Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Category:National symbols of Mongolia

2022-08-24T17:33:15Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "Mongolia Mongolia"

[[Category:National symbols by country|Mongolia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Eastern Asia|Mongolia]]

Talk:National tree of Mongolia

2022-08-24T17:31:29Z

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Talk:National flower of Mongolia

2022-08-24T17:31:03Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "{{Talk page}}"

National symbols of Mongolia

2022-08-24T17:30:20Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "{{Short description|none}} right Location of the Map of Mongolia. The '''National symbols of Mongolia''' are the symbols that are used to represent the Mongols and abroad to represent the country and its peoples. ==Symbols== {|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;" ! !Symbol !Image |- ! Coat of arms | Coat of arms of Mongolia | Image:State emblem..."

{{Short description|none}}
[[Image:Flag of Mongolia.svg|border|100px|right]]
[[Image:Mongolia w2 locator.svg|thumb|Location of the Map of Mongolia.]]

The '''National symbols of [[Mongolia]]''' are the [[symbol]]s that are used to represent the [[Mongol]]s and abroad to [[National symbol|represent the country and its people]]s.

==Symbols==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!
!Symbol
!Image
|-
! [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Coat of arms of Mongolia]]
| [[Image:State emblem of Mongolia.svg|122px|centre|Coat of Arms of Mongolia]]
|-
! [[Flag]]
| [[Flag of Mongolia]]
| [[Image:Flag of Mongolia.svg|122px|centre|State Flag of Mongolia]]
|-
! [[Flower]]
| [[National flower of Mongolia]]<br> ''Scabiosa columbaria''
| [[Image:Scabiosa columbaria Mitterbach 20190714.jpg|122px|centre|State Flower of Mongolia]]
|-
! [[Tree]]
| [[National tree of Mongolia]]<br> ''Axis mundi''
| [[Image:Tikal Ceiba Tree National Tree of Guatemala & Axis Mundi of Maya (9791192436).jpg|122px|centre|State Tree of Mongolia]]
|-
! [[Bird]]
| [[National bird of Mongolia]]<br> ''Falco cherrug altaicus''
| [[Image:Sokoli balobany.jpg|122px|centre|State Bird of Mongolia]]
|-
! [[Animal]]
| [[National animal of Mongolia]]<br> ''Equus caballus przewalskii''
| [[Image:Equus caballus przewalskii.JPG|122px|centre|State Animal of Mongolia]]
|-
|}

{{Politics-stub}}

{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:National symbols of Mongolia| ]]
[[Category:Mongolian culture]]

Talk:National bird of Mongolia

2022-08-24T17:21:25Z

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Talk:National animal of Mongolia

2022-08-24T17:18:53Z

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Category talk:National symbols of Yemen

2022-08-24T17:00:28Z

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Category talk:National symbols of the United Arab Emirates

2022-08-24T16:59:58Z

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Category talk:State symbols of the Independent Territory of East Timor

2022-08-24T16:58:58Z

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Category talk:State symbols of Singapore

2022-08-24T16:53:58Z

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Category talk:National symbols of the Russian Federation

2022-08-24T16:53:12Z

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Category talk:State symbols of the State of Qatar

2022-08-24T16:52:51Z

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Category talk:National symbols of Lebanon

2022-08-24T16:51:49Z

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Category talk:State symbols of Kuwait

2022-08-24T16:51:17Z

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Category talk:National symbols of Iraq

2022-08-24T16:35:31Z

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Category talk:State symbols of the Independent Country of Georgia (Caucasus Nation)

2022-08-24T16:34:27Z

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Category talk:National symbols of Egypt

2022-08-24T16:34:02Z

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Category talk:State symbols of Eritrea

2022-08-24T16:33:36Z

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Category talk:National symbols of Belarus

2022-08-24T16:32:33Z

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Category talk:National symbols of Andalusia

2022-08-24T16:32:06Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "{{Talk header}}"

Talk:Panthera leo leo

2022-08-24T16:31:16Z

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Talk:Nubian lion

2022-08-24T16:30:55Z

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Talk:Barbary lion

2022-08-24T16:29:51Z

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Talk:Atlas lion

2022-08-24T16:28:44Z

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Category talk:National symbols of Morocco

