Pine oil

2022-05-06T17:54:21Z

2601:601:E00:97F0:4D00:8E58:1CD5:6BAB: robot: Import article using Special:Import

{{distinguish|Pine nut oil}}
{{for|the byproduct of wood pulp production sometimes called pine oil|tall oil}}
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 476993877
| Reference =<ref name="Merck" />
| ImageFile = PineEssentialOil.png
| ImageSize = 150px
| ImageCaption = Pine (''Pinus sylvestris'') essential oil in a clear glass vial
| OtherNames = Essential oil of pine<br />Yarmor
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 8002-09-3
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = HA5CX6676U
| Beilstein = 8191505
| PubChem =
| SMILES =
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = none
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = Mixture
| Appearance = Colorless to pale yellow liquid
| Density = 0.95 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at 25 °C (approximate)
| MeltingPtC = 5
| BoilingPtC = 195
| LogP = 1.7
| Solubility = Insoluble
| VaporPressure =4 mmHg


}}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 2
| NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-S =
| FlashPtC = 65
| AutoignitionPtC =
}}
}}

'''Pine oil''' is an [[essential oil]] obtained by the [[steam distillation]] of stumps,<ref name=Boyle>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19540913&id=bwQdAAAAIBAJ&pg=6598,929929&hl=en |title= There's Gold in those Pine Stumps |newspaper= Sarasota Journal |first= Hal |last= Boyle |authorlink= Hal Boyle |page= 11 |date= September 12, 1954 }}</ref> needles, twigs and cones<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Macchioni|first1=F.|last2=Cioni|first2=P. L.|last3=Flamini|first3=G.|last4=Morelli|first4=I.|last5=Maccioni|first5=S.|last6=Ansaldi|first6=M.|date=2003-03-01|title=Chemical composition of essential oils from needles, branches and cones of Pinus pinea, P. halepensis, P. pinaster and P. nigra from central ltaly|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|language=en|volume=18|issue=2|pages=139–143|doi=10.1002/ffj.1178|issn=1099-1026}}</ref> from a variety of species of [[pine]], particularly ''[[Pinus sylvestris]]''. As of 1995, synthetic pine oil was the "biggest single [[turpentine]] derivative."<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.fao.org/docrep/v6460e/v6460e05.htm#turpentine |title= Chapter 1. Production trade and markets |work= Non-Wood Forest Products 2, Gum naval stores: Turpentine and rosin from pine resin |isbn= 978-9251036846 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |location= Rome |year= 1995 }}</ref> Synthetic pine oils accounted for 90% of sales as of 2000.<ref>{{cite book |title= Turpentines, 16. Pine Oil |work= [[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |first1= Manfred |last1= Gscheidmeier |first2= Helmut |last2= Fleig |date= June 15, 2000 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_267|chapter = Turpentines|isbn = 978-3527306732}}</ref>

It is used as a cleaning product, [[disinfectant]], [[sanitizer]], [[microbicide]] (or [[microbistat]]), [[virucide]] or [[insecticide]].<ref name=EPA_RED /> It is an effective herbicide where its action is to modify the waxy cuticle of plants, resulting in desiccation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s963151.htm |title= Fact Sheet: Organic Weed Control |publisher= [[Gardening Australia]] |authorlink= Jerry Coleby-Williams |first= Jerry |last= Coleby-Williams |date= April 9, 2004 |accessdate= August 28, 2016 }}</ref>

It is also used as a [[lubricant]] in small and expensive [[clockwork]] instruments.

In [[alternative medicine]] it is used in [[aromatherapy]] and as a scent in [[bathing|bath]] oils.

Pine oil is distinguished from other products from pine, such as [[turpentine]], the low-boiling fraction from the [[distillation]] of pine sap, [[pine tar]], and [[rosin]], a [[resin]] remaining after turpentine is distilled.

