China–India relations

2022-05-12T21:40:33Z

2601:14D:8000:6410:91B1:41A:37EE:DE57: robot: Creating new article from Special:WantedPages

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–India|China|India|map=India China Locator.png
|mission1 = [[Embassy of China, New Delhi]]
|mission2 = [[Embassy of India, Beijing]]
}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Mixed Steamed Rice.jpg
| caption1 = [[Indian Chinese cuisine|Indo-Chinese cuisine]]
| image2 = The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Xi Jinping, during G20 Summit 2016, in Hangzhou, China on September 04, 2016 (2).jpg
| caption2 = President Xi with Prime Minister Modi, during the [[2016 G20 Hangzhou summit|G20 Summit in 2016]]
| direction = vertical
}}
'''China–India relations''' ({{lang-zh|中国－印度关系}}; {{lang-hi|भारत-चीन संबंध}}), also called '''Sino-Indian relations''' or '''Indo–Chinese relations''', refers to the bilateral relationship between the [[People’s Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of India]]. India and China had historically maintained peaceful relations for thousands of years of recorded history. But the harmony of the relationship has varied in modern time, especially after the rule of the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] in China; the two nations have sought economic cooperation with each other, while frequent border disputes and economic nationalism in both countries are a major point of contention. The modern relationship began in 1950 when India was among the first countries to end formal ties with the [[Republic of China (Taiwan)]] and recognise the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government of [[Mainland China]]. China and India are two of the major [[regional power]]s in [[Asia]], and are the two [[List of countries by population|most populous countries]] and among the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing]] major economies in the world. Growth in diplomatic and economic influence has increased the significance of their bilateral relationship.

Cultural and economic relations between China and India date back to ancient times. The [[Silk Road]] not only served as a major [[trade route]] between India and China, but is also credited for facilitating the spread of [[Buddhism]] from India to East Asia.<ref name="Maria">{{cite book|last=Backus|first=Maria|title=Ancient China|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press, 2002|isbn=978-0-7877-0557-2|date=September 2002}}</ref> During the 19th century, China was involved in a growing [[opium trade]] with the [[East India Company]], which exported opium grown in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Janin|first=Hunt|title=The India-japan opium trade in the two century|publisher=McFarland, 1999|isbn =978-0-7864-0715-6|date=January 1999}}</ref><ref name="Sen2003">{{cite book|author=Tansen Sen|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&q=774+787+srivijaya|date=January 2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5}}</ref> During [[World War II]], both [[British Raj|British India]] and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] played a crucial role in halting the progress of [[Imperial Japan]].<ref name="Barbara">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Barbara|title=World War Two|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books, 2004|isbn=978-0-8225-0138-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariipacifi0000will|year=2005}}</ref>

Relations between contemporary China and India have been characterised by [[Sino-Indian border dispute|border disputes]], resulting in three [[military conflict]]s – the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|border clashes in Nathu La and Cho La in 1967]], and the [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish|1987 Sumdorong Chu standoff]].<ref name="APCSS">[http://www.apcss.org/core/BIOS/malik/India-China_Relations.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, since the late 1980s, both countries have successfully rebuilt diplomatic and economic ties. In 2008, China became India's largest trading partner and the two countries have also extended their strategic and military relations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=John | last=Lancaster | title=India, China Hoping to 'Reshape the World Order' Together | date=12 April 2005 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209160559/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html | archive-date=9 February 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html |title=Why Indo-China ties will be more favourable than Sino-Pak |publisher=Theworldreporter.com |date=7 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019172133/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html |archive-date=19 October 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Hindu1">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece India-China trade surpasses target] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130334/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece |date=10 May 2013 }}, ''The Hindu'', 2 January 2010.</ref>

[[2013 Depsang standoff|Since 2013]], border disputes have reemerged to take centrestage in the two countries' mutual relations. In early 2018, the two armies got engaged in a standoff at the [[Doklam plateau]] along the disputed [[Bhutan-China border]].<ref>{{citation|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|title=Doklam: To start at the very beginning|url=http://www.orfonline.org/research/doklam-start-very-beginning/|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220035217/http://www.orfonline.org/research/doklam-start-very-beginning/|publisher=Observer Research Foundation|ref={{sfnref|Joshi, Doklam: To start at the very beginning|2017}}|access-date=7 February 2018|archive-date=20 December 2017|author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist)|url-status=live}}</ref> Since summer 2020, [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|armed standoffs and skirmishes]] at multiple locations along the entire Sino-Indian border escalated. A serious clash occurred in the [[Galwan Valley]] resulting in the death of 20 Indian soldiers and some number of Chinese soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53076781|title=Galwan Valley: China and India clash on freezing and inhospitable battlefield|work=BBC News|date=17 June 2020}}</ref>

Despite growing economic and strategic ties, there are a lot of hurdles for India and the PRC to overcome. India faces trade imbalance heavily in favour of China. The two countries failed to resolve their border dispute and Indian media outlets have repeatedly reported Chinese military incursions into Indian territory.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710060101/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015|title=The China-India Border Brawl|author=Jeff M. Smith today's Wall Street Journal Asia|date=24 June 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> Both countries have steadily established military infrastructure along border areas including amidst the [[2020 China–India skirmishes]].<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ak-antony-admits-china-incursion_1592435 AK Antony admits China incursion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930132104/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ak-antony-admits-china-incursion_1592435 |date=30 September 2011 }}, DNA, 28 September 2011.</ref> Additionally, India remains wary about China's strong [[China–Pakistan relations|strategic bilateral relations with Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9d5497f0-db8d-11de-9424-00144feabdc0.html|title=China-Pakistan military links upset India|work=Financial Times|date=27 November 2009|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> and China's funding to the [[Insurgency in Northeast India|separatist groups in Northeast India]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|date=30 October 2020|title=Behind China's threat to support insurgency in India|work=[[Asia Times]]|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/behind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india/|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> while China has expressed concerns about Indian military and economic activities in the disputed [[South China Sea]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924173917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece |date=24 September 2011 }}, ''The Hindu'', 15 September 2011.</ref>

==Geographical overview==
[[File:Sino-Indian Geography.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of Eastern and Southern Asia. <br><hr>(The border between the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and the [[India|Republic of India]] over [[Arunachal Pradesh]]/[[South Tibet]] reflects actual control, without dotted line showing claims.)]]

