Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods

2021-11-03T03:46:57Z

2601:647:4800:D1B0:0:0:0:5: /* Vegetable origins */

{{More citations needed|=August 2007|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Potato and cross section.jpg|thumb|right|[[Potato]] (Aloo)]]
[[File:Bright red tomato and cross section02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomato]] (Tamatar)]]
[[File:Abelmoschus esculentus (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Okra]] (Bhindi)]]
[[File:Cauliflower.JPG|thumb|right|[[Cauliflower]] (Phool Gobhi)]]
[[File:Colocasia esculenta dsc07801.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taro]] (Arbi)]]

Most of the food items which define modern [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian]] and Subcontinental [[Indian cuisine|cooking]] have origins inside the [[Indian subcontinent]] though many foods that are now a part of them are based on fruits and vegetables that originated outside the Indian subcontinent.

==Vegetable origins==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Vegetable
!Hindi name
!Tamil name
!Telugu name
!Origin
!Likely time of introduction
!Notes
|-
|[[Bitter Melon]]
|karela
|Paavarkai
|Kaakara kaaya
|Africa<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|date=2020-10-06|title=Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=117|issue=40|pages=24630–24631|doi=10.1073/pnas.2014454117|issn=0027-8424|pmc=7547224|pmid=32994347}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Cabbage]]
|Patta Gobhi
|Muṭṭaikkōs
|
|Possibly European
|During colonial times<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dabholkar|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxooQMXeYhcC&pg=PA135|title=General Plant Breeding|date=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-242-0|language=en}}</ref>
|Derived from Wild Mustard
|-
|[[Calabash]]
|Lauki/Pankaj
|Curaikkāy
|Anapukaya,sorakaya
|China/Japan<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Erickson|first1=David L.|last2=Smith|first2=Bruce D.|last3=Clarke|first3=Andrew C.|last4=Sandweiss|first4=Daniel H.|last5=Tuross|first5=Noreen|date=2005-12-20|title=An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=51|pages=18315–18320|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509279102|pmid=16352716|pmc=1311910|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Cauliflower]]
|Phool Gobhi
|
|kosu puvvu
|Cyprus<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fenwick|first1=G. Roger|last2=Heaney|first2=Robert K.|last3=Mullin|first3=W. John|last4=VanEtten|first4=Cecil H.|date=1983-01-01|title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361|journal=C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=18|issue=2|pages=123–201|doi=10.1080/10408398209527361|issn=0099-0248|pmid=6337782}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabbage Flowers for Food {{!}} Archives {{!}} Aggie Horticulture|url=https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html|access-date=2021-09-09|website=aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu}}</ref>
|1822 CE<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=T. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA209|title=Vegetable Crops|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Chili pepper]]
|Mirch
|Miḷakāy
|mirapakaya
|Mesoamerica <ref name="ref72rocoh">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''.India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...''</ref>
|1550 CE<ref name="ref72rocoh"/>
|india
|-
|[[Coriander]]
|Dhaniya
|Kottamalli
|kotthimeera
|North Africa or Mediterranean
|1000 AD <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuisine and Diplomacy|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?23938/Cuisine+and+Diplomacy|access-date=2021-09-09|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref> by Arabs
|Mentioned in ancient Egypt
|-
|Brinjal
|Baingan
|Kattirikkāy
|vankaya
|India/China<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum melongena L. GRIN-Global|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101312|access-date=2021-09-09|website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Fenugreek]]
|Methi
|Ventayam
|menthi koora
|Near East <ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2=Maria |last2=Hopf |first3=Ehud |last3=Weiss |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |page=122 }}</ref>
|326 BC <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fennel, Fenugreek and Coriander: 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren't|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/fennel-fenugreek-and-coriander-3-spices-that-you-thought-were-indian-but-arent-769074|access-date=2021-09-09|website=NDTV Food|language=en}}</ref>
|Alexander's campaign to India
|-
|[[Garlic]]
|Lahsoon
|Pūṇṭu
|Velluli/Elligadda
|possibly Middle East <ref>{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |title=Domestication of plants in the old world : the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-850357-6 |pages=197 |edition=3rd}}</ref>
|Unknown
|
|-
|[[Lemon]]
|Neembú
|Elumiccai
|nimmakaya
|South China or Northeastern India<ref name="ref34pirec">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp3pAAAAMAAJ Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Protohistory, archaeology of the Harappan civilization], Shadaksharappa Settar, Ravi Korisettar, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2002, {{ISBN|978-81-7304-320-8}}, ''... The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan (Bara phase) site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.) have been reported (Saraswat and Chanchala 1997). This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north-eastern India to south China and South-East Asia, although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when ... suggests that lemons diffused westwards, presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC. Further west, in South-West Asia, the citron (C. medical L.) occurs as early as c. 1200 BC, while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD ...''</ref>
|2000-1000 BC<ref name="ref34pirec"/>
|Lemon seeds found in the Harappan [[Bara culture]] excavations indicate time of spread<ref name="ref34pirec"/>
|-
|[[Moringa oleifera|Moringa]]
|
|Muruṅkai
|
|India
|
|
|-
|[[Okra]]
|Bhindi
|Veṇṭaikkāy
|bendakaya
|Highlands of Ethiopia and india<ref name="ref61rozif">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...''</ref>
|100-500 [[Common Era|CE]]<ref name="ref61rozif" />
|
|-
|[[Onion]]
|Pyaaz
|Veṅkāyam
|Ulligadda,ullipaya,erragadda
|India {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Unknown, but present by 500 BCE<ref name="ref76mayac">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 84, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... In India, as early as the sixth century BC, the famous herbal treatise Charaka-Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart, the eyes, and the joints ...''</ref>
|Mentioned in the [[Charaka Samhita]]
|-
|[[Potato]]
|Aloo
|Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku
|Bangala Dumpa/Aloo Gadda
|South America (Peru/Bolivia) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes|url=https://news.wisc.edu/finding-rewrites-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-origin-of-potatoes/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=news.wisc.edu}}</ref>
|1600 CE
|Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
|-
|[[Sweet Potato]]
|Shakarkand
|Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku
|Chilagada dumpa
|South America <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU3qxpHf4S4C&q=Sweet+Potato+Peru+domesticated&pg=PA21|title=Geneflow 2009|publisher=Bioversity International|isbn=978-92-9043-813-7|language=en}}</ref>
|1600 CE)
|Via Portugal
|-
|[[Taro]]
|Arbi / Arwi/ Guhiyaan
|Seppankizhangu
|Chemadumpa
|Unknown (India, Polynesia or SE Asia)
|Unknown
|
|-
|[[Tomato]]
|Tamatar
|Takkāḷi
|tamata / rama phalam
|Latin America (Mexico to Peru) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|url=http://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0|title=The tomato in America : early history, culture, and cookery|date=1994|publisher=Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-57003-000-0}}</ref>
|1600 CE
|Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
|-
|[[Turnip]]
|Shalgham
|Ṭarṉip
|beetroot
|West Asia or Eastern Europe {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|1500 BC
|Very early presence in the [[South Asia]]
|-
|[[Yam (vegetable)|Yam]]
|Zimikand/Suran/kachalu/banda
|
|Kanda
|Africa/Asia {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|7000 BCE
|Different types of yams by taste, colour, size, skin, acidity
|}