2022-08-24T16:27:35Z

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Category talk:National symbols of the Kingdom of Morocco

2022-08-24T16:26:38Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "{{Talk header}}"

Panthera leo leo

2022-08-24T16:26:07Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: /* Sources */

{{Taxobox
|name = Barbary lion
| image = Barbary lion.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = A Barbary lion from [[Algeria]], 1893
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
|classis = [[Mammal]]ia
|ordo = [[Carnivora]]
|familia = [[Felidae]]
|genus = ''[[Panthera]]''
|status = EW
|status_system = iucn3.1
|species = ''[[Lion|P. leo]]''
|trinomial = ''Panthera leo leo''
|trinomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)}}

The '''Barbary lion''' (''Panthera leo leo'') was a local group of lions which are now extinct in the wild {[[IUCN]]}. The Barbary lion was also called the '''Atlas lion''' and the '''Nubian lion'''. It was a local group, or perhaps [[subspecies]], of the lion. It used to live in [[North Africa]], from [[Morocco]] to [[Egypt]].

== Looks and behavior ==
The Barbary lion was large and heavy. Males weighed about {{convert|180Kg|to|200 kg|kg}}, and females weighed about {{convert|130kg |to|176kg|kg}}. Male lions were said to be about {{convert|2.7|to|3.1|m}} long and females were about {{convert|2.1|to|2.7|m}} long.<ref name="tigerhomes.org">{{cite web|url= http://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/barbary-lion.cfm|title= Barbary Lion|date= 1999–2006|publisher= tigerhomes.org|access-date= February 18, 2012|archive-date= August 24, 2011|archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/61AzKru9c?url=http://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/barbary-lion.cfm|url-status= dead}}</ref> Some scientists think that these sizes and weights are too large. These scientists think that the Barbary lion is probably the size of the lions found in [[East Africa]].<ref name=patterson>{{cite book|last=Patterson|first=Bruce D.|title=The lions of Tsavo: exploring the legacy of Africa's notorious man-eaters|url=https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt|isbn=978-0-07-136333-4|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/lionsoftsavoexpl0000patt/page/110 110]}}</ref>

The places where the Barbary lion lived did not have a lot of [[prey]]. These lions did not live in ''prides'' because of this.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.barbarylion.com/Barbary_Lions.htm|title= barbarylion.com|year= 2005|publisher= barbarylion.com|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>A ''pride of lions'' is a family group. It usually includes a male lion, several female lions, and their [[cub]]s.</ref> The main animals they hunted in the [[Atlas Mountains]] were the [[Barbary stag]] and the [[gazelle]]. The lions also ate [[cow]]s and [[sheep]] raised by people.<ref name="barbarylion.com"/>

These lions lived alone, or in [[wikt:pair|pairs]]. The female Barbary lion raised her cubs until they were mature. This took about two years. After that, the cubs left their mother.<ref name="barbarylion.com">http://www.barbarylion.com/Barbary_Lions.htm/</ref>

== Sources ==
{{Wikispecies|Panthera leo leo}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Panthera]]
[[Category:Mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Kingdom of Morocco]]

Category:State symbols of South Sudan

2022-08-24T16:23:18Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "SS"

[[Category:National symbols by country|SS]]

Category:State symbols of Djibouti

2022-08-24T16:18:16Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "Djibouti"

[[Category:National symbols by country|Djibouti]]

Category:National symbols of Myanmar

2022-08-24T16:14:09Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7:

[[Category:National symbols by country|Myanmar]]
[[Category:National symbols of Southeast Asia|Myanmar]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Continental India (Southern Asia)|Myanmar]]

Pterocarpus macrocarpus

2022-08-24T16:01:26Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Redirected page to Pterocarpus Indicus

#Redirect [[Pterocarpus Indicus]]

Faunae emblem of Myanmar

2022-08-24T15:53:30Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Redirected page to Elephas maximus orientalis

#Redirect [[Elephas maximus orientalis]]

Talk:National bird of India

2022-08-24T15:51:32Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "{{Talk page}}"

Pavo muticus

2022-08-24T15:49:43Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Redirected page to Green peafowl

#Redirect [[Green peafowl]]

Talk:Asiatic elephant

2022-08-24T15:46:55Z

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Talk:Indochinese tiger

2022-08-24T15:45:21Z

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Talk:Corbett's tiger

2022-08-24T15:44:50Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "{{Talk page}}"