China and India are separated by the [[Himalayas]]. China and India today share a border with [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]] acting as [[buffer state]]s. Parts of the disputed [[Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] region claimed by India are claimed and administered by either [[Pakistan]] ([[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit and Baltistan]]) or by the PRC ([[Aksai Chin]]). The Government of Pakistan on its maps shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly within China and labels the boundary "Frontier Undefined" while India holds that Aksai Chin is illegally occupied by the PRC. China and India also dispute most of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

==History==

===Antiquity===
[[File:Etched carnelian beads after Mackay.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Etched carnelian beads]], [[Harappa]] Culture.<ref>Chanhudaro, Ernest J. Mackay, American Oriental Society, 2090</ref> Such beads were imported from India to China in the early half of 1st millennium BCE.<ref name="zhao2014">{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Deyun|date=2014|title=Study on the etched carnelian beads unearthed in China|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf|journal=Chinese Archaeology|volume=14|pages=176–181|doi=10.1515/char-2014-0019|s2cid=132040238|via=The Institute of Archaeology (CASS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Echecs chinois.JPG|thumb|right|[[Xiangqi]], or Chinese chess, which, like [[Chess|Western Chess]] is believed to be descended from the Indian chess game of [[chaturanga]].<ref>Henry Davidson, ''A Short History of Chess'', p. 6.</ref> The earliest indications reveal the game may have been played as early as the third century BCE.]]
[[Etched carnelian beads]] of Indus valley origin have been excavated from various archaeological sites in China dating from [[Western Zhou]] and [[Spring and Autumn period]] (early half of 1st millennium BCE) to [[Han dynasty|Han]] and [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasties]], indicating early cultural exchanges.<ref name="zhao2014" />

China and India have also had some contact before the transmission of Buddhism. References to a people called the ''[[Chinas]]'', are found in ancient [[Indian literature]]. The [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 5th century BCE) contains references to "[[China in the Mahābhārata|China]]", which may have been referring to the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] state which later became the [[Qin dynasty]]. [[Chanakya]] (c. 350–283 BCE), the prime minister of the [[Maurya Empire]] refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his ''[[Arthashastra]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Colless|first=Brian|date=December 1980|title=Han and Shen-tu China's Ancient Relations with South Asia|journal=East and West|volume=30|issue=1/4|pages=157–177|jstor=29756564}} Interpretations of the term differ, but there is evidence from Roman sources of Chinese goods from a place called ''This'' travelling from Central Asia to the port of [[Barygaza]] and thence to South India.</ref>

The first records of contact between China and India were written during the 2nd century BCE, especially following the expedition of [[Zhang Qian]] to [[Central Asia]] (138-114 BCE).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Deyun|date=2014|title=Study on the etched carnelian beads unearthed in China|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf|journal=Chinese Archaeology|volume=14|page=179|doi=10.1515/char-2014-0019|s2cid=132040238|via=The Institute of Archaeology (CASS)}} Also see "When I was in Bactria ([[Daxia]])", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." (''[[Shiji]]'' 123, [[Sima Qian]], trans. Burton Watson).</ref> [[Buddhism]] was transmitted from India to China in the 1st century CE.<ref>Indian Embassy, Beijing. [http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0 ''India-China Bilateral Relations – Historical Ties''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821001742/http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0|date=21 August 2013}}</ref> Trade relations via the [[Silk Road]] acted as economic contact between the two regions. In the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', [[Zhang Qian]] (d. 113 BCE) and [[Sima Qian]] (145–90 BCE) make references to "Shendu", which may have been referring to the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] (the [[Sindh]] province in modern Pakistan), originally known as "Sindhu" in [[Sanskrit]]. When [[Yunnan]] was annexed by the [[Han dynasty]] in the 1st century, Chinese authorities reported an Indian "Shendu" community living there.<ref>Tan Chung (1998). [http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm ''A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606221357/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm |date=6 June 2007 }}</ref>

''A'' greco Roman text [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] (mid 1st century AD) describes the annual fair in present-day [[Northeast India]], on the border with China.

{{blockquote|Every year there turns up at the border of Thina a certain tribe, short in body and very flat-faced ... called Sêsatai ... They come with their wives and children bearing great packs resembling mats of green leaves and then remain at some spot on the border between them and those on the Thina side, and they hold a festival for several days, spreading out the mats under them, and then take off for their own homes in the interior.|Periplus, §65{{sfnp|Casson|1989|pp=51–93}}}}

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Shaolinsi.JPG|thumb|The [[Shaolin Monastery]] in [[Dengfeng]], [[Henan]], [[China]].]]
[[File:Xuanzang Memorial Hall Nalanda.jpg|thumb|Xuanzang Memorial Hall in Nalanda, Bihar, India.]]
From the 1st century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks travelled to China, such as [[Batuo]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 464–495 CE)—first abbot of the [[Shaolin Monastery]]—and [[Bodhidharma]]—founder of [[Zen|Chan/Zen]] Buddhism—while many Chinese scholars and monks also travelled to India, such as [[Xuanzang]] (b. 604) and [[I Ching (monk)|I Ching]] (635–713), both of whom were students at [[Nalanda]] University in [[Bihar]]. Xuanzang wrote the ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'', an account of his journey to India, which later inspired [[Wu Cheng'en]]'s [[Ming dynasty]] novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'', one of the [[Four Great Classical Novels]] of [[Chinese literature]]. According to some, St. Thomas the Apostle travelled from India to China and back (see Perumalil, A.C. ''The Apostle in India''. Patna, 1971: 5–54.)