==Fruit origins==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Fruit
!Hindi Name
!Telugu Name
!Origin
!Likely time of introduction
!Notes
|-
|[[Apple]]
|Seb
|
|Central Asia (Kazakhstan) <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duan|first1=Naibin|last2=Bai|first2=Yang|last3=Sun|first3=Honghe|last4=Wang|first4=Nan|last5=Ma|first5=Yumin|last6=Li|first6=Mingjun|last7=Wang|first7=Xin|last8=Jiao|first8=Chen|last9=Legall|first9=Noah|last10=Mao|first10=Linyong|last11=Wan|first11=Sibao|date=August 2017|title=Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=249|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7|pmid=28811498|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5557836|bibcode=2017NatCo...8..249D}}</ref>
|Unknown
|
|-
|[[Mango]]
|Aam
|Mamidi Pandu
| India<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warschefsky|first1=Emily J.|last2=Wettberg|first2=Eric J. B. von|date=2019|title=Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication|url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.15731|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=222|issue=4|pages=2023–2037|doi=10.1111/nph.15731|pmid=30730057|issn=1469-8137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuhn|first1=David N.|last2=Bally|first2=Ian S. E.|last3=Dillon|first3=Natalie L.|last4=Innes|first4=David|last5=Groh|first5=Amy M.|last6=Rahaman|first6=Jordon|last7=Ophir|first7=Ron|last8=Cohen|first8=Yuval|last9=Sherman|first9=Amir|date=2017-04-20|title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=8|page=577|doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577|issn=1664-462X|pmc=5397511|pmid=28473837|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
|Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede, the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book
|-
|[[Mulberry]]
|Shehtoot/Toot
|
|Temperate regions worldwide {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Unknown
|
|-
|[[Orange (fruit)|Orange]]
|Santara {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|
|India
|Unknown
|A sweeter Indian variety was introduced by the Portuguese in Europe (ca. 15th century)
|-
|[[Plum]]
|Aloo Bokhara
|
|Unknown (Armenia suspected) {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Unknown
|
|-
|Tamarind
|Hunase Hannu/ Imli
|Chintakaya/Chintapandu
|Africa
|Unknown
|Known for savourish taste, the fruit has mention since Harappan times
|-
|[[Tangerine]]
|Narangi
|Narinja Pandu
|Asia
|Unknown
|
|}

==See also==
{{portal|India|Pakistan}}
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[North Indian cuisine]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* "Domestication of plants in the Old World," Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Oxford University Press, 2000.
* "History of Food," Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, Blackwell Publishing, 1994.
* "Culture and Cuisine: A Journey Through the History of Food," Jean François Revel, Doubleday, 1982.
* "The Agrarian History of England and Wales," Edward John T. Collins, Stuart Piggott, [[Joan Thirsk]], Cambridge University Press, 1981.

{{History of cuisine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Origins Of North Indian Foods}}
[[Category:History of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:History of Pakistani cuisine]]

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Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods