Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Portulaca grandiflora

2022-11-12T01:11:08Z

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[[Image:Whitekt-2.jpg|thumb|Portulaca Grandiflora white variety in [[Pakistan]].]]
[[Image:Portulaca flower in Islamabad, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Portulaca flower in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan.]]
'''''Portulaca grandiflora''''' is a [[Succulent plant|succulent]] [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Portulacaceae]]. It has many [[common name]]s, including '''Rose moss''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=POGR7|taxon=Portulaca grandiflora|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref> '''Eleven o'clock''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''Mexican rose''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''Moss rose''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''Sun Rose''',<ref name=Mitchell>{{cite book |author=Mitchell, H. |year=2003 |title=The Essential Earthman: Henry Mitchell on Gardening |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253215857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5fRmqDualkC |page=113}}</ref> '''Rock Rose''',<ref name=Mitchell/> and '''Moss-Rose Purslane'''.

It is also seen in [[Southern Asia]] and widely spread in most of the cities with old 18th- and 19th-century architecture in the [[Balkans]]. Within Pakistan it is the '''Territorial flower of the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]''' and it's also the [[National flower]] of [[Burkina Faso]] respectively.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Biology-stub}}

[[Category:Portulaca|grandiflora]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Islamabad]]
[[Category:Federal territorial symbols of Islamabad (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:National symbols of Burkina Faso]]

Category talk:State symbols of Equatorial Guinea

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{{Short description|none}}
[[Image:Coat of Arms of the Portuguese and Spanish Guinea.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:GNQ orthographic.svg|thumb|Orthographic locational map of GNQ.]]
The '''State symbols of [[Equatorial Guinea]]''' are the [[symbol]]s that are used to represent both the divided [[Equatoguinean]]s proper and abroad to [[National symbol|represent the country and its people]].

[[Category:National symbols by country|EQG]]

Talk:National symbols of Olhemaroa

2022-11-12T00:39:37Z

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[[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Australia with AAT (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Australia, including outlying islands, its territorial claim in the Antarctic.]]
The '''National Symbols of the Australasian Oceanic Nation-State of [[Olhemaroa]]''' are official and unofficial flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of [[Olhemaroa people|Olhemaroan]] and of its culture. Among the additional objects which are considered to be symbols of the Aussie nation, is the indigenous [[Red Kangaroo]].

==Symbols==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!
!Symbol
!Image
|-
! [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Coat of arms of Australia]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Australia.svg|192px|centre|State Coat of Arms of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Flag]]s
| [[Flag of Australia]] [[Australian Aboriginal Flag]]
| [[Image:Under the Southern Cross Flag (2017 Australian Flag Proposal).svg|192px|centre|State Flag of Olhemaroa]][[Image:David Couzens Proposal for Australia.svg|192px|centre]] [[Image:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Flower]]
| [[National flower of Australia]] ''Acacia pycnantha''
| [[Image:Acacia pycnantha (Golden Wattle) - Steiglitz, Victoria Australia (4804368492).jpg|192px|centre|State Flower of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Plant]]
| [[National plant of Australia]] ''Kingia australis''
| [[Image:BlackGins,AridGarden,RBG-CranbourneVIC.jpg|192px|centre|State Plant of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Tree]]
| [[National tree of Australia]] ''Acacia pycnantha''
| [[Image:Wattle Tree.jpg|192px|centre|State Tree of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Bird]]
| [[National bird of Australia]] ''Dromaius novaehollandiae''
| [[Image:Emu-wild.jpg|192px|centre|State Bird of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Animal]]
| [[National animal of Australia]] ''Osphranter rufus''
| [[Image:Red kangaroo - melbourne zoo.jpg|192px|centre|State Animal of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Fruit]]
| [[National fruit of Australia]] ''Syzygium luehmannii''
| [[Image:Syzygium luehmannii fruit.jpg|192px|centre|State Fruit of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Dish]]
| [[National dish of Australia]] ''Olhemaroan cuisine''
| [[Image:Aussie meat pie (cropped).jpg|192px|centre|State Dish of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Sport]]
| [[National sport of Australia]] ''Olhemaroan play''
| [[Image:Dubai Sports City Pak vs Aussies.jpg|192px|centre|State Sport of Olhemaroa]]
|-
|}

===See also===
* [[National symbols of New Zealand]]

{{Politics-stub}}

{{Oceania topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:Australia-related lists| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Olhemaroa| ]]
[[Category:Olhemaroan culture| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Olhemaroa| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)| ]]

Talk:National symbols of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)

2022-11-12T00:38:02Z

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{{Main|Auralian nationalism|Aboriginal nationalism}}
[[Image:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Flag-map of Western Australia.svg|thumb|]]
[[Image:Australia Western Australia relief location map.png|thumb|Topographic map of Auralia excluded from the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] Administration highlighted.]]
The '''National Symbols of the Anglicised Oceanic Australasian Nation-State of the [[Republic of Auralia]]''' are official and unofficial flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of [[Auralian people|Western Australians]] and of its culture. Among the additional objects which are considered to be symbols of the Aboriginal nation, is the indigenous [[Boomerang]].