====Tamil dynasties====

{{Main|Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese}}
[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chola Empire]] under [[Rajendra Chola]] c. 1030 C.E.]]
The [[Cholas]] maintained good relationship with the Chinese. Arrays of ancient Chinese coins have been found in the Cholas homeland (i.e. [[Thanjavur]], [[Tiruvarur]] and [[Pudukkottai]] districts of Tamil Nadu, India).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article526352.ece|title=Old coins narrate Sino-Tamil story|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605052206/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article526352.ece|archive-date=5 June 2016}}</ref>

Under [[Rajaraja Chola]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]], the Cholas had strong trading links with Chinese [[Song dynasty]].<ref name="his_of_india">{{Citation|last = Smith|first= Vincent Arthur|title= The Early History of India|year=1904|publisher= The Clarendon press|pages = 336–358|isbn = 81-7156-618-9}}</ref><ref name="rajendra1">{{Citation|last = Srivastava|first= Balram|title= Rajendra Chola|year=1973|publisher= National Book Trust, India|page = 80|quote = The mission which Rajendra sent to China was essentially a trade mission,...}}</ref><ref name="cct">{{Citation|last = D. Curtin|first= Philip|title= Cross-Cultural Trade in World History|year=1984|publisher= Cambridge University Press|page = 101|isbn = 0-521-26931-8}}</ref> The [[Chola navy]] conquered the [[Sri Vijaya]] Empire of [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]] and secured a sea trading route to China.<ref name="his_of_india" />

Many sources describe [[Bodhidharma]], the founder of the [[Zen]] school of [[Buddhism]] in China, as a prince of the [[Pallava dynasty]].<ref>Kamil V. Zvelebil (1987). "The Sound of the One Hand", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 125–126.</ref>

====Tang and Harsha dynasties====
{{see also|China–Nepal relations#Nepal, Tibet and China}}
During the 7th century, [[Tang dynasty]] China gained control over large portions of the [[Silk Road]] and Central Asia. [[Wang Xuance]] had sent a diplomatic mission to northern India, which was embroiled by civil war just following the death of [[Harsha|Emperor Harsha]] (590–647). After the murder of 30 members of this mission by the usurper claimants, Wang fled, and returned with allied Nepali and [[Tibet]]an troops to back the opposition. With his forces, Wang captured the capital, while his deputy Jiang Shiren (蒋师仁) captured the usurper and sent him back to [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] (599–649) in [[Chang'an]] as a prisoner.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

During the 8th century, the astronomical [[Aryabhata's sine table|table]] of [[Trigonometric functions|sines]] by the [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomer]] and [[Indian mathematics|mathematician]], [[Aryabhatta]] (476–550), were translated into the [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese astronomical]] and [[Chinese mathematics|mathematical]] book of the ''[[Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era]]'' (''Kaiyuan Zhanjing''), compiled in 718 CE during the Tang Dynasty.<ref name="needham volume 3 109">[[Joseph Needham]], Volume 3, p. 109</ref> The ''Kaiyuan Zhanjing'' was compiled by [[Gautama Siddha]], an astronomer and astrologer born in Chang'an, and whose family was originally from India. He was also notable for his translation of the [[Navagraha]] calendar into Chinese.

====Yuan dynasty====
A rich merchant from the [[Ma'bar Sultanate]], Abu Ali (P'aehali) 孛哈里 (or 布哈爾 Buhaer), was associated closely with the Ma'bar royal family. After a fallout with the Ma'bar family, he moved to [[Yuan dynasty]] China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Emperor, the woman was formerly [[w:zh:桑哥|桑哥]] Sangha's wife and her father was 蔡仁揆 [[w:ko:채송년|채송년]] Ch'ae In'gyu during the reign of 忠烈 [[Chungnyeol of Goryeo]], recorded in the [[Dongguk Tonggam]], [[Goryeosa]] and [[w:zh:留夢炎|留夢炎]] Liu Mengyan's 中俺集 Zhong'anji.<ref name="Schottenhammer2008">{{cite book|author=Angela Schottenhammer|title=The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138|year=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05809-4|pages=138–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821080515/https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=SEN |first1=TANSEN |title=The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries |journal=Asia Major |year=2006 |volume=19 |issue=1/2 |pages=299–326 |jstor=41649921}}</ref> [[w:zh:桑哥|桑哥]] Sangha was a Tibetan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223438/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2016 }} p. 15.</ref> Tamil Hindu Indian merchants traded in [[Quanzhou]] during the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece|title=Behind China's Hindu temples, a forgotten history|author=Ananth Krishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621040237/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece|archive-date=21 June 2014|date=19 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc|title=China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history|date=18 July 2013|access-date=16 May 2016|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054322/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc#t=0|title=China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history|date=18 July 2013|access-date=16 May 2016|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054322/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc#t=0|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg|title=Multimedia|website=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119135250/http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg|archive-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> Hindu statues were found in Quanzhou dating to this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/|title=What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port – CNN Travel|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020143/http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

