Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Thangjam Asteroid

2021-05-03T19:43:31Z

2601:640:4000:3170:A92B:B732:D71B:29DF:

'''Thangjam Asteroid''', also known as '''11806 Thangjam''', is an [[asteroid]], named after the [[Manipuri people|Manipuri]] [[scientist]], "Thangjam Guneshwar". The declaration was made at an [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) conference, "Asteroids, Planets and Meteors, 2017", in [[South America]].<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/asteroid-named-after-manipur-scientist-guneshwar-thangjam/802894/</ref><ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/asteroid-named-after-manipur-scientist-117081001370_1.html</ref><ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/asteroid-named-after-manipur-scientist/1120821</ref><ref>https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=11806</ref><ref>https://www.thenortheasttoday.com/topic/thangjam-asteroid{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Asteroids]]
{{Science-stub}}

Manipur International Polo

2021-05-03T19:23:50Z

2601:640:4000:3170:A92B:B732:D71B:29DF:

'''Manipur International Polo''' is an annual international [[polo]] sports competition organised in [[Imphal]], the capital city of [[Manipur]].<ref>https://archive.siasat.com/news/manipur-hosts-international-polo-tournament-881052/</ref> The main venue is [[Mapal Kangjeibung]], the oldest pologround in the world.<ref>https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-polo-international-begins/</ref> It is organized under the aegis of the [[Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association]] (MHRPA) in the aim to popularize the game across [[India]] and the [[world]]. Several nations including [[USA]], [[England]], [[Australia]], [[Argentina]], [[Morocco]], [[Thailand]] and [[India]] itself participate in the championship competing with the team of players from [[Manipur]].<ref>https://archive.siasat.com/news/manipur-hosts-international-polo-tournament-881052/</ref><ref>http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/6126</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-usa-win-in-manipur-polo-international/Sports/news/1803253.html</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-lifts-polo-international-trophy-defeating-england/Sports/news/1805281.html</ref><ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/29/india-b-wins-manipur-international-polo-tournament-1713955.amp</ref><ref>https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/india-b-emerge-champion-in-13th-manipur-polo-international-2019.html/amp</ref><ref>https://www.poloplus10.com/11th-manipur-international-polo-tournament-73179/</ref><ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-b-win-manipur-international-polo-tournament/amp_articleshow/61851841.cms</ref> Notably, team for [[India]] is named "INDIA-A" team (represented by Indian Polo Association) and team for [[Manipur]] is named "INDIA-B" team (represented by MHRPA).<ref>https://www.poloplus10.com/11th-manipur-international-polo-tournament-73179/</ref>

{{Infobox sports league|title=Manipur International Polo|sport=[[Sagol Kangjei]] ([[Polo]])|game=[[Polo]]|founder=[[Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association]]|countries=[[USA]], [[England]], [[Australia]], [[Argentina]], [[Morocco]], [[Thailand]] and [[India]]|venue=[[Imphal Polo Ground]]|continents=[[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Oceania]] and [[Asia]]|country=[[India]]|headquarters=[[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Manipur]]
[[Category:Polo]]
{{Asia-stub}}

Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association

2021-05-03T19:23:23Z

2601:640:4000:3170:A92B:B732:D71B:29DF:

{{Infobox organization
| name = Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association
| abbreviation = MHRPA
| formation = 1977
| founding_location = [[Imphal]]
| type = Non-Governmental
| registration_id = 3006/SR/80
| headquarters = [[Imphal]]
| location = [[Imphal]]
| origins = [[Manipur]]
| region = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| fields = Sports
| website = http://www.mhrpamanipur.in/
}}
The '''Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association''' (MHRPA) is a non profit organization established in 1977. It primarily works in the domain of Sports, Food and Nutrition and Animal and Wildlife. Its primary office is in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]].<ref>https://www.saathire.com/S2N/manipur-horse-riding-and-polo-association/</ref><ref>http://www.findglocal.com/IN/Imphal/191634970895091/Manipur-Horse-Riding-%26-Polo-Association</ref> The association organises the annual [[Manipur International Polo]] Tournament in the [[Imphal Polo Ground]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Manipur]]
[[Category:Polo]]
{{Asia-stub}}