[[Image:Badge land rights before games obverse.jpg|thumb|]]

==Symbols==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!
!Symbol
!Image
|-
! [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Emblem of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Western Australia.svg|192px|centre|Coat of arms of Auralia]][[Image:Badge of Western Australia.svg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Flag]]s
| [[Flag of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] [[Auralian aboriginal flag]]
| [[Image:Wiradjuri Aboriginal Flag.svg|192px|centre]][[Image:Brendan Jones Proposal for Western Australia.svg|192px|centre|Flag of Auralia]][[Image:Australian Aboriginal Flag (Pantone).svg|192px|centre]][[Image:Flag of Dominion of Westralia (secession movement).svg|192px|centre|]][[Image:Flag of Western Australia.svg|192px|centre|State Flag of Western Australasia]]
|-
! [[Cultural symbol]]
| [[National art of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Auralian traditional Indigenous art''
| [[Image:Bradshaw rock paintings.jpg|192px|centre|Art of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Day]]
| [[National day of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Auralian Day''
| [[Image:Westralia shall be free.jpg|192px|centre|National Day of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Anthem]]
| [[National anthem of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Auralian patriotic song''
| [[Image:The Old Bush Songs by Banio Paterson.jpg|192px|centre|Anthem of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Language]]
| [[National language of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Noongar language''
| [[Image:Noongar1.jpg|192px|centre|Language of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Flower]]
| [[National flower of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] '' Lechenaultia biloba''
| [[Image:Lechenaultia biloba 01 gnangarra.JPG|192px|centre|Flower of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Plant]]
| [[National plant of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Anigozanthos manglesii''
| [[Image:Kanguroo paws.jpg|192px|centre|Plant of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Tree]]
| [[National tree of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Nuytsia floribunda''
| [[Image:Gravity Discovery Centre - Native Christmas Tree.jpg|192px|centre|Tree of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Bird]]
| [[National bird of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Cygnus atratus''
| [[Image:Black Swans.jpg|192px|centre|Bird of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Animal]]s
| [[National animal of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] '' Petrogale lateralis'' [[Auralian national animal]]
''Myrmecobius fasciatus'' [[National mammal of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]]
''Setonix brachyurus''
| [[Image:Black-footed Rock-wallaby(small).jpg|192px|centre|Animal of Auralia]][[Image:Numbat (52028147000).jpg|192px|centre|Faunae Emblem of Auralia]][[Image:Quokka cropped.jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Marine mammal]]
| [[National aquatic marine mammal of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] '' Neophoca cinerea''
| [[Image:Sea lion australia.jpg|192px|centre|Aquatic Mammal of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]]
|-
! [[Reptile]]s
| [[National reptile of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] '' Varanus gouldii flavirufus'' [[Auralian national reptile]]
''Pseudechis butleri''
| [[Image:Varanus gouldii - Chace ranges.JPG|192px|centre|Reptile of Auralia]][[Image:Couleuvre rayée (Thamnophis sirtalis).jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Amphibian]]
| [[National amphibian of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Litoria moorei''
| [[Image:Litoria moorei juvenile.JPG|192px|centre|Amphibian of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Fish]]
| [[National fish of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Rhincodon typus''
| [[Image:Dharavandhoo Thila - Whale Shark.jpg|192px|centre|Fish of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]]
|-
! [[Butterfly]]
| [[National butterfly of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Vanessa cardui kershawi''
| [[Image:Vanessa kershawi 5.jpg|192px|centre|Butterfly of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Insect]]
| [[National insect of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] '' Cylindraustralia kochii''
| [[Image:CSIRO ScienceImage 1334 Cylindrachaeta psammophila.jpg|192px|centre|Insect of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Microbe]]
| [[National microbe of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Cyanobacteria''
| [[Image:Lake Thetis-Stromatolites-LaRuth.jpg|192px|centre|Microbe of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Dog]]
| [[National dog of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Canis familiaris dingo''
| [[Image:Australian Wild Dog-Dingo-1and (4620805983).jpg|192px|centre|Dog of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Sport]]s
| [[National sport of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Boomerang throwing'' [[National game of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]]
''Auralian football''
| [[Image:Rainforestation Nature Park boomerang throwing.jpg|192px|centre|Sport of Auralia]][[Image:Franklin prepares to kick for goal.jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Vegetable]]
| [[National vegetable of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Zea mays''
| [[Image:CSIRO ScienceImage 3498 Maize or corn.jpg|192px|centre|Vegetable of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Fruit]]
| [[National fruit of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Santalum acuminatum''
| [[Image:Quandong (Santalum acuminatum) fruit & seeds.JPG|192px|centre|Fruit of Auralia]][[Image:Kwondong unripe nys.jpg|192px|centre]][[Image:Quandong tree (15119182887).jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Dish]]es
| [[National dish of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Auralian cuisine'' [[Auralian national dish]]
''Auralian Bushfood''
| [[Image:Parmigiana di melanzane-cer.JPG|192px|centre|Dish of Auralia]][[Image:Australian bush tucker, Alice Springs.jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Dress]]
| [[National dress of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Auralian Aboriginal clothing''
| [[Image:Aboriginal Dancers.JPG|192px|centre|192px|centre|Dress of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Dance]]s
| [[National dance of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Torrest Strait dance'' [[Auralian national dance]]
''Auralian Bushdance''
| [[Image:1981 event Australian aboriginals.jpg|192px|centre|Dance of Auralia]][[Image:Noongar traditional dancers, Perth, Australia.jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Instrument]]s
| [[National instrument of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Didgeridoo'' [[Auralian national instrument]]
''Clapstick''
| [[Image:Didgeridoo (Imagicity 1070).jpg|192px|centre|Instrument of Auralia]][[Image:Didgeridu and clap sticks.jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Gemstone]]
| [[National gemstone of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Opal''
| [[Image:Nev opal09.jpg|192px|centre|Gemstone of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Fossil]]
| [[National fossil of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Mcnamaraspis kaprios''
| [[Image:Mcnamaraspis.png|192px|centre|Fossil of Auralia]]
|-
! [[Tartan]]
| [[National tartan of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)]] ''Auralian National Tartan''
| [[Image:Menziesblackdress Tartan.jpg|192px|centre|Tartan of Auralia]]
|-
|}