===Ming dynasty===
[[File:Treasure Boat Shipyard - stele pavilion - Calicut stele - P1080100.JPG|thumb|[[Stele]] installed in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] by [[Zheng He]] (modern replica)]]
Between 1405 and 1433, [[Ming dynasty]] China sponsored a [[Ming treasure voyages|series of seven naval expeditions]] led by Admiral [[Zheng He]]. Zheng He visited numerous Indian kingdoms and ports, including [[Malabar coast]], [[Bengal]], and [[Ceylon]], [[Persian Gulf]], [[Arabia]], and later expeditions ventured down as far as [[Malindi]] in what is now [[Kenya]]. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, [[porcelain]], and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents, including African zebras and giraffes. Zheng He and his company paid respect to local [[deities]] and customs, and in Ceylon they erected a monument ([[Galle Trilingual Inscription]]) honouring [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Allah]], and [[Vishnu]]. Bengal sent twelve diplomatic missions to [[Nanjing]] between 1405 and 1439.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport |title=OBOR: As Mamata seeks Chinese investment for Bengal, why is Delhi bent on playing spoilsport? |date=14 May 2017 |first=Garga |last=Chatterjee |publisher=Scroll Media Inc |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907033736/https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the Ming treasure voyages, private Chinese traders continued operating in the eastern Indian Ocean. Chinese junks could frequently be seen in the ports of the [[Vijayanagara]] Empire, carrying silks and other products.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|pp=304–305}} The ports of [[Mangalore]], [[Honavar]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Barkur]], [[Cochin]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]], [[Machilipatnam]], and [[Dharmadam]] were important for they provided secure harbors for traders from China.<ref name="ports2">From the notes of Abdur Razzak in {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=304}}</ref> On the other hand, Vijayanagara exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, [[Semi-precious stone|semi-precious stones]], ivory, rhino horn, [[ebony]], [[amber]], coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes.

=== Qing Dynasty ===
The [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhois]] of [[Odisha|Orissa]] maintained minor maritime trade links with China. This is noted from the [[Manchu language]] memorials and edicts depicting contacts under the reign of [[Qing dynasty]] in China, when the [[Qianlong Emperor]] received a gift from the [[Brahmin]] (Ch. Polomen 婆羅門, Ma. Bolomen) envoy of a ruler whose Manchu name was Birakišora han of Utg’ali (Ch. Wutegali bilaqishila han 烏特噶里畢拉奇碩拉汗), who is described as a ruler in Eastern India. Hence referring to Birakisore Deva I of Khurda (1736–1793) who styled himself as Gajapati, the ruler of Utkala. Many of the [[gosains]] entering Tibet from China passed through his territory when visiting the Jagannath temple at Puri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Anne |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |date=2020 |publisher=Collège de France |isbn=9782722605367 |page=19 |language=en |author1-link=Anne Cheng}}</ref>

The reign of [[Tipu Sultan]] in [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] saw [[China|Chinese]] technology used for sugar production,<ref name="seri2">Kamath (2001), p235-236</ref> and sandalwood was exported to China.<ref name="sandal">Kamath (2001), p236-237</ref>[[File:Chinese barber Goa.jpg|thumb|A Chinese barber in [[Goa]], early 1800s]]
==== Sino-Sikh War ====
{{Main|Sino-Sikh war}}
In the 18th to 19th centuries, the [[Sikh Empire]] expanded into neighbouring lands. It had annexed [[Ladakh]] into the state of [[Jammu]] in 1834. In 1841, they invaded [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]] and overran parts of western Tibet. Chinese forces defeated the Sikh army in December 1841, forcing the Sikh army to withdraw, and in turn entered Ladakh and besieged [[Leh]], where they were in turn defeated by the Sikh Army. At this point, neither side wished to continue the conflict. The Sikhs claimed victory. as the Sikhs were embroiled in tensions with the British that would lead up to the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], while the Chinese were in the midst of the [[First Opium War]]. The two parties signed a treaty in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.<ref name="Rubin">The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (January 1960), pp. 96–125.</ref>

==== British Raj ====
[[File:Epitaph of Major Hsiao Chu Ching Second World War.JPG|thumb|Epitaph of Major Hsiao Chu Ching at [[Jairampur cemetery]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 September 2020|title=When Indian, Chinese soldiers fought together|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together/articleshow/78118475.cms|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhuri|first=Atonu|date=29 January 2008|title=Monumental neglect of war graves - Discovered in 1997, Jairampur cemetery gets entangled in red tape|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/monumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape/cid/631872|access-date=2021-07-11|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>]]
Indian soldiers, known as "[[sepoy]]s" who were in [[British Indian Army|British service]] participated in the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s against [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. Indian sepoys were also involved in the suppression of the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in 1900, in addition to serving as guards in the [[British Hong Kong|British colony of Hong Kong]] and foreign concessions such as the [[Shanghai International Settlement]]. The Chinese slur "Yindu A San" (Indian number three) was used to describe Indian soldiers in British service.

==After independence==
On 1 October 1949 the People's Liberation Army defeated the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party). On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from the British, becoming a federal, democratic republic after its constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950.