Talk:Panthera tigris corbetti

2022-08-24T15:44:24Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: Created page with "{{Talk page}}"

Panthera tigris corbetti

2022-08-24T15:43:46Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: /* References */

{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Indochinese tiger
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =
| image = Indochinese Tiger.jpg
| image_caption = Tiger at [[Houston Zoo]], the [[United States of America]]
| image2 = Panthera tigris corbetti (Tierpark Berlin) 832-714-(118).jpg
| image2_caption = Tigress in the [[Tierpark Berlin]], [[Germany]]
| genus = Panthera
| species = tigris
| species_link = Tiger
| subspecies = tigris
| synonyms = formerly ''P. t. corbetti'' [[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák]], 1968
| authority = ([[Linnaeus]], 1758)
| range_map = Panthera tigris corbetti distribution map.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Indochinese tiger (excluding [[Myanmar]])
}}
The '''Indochinese tiger''' (''Panthera tigris corbetti'') is one of the six living [[tiger]] subspecies, and is found in [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], and southwestern [[China]]. The Indochinese tiger is also known as the ''Corbett's tiger'', named after [[Jim Corbett]]. It has been listed as [[Endangered]] by the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136853/0 |title=Panthera tigris ssp. corbetti (Indochinese Tiger) |work=iucnredlist.org |year=2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> In [[Myanmar]] it is the [[List of national animals|National animal]] of the country.

== Description==
Males are around 8–9 ft (2.4-2.7 meters) long, and weigh around 330 to 430 pounds. Females are around 7–8 ft (2.1-2.4 meters) long, and weigh around 221 to 287 pounds.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://animal.discovery.com/tv/tiger-spy-jungle/tigers-world/indochinese-tiger.html |title=Indochinese Tiger : Tigers of the World : Animal Planet |work=animal.discovery.com |year=2012 |quote= 221 to 287 pounds |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> Indochinese tigers are darker in colour than the Bengal tiger, and have narrow stripes which usually break up into a row of spots. Their belly, chin and cheeks are white in colour.<ref name="err|{{AUTHOR MISSING}} 2012 last update">{{cite web |url= http://www.ofcats.com/2008/05/indochinese-tiger.html |title=Of Cats: Indochinese Tiger |work=ofcats.com |year=2012 |accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref>

== Where they live==
The Indochinese tiger is found throughout [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Burma]] and [[Vietnam]]. It also lived in [[China]], but no Indochinese tiger has been seen in China since 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://a-z-animals.com/animals/indochinese-tiger/ |title=Indochinese Tiger (Panthera Tigris Corbetti) - Animals - A-Z Animals - Animal Facts, Information, Pictures, Videos, Resources and Links |work=a-z-animals.com |year=2012 | accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>
It is found mostly in [[lowland]] and [[highland]] [[tropical]] deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen [[forests]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/indo_chinese_tiger/ |title=WWF - Indochinese tiger |work=wwf.panda.org |year=2012 |quote=lowland and highland tropical deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests in Indochina. |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> The Indochinese tiger is also found in [[hill]]y and [[mountain]]ous areas.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/indo_chinese_tiger/ |title=WWF - Indochinese tiger |work=wwf.panda.org |year=2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== Feeding==
Indochinese tigers feed mainly on medium-sized and large-sized wild [[ungulate]]s. [[Sambar deer]], [[wild pig]], [[serow]], and large [[bovid]]s such as [[banteng]] and young [[gaur]] make up most of the Indochinese tiger's diet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Asias-biodiversity-vanishing-into-the-marketplace-2548-1/|title=Asia's biodiversity vanishing into the m...( Unless the wildlife trade can be contro...)|work=news.bio-medicine.org|year=2012|accessdate=21 October 2012|archive-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66jBNkfoa?url=http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Asias-biodiversity-vanishing-into-the-marketplace-2548-1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of its prey, like the [[kouprey]] and [[Schomburgk's deer]], are extinct, but some, like the [[Eld's deer]], [[hog deer]] and [[wild water buffalo]], are still living but rare. Indochinese tigers also feed on [[muntjac deer]], [[porcupine]]s, [[macaque]]s and [[hog badger]]s.
They have been known to supplement their diet with [[bird]]s, [[fish]], [[monkey]]s and [[reptile]]s.<ref name="err|{{AUTHOR MISSING}} 2012 last update"/>