===Related pages===
* [[National symbols of the Commonwealth of Australia]] (Mainland)
* [[Principality of Hutt River]]
* [[Auralia]]
* [[Secessionism in Western Australia]]
* [[Western Australia]]
* [[WAxit Party]]
* [[Supply Nation]]
* [[1933 Western Australian secession referendum]]
* [[Taba Naba]]
* [[Aboriginal cultures of Western Australia]]
* [[Indigenous Australians]]
* [[Indigenous Australian languages]]
* [[Australian Aboriginal languages]]
* [[Australian Aboriginal identity]]
* [[Australian Aboriginal culture]]
* [[Aboriginal cultures of Western Australia]]
* [[Aboriginal Australians]]
* [[Indigenous Australian sport]]
* [[Garnduwa]]
* [[Noongar]]
* [[Australian English]]/[[Auralian language]]
* [[History of Western Australia]]

==External link==
* [https://www.garnduwa.com.au/our-story]

{{Oceania topic|National symbols of}}

{{Politics-stub}}

[[Category:Western Australian culture| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Olhemaroa]]

Talk:National symbols of Western Australasia (Republic of Auralia)

2022-11-12T00:35:30Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: /* Symbols */

Talk:National symbols of Olhemaroa

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2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: /* Symbols */

Talk:American baseball

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Talk:Hamburger

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2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: Created page with "{{Talk page}}"

Talk:National symbols of the United States of America

2022-11-11T22:20:44Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: /* Symbols */

[[Image:Flag of the President of the United States.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:National-atlas-blank-state-outlines.png|thumb|A map showing the ''contiguous United States'' above and, in insets at the lower left, the two states that are not contiguous]]
[[Image:Blank US Map 48states.svg|thumb|]]
The '''National Symbols of the Federalised North American Nation-State of the [[United States of America]]''' are official and unofficial flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of [[American people|American]] and of its culture. Among the additional objects which are considered to be symbols of the Bald Eagle nation, is the indigenous [[Bison]].

==Symbols==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!
!Symbol
!Image
|-
! [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Coat of arms of the United States of America]]
| [[Image:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|192px|centre]] (''obverse'') [[Image:Great Seal of the United States (reverse).svg|192px|centre]] (''reverse'')
| <ref>4 U.S.C. § 41 ("The seal heretofore used by the United States in Congress assembled is declared to be the seal of the United States.").</ref>
|-
! [[Flag]]s
| [[Flag of the United States of America]] [[American Aboriginal Flag]]
| [[Image:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|192px|centre|State Flag of the United States]][[Image:Betsy Ross flag.svg|192px|centre]] [[Image:Flag of the United States (1795–1818).svg|192px|centre]] [[Image:Flag of the United States (1776–1777).svg|192px|centre]][[Image:Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861–1863).svg|192px|centre]][[Image:Pine Ridge Flag.svg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Flower]]
| [[National flower of the United States of America]] ''Rosa rubiginosa''
| [[Image:Rosa Red Chateau01.jpg|192px|centre|State Flower of the United States]][[Image:Rosa 'Mister Lincoln' 1964.jpg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Plant]]
| [[National plant of the United States of America]] ''Panax quinquefolius''
| [[Image:Panax quinquefolius.jpg|192px|centre|State Plant of the United States]]
|-
! [[Tree]]
| [[National tree of the United States of America]] ''Quercus alba''
| [[Image:Keeler Oak Tree - distance photo, May 2013.jpg|192px|centre|State Tree of the United States]]
|-
! [[Bird]]
| [[National bird of the United States of America]] ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus washingtoniensis''
| [[Image:Haliaeetus leucocephalus in flight over KSC.jpg|192px|centre|State Bird of the United States]]
|-
! [[Animal]]
| [[National animal of the United States of America]] ''Bison bison''
| [[Image:American bison k5680-1.jpg|192px|centre|State Animal of the United States]]
|-
! [[Fruit]]
| [[National fruit of the United States of America]] ''Cyanococcus corymbosus''
| [[Image:Blueberries ripening 2.jpg|192px|centre|State Fruit of the United States]][[Image:Wild Blueberries.jpg|192px|centre|American National Fruit]]
|-
! [[Dish]]
| [[National dish of the United States of America]] ''American cuisine''
| [[Image:Hamburger (black bg).jpg|192px|centre|State Dish of the United States]][[Image:Americano Burger Bar Cincinnati Oh (184538461).jpeg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Sport]]
| [[National sport of the United States of America]] ''American play''
| [[Image:Major League Baseball logo.svg|192px|centre|State Sport of the United States]][[Image:Baseball pitching motion 2004.jpg|192px|centre|]]
|-
|}

===See also===
* [[National symbols of the United Kingdom]]
* [[National symbols of France]]

{{Politics-stub}}

{{North America topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:American-related lists| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of the United States of America| ]]
[[Category:American culture| ]]

Talk:Australia national cricket team

2022-11-11T22:02:24Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: Created page with "{{Talk page}}"

Talk:Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)

2022-11-11T22:00:52Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: Created page with "{{Talk page}}"

Talk:National symbols of Olhemaroa

2022-11-11T21:58:42Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: /* Symbols */

[[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Australia with AAT (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Australia, including outlying islands, its territorial claim in the Antarctic.]]
The '''National Symbols of the Australasian Oceanic Nation-State of [[Olhemaroa]]''' are official and unofficial flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of [[Olhemaroa people|Olhemaroan]] and of its culture. Among the additional objects which are considered to be symbols of the Aussie nation, is the indigenous [[Red Kangaroo]].

==Symbols==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!
!Symbol
!Image
|-
! [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Coat of arms of Australia]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Australia.svg|192px|centre|State Coat of Arms of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Flag]]s
| [[Flag of Australia]] [[Australian Aboriginal Flag]]
| [[Image:Under the Southern Cross Flag (2017 Australian Flag Proposal).svg|192px|centre|State Flag of Olhemaroa]][[Image:David Couzens Proposal for Australia.svg|192px|centre]] [[Image:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg|192px|centre]]
|-
! [[Flower]]
| [[National flower of Australia]] ''Acacia pycnantha''
| [[Image:Acacia pycnantha (Golden Wattle) - Steiglitz, Victoria Australia (4804368492).jpg|192px|centre|State Flower of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Plant]]
| [[National plant of Australia]] ''Kingia australis''
| [[Image:BlackGins,AridGarden,RBG-CranbourneVIC.jpg|192px|centre|State Plant of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Tree]]
| [[National tree of Australia]] ''Acacia pycnantha''
| [[Image:Wattle Tree.jpg|192px|centre|State Tree of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Bird]]
| [[National bird of Australia]] ''Dromaius novaehollandiae''
| [[Image:Emu-wild.jpg|192px|centre|State Bird of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Animal]]
| [[National animal of Australia]] ''Osphranter rufus''
| [[Image:Red kangaroo - melbourne zoo.jpg|192px|centre|State Animal of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Fruit]]
| [[National fruit of Australia]] ''Syzygium luehmannii''
| [[Image:Syzygium luehmannii fruit.jpg|192px|centre|State Fruit of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Dish]]
| [[National dish of Olhemaroa]] ''Olhemaroan cuisine''
| [[Image:Aussie meat pie (cropped).jpg|192px|centre|State Dish of Olhemaroa]]
|-
! [[Sport]]
| [[National sport of Olhemaroa]] ''Olhemaroan play''
| [[Image:Dubai Sports City Pak vs Aussies.jpg|192px|centre|State Sport of Olhemaroa]]
|-
|}