The relationship between newly independent India and a newly communist China started out on an optimistic note. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime-minister of India, and Premier [[Zhou Enlai]], articulated a vision of an internationalist foreign policy governed by the ethics of the Panchsheel ([[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7807/Agreement+on+Trade+and+Intercourse+with+Tibet+Region|title=Agreement on Trade and Intercourse with Tibet Region|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref> However, there was notable skepticism on the Indian side from the very beginning about Chinese intentions. For example, [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar]] was surprised that Nehru took Panchsheel seriously <ref name=":02" /> while [[Acharya Kriplani]] said that Panchsheel was "born in sin".<ref name=":02">LL Mehrotra (2000). [https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf India's Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options]. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi.</ref> Nehru himself was disappointed when it became clear that the two countries had a conflict of interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a [[buffer zone]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===1950s===
{{see also|India–Tibet relations}}{{Quote box
| quote = Their last telegrame to us is an act of gross discourtesy [...] It looks as though it is not a friend speaking in that language but a potential enemy [...] for the first time, after centuries, India’s defence has to concentrate itself on two fronts simultaneously. [...] In our calculations we shall now have to reckon with communist China in the north and in the north-east, a communist China which has definite ambitions and aims and which does not, in any way, seem friendly disposed towards us.
| source = Excerpt from Home Minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]]'s letter to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, November 7, 1950<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Sachidananda|date=August 2020|title=The Chinese Betrayal, Early Warnings Unheeded: Lessons from Sardar Patel and Sri Aurobindo|url=http://www.friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Friends of Tibet|pages=21–27}}</ref>
| width = 260px
| fontsize = 85%
}}India [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China|established diplomatic relations with the PRC]] on 1 April 1950, the first non-communist/socialist nation in Asia to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xi to Kovind: China-India relations are at a new starting point|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/04/01/xi-to-kovind-china-india-relations-are-at-a-new-starting-point.html|date=1 April 2020|website=The Week|language=en|others=PTI|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

China viewed Tibet as a part of its territory. The preceding government of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] also [[Tibet Area (administrative division)|claimed Tibet as Chinese territory]], however was unable to re-assert control. [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] saw Indian concern over Tibet as a manifestation of interference in the internal affairs of the PRC. The PRC reasserted control over Tibet and to end [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[feudalism]], which it did by force of arms in 1950.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} To avoid antagonizing the PRC, Nehru informed Chinese leaders that India had no political ambitions or territorial ambitions and did not seek special privileges in Tibet but that traditional trading rights must continue.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} With Indian support, Tibetan delegates signed an agreement in May 1951 recognizing PRC sovereignty{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} but guaranteeing that the existing political and social system of Tibet would continue.
[[File:1952-06 1952年5月16日中印友好协会成立.png|thumb|250px|right|Founding of the Sino-Indian Friendship Association on 16 May 1952 in [[Beijing]].]]
[[File:Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong in Beijing.jpg|thumb|250px|Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] of [[Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]

In April 1954, India and the PRC signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet that became the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] (or ''Panchsheel''). [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] of [[India]], during the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|latter's state visit to China]], October 1954.]]In October 1954, China and India signed an [[Sino-Indian Agreement 1954|agreement]] regarding Tibet, whereby India recognised Tibet as part of China with China accepting the continuance of the previous trade arrangements. Observers noted the agreement heavily favoring China.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=China, quid without a quo: 1954 India-China trade agreement was one-sided affair|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/china-quid-without-a-quo-trade-agreement-was-one-sided-affair/2017939/|access-date=2020-08-08|website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

It is the popular perception that the catchphrase of India's diplomacy with China in the 1950s was ''Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai'', which means, in [[Hindi]], "Indians and Chinese are brothers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-believe-in-hindichini-bhaibhai-nehr/570332/ |title=Don't believe in Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai, Nehru told envoy |newspaper=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305124336/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-believe-in-hindichini-bhaibhai-nehr/570332/ |archive-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref> Nehru sought to initiate a more direct dialogue between the peoples of China and India in culture and literature. Around then, the famous Indian artist (painter) [[Beohar Rammanohar Sinha]], who had earlier decorated the pages of the original [[Constitution of India]], was sent to China in 1957 on a Government of India fellowship to establish a direct cross-cultural and inter-civilization bridge. Noted Indian scholar [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] and diplomat [[Natwar Singh]] were also there, and [[Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan]] paid a visit to PRC.

After signing the 1954 agreement, India published new maps showing defined borders, as it became apprehensive that China might make claims on Indian territory.<ref>{{citation|last=Raghavan|first=Srinath|title=War and Peace in Modern India|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}|isbn=978-1-137-00737-7}}, pp. 241-242.</ref> Two major territorial disputes existed between China and India, which remained dormant till 1959. In the northeast, Indian territory included the Assam Himalayan region up to the McMahon Line, which China did not recognise as a legal boundary. In the western sector, Indian territory inherited from the British Raj included the Aksai Chin plateau, which Chinese maps started showing as Chinese territory in the 1940s if not earlier.<ref>{{citation|last=Hudson|first=G. F.|title=Far Eastern Affairs|chapter-url=http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160|volume=14|year=1963|series=St. Antony's Papers|chapter=Aksai Chin|location=London|publisher=Chatto & Windus|ref={{sfnref|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963}}}}, pp.17-18</ref> When India discovered that China built a road through the region, border clashes and Indian protests became more frequent. In January 1959, PRC premier [[Zhou Enlai]] wrote to Nehru, pointing out that no government in China had accepted as legal the [[McMahon Line]], which the 1914 [[Simla Convention]] defined the eastern section of the border between India and Tibet.

In March 1959, the [[Dalai Lama]], spiritual and temporal head of the [[History of Tibet (1950–present)|Tibet]], sought sanctuary in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharmsala]], Himachal Pradesh where he established the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]]. Thousands of Tibetan refugees settled in northwestern India. The PRC accused India of [[expansionism]] and [[imperialism]] in Tibet and throughout the Himalayan region. China claimed huge swaths of territory over which India's maps showed clear sovereignty, and demanded "rectification" of the entire border.