== Reproduction==
Female Indochinese tigers are [[pregnant]] for around 3–4 months, before giving birth to about 5 cubs. Newborn Indochinese tigers weigh around 1 kg (2 lb), and are blind and helpless. The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the Indochinese tiger cubs are introduced to meat. Indochinese tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://a-z-animals.com/animals/indochinese-tiger/ |title=Indochinese Tiger (Panthera Tigris Corbetti) - Animals - A-Z Animals - Animal Facts, Information, Pictures, Videos, Resources and Links |work=a-z-animals.com |year=2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tigers]]
[[Category:National symbols of Myanmar]]

Green peafowl

2022-08-24T15:42:26Z

2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:74BF:F496:D8E:1E7: /* External links */

{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Green peafowl
| image = Javan Green Peafowl in Baluran National Park.jpg
| image_caption = Male in display
| image2 = Green Peafowl.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Pavo muticus'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |page=e.T22679440A131749282 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679440A131749282.en |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Pavo
| species = muticus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
|subdivision =
*''P. m. muticus'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}}
*''P. m. spicifer'' {{small|[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1804}}
*''P. m. imperator'' {{small|[[Jean Théodore Delacour|Delacour]], 1949}}
| range_map = Pavo muticus range map.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the green peafowl
}}

The '''green peafowl''' or '''Indonesian peafowl''' (''Pavo muticus'') is a [[peafowl]] [[species]] native to the tropical forests of [[Southeast Asia]]. It has been listed as [[endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2009 because the global population has been declining rapidly and is severely fragmented due to loss of habitat.<ref name=iucn />It is the national bird of Myanmar.

==Description==
[[File:Pavo muticus3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Adult female head and upper neck]]
[[File:Green Peafowl - Baluran NP - East Java (29181943654).jpg|thumb|Male profile]]

Unlike the related Indian peafowl, the sexes of green peafowl are quite similar in appearance, especially in the wild. Both sexes have long upper tail coverts which cover the actual tail underneath. In the male, this extends up to {{Convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is decorated with [[Eyespot (mimicry)|eyespots]], while in the female, the coverts are green and much shorter, just covering the tail. Outside the breeding season, however, the male's train is moulted and distinguishing the sexes can be difficult unless they are observed up close. The neck and breast feathers of both sexes are iridescent green and resemble scales. In the male, the scapulars, median, and greater [[wing]] coverts are blue, while the lesser coverts are green and form a triangle of scaly feathers on the shoulder when the wing is closed. The secondaries are black and in some subspecies, the tertials are brown and/or barred with a faint pattern. The female has blue lesser coverts, so lacks the triangle at the wing shoulder. Females also have neck scales fringed with copper, as well as more barring on the back and the primaries and [[alula]]. Both sexes have shafted crests, and are long-legged, heavy-winged, and long-tailed in silhouette. The crest of the female has slightly wider plumes, while those of the male are thinner and taller. The facial skin is double striped with a white to light blue and beside the ear is a yellow to orange crescent. The dark triangle below the eye towards the eyebrow is bluish-green in the male and brown in the female. Seen from a distance, they are generally dark-coloured birds with pale [[vermilion|vermillion]]- or [[Buff (colour)|buff]]-coloured [[Flight feather#Primaries|primaries]], which are quite visible in their peculiar flight, which has been described as a true flapping flight with little gliding that one associates with galliform birds.

Green peafowl are generally more silent than Indian peafowl. The males of some subspecies, especially ''P. m. imperator'', have a loud call of ''ki-wao'', which is often repeated. The female has a loud ''aow-aa'' call with an emphasis on the first syllable. The male may also make a similar call. The males call from their roost sites at dawn and dusk.<ref name=birdlife/>

