidence-based medicine|scientific evidence]] that it provides any benefit for maintaining health or treating diseases.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |title=European elder |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/european-elder |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=4 September 2021 |date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

==Description==

Elderberry is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to {{convert|6|m|ft|0}} tall and wide,<ref name= RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Michael and Vikram |isbn= 978-1405332965}}</ref> rarely reaching {{cvt|10|m|ft|0}} tall. The bark, light gray when young, changes to a coarse gray outer bark with lengthwise furrowing, [[lenticel]]s prominent.<ref>Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968 ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles Second Edition'' Cambridge.{{ISBN| 0-521-04656-4}}</ref> The [[leaves]] are arranged in opposite pairs, {{Convert|10–30|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets {{convert|5–12|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and {{Convert|3–5|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad, with a serrated margin. The young stems are hollow.<ref>Vedel, H. and Lange, J. 1971. ''Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow''. p. 196. Methuen and Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|0416-61780-8}}</ref>

The [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|hermaphroditic]] [[flower]]s have five stamens,<ref name= "Parnell 12">Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press. {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}</ref> which are borne in large, flat [[corymb]]s 10–25 cm in diameter in late spring to mid-summer. The individual flowers are ivory white, {{convert|5–6|mm|frac=32}} in diameter, with five petals, and are pollinated by flies.

The [[fruit]] is a glossy, dark purple to black [[berry (botany)|berry]] 3–5 mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in late autumn.<ref name=RHSAZ /> The dark color of elderberry fruit occurs from its rich [[polyphenol|phenolic]] content, particularly from [[anthocyanin]]s.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title=Elderberry |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/elderberry.html |access-date=4 September 2021 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Flowers Black Elder.jpg|Flowers
|Sambucus nigra2.jpg|Fruit cluster
|Elder growing on Sycamore, Dalry, Scotland.JPG|Growing as an [[epiphyte]] on a [[sycamore]]
}}

== Taxonomy ==

===Subspecies===
{{See also|Sambucus}}

There are several other closely related species, native to Asia and North America, which are similar, and sometimes treated as [[subspecies]] of ''Sambucus nigra'', including [[Sambucus canadensis|''S. nigra'' subsp. ''canadensis'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7320 |title=Sambucus mexicana |publisher=Calflora |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref> and [[Sambucus cerulea|''S. nigra'' subsp. ''cerulea'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10348 |title=Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea |publisher=Calflora |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The Latin [[specific epithet]] ''nigra'' means "black", and refers to the deeply dark colour of the berries.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref> The English term for the tree is not believed to come from the word "old", but from the [[Middle English|Anglo Saxon]] ''æld'', meaning fire, because the hollow stems of the branches were used as [[bellows]] to blow air into a fire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elder (Sambucus nigra) - British trees - |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/visiting-woods/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/native-trees/elder/ |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=Woodland Trust |language=en}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

''Sambucus nigra'' is native to [[Europe]] as far east as [[Turkey]].<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Sambucus nigra'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=10 February 2022 |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30122169-2 }}</ref> It is native in, and common throughout, the [[British Isles]].<ref name="BRC">{{cite web |title=''Sambucus nigra'' |work=Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/sambucus-nigra |access-date=10 February 2022 }}</ref> It has been introduced to parts of most other continents of the world.<ref name="POWO" />

Hedges, waste-ground roadsides, and woods are the typical habitats for the species.<ref name="Parnell 12" />
''S. nigra'' is recorded as very common in [[Ireland]] in hedges as scrub in woods.<ref>Hackney, P. 1992. ''Stewarts and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland.'' Institute of Irish Studies The Queen's University of Belfast. {{ISBN|0 85389 446 9}}(HB)</ref><ref>Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. ''An Irish Flora''. Dundalgan Press Ltd, Dundalk. {{ISBN|0-85221-131-7}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|image1=Hyphodontia sambuci Eglinton.JPG
|caption1=[[Elder whitewash fungus]]
|image2=Auricularia auricula-judae Eglinton.JPG
|caption2=[[Auricularia auricula-judae|Jelly ear fungus]]
}}

Like other elderberries, ''Sambucus nigra'' is subject to [[elder whitewash fungus]] and [[Auricularia auricula-judae|jelly ear fungus]].

=== Wildlife value ===
Elder rates as fair to good forage for animals such as [[mule deer]], [[elk]], [[sheep]], and small birds. The fruit are an important food for many fruit-eating birds, notably [[blackcap]]s. Ripe elderberries are a favorite food for migrating [[band-tailed pigeon]]s in northern California, which may sometimes strip an entire bush in a short time. The species provides good habitat for large and small mammals,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/samnigc/all.html#MANAGEMENT |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=Fs.fed.us}}</ref> as well as nesting habitat for many birds, including hummingbirds, warblers, and vireos. It is also a larval host to the [[spring azure]].<ref>The Xerces Society (2016), ''Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects'', Timber Press.</ref>

Except for the flowers and ripe berries (but including the ripe seeds), all parts of the plant are poisonous to mammals, containing the [[cyanogenic glycoside]] [[sambunigrin]] (C14H17NO6, [[CAS registry number|CAS number]] 99-19-4).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campa |first1=Cristiana |last2=Schmitt-Kopplin |first2=P |last3=Cataldi |first3=T R |last4=Bufo |first4=S A |last5=Freitag |first5=D |last6=Kettrup |first6=A |name-list-style=vanc |year=2000 |title=Analysis of cyanogenic glycosides by micellar capillary electrophoresis |journal=[[Journal of Chromatography B]] |volume=739 |issue=1 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00375-8 |pmid=10744317}}</ref> The bark contains [[calcium oxalate]] crystals.