===See also===
* [[National symbols of New Zealand]]

{{Politics-stub}}

{{Oceania topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:Australia-related lists| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Olhemaroa| ]]
[[Category:Olhemaroan culture| ]]
[[Category:National symbols of Olhemaroa| ]]

Chicken tikka masala

2022-11-11T21:40:33Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: /* External links */

{{Short description|Dish consisting of boneless chicken pieces in curry sauce gravy}}
{{distinguish|Chicken tikka}}
{{redirect|Chicken masala|the Italian dish|Chicken marsala}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Chicken tikka masala
| image = Chicken tikka masala.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Chicken tikka masala
| country = [[United Kingdom]] [[Indian subcontinent]]
| creator =
| course = [[Main course]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Chicken (food)|Chicken]], [[yogurt]], [[cream]], tomato, onion, garlic, [[ginger]], [[chili pepper]]
| variations = Lamb, fish or [[paneer tikka masala]]
| calories
| other =
}}
'''Chicken tikka masala''' is a dish consisting of roasted marinated chicken chunks ([[chicken tikka]]) in spiced [[curry]] sauce. The curry is usually creamy and orange-coloured. The dish was popularised by cooks from India living in Great Britain and is offered at restaurants around the world.

==Composition==
Chicken tikka masala is composed of [[chicken tikka]], boneless chunks of chicken marinated in spices and [[yogurt]] that are roasted in an oven, served in a creamy curry sauce.<ref name="book">[[John Lloyd (writer)|Lloyd, J]] and [[John Mitchinson (researcher)|Mitchinson, J]]. ''[[The Book of General Ignorance]]''. Faber & Faber, 2006</ref><ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |last1=Siciliano-Rosen |first1=Laura | last2=Rogers |first2=Kara |title=Chicken tikka masala |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/chicken-tikka-masala |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> A tomato and [[coriander]] sauce is common, but no recipe for chicken tikka masala is standard; a survey found that of 48 different recipes, the only common ingredient was chicken.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |title=A Cultural Politics of Curry in "Hybrid Cultures, Nervous States: Britain and Germany in a (post)colonial World"|date=2010|publisher=Rodopi BV|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9789042032286|page=172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW4UEN0NUT4C&pg=PA172|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Webb|first1=Andrew|title=Food Britannia|date=2011|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1847946232|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBMLFM305MEC&pg=PA177|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> The sauce usually includes tomatoes (frequently as [[tomato purée|purée]]), [[cream]], [[coconut cream]] and a [[masala (spice)|masala]] spice mix. The sauce and chicken pieces may be coloured orange using foodstuffs such as [[turmeric]], [[paprika]], tomato purée or with food dye. Chicken tikka masala is similar to [[butter chicken]], both in the method of creation and appearance.

==Origins==
The origin of the dish is not certain, but many sources attribute it to the [[British Asian|South Asian community]] in Great Britain; some sources also cite Glasgow as the city of origin.<ref name=Britannica /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dutt |first1=Vijay |title=60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/60-years-of-chicken-tikka-masala/story-cPUJ0MAdX4WxqcxYTrqA3H.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 December 2021 |date=21 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Emma |title=Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef |url=https://www.insider.com/chicken-tikka-masala-not-indian-dishoom-chef-naved-nasir-2019-11 |website=Insider |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>

Chicken tikka masala may derive from [[butter chicken]], a popular dish in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]]. The ''Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics'' credits its creation to [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi migrant]] chefs in Britain in the 1960s. They developed and served a number of new inauthentic "Indian" dishes, including chicken tikka masala.<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book |last1=Thaker |first1=Aruna |last2=Barton |first2=Arlene |title=Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics |date=2012 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781405173582 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF1YCg5Ig-EC&pg=PA74}}</ref>

Historians of ethnic food Peter and Colleen Grove discuss multiple claims regarding the origin of chicken tikka masala, concluding that the dish "was most certainly invented in Britain, probably by a Bangladeshi chef."<ref name=MenuMag>{{cite web|author1=Grove, Peter |author2=Grove, Colleen|url=http://www.menumagazine.co.uk/book/tikkamasala.html|website=Menu Magazine|publisher=Grove Publications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127225804/http://www.menumagazine.co.uk/book/tikkamasala.html|archive-date=27 November 2016 |title=Is It or Isn't It? (The Chicken Tikka Masala Story) |date=2008 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> They suggest that "the shape of things to come may have been a recipe for Shahi Chicken Masala in [[Mrs Balbir Singh]]’s ''Indian Cookery'' published in 1961."<ref name=MenuMag/>