Chemically, pine oil consists mainly of [[alpha-Terpineol|α-terpineol]]<ref name=EPA_RED /> and other cyclic [[terpene]] [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s.<ref name="Merck">''Merck Index'', 11th Edition, '''7416'''. p. 1182</ref> It may also contain terpene [[hydrocarbon]]s, [[ether]]s, and [[ester]]s. The exact composition depends on various factors, such as the variety of pine from which it is produced and the parts of the tree used.

== Properties as a disinfectant ==

Pine oil is a disinfectant that is mildly antiseptic.<ref name="PDR">{{cite web |url= http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/102230.shtml |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070921171154/http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/102230.shtml |title= Pine Oil |website= PDRhealth |date= 2003 |archivedate= 2007-09-21}}</ref> It is effective against ''[[Brevibacterium ammoniagenes]]'', the fungi ''[[Candida albicans]]'', ''[[Enterobacter aerogenes]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] [[enteric bacteria]], household germs, Gram-negative household germs such as those causing [[salmonellosis]], [[herpes simplex]] types 1 and 2, [[Influenza A virus|influenza type A]], influenza virus type A/Brazil, influenza virus type A2/Japan, intestinal bacteria, ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'', odor-causing bacteria, mold, mildew, ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Salmonella choleraesuis]]'', ''[[Salmonella typhi]]'', ''[[Salmonella typhosa]]'', ''[[Serratia marcescens]]'', ''[[Shigella sonnei]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Streptococcus faecalis]]'', ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'', and ''[[Trichophyton mentagrophytes]]''.<ref name=EPA_RED>{{cite web |url= https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/pineoil_red.pdf |title= Reregistration Decision – Pine oil (case 3113) |publisher= Environmental Protection Agency |date= October 2006 }}</ref>

It will kill the causative agents of [[typhoid]], [[gastroenteritis]] (some agents), [[rabies]], [[cholera]], several forms of [[meningitis]], [[whooping cough]], [[gonorrhea]] and several types of dysentery.<ref name="UA">[http://microvet.arizona.edu/AzVDL/infoAlerts/advanced-disinfectant.html Detailed Information On Chemical Disinfectants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821224931/http://microvet.arizona.edu/AzVDL/infoAlerts/advanced-disinfectant.html |date=2011-08-21 }} University of Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, accessed June 26, 2007.</ref> It is not effective against spore related illnesses, such as [[tetanus]] or [[anthrax]], or against non-enveloped viruses such as [[poliovirus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[hepatitis B]], or [[hepatitis C]].<ref name="UA" />

== Froth flotation ==

Industrially, pine oil is used as a frother in mineral extraction from ores.<ref name="Merck" /> For example, in [[copper extraction]] pine oil is used to condition [[copper sulfide]] ores for [[froth flotation]]. Therefore, it is important in the industry for the froth flotation process. It has largely been replaced by synthetic alcohols and [[polyglycol ether]]s.

== Safety ==

Pine oil has a relatively low human toxicity level, a low corrosion level and limited persistence; however, it irritates the skin and mucous membranes and has been known to cause breathing problems.<ref name="PDR" /><ref>{{cite web |url= https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002733.htm |title= Pine Oil Poisoning |website= Medlineplus.gov |accessdate= August 28, 2016 }}</ref> Large doses may cause [[central nervous system]] depression.<ref name="Merck" />

== See also ==
* [[List of cleaning products]]
* [[Pine-Sol]], cleaning product that originally contained pine oil, though it switched to a different active ingredient in 2013 due to the declining availability of pine oil

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title= Turpentines, 16. Pine Oil |work= [[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]] |first1= Manfred |last1= Gscheidmeier |first2= Helmut |last2= Fleig |date= June 15, 2000 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_267|chapter = Turpentines|isbn = 978-3527306732}}
* {{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/V5350e10.htm |title= TURPENTINE FROM PINE RESIN |chapter= 8 |work= Non-Wood Forest Products 1, Flavours and fragrances of plant origin |isbn= 978-92-5-103648-8 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |location= Rome |year= 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117124839/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/V5350e10.htm |archive-date=January 17, 2011}}

[[Category:Aromatherapy]]
[[Category:Disinfectants]]
[[Category:Essential oils]]

Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pine oil