Green peafowl are large birds, amongst the largest living galliforms in terms of overall size, though rather lighter-bodied than the [[wild turkey]], and perhaps the longest extant, wild bird in total length. The male is {{convert|1.8|-|3|m|abbr=on}} in total length, but this includes its tail covert (or "train") which itself measures {{convert|1.4|-|1.6|m|abbr=on}}. The tail coverts are even longer than those of the male Indian peafowl, but are shorter than those of the [[argus (bird)|arguses]]. The adult female is around half the total length of the breeding male at {{convert|1|-|1.1|m|abbr=on}} in length. It has a relatively large wingspan that averages around {{convert|1.2|m|abbr=on}} and can reach {{convert|1.6|m|abbr=on}} in big males. The green peafowl is capable of sustained flight and is often observed on wing.<ref name=Biddle2002/>

==Distribution and habitat==
The green peafowl was widely distributed in [[Southeast Asia]] in the past from southern [[China]] especially Yunnan, eastern and north-eastern [[India]], northern [[Myanmar]], extending through [[Laos]], and [[Thailand]] into [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], and the islands of [[Java]]. Records from northeastern India have been questioned and old records are possibly of feral birds.<ref name=pcr/> The ranges have reduced with [[habitat destruction]] and hunting.<ref name=birdlife/>

Green peafowl are found in a wide range of habitats, including [[Primary forest|primary]] and [[secondary forest]], both [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]], as well as [[Evergreen forest|evergreen]] and deciduous. They may also be found amongst [[bamboo]], on grasslands, [[savanna]]s, scrub, and farmland edge. In Vietnam, the preferred habitat was found to be dry, deciduous forest close to water and away from human disturbance.<ref name=Brickle2002/> Proximity to water appears to be an important factor.<ref name=viet/>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Okyo Peacock and Peahen.jpg|thumb|1781 painting by [[Maruyama Okyo]]]]
The species was first classified as ''Pavo muticus'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]], although it was previously described in Europe by [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] as "Pavo Iaponensis" based on a Japanese painting given to the pope by the emperor of [[Japan]]. These birds were depicted as having no spurs; Linnaeus followed Aldrovandi's description. The Japanese had imported green peafowl from Southeast Asia for hundreds of years, and the birds were frequently depicted in Japanese paintings. As a result, the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] described by Linnaeus was "Habitat in [[Japan|Japonia]]", though the species is not native to Japan (they were kept by the emperor and no longer occur). [[François Levaillant]] was one of the first Western ornithologists to see a live bird, imported from [[Macau]] to an animal collection in [[Cape of Good Hope]]. From an Indian painting, [[George Shaw (biologist)|George Shaw]] described a peafowl native to India with a "blue head" and an "upright lanceolate crest", which he named ''Pavo spicifer'', the spike-crested peacock. A third form of green peafowl was described in 1949 by [[Jean Delacour]], as ''P. imperator'', found in Indochina. From the advice of a bird dealer in Hong Kong, Delacour concluded there were three [[Subspecies|races]] of green peafowl, lumping ''P. spicifer'' into the species, as well. Today, most authorities recognise these three:<ref name=zma/><ref name=Clements2007/><ref name=Dickinson2003/>

* ''Pavo muticus muticus'', the '''Java peafowl''' ([[Nominate subspecies|nominate]]). Extant population endemic to the east and western ends of Java, Indonesia. Extinct populations from the [[Malay Peninsula]] from the [[Kra Isthmus]] extending south to [[Kedah]] have also been described as being synonymous with the Javanese population, but no published studies have confirmed this assumption. Often described as the most colourful of the three subspecies, the neck and breast is a metallic golden-green with cerulean blue wing coverts. Females have prominent barring on the back and tertials.
* ''P. m. imperator'', the '''Indo-Chinese peafowl'''. From east Myanmar to Thailand, [[Yunnan]] province in China and [[Indochina]], this subspecies is the most common and has the widest distribution. In Thailand, it is currently confined to the [[Nan River|Nan]], [[Yom River|Yom]], [[Eng River|Eng]] and [[Ping River|Ping]] river basins in northern Thailand and the [[Huai Kha Khaeng]] and [[Mae Klong]] basins in western Thailand. In Vietnam, it has become extinct in the northern part of the country, its last large population being confined to the southeast in [[Yok Đôn National Park|Yok Đôn]] and [[Cát Tiên National Park]]. ''imperator'' is intermediate in colouration between the other two forms.
* ''P. m. spicifer'', the '''Burmese peafowl'''. Found in Myanmar towards southwestern Thailand. Formerly also in Bangladesh as well as northern Malaysia. Birds in Northeast India are sometimes considered extinct but are still occasionally sighted. However, sightings have sometimes been questioned as feral or escaped birds. Delacour considered the west and east sides of the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy river]] to be the dividing line between ''spicifer'' and ''imperator'' respectively. A population of ''spicifer'' was reintroduced to [[Hlawga National Park]] east of the Irrawaddy river. Sometimes described as "duller" than the other forms, it has a matte gun metal-blue to olive-green neck and breast, and more black on the wing-coverts and outer web of secondaries. The crown of the male is violet-blue which often extends further down the nape than other subspecies, demarcating the colours of the crown and neck.