Another explanation is that it originated in a restaurant in [[Glasgow]], Scotland.<ref name="Glasgow 2016">{{cite news|title=From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/charles-mackintosh-chemist-waterproof-google-doodle-scotland-inventions-innovation-bicycles-a7499911.html|work=The Independent|date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="book"/> This version recounts how a [[British Pakistanis|British Pakistani]] chef, Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of a restaurant in Glasgow, invented chicken tikka masala by improvising a sauce made from a tin of condensed tomato soup, and spices.<ref name="Glasgow">{{cite web |date=21 July 2009 |title=Glasgow 'invented' Tikka Masala |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8161812.stm |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |quote=Mr Sarwar claimed the dish owed its origins to the culinary skills of Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of the Shish Mahal restaurant in Park Road in the west end of the city. He is said to have prepared a sauce using spices soaked in a tin of condensed tomato soup after a customer said his meal was too dry.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Godeau |first1=Lucie |date=2 August 2009 |title=Chicken tikka masala claims its origins in Scotland |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |agency=Agence France Presse |url=http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/chicken-tikka-masala-claims-its-origins-in-scotland-20090802-e5mr.html |access-date=19 May 2017 |quote="Chicken tikka masala was invented in this restaurant, we used to make chicken tikka, and one day a customer said, 'I'd take some sauce with that, this is a bit dry'," said Ahmed Aslam Ali, 64, founder of Shish Mahal. "We thought we'd better cook the chicken with some sauce. So from here we cooked chicken tikka with the sauce that contains yogurt, cream, spices.}}</ref>

Chef Anita Jaisinghani, a correspondent in the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', wrote that "the most likely story is that the modern version was created during the early ’70s by an enterprising Indian chef near London" who used [[Campbell's Soup|Campbell's]] [[tomato soup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/food-culture/article/How-to-make-Anita-Jaisinghani-s-butter-chicken-15914236.php|title=How to make Pondicheri's butter chicken at home|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2021-02-01|accessdate=2021-03-15}} - [https://www.pressreader.com/usa/houston-chronicle/20210203/282454236672016 See at] [[Pressreader]]</ref> This is disputed by author Jo Monroe, who claims that this story was deliberately invented by the founder of a London restaurant "to entertain journalists".<ref name="Monroe">{{cite book |last1=Monroe |first1=Jo |title=Star of India: The Spicy Adventures of Curry |date=September 2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-09188-3 |pages=135-137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NC42BaKAwXAC&pg=PA135 |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

Rahul Verma, a food critic who writes for ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Author profile: Rahul Verma|url=http://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/rahul-verma/|website=The Hindu|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref> said he first tasted the dish in 1971 and that its origins were in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. He said, "It's basically a Punjabi dish not more than 40–50 years old and must be an accidental discovery which has had periodical improvisations."<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Chicken tikka masala debate grows as Indian chefs reprimand Scottish MPs over culinary origins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/5972643/Chicken-tikka-masala-row-grows-as-Indian-chefs-reprimand-Scottish-MPs-over-culinary-origins.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | first1=Dean | last1=Nelson | first2=Jalees | last2=Andrabi | date=4 August 2009 | access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="Glasgow 2016"/>

==Popularity==
Chicken tikka masala is served in restaurants around the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=Rakesh|title=Tastes that travel|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tastes-that-travel/article2241239.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd|access-date=19 May 2017|location=Chennai, India|date=24 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Spice of Life |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1174750,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516041440/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1174750,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2007 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |author=Aravind Adiga | date=20 March 2006 |access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref>

According to a 2012 survey of 2,000 people in Britain, it was the country's second-most popular foreign dish to cook, after [[Stir frying|Chinese stir fry]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/stir-fry-now-britains-most-popular-165120|title=Stir-fry now Britain's most popular foreign dish |work=Daily Mirror| date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>