===1960s===
{{Main|Sino-Indian War|1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes|1987 Sino-Indian skirmish}}
{{anchor|Nathu La incident}}[[File:India disputed areas map.svg|thumb|Map showing [[List of disputed territories of India|disputed territories of India]]]]
Border disputes resulted in a short border war between the People's Republic of China and India on 20 October 1962.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last = Maxwell |first = Neville |year = 2015 |title = India's China War (2nd Ed) |publisher = Natraj Publishers in Association with Wildlife Protection Society of India| location = New Delhi |isbn = 978-8181582508 |ref = none}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2017}} The border clash resulted in a overall defeat of India as the PRC pushed the Indian forces to within 48 km of the [[Assam]] plains in the northeast. It also occupied strategic points in the [[Aksai Chin]] and Demchok regions of [[Ladakh]], before declaring a unilateral [[ceasefire]] on 21 November. It claimed that it withdrew to 20 km behind its contended line of control. India disagreed with the claim.

{{Quote box
| quote = "I don't want to know what happened in the past. All I want to know is who are my commanders, where are the Chinese, how much ammunition have I got…"
| author = Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]] recalling 1962 when he was appointed to take charge of NEFA following the resignation of [[Brij Mohan Kaul|Kaul]] and [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Menon]] in the aftermath of the China India war.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2020|orig-year=2002|title=The MAN In Sam Manekshaw|url=https://www.brut.media/in/news/the-man-in-sam-manekshaw-3e667609-d683-42ca-a232-fcad67af3763|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Brut|publisher=Parzor Foundation|language=en-IN|quote=The life and career of Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw... Back in 2002, interviewed by his own grandson for a documentary, this is how he recounted his days […] Thanks to Parzor Foundation for the footage.}}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 260px
| fontsize = 85%
}}

During the Sino-Indian border conflict, India's [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]] was accused by the Indian government of being pro-PRC, and many of its political leaders were jailed. Subsequently, [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|the Communist Party of India (CPI) split]] with the leftist section forming the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in 1964.

Relations between the PRC and India deteriorated during the rest of the 1960s and the early 1970s while the [[China–Pakistan relations]] improved and [[Sino-Soviet split|Sino-Soviet relations worsened]]. The PRC backed Pakistan in its [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war with India]], and issued "ultimatums" threatening military action at its own border. The threats only served to damage Pakistan's relations with the western powers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bajwa, Farooq Naseem.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809939368|title=From Kutch to Tashkent : the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965|date=30 September 2013|isbn=978-1-84904-230-7|location=London|oclc=809939368}}</ref> In late 1967, there were two more conflicts between Indian and Chinese forces at their contested border, in [[Sikkim]], known as the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]. Both sides suffered heavy casualties but India came out in a better position than PRC.

Between 1967 and 1971, an [[Karakoram|all-weather road]] was built across the Aksai Chin territory claimed by India, linking PRC's [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] with Pakistan.[[File:1967-09 1967年北京举行抗议印度的示威游行.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Chinese demonstrations against Indian "[[reactionary]] factions" in [[Beijing]] in 1967.]]The PRC continued an active propaganda campaign against India and supplied ideological, financial and other assistance to dissident groups, especially to [[Tribes of India|tribes]] in northeastern India. The PRC accused India of assisting the [[Kham]]pa rebels in Tibet. Sri Lanka played the role of chief negotiator for the withdrawal of Chinese troops from the Indian territory. Both countries agreed to Colombo's proposals.<ref>The Foreign Policy of Sirimavo Bandaranaike – THE COLOMBO POWERS AND THE SINO-INDIAN WAR OF 1962</ref><ref>"Rapprochement Across the Himalayas: Emerging India-China Relations Post Cold"{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSpncRn2YFYC |title=Rapprochement Across the Himalayas: Emerging India-China Relations Post Cold War Period (1947–2003) |access-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSpncRn2YFYC |archive-date=6 January 2016 |isbn=9788178352947 |last1=Mishra |first1=Keshav |year=2004 }} p. 40</ref>

===1970s===
In August 1971, India signed its [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Co-operation]] with the [[Soviet Union]]. The PRC sided with Pakistan in its [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|December 1971 war with India]]. Although China strongly condemned India, it did not carry out its veiled threat to intervene on Pakistan's behalf. By this time, the PRC had [[China and the United Nations|replaced the Republic of China in the UN]] where its representatives denounced India as being a "tool of Soviet expansionism."

India and the PRC renewed efforts to improve relations after Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] lost the 1977 elections to [[Morarji Desai]]'s [[Janata Party]]. In 1978, the Indian Minister of External Affairs [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] made a landmark visit to Beijing, and both countries officially re-established diplomatic relations in 1979. The PRC modified its pro-Pakistan stand on [[Kashmir]] and appeared willing to remain silent on India's absorption of Sikkim and its special advisory relationship with [[Bhutan]]. The PRC's leaders agreed to discuss the boundary issue, India's priority, as the first step to a broadening of relations. The two countries hosted each other's news agencies, and [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar|Mansarowar Lake]] in Tibet, the home of the [[Hindu pantheon]], were opened to annual [[pilgrimage]]s.

===1980s===
In 1981, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, [[Huang Hua (politician)|Huang Hua]] made a landmark visit to New Delhi.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/huang-hua-diplomat-who-helped-thaw-ties-with-india-passes-away/article913255.ece|title=Huang Hua, diplomat who helped thaw ties with India, passes away|author=Ananth Krishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109141426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/huang-hua-diplomat-who-helped-thaw-ties-with-india-passes-away/article913255.ece|archive-date=9 January 2016|date=25 November 2010}}</ref> PRC Premier [[Zhao Ziyang]] concurrently toured [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bangladesh]].