==Cultivation==
It is a very common feature of hedgerows and scrubland in Britain and northern Europe.

Some selections and cultivars have [[variegated]] or coloured leaves and other distinctive qualities, and are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s. ''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers.

The following cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 95 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''laciniata'' (cut-leaved alder)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/50846/Sambucus-nigra-f-laciniata/Details |title=''Sambucus nigra'' f. ''laciniata'' / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Eva'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/197771/i-Sambucus-nigra-i-f-i-porphyrophylla-i-Eva-sup-(PBR)-sup/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Sambucus nigra'' 'Eva' | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>
*''S. nigra'' f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Gerda'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/139890/Sambucus-nigra-f-porphyrophylla-Gerda-(PBR)/Details |title=''Sambucus'' nigra f. ''porphyrophylla'' 'Gerda'|publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref>

==Toxicity==
Components of the elderberry plant, including its fruit, contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, such as [[alkaloid]]s, [[lectin]]s, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may be toxic if consumed raw.<ref name="drugs" /> The seeds and all green parts of the plant contain cyanogenic glycosides.<ref name="nccih" /> Consumption of berries, leaves, bark or stems, if not properly prepared, may cause [[nausea]], vomiting, and severe [[diarrhea]].<ref name="nccih" /><ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk">{{cite web |date=2020 |title=Elderberry |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/elderberry-01 |access-date=11 July 2020 |publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center}}</ref> Elderberry plant constituents or products should not be consumed during pregnancy or by people with [[allergy|allergies]] or [[gastrointestinal disease]]s.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk" /> Elderberry products may cause [[adverse effect]]s when used with [[prescription drug]]s.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="msk" />

==Uses==

The dark blue or purple berries are mildly poisonous in their raw state, but are edible after cooking.<ref name="nccih" /><ref name=":0" /> They can be used to make [[Fruit preserves|jam]], jelly,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Fagan|first=Damian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073035766|title=Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert|publisher=[[FalconGuides]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4930-3633-2|location=Guilford, CT|pages=16|oclc=1073035766}}</ref> [[chutney]], and Pontack sauce. In Scandinavia and Germany, soup made from the elderberry (e.g. the German ''Fliederbeersuppe'') is a traditional meal.<ref name="jorg">{{cite journal | last=Jørgensen | first=Ulla | last2=Hansen | first2=Merete | last3=Christensen | first3=Lars P. | last4=Jensen | first4=Karina | last5=Kaack | first5=Karl | title=Olfactory and Quantitative Analysis of Aroma Compounds in Elder Flower (''Sambucus nigra'' L.) Drink Processed from Five Cultivars | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=48 | issue=6 | date=2000-05-12 | issn=0021-8561 | doi=10.1021/jf000005f | pages=2376–2383}}</ref>

Commonly, the flowerheads are used in [[infusion]]s, giving a drink in Northern Europe and the [[Balkans]]. These drinks are sold commercially as [[elderflower cordial]] or [[elderflower pressé]] .<ref>Kikbracken, J. 1995. ''Easy way guide Trees''. Larousse.</ref> In [[Europe]], the flowers are made into a [[syrup]] or [[Squash (drink)|cordial]] (in Romanian: [[Socată]], in Swedish: fläder(blom)saft, in Danish: hyldeblomstsaft / hyldedrik), which is diluted with water before drinking. The popularity of this traditional drink recently has encouraged some commercial [[soft drink]] producers to introduce elderflower-flavoured drinks ([[Fanta]] Shokata, Freaky Fläder). The flowers also may be dipped into a light batter and then fried to make elderflower fritters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mabey |first=Richard |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/761378530 |title=Food for free |date=2012 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-743847-1 |edition= |location=London |pages=83 |oclc=761378530}}</ref>

The berries may be made into [[elderberry wine]].<ref name=":0" /> In [[Hungary]], an elderberry [[brandy]] is made that requires 50 kilograms of fruit to produce 1 [[litre]] of brandy. In south-western [[Sweden]], it is traditional to make a [[snaps]] liqueur flavoured with elderflower. Elderflowers are used in liqueurs such as [[St-Germain (liqueur)|St-Germain]], and in a mildly alcoholic sparkling elderflower 'champagne', although a more alcoholic home-made version can be made. In [[Beerse]], Belgium, a variety of [[jenever]] called ''beers vlierke'' is made from the berries.

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Elderberry-jam.JPG|Elderberry jam
|Sambuci flos dried.jpg|''Sambuci flos'': dried sambucus nigra flowers as used in herbal tea
|"Godfrey's Extract of Elder-Flowers" ad - Woman's Exhibition, 1900, Earl's Court, London, S.W. - official fine art, historical and general catalogue (IA gri 33125013839424) (page 7 crop).jpg|"Godfrey's Extract of Elder-Flowers" ad in 1900
}}

=== Traditional medicine ===
{{anchor|Medicinal}}

This plant is used in traditional medicine by native peoples and [[herbal medicine|herbalists]].<ref name=nccih/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+nigra|title=''Sambucus nigra'': Elderberry - European Elder, Black elderberry, American black elderberry, Blue elderberry|publisher=Plants for a Future|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Extracts of the flowers and fruits are used for cold and flu symptoms,<ref name=nccih/><ref name=drugs/> although there is no high-quality [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] that it is effective for treating any disease.<ref name=nccih/><ref name=drugs/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Neltje |last=Blanchan |author-link=Neltje Blanchan |title=Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors |year=1900 |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=[[New York City]] |oclc=16950204|title-link=Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors }}
*Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Sambucus nigra|''Sambucus nigra''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q22701}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sambucus|nigra]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Vatican City]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bretagne]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Western United States]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

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