In 2001, British [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[Robin Cook]] mentioned the dish in a speech acclaiming the benefits of Britain's [[multiculturalism]], declaring:
{{quote|Chicken tikka masala is now a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences. Chicken tikka is an Indian dish. The masala sauce was added to satisfy the desire of British people to have their meat served in gravy.<ref name=Guardian2001>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London |date=19 April 2001 |newspaper=The Guardian }}</ref><ref name="Mannur 2009 3">{{cite book |first=Anita |last=Mannur |title=Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture |year=2009 |publisher=Temple University Press |page=3 |isbn=978-1-4399-0077-2 }}</ref><ref name="Monroe"/><ref name="Collingham 2006">{{cite book |last=Collingham |first = Elizabeth M. |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/currytaleofcooks00coll/page/2 2]–12| isbn=0-19-517241-8|url=https://archive.org/details/currytaleofcooks00coll| url-access=registration}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Balti (food)|Balti]], a South Asian dish
* [[Chicken curry]], a spiced chicken dish
* [[Butter chicken]], a mild curry dish of Indian origin
* [[List of chicken dishes]]
* [[Mughlai cuisine]]
*[[General Tso's chicken]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Curry Club Tandoori and Tikka Dishes'', Piatkus, London – {{ISBN|0-7499-1283-9}} (1993)
*''Curry Club 100 Favourite Tandoori Recipes'', Piatkus, London – {{ISBN|9780749914912}} (1995)
* ''India: Food & Cooking'', New Holland, London – {{ISBN|978-1-84537-619-2}} (2007)

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Chicken tikka masala}}
*{{wikibooks-inline|Cookbook:Chicken Tikka Masala}}
{{Portalbar|Bangladesh|India|Pakistan|United Kingdom|Food}}
{{English cuisine}}
{{Scottish cuisine}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Chicken dishes|state=collapsed}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chicken Tikka Masala}}
[[Category:British cuisine]]
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[[Category:Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian chicken dishes]]
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[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]
[[Category:Pakistani curries]]
[[Category:Pakistani chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Bengali curries]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Sylheti cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Desi cuisine]]
[[Category:National dishes]]
[[Category:Masalas]]
[[Category:Curry in the United Kingdom]]

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2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: /* Symbols */

[[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of the United Kingdom (dark green) in Europe (dark grey).]]
[[Image:2019 Reunião Bilateral com o Príncipe Charles - 48948389972 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|The Monarch]] is the living embodiment of the United Kingdom.]]
The '''National Symbols of the European Nation-State of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]]''' are official and unofficial flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of [[British people|Britishers]] and of its culture. Among the additional objects which are considered to be symbols of the Robin nation, is the indigenous [[Royal Oak]].

[[Image:Ströhl-HA-Britischer Herold.png|thumb|Britischer Herold.]]

==Symbols==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!
!Symbol
!Image
|-
! [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Unitary State Coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]]
| [[Image:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|192px|centre|Unitary State Coat of Arms of the UK]]
|-
! [[Flag]]
| [[Unitary State flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]]
| [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|192px|centre|Unitary State Flag of the UK]]
|-
! [[Flower]]
| [[Unitary State flower of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Trifolium repens''
| [[Image:Trifolium repens macro.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Flower of the UK]]
|-
! [[Plant]]
| [[Unitary State plant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Epigogium aphyllum''
| [[Image:Epiaph1.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Plant of the UK]]
|-
! [[Tree]]
| [[Unitary State tree of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Quercus robur''
| [[Image:Baginton oak tree july06.JPG|192px|centre|Unitary State Tree of the UK]]
|-
! [[Bird]]
| [[Unitary State bird of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Erithacus rubecula''
| [[Image:Erithacus rubecula with cocked head.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Bird of the UK]]
|-
! [[Animal]]
| [[Unitary State animal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Rangifer tarandus''
| [[Image:Reindeer - geograph.org.uk - 943186.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Animal of the UK]]
|-
! [[Mammal]]
| [[Unitary State mammal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Sciurus vulgaris''
| [[Image:Squirrel posing.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Mammal of the UK]]
|-
! [[Horse]]
| [[Unitary State horse of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Equus ferus caballus''
| [[Image:Gypsy Vanner.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Plant of the UK]]
|-
! [[Dog]]
| [[Unitary State dog of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''British Bulldog''
| [[Image:Ozbulldog.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Plant of the UK]]
|-
! [[Dish]]es
| [[Unitary State dish of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Cutlery food of Great Britain'' [[Great Britain traditional dish]] ''British traditional dish'' [[UK Unitary state dish]] ''British cuisine''
| [[Image:Fish and chips blackpool.jpg|192px|centre|State Dish of the UK]][[Image:Homerton College - Shepherd's pie (cropped).jpg|192px|centre]][[Image:Chicken tikka masala.jpg|192px|centre|]]
|-
! [[Fruit]]
| [[Unitary State fruit of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Rubus idaeus''
| [[Image:Raspberries05.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Fruit of the UK]]
|-
! [[Vegetable]]
| [[Unitary State vegetable of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Brassica oleracea''
| [[Image:Cabbages Green and Purple 2120px.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Vegetable of the UK]]
|-
! [[Crop]]
| [[Unitary State crop of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Solanum tuberosum''
| [[Image:Potato Field - geograph.org.uk - 177598.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Crop of the UK]]
|-
! [[Sport]]
| [[Unitary State sport of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''British play''
| [[Image:Rugby World Cup Logo.png|192px|centre|State Sport of the UK]][[Image:Chobham Rugby.JPG|192px|centre|]][[Image:Rugby Union in Germany . Centenary game - German XV vs. Barbarians. August 2000 in Hannover.jpg|192px|centre|]]
|-
|}