In 1980, Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] approved a plan to upgrade the deployment of forces around the Line of Actual Control. India also undertook infrastructural development in disputed areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1903/19030740.htm|title=Military common sense|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317092702/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1903/19030740.htm|archive-date=17 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sundarji">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/18051998/cover.html |title=indiatodaygroup.com|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602213750/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/18051998/cover.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> In 1984, squads of Indian soldiers began actively patrolling the [[Sumdorong Chu Valley]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. In the winter of 1986, the Chinese deployed their troops to the Sumdorong Chu before the Indian team could arrive and built a helipad at Wandung.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr172005/spotlight942292005416.asp India's Land of the Rising Sun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231125701/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr172005/spotlight942292005416.asp |date=31 December 2005 }} ''Deccan Herald''</ref> Surprised by the Chinese occupation, India's then Chief of Army Staff, [[Sundarji|General K.Sundarji]], airlifted a brigade to the region.<ref name="Sundarji" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22021999/obit.html|title=Obituary: Warrior as Scholar: Gen (retd) K Sundarji (1928–1999)|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924204131/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22021999/obit.html|archive-date=24 September 2009}}</ref> Chinese troops could not move any further into the valley and were forced to away from the valley.<ref name="BS Mallik">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep03/edst.asp|title=  |work=Deccan Herald|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223021909/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep03/edst.asp|archive-date=23 February 2005}}</ref> By 1987, Beijing's reaction was similar to that in 1962 and this prompted many Western diplomats to predict war. However, Indian foreign minister N.D. Tiwari and Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] travelled to Beijing to negotiate a mutual de-escalation.<ref name="Sundarji" />

India and the PRC held eight rounds of border negotiations between December 1981 and November 1987. In 1985 the PRC insisted on mutual concessions without defining the exact terms of its "package proposal" or where the actual line of control lay. In 1986 and 1987, the negotiations achieved nothing, given the charges exchanged between the two countries of military encroachment in the [[Sumdorong Chu Valley|Sumdorung Chu Valley]]. China's construction of a military post and helicopter pad in the area in 1986 and India's grant of statehood to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (formerly the [[North-East Frontier Agency]]) in February 1987 caused both sides to deploy troops to the area. The PRC relayed warnings that it would "teach India a lesson" if it did not cease "nibbling" at Chinese territory. By the summer of 1987, however, both sides had backed away from conflict and denied military clashes had taken place.

A warming trend in relations was facilitated by [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s visit to China in December 1988. The two sides issued a joint communiqué that stressed the need to restore friendly relations on the basis of the Panchsheel. India and the People's Republic of China agreed to achieve a "fair and reasonable settlement while seeking a mutually acceptable solution" to the border dispute. The communiqué also expressed China's concern about agitation by [[Tibetan separatism|Tibetan separatists]] in India and reiterated that anti-China political activities by expatriate Tibetans would not be tolerated. Rajiv Gandhi signed bilateral agreements on science and technology co-operation, establish direct air links, and on cultural exchanges. The two sides also agreed to hold annual diplomatic consultations between foreign ministers, set up a joint committee on economic and scientific co-operation, and a joint working group on the boundary issue. The latter group was to be led by the Indian foreign secretary and the Chinese vice minister of foreign affairs.

===1990s===
Top-level dialogue continued with the December 1991 visit of [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|PRC premier]] [[Li Peng]] to India and the May 1992 visit to China of Indian president [[R. Venkataraman]]. Six rounds of talks of the Indian-Chinese Joint Working Group on the Border Issue were held between December 1988 and June 1993. Progress was also made in reducing tensions on the border via mutual troop reductions, regular meetings of local military commanders, and advance notification about military exercises. In July 1992, [[Sharad Pawar]] visited Beijing, the first Indian Minister of Defence to do so. Consulates reopened in [[Bombay]] (Mumbai) and Shanghai in December 1992.

In 1993, The sixth-round of the joint working group talks was held in New Delhi but resulted in only minor developments. Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] and Premier Li Peng signed a border agreement dealing with cross-border trade, cooperation on environmental issues (e.g. Pollution, [[Endangered Species|Animal extinction]], [[Global warming]], etc.) and radio and television broadcasting. A senior-level Chinese military delegation made a goodwill visit to India in December 1993 aimed at "fostering confidence-building measures between the defence forces of the two countries." The visit, however, came at a time when China was providing greater military support to Burma. The presence of Chinese radar technicians in Burma's [[Coco Islands]], which border India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] caused concern in India.

In January 1994, Beijing announced that it not only favored a negotiated solution on Kashmir, but also opposed any form of independence for the region. Talks were held in New Delhi in February aimed at confirming established "confidence-building measures", discussing clarification of the "line of actual control", reduction of armed forces along the line, and prior information about forthcoming military exercises. China's hope for settlement of the boundary issue was reiterated.

In 1995, talks by the India-China Expert Group led to an agreement to set up two additional points of contact along the 4,000 km border to facilitate meetings between military personnel. The two sides were reportedly "seriously engaged" in defining the McMahon Line and the line of actual control vis-à-vis military exercises and prevention of air intrusion. Talks were held in Beijing in July and in New Delhi in August to improve border security, combat cross-border crimes and on additional troop withdrawals from the border. These talks further reduced tensions.<ref>
Lin Liangguang Ye Zhengjia and Han Hua, Contemporary China's Relations with South Asia Countries, Beijing: Social Sciences Documentation Publishing House 2001.</ref>

There was little notice taken in Beijing of the April 1995 announcement of the opening of the [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre]] in New Delhi. The Centre serves as the representative office of the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan) and is the counterpart of the [[India-Taipei Association]] located in Taiwan. Both institutions share the goal of improving India-ROC relations, which have been strained since New Delhi's recognition of Beijing in 1950.