Delacour dismissed several aberrant specimens to be individual variations (including the [[type specimen]]s for ''imperator'' originating from the [[Bolaven Plateau]] in Laos), and stated more subspecies may be recognised with further studies. However, few studies have been conducted to substantiate Delacour's classification, even though it is accepted by nearly all authorities. Some authors have suggested that the population found in Yunnan, which are traditionally classified as ''imperator'', may be another race.<ref name=Madge2002/> Using the [[cytochrome b]] [[mitochondrial DNA]] gene, Ouyang et al. estimated the divergence period between green and Indian peafowl to be 3 million years. In the same study, they also noted there appeared to be two different forms of green peafowl in Yunnan which should be classified as distinct subspecies.<ref name=Ouyang2008/> A 2005 article from ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'' newspaper of Malaysia stated that research indicated the Malaysian form to be identical to the Javanese form, but the study was not published and some authors dispute the result. Due to the large range of ''imperator'' in Indochina, other subspecies within its range have also been proposed, notably ''annamensis'' of Southeast Asia and ''yunnanensis'' of [[Yunnan]].<ref name="lastchance">{{cite web|url=http://www.aviculture-europe.nl/nummers/06E02A10.pdf|title=The Last Chance for the Green Peafowl (''Pavo muticus'')?|last=Mennig|first=Wolfgang|publisher=WPA Germany|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Peacocks 777.jpg|thumb|Female (peahen) with one chick]]
[[File:Merak tarung.jpg|thumb|Fighting peacocks in [[Baluran National Park]], Indonesia]]
The green peafowl is a forest bird which nests on the ground laying 3 to 6 eggs.<ref name=Grimmett1999/>

It has been widely believed that the green peafowl is [[polygynous]], but unlike the Indian peafowl, males are solitary and do not display in [[lek (biology)|lek]]s. Instead the solitary males are highly territorial and form [[harem (zoology)|harem]]s with no [[pair bond]]s.

However, the theory that the male is polygymous also conflicts with observations in captivity; pairs left alone with no human interaction have been observed to be strongly [[monogamous]]. The close similarity between both sexes also suggests a different breeding system in contrast to that of the Indian peafowl. Thus, some authors have suggested that the harems seen in the field are juvenile birds and that males are not promiscuous.<ref name=birdlife/>

They usually spend time on or near the ground in tall grasses and sedges. Family units roost in trees at a height of {{Convert|10|-|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=birdlife/> The diet consists mainly of [[fruit]]s, [[invertebrates]], [[reptile]]s, [[frog]]s and [[rodent]]s. As with the other member of its genus, the green peafowl can even hunt venomous [[snake]]s. Ticks and termites, flower petals, buds, leaves and berries are favorite foods of the adult peafowl.

[[File:Pavomuticus.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting by [[Daniel Giraud Elliot]].]]