===See also===
* [[National symbols of the Republic of Ireland]]
* [[National symbols of France]]

{{Politics-stub}}

{{Europe topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:Great Britain-related lists| ]]
[[Category:Unitary State symbols of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland| ]]
[[Category:British culture| ]]

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2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:CDEE:8F63:F75F:CC6B: /* Symbols */

[[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of the United Kingdom (dark green) in Europe (dark grey).]]
[[Image:2019 Reunião Bilateral com o Príncipe Charles - 48948389972 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|The Monarch]] is the living embodiment of the United Kingdom.]]
The '''National Symbols of the European Nation-State of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]]''' are official and unofficial flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of [[British people|Britishers]] and of its culture. Among the additional objects which are considered to be symbols of the Robin nation, is the indigenous [[Royal Oak]].

[[Image:Ströhl-HA-Britischer Herold.png|thumb|Britischer Herold.]]

==Symbols==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!
!Symbol
!Image
|-
! [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Unitary State Coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]]
| [[Image:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|192px|centre|Unitary State Coat of Arms of the UK]]
|-
! [[Flag]]
| [[Unitary State flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]]
| [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|192px|centre|Unitary State Flag of the UK]]
|-
! [[Flower]]
| [[Unitary State flower of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Trifolium repens''
| [[Image:Trifolium repens macro.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Flower of the UK]]
|-
! [[Plant]]
| [[Unitary State plant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Epigogium aphyllum''
| [[Image:Epiaph1.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Plant of the UK]]
|-
! [[Tree]]
| [[Unitary State tree of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Quercus robur''
| [[Image:Baginton oak tree july06.JPG|192px|centre|Unitary State Tree of the UK]]
|-
! [[Bird]]
| [[Unitary State bird of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Erithacus rubecula''
| [[Image:Erithacus rubecula with cocked head.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Bird of the UK]]
|-
! [[Animal]]
| [[Unitary State animal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Rangifer tarandus''
| [[Image:Reindeer - geograph.org.uk - 943186.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Animal of the UK]]
|-
! [[Mammal]]
| [[Unitary State mammal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Sciurus vulgaris''
| [[Image:Squirrel posing.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Mammal of the UK]]
|-
! [[Horse]]
| [[Unitary State horse of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Equus ferus caballus''
| [[Image:Gypsy Vanner.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Plant of the UK]]
|-
! [[Dog]]
| [[Unitary State dog of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''British Bulldog''
| [[Image:Ozbulldog.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Plant of the UK]]
|-
! [[Dish]]es
| [[Unitary State dish of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Cutlery food of Great Britain'' [[Great Britain traditional dish]] ''British traditional dish'' [[UK Unitary state dish]] ''British cuisine''
| [[Image:Fish and chips blackpool.jpg|192px|centre|State Dish of the UK]][[Image:Homerton College - Shepherd's pie (cropped).jpg|192px|centre]][[Image:Chicken tikka masala.jpg|192px|centre|]]
|-
! [[Fruit]]
| [[Unitary State fruit of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Rubus idaeus''
| [[Image:Raspberries05.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Fruit of the UK]]
|-
! [[Vegetable]]
| [[Unitary State vegetable of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Brassica oleracea''
| [[Image:Cabbages Green and Purple 2120px.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Vegetable of the UK]]
|-
! [[Crop]]
| [[Unitary State crop of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''Solanum tuberosum''
| [[Image:Potato Field - geograph.org.uk - 177598.jpg|192px|centre|Unitary State Crop of the UK]]
|-
! [[Sport]]
| [[Unitary State sport of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland]] ''British play''
| [[Image:Lions Badge.PNG|192px|centre|State Sport of the UK]][[Image:Great Britain Rugby League logo.svg|192px|centre|]][[Image:Rugby Union in Germany . Centenary game - German XV vs. Barbarians. August 2000 in Hannover.jpg|192px|centre|]]
|-
|}

===See also===
* [[National symbols of the Republic of Ireland]]
* [[National symbols of France]]

{{Politics-stub}}

{{Europe topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:Great Britain-related lists| ]]
[[Category:Unitary State symbols of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland| ]]
[[Category:British culture| ]]