Origin of Polo

2021-05-03T19:19:35Z

2601:640:4000:3170:A92B:B732:D71B:29DF:

{{About|the various theories of the birth place of the [[polo]]}}
Despite innumerable claims from various nations and kingdoms for the origin place of the world famous game of [[polo]], [[Ancient Manipur]] has the earliest history of the sports, right from 3100 BC.<ref>https://www.sportstract.com/guinness-book-of-world-records-1991-says-polo-can-be-traced-to-origins-in-manipur-state-c-3100-b-c-when-it-was-played-as-sagol-kangjei/amp/</ref><ref>https://edtimes.in/the-game-of-polo-was-born-in-manipur-before-the-britishers-influenced-it/?amp</ref><ref>https://www.lapolo.in/blog/manipur-beginning-modern-polo/</ref><ref>http://e-pao.net/epSubPageSelector.asp?src=Manipuri_Polo&ch=manipur&sub1=Sports_and_Manipur</ref> Next to it, the earliest history is followed by that of [[Persia]] in 525 BC.<ref>https://www.sportstract.com/guinness-book-of-world-records-1991-says-polo-can-be-traced-to-origins-in-manipur-state-c-3100-b-c-when-it-was-played-as-sagol-kangjei/amp/</ref>
[[File:Manipur Polo Players 1875.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Manipur Polo Players in 1875]]
[[File:Traditional Polo in Manipur India.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|[[Sagol Kangjei]] (Traditional Polo) in [[Manipur]], [[India]]]]
The fact that [[Manipur]] is the birth place of [[polo]] is already supported by the [[Guinness World Records]], by a declaration in the year 1991, as:
<blockquote><poem>
"[[Polo]] can be traced to origins in [[Ancient Manipur|Manipur state]] '''c. 3100 BC''', when it was played as [[Sagol Kangjei]]."
</poem></blockquote>
_[[Guinness World Records]], 1991, page no. 706.<ref>https://www.sportstract.com/guinness-book-of-world-records-1991-says-polo-can-be-traced-to-origins-in-manipur-state-c-3100-b-c-when-it-was-played-as-sagol-kangjei/amp/</ref>
[[File:Manipur Polo.jpeg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|[[Imphal Polo Ground]], the world's oldest polo ground, in [[Manipur]].]]
Notably, it is worth mentioning that the [[Imphal Polo Ground]] is the oldest polo ground in the world.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/society/polos-forgotten-matriarchs/article25919688.ece/amp/</ref><ref>https://www.nativeplanet.com/imphal/attractions/polo-ground/</ref><ref>https://sportztalk.com/exploring-the-worlds-oldest-polo-ground/</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/manipur-the-place-where-polo-was-born/story-uyfQePncOT6QVn42yw0ytI_amp.html</ref><ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/amp/news/exploring-the-world-s-oldest-polo-ground.html</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Ancient Manipur}}
[[File:Manipuri_horseman.jpg]]
The game of [[polo]] ([[Sagol Kangjei]]) was invented during the reign of '''"King Kangba"''' (1405 BC-1359BC), the successor of '''"Tangja Leela Pakhangba"'''.<ref name="SAGOL-KANGJEI">https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html</ref> This remarkable achievement was recorded in many ancient scriptures including the '''"Kangbalon"''' and the '''"Kangjeirol"'''.<ref name="SAGOL-KANGJEI" />
[[File:Polo-field_old_kangla_imphal.JPG|thumb|center|upright=2.5|An ancient polo ground inside the [[Kangla]].]]