==Status==
Due to hunting and a reduction in extent and quality of habitat, as well as poaching, the green peafowl is evaluated as [[endangered species|endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. It is listed on Appendix II of [[CITES]]. The world population has declined rapidly and the species no longer occurs in many areas of its past distribution. The last strongholds for the species are in protected areas such as [[Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Thailand, [[Cat Tien National Park]] in Vietnam and [[Baluran National Park]], [[Ujung Kulon National Park]] in Java, Indonesia. The population in the wild was estimated to be about 5,000 to 10,000 individuals around 1995.<ref name=birdlife/> In Cambodia, [[Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary]] was shown to hold a significant and increasing population of around 745 individuals in 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nuttall|first1=Matthew N.|last2=Griffin|first2=Olly|last3=Fewster|first3=Rachel M.|last4=McGowan|first4=Philip J. K.|last5=Abernethy|first5=Katharine|last6=O'Kelly|first6=Hannah|last7=Nut|first7=Menghor|last8=Sot|first8=Vandoeun|last9=Bunnefeld|first9=Nils|title=Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/csp2.614|journal=Conservation Science and Practice|year=2021|volume=4|issue=2|language=en|pages=e614|doi=10.1111/csp2.614|s2cid=245405123|issn=2578-4854}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nuttall|first1=Matthew|last2=Nut|first2=Menghor|last3=Ung|first3=Vises|last4=O’kelly|first4=Hannah|date=March 2017|title=Abundance estimates for the endangered Green Peafowl Pavo muticus in Cambodia: identification of a globally important site for conservation|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/abs/abundance-estimates-for-the-endangered-green-peafowl-pavo-muticus-in-cambodia-identification-of-a-globally-important-site-for-conservation/3108716062735DB1B291B173E8D20CF8|journal=Bird Conservation International|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=127–139|doi=10.1017/S0959270916000083|s2cid=89013924|issn=0959-2709}}</ref>

Although there is no natural range overlap with the Indian peafowl, hybridisation is still a threat where the Indian peafowl is introduced as they produce fertile hybrids. In captivity hybrids are called "Spalding" peafowl and are used by breeders to create different breeds. Through backcrossing some hybrids become almost indistinguishable from pure green peafowl.<ref name=Hybrid/> As the species as a whole is sometimes called "Java peafowl" in aviculture, the subspecies of green peafowl are also mixed in captivity and there are many captive birds of unknown provenance. In some areas of their native range, captive green peafowl have sometimes been released in the vicinity of a breeding station even though their true origins remain unknown.

In 2005, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'' reported that successful reintroductions were being made in Malaysia by the World Pheasant Association (WPA).<ref name=Star2005/> The article stated that the genetic research proved the Javan and Malay peafowl were genetically identical and the subspecies ''muticus'' was introduced - the scientific community consensus. However, the assumption that the Malaysian and Javanese ''muticus'' birds are the same subspecies remains controversial, so it is uncertain which subspecies was introduced.<ref name=lastchance/> Since the 2005 article, there has been no update on the status of the reintroduction.

==Cultural significance==
[[File:WikiProject Myanmar peacock.svg|thumb|The green peacock was a royal symbol of Burma's monarchs]]
The green peafowl is often depicted in Japanese paintings from the [[Edo period]], notably by [[Maruyama Ōkyo]] and [[Nagasawa Rosetsu]].

''[[The Peacock Room]]'', a room installation painted between 1876–77 by [[James McNeill Whistler]] now located in the [[Freer Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C., prominently features paintings of green peafowl.

Although the Burmese or [[grey peacock-pheasant]] is the national bird of Myanmar, the green peafowl was an ancient symbol of the monarchs of Burma.<ref name=crwflags/> It was also shown during British colonial times on the flag of the governor and the naval ensign, as well as on the flag of the [[State of Burma]] from 1943–1945 and on the currency of independent Burma as well.
[[File:Flag of National League for Democracy.svg|thumb|right|The flag of the [[National League for Democracy]] party features a stylised fighting peacock next to a star.]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=Biddle2002>{{cite book|last=Biddle|first=Tami Davis|title=Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse : A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World|series=Princeton Field Guides|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-691-08908-9}}</ref>

<ref name=birdlife>{{cite report|publisher=BirdLife International|year=2006|work=Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=1052–1087|title=Pavo muticus|url=http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/pavomuti.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=Brickle2002>{{cite journal|last=Brickle|first=Nick W.|journal=Biological Conservation|year=2002|volume=105|issue=2|title=Habitat use, predicted distribution and conservation of green peafowl (''Pavo muticus'') in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam|pages=189–197|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00182-3}}</ref>

<ref name=Clements2007>{{cite book|last=Clements|first=James F.|title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World|edition=6th|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7136-8695-1|publisher=Christopher Helm|location=London}}</ref>

<ref name=crwflags>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/mm-hist.html|title=Burma: historical flags|website=crwflags.com}}</ref>

<ref name=Dickinson2003>{{cite book|editor-last=Dickinson|editor-first=Edward C.|title=The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World|edition=3rd|year=2003|isbn=0-7136-6536-X}}.</ref>

