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Credible minimum deterrence

2021-04-06T20:22:49Z

2605:8D80:5A0:3C35:2C6A:AC2E:4862:4172:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{For|Pakistan's minimum credible deterrence policy|N-deterrence}}
'''Credible minimum deterrence''' is the principle on which [[India]]'s [[nuclear strategy]] are based.

It underlines [[no first use]] (NFU) with an assured [[second strike]] capability and falls under [[minimal deterrence]], as opposed to [[mutually assured destruction]]. India's tentative nuclear doctrine<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/CTBT/nuclear_doctrine_aug_17_1999.html |title=Draft Report of National Security Advisory Board on Indian Nuclear Doctrine |last1=Mishra |first1=Brajesh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000116163847/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/CTBT/nuclear_doctrine_aug_17_1999.html |date=August 17, 1999 |archivedate=January 16, 2000 |website= |publisher= |accessdate=May 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>Hosted at www.pugwash.org - ''[http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/nw7a.htm Draft Report of National Security Advisory Board on Indian Nuclear Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613052150/http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/nw7a.htm |date=2011-06-13 }}''</ref> was announced on August 17, 1999 by the secretary of the [[National Security Advisory Board]], [[Brajesh Mishra]].

Later, the draft was adopted with some modifications when the [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Nuclear Command Authority]] was announced on January 4, 2003. A significant modification was the dilution of the NFU principle to include nuclear retaliation to attacks by biological and chemical weapons.

== See also ==
*[[Minimal deterrence]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nuclear strategy|Credible Minimum Deterrence]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:2003 in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Licchavi

2021-04-06T05:25:59Z

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'''Licchavi''' (also ''Lichchhavi'', ''Lichavi'') was an [[ancient history|ancient]] [[republic]] that existed in what is now [[Bihar]] state of [[India]] before the birth of [[Mahavira]] (b. 599 BC).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://p2.www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048151/Licchavi |title="Licchavi", ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'' |access-date=2007-11-18 |archive-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223185727/http://p2.www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048151/Licchavi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://p2.www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074639/Vaisali |title="Vaisali", ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'' |access-date=2007-11-18 |archive-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223225431/http://p2.www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074639/Vaisali |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its capital was [[Vaishali]].

From about 400 to 750, a kingdom in [[Nepal]] in the [[Kathmandu]] Valley had the same name, Licchavi.

==Origins==
Early [[Buddhist]] legends tell that Licchavi was a ruling family during [[Gautama Buddha]]'s time in [[India]], but links to the Nepalese kingdom are speculative. The language of Licchavi inscriptions is [[Sanskrit]], and the particular script used is closely related to official [[Gupta]] scripts. That means that [[India]] was a significant cultural influence. That was likely through [[Mithila]], now the north of [[Bihar]], India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
* [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/kings.html Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com]
* [http://www.thamel.com/htms/history.htm ''History of Nepal,'' Thamel.com]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+np0015) "Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400-750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991)]
* [http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/1_2_1.html Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", ''Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies,'' Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927204420/http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/1_2_1.html |date=2008-09-27 }}

[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:Nepal]]
[[Category:Bihar]]

1926 Binny Mills strike

2021-04-05T19:33:44Z

2605:8D80:5A0:3C35:2C6A:AC2E:4862:4172:

{{moresources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
The '''Binny Mills strike of 1926''' was a general strike in 1926 in the Bangalore Woollen, Cotton and Silk Mills, which was popularly known as [[Binny Mills]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1477190.ece |title=When Madras was the epicentre for labour movement |first=N Vinoth|last=Kumar |date=25 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The strike is considered to be a part of the [[Indian independence movement]].

The strike was caused by the 1925 decision government of [[Mysore State]] to amend the 1914 Factory Act, which had recommended the reduction of working hours, increased wages and better working conditions. That caused unrest among the factory workers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1926 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:1926 in India]]
[[Category:History of Bangalore]]
[[Category:Strikes (protest)]]
[[Category:Textile and clothing strikes]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in India]]
[[Category:Silk production]]