==Mythology==
{{Main|Manipuri mythology}}
[[Marjing]], the deity invented the game of [[polo]] according to [[Manipuri mythology]] ([[Meitei mythology]]).<ref>http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#marjing</ref> He rides on [[Samadon Ayangba]], the flying winged horse, created by [[Sanamahi]], from the moon land.
It is [[Marjing]], who laid on the rules and regulations for the game of [[polo]] according to [[Sanamahism]], the ancient [[Meitei religion]].<ref>https://www.lapolo.in/blog/manipuri-mythology-polo/</ref> Interestingly, it is notable that [[Marjing]] is the only god in the world, who is associated with the [[polo]]. No other religions of the world have the god of polo except [[Meitei religion]].<ref>https://www.lapolo.in/blog/manipuri-mythology-polo/</ref>

==Acclamation==
The [[:en:International Museum of the Horse|International Museum of the Horse]] unveiled an exhibition on [[Manipur]]'s history of polo and polo pony, in the Kentucky Horse Park, in [[:en:Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]], [[USA]]. <ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/guwahati/us-museum-unveils-exhibit-on-manipur-polo-history/articleshow/17306801.cms</ref>

==Controversies and Debates==
After continuous debates regarding the origin of the [[polo]], an [[Italian]] author Fulvio Cinquinni settled the doubt once and for all. For these, he visited [[Imphal]] to collect adequate historical documents and materials for book on the game.<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Polo]]
{{History-stub}}

Polo

2021-05-03T19:19:13Z

2601:640:4000:3170:A92B:B732:D71B:29DF:

[[File:Polo 070922 18.jpg|thumb|Polo]]
[[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5237109478 e7ed034169 o.jpg|thumb|Argentine Polo Open Championship]]
'''Polo''' is a [[sport]]. It is played between two [[team]]s of 4 [[:en:player|player]]s on [[horse]]s, which are called polo ponies. The players try to [[wikt:score|score]] [[wikt:goal|goals]] (points) by putting the [[ball]] in the goal. They use long mallets (long sticks). It is the state sport of [[ Ancient Manipur]].<ref>https://www.sportstract.com/guinness-book-of-world-records-1991-says-polo-can-be-traced-to-origins-in-manipur-state-c-3100-b-c-when-it-was-played-as-sagol-kangjei/amp/</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/manipur-the-place-where-polo-was-born/story-uyfQePncOT6QVn42yw0ytI_amp.html</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/society/polos-forgotten-matriarchs/article25919688.ece/amp/</ref>

==Origins==
{{Main|Origin of Polo}}
According to the [[Guinness Book of Records]], polo traces its origin to the [[Ancient Manipur]], where it was played as the ''"Sagol Kangjei"'' ({{lang-mni|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}, {{lang-omp|ꯁꯀꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯆꯩ|sakol kaangchei|horse-hockey}}) right from 3100 BC.<ref>https://www.sportstract.com/guinness-book-of-world-records-1991-says-polo-can-be-traced-to-origins-in-manipur-state-c-3100-b-c-when-it-was-played-as-sagol-kangjei/amp/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianpolo.com/manipurpolo/history.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-03-21 |archive-date=2019-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211023839/http://www.indianpolo.com/manipurpolo/history.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190211023839/http://www.indianpolo.com/manipurpolo/history.asp</ref><ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135</ref>
Various forms of Polo, and similar sports, have been long played, traditionally, throughout a wide range covering [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]] areas of [[India]], [[Kashmir]], [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]], and the Northern valleys of [[Pakistan]] such as [[Gilgit]], [[Hunza Valley]], [[Baltistan]] and [[Chitral District]] and parts of [[Central Asia]] as well. In ancient [[Persia]], ''Chavgan'', another form of Polo, was also played. It was only in the mid-19th century that colonial officers in [[British India]] began to play this sport and imported it to [[Britain]], where the formal [[Hurlingham Rules]] were then laid down. Later, in the 1890s, Polo was also introduced to the [[United States]].

== The main rules of polo ==
There are two teams both with 4 players. They play on a [[field]] which is 300 yards long (about 275 meters) and 160 or 200 yards wide (about 146 and 183 meters). There are goalposts (long sticks in the ground) 8 yards (7.32 meters) [[wikt:apart|apart]] at each end of the field. To score, the ball has to go between the other team's goalposts, which is called a [[wikt:goal|goal]].