<ref name=Grimmett1999>{{cite book|last1=Grimmett|first1=R.|last2=Inskipp|first2=C.|last3=Inskipp|first3=T.|title=Birds of India: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|url=http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/6808.html|year=1999|isbn=0-691-04910-6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909173547/http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/6808.html|archive-date=9 September 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name=Hybrid>{{cite web|last=Mennig|first=Wolfgang|title=Green Peafowl and Hybrids Tips and Tricks to identify unpure birds|url=http://wpa.tecker.info/hybrid.pdf|publisher=World Pheasant Association|access-date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191921/http://wpa.tecker.info/hybrid.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>



<ref name=Madge2002>{{cite book|last1=Madge|first1=Steve|first2=Phil|last2=McGowan|year=2002|title=Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse: A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=0-7136-3966-0}}</ref>

<ref name=Ouyang2008>{{cite web|last=Ouyang|first=Yi Na|title=Genetic Divergence between Pavo muticus and Pavo cristatus by Cyt b Gene|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YNDX200902014.htm|year=2008|publisher=Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University}}</ref>

<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|last1=Rasmussen|first1=P.C.|first2=J.C.|last2=Anderton|year=2005|title=The Birds of South Asia |publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|isbn=978-84-96553-85-9}}</ref>

<ref name=Star2005>{{cite news|last=Chiew|first=Hilary|newspaper=The Star, Malaysia|title=The return of the Green peafowl|date=11 January 2005|url=http://www.ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2005/jan-05/star_050111_1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055846/http://www.ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2005/jan-05/star_050111_1.htm|archive-date=5 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name=viet>{{cite report|last1=Brickle|first1=N.W.|first2=Nguyen|last2=Cu|first3=Ha Quy|last3=Quynh|first4=Nguyen Thai Tu |last4=Cuong|first5=Hoang Van|last5=San|year=1998|title=The Status and Distribution of Green Peafowl ''Pavo muticus'' in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam |publisher=BirdLife International - Vietnam Programme|location=Hanoi, Vietnam |url=http://thiennhienviet.org.vn/sourcebook/report_pdf/report1.pdf|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00182-3}}</ref>

<ref name=zma>{{cite web|url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/zma3d/detail.php?id=143&type=family&sort=taxon|title=Zoological Museum Amsterdam|access-date=20 April 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813082548/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/zma3d/detail.php?id=143&type=family&sort=taxon|archive-date=13 August 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pavo muticus}}
{{Wikispecies|Pavo muticus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060629031146/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Pavo_muticus/ Arkive images and movies of the green peafowl (''Pavo muticus'')]
*[http://www.pavo-muticus.com The Green Peafowl of Thailand]
*{{Xeno-canto species|Pavo|muticus|Green peafowl}}
*{{BirdLife|22679440|Pavo muticus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112032437/http://www.gbwf.org/pheasants/green_peafowl.html Green peafowl (''Pavo muticus'')] at [http://www.gbwf.org/ gbwf.org]
*{{Avibase|name=Pavo muticus}}
*{{InternetBirdCollection|green-peafowl-pavo-muticus|Green peafowl}}
*{{VIREO|Green+peafowl}}
*{{IUCN_Map|22679440|Pavo muticus}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q254636}}

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[[Category:Birds described in 1766|green peafowl]]
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{{Merge|Grey peacock-pheasant}}
[[Image:Polyplectron bicalcaratum -Birmingham Nature Centre, Cannon Hill Park, England-8a.jpg|thumb|]]
The '''Grey Peacock-pheasant''' (''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''), also known as the '''Burmese Peacock-pheasant''', is a large [[southeast Asia]]n member of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. It is the [[List of national birds|national bird]] of [[Myanmar]].

[[File:Grey Peacock-Pheasant - Polyplectron bicalcaratum bicalcaratum.ogg]]

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[[Image:Acacia-horrida.jpg|thumb|]]
The '''Dev-Babul tree''' ''(Vachellia acacia horrida)'' is a low spreading shrub or sometimes [[tree]] native to both the wet and dry [[scrubland]]s of tropical to subtropical [[Southeast Asia]]. Within Myanmar it is the '''Burmese national tree of [[Myanmar]]'''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Mimosoideae]]
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