The game is 4, 6 or 8 periods (units of time) of 7 [[minute]]s, which are called ''chukkas''. Between chukkas, players change ponies.

In a game there are 2 [[umpire]]s on horses and a [[referee]] on the side.

Players are given a foul if they break the rules. These rules keep the horses and riders safe. One rule in polo is called the "line of the ball" or just the "line". The "line" is an invisible line between the ball and the player that has the ball. A player has the ball if they are the closest to make a play on the ball. The "line" is in the same direction as this player is traveling and extends as far as the player is able to safely stop their horse. If another player crosses the "line" (that is, if another player runs in front of the player who has the ball), they will receive a foul. This is a common foul because it is sometimes difficult for a player to tell where the invisible "line" is.

A common defensive play in polo is called "hooking". A player may hook an opponent by using their mallet to block an opponent's mallet while the opponent tries to hit the ball. Sometimes it is unsafe for a player to hook their opponent. As an example, reaching over or under the opponent's horse to make a hook is considered unsafe. An unsafe hook will cause the player to foul. If a player cannot safely hook their opponent, they may instead use a different defensive play called a "ride-off". A "ride-off" happens when a player uses their horse to push an opponent's horse away from the "line". This makes it difficult for the opponent to make a play on the ball. If the player crosses the line while trying to ride off their opponent, they will receive a foul.

If a player makes a foul, the opponent may get a penalty shot. Penalty shots are made near the goal and other players cannot block the penalty shot.

== Player positions ==
Each player has certain [[wikt:responsibilities|responsibilities]]:
* Number One is the most [[wikt:offensive|offensive]] position on the field.
* Number Two is the most difficult position on the field to play. The number 2 has an important offensive [[role]] and a {{broken wikt link|defensive|defensive}} role.
* Number Three is the tactical [[leader]]. He is defensive and offensive and is often the best player.
* Number Four is the most defensive player. He tries to stop the other team from [[score|scoring]] goals.

== Polo ponies ==

The ponies are 14.2 to 16 hands (1 hand equals 4 [[inch]]es or 10.16 [[centimetre]]s). They weigh between 900 and 1100lbs-pounds- (about 408 and 499 kilos). Ponies can be ridden to play from the age of 5 up to 18 or even 20 years old sometimes. Polo ponies are not actually [[pony|ponies]] because they are full-sized horses. [[Thoroughbred|Thoroughbreds]] are a common horse [[breed]] to use as polo ponies because they are fast and agile.

== Equipment ==
[[File:Polo 070922 40.jpg|thumb|Polo player wearing all the equipment]]
The players have a [[helmet]] (hard hat), riding [[boot]]s, white [[trousers]], a [[shirt]] with the player's number on. Sometimes players also have one or two [[glove]]s, knee-pads and a [[whip]].

The ball is made of [[plastic]]. Before, it was made of [[wood]]. The ball is about 3¼ inches (8.3 centimetres) in [[diameter]] and [[wikt:weigh|weighs]] about four [[ounce]]s (113.4 grams).

Polo [[saddle]]s are English-style, similar to jumping saddles.

Polo mallets are used to hit the ball. Their shape is similar to normal [[Hammer|mallets]], but they are much longer. The shaft of the mallet is usually made of [[bamboo]] and the head is usually made of wood. Players hit the ball with the side of the mallet rather than the front.

== Other forms of polo ==
Polo is not always played on ponies. [[Canoe]] polo, cycle polo, [[camel]] polo, [[elephant]] polo, [[golf cart]] polo, [[Segway]] polo, [[BMX]] polo, [[yak]] polo and [[water polo]] also exist. However most of these forms are not played at a [[professional]] level.

==Related pages==
* [[Imphal Polo Ground]]
== Other websites ==
* [http://www.fippolo.com Federation of International Polo - worldwide governing body of the sport of polo]
* [http://www.polohorse.info/ Information and news about polo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215083824/http://www.polohorse.info/ |date=2011-02-15 }}
* [http://www.polo.tv Video-on-demand clips of polo matches from around the world]
* [http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk Governing body of the sport in the UK]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Polo| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani culture]]