Sino-Indian relations hit a low point in 1998 following India's [[nuclear test]]s. Indian Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] declared that "“in my perception of national security, China is enemy No 1....and any person who is concerned about India's security must agree with that fact",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2104017/why-china-so-keen-alienate-half-billion-young-indians-no|title=Why is China alienating half a billion young Indians?|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=27 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725145210/http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2104017/why-china-so-keen-alienate-half-billion-young-indians-no|archive-date=25 July 2017|date=25 July 2017}}</ref> hinting that India developed nuclear weapons in defence against China's nuclear arsenal. In 1998, China was one of the strongest international critics of India's nuclear tests and entry into the nuclear club. During the 1999 [[Kargil War]] China voiced support for Pakistan, but also counseled Pakistan to withdraw its forces.

===2000s===
[[File:Officers at Nathu La.JPG|thumb|Indian and Chinese officers at [[Nathu La]]. Nathu La was re-opened in 2006 following numerous bilateral trade agreements. The opening of the pass is expected to bolster the economy of the region and play a key role in the growing Sino-Indian trade.]]
In a major embarrassment for China, the 17th [[Karmapa]], [[Urgyen Trinley Dorje]], who was proclaimed by China, made a dramatic escape from Tibet to the [[Rumtek Monastery]] in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a quandary on this issue as any protest to India on the issue would mean an explicit endorsement on India's governance of Sikkim, which the Chinese still hadn't recognised. In 2003, China officially recognised Indian sovereignty over Sikkim as the two countries moved towards resolving their border disputes.

In 2004, the two countries proposed opening up the [[Nathula]] and [[Jelepla Pass]]es in Sikkim. 2004 was a milestone in Sino-Indian bilateral trade, surpassing the US$10  billion mark for the first time. In April 2005, Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] visited [[Bangalore]] to push for increased Sino-Indian cooperation in high-tech industries. Wen stated that the 21st century will be "the Asian century of the IT industry." Regarding the issue of India gaining a permanent seat on the [[UN Security Council]], Wen Jiabao initially seemed to support the idea, but had returned to a neutral position.

In the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) Summit in 2005, China was granted observer status. While other countries in the region are ready to consider China for permanent membership in the SAARC, India seemed reluctant.

In 2005, China and India signed the 'Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China, India agree on "strategic partnership"|url=http://in.chineseembassy.org/eng/ssygd/zygx/t191496.htm|date=12 April 2005|website=Chinese Embassy in India|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> However, there has been very little, if any, strategic convergence between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The reality of the India-China strategic dialogue|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/TtuTsD7Cwbo1nLKDeLDJ4K/The-reality-of-the-IndiaChina-strategic-dialogue.html|date=24 February 2017|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

Issues surrounding energy have risen in significance. Both countries have growing energy demand to support economic growth. Both countries signed an agreement in 2006 to envisage [[ONGC]] Videsh Ltd (OVL) and the [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC) to placing joint bids for promising projects.

In 2006, China and India re-opened the [[Nathula]] pass for trading; Nathula had been closed 44 years prior to 2006. The re-opening of border trade helps to ease the economic isolation of the region.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5093712.stm "India-China trade link to reopen"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621055444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5093712.stm |date=21 June 2006 }}, BBC News, 19 June 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> In November 2006, China and India had a verbal spat over the claim of the north-east Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. India claimed that China was occupying 38,000 square kilometres of its territory in [[Kashmir]], while China claimed the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as its own.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm "India and China row over border"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215103833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm |date=15 February 2008 }}, BBC News, 14 November 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref>

In 2007, China denied the application for visa from an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer in Arunachal Pradesh. According to China, since Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China, he would not need a visa to visit his own country.<ref name="IBN-IAS">{{cite news |title=China denies visa to IAS officer |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/china-denies-visa-to-ias-officer/41328-3.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=25 May 2007 |access-date=31 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821192016/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/china-denies-visa-to-ias-officer/41328-3.html |archive-date=21 August 2007 }}</ref> Later in December 2007, China reversed its policy by granting a visa to Marpe Sora, an Arunachal born professor in computer science.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7132636.stm|title=South Asia – Chinese 'border gesture' to India|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718211146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7132636.stm|archive-date=18 July 2016|date=7 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-09/india/27989328_1_marpe-sora-chinese-visa-arunachalee|title=A thaw? China lets Arunachalee visit|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104011315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-09/india/27989328_1_marpe-sora-chinese-visa-arunachalee|archive-date=4 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In January 2008, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] visited China to discuss trade, commerce, defence, military, and various other issues.

Until 2008 the British Government's position remained the same as had been since the [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]] of 1913: that China held [[suzerainty]] over Tibet but not [[sovereignty]]. Britain revised this view on 29 October 2008, when it recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet through its website.<ref>[[David Miliband]], [http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 Written Ministerial Statement on Tibet (29/10/2008)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021442/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 |date=2 December 2008 }}'', Foreign Office website. Retrieved 25 November 2008.''</ref><ref>Richard Spencer, ''[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html UK recognises China's direct rule over Tibet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103224606/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html |date=3 November 2010 }}'', [[The Daily Telegraph]], 5 November 2008</ref><ref>Shai Oster, ''[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122549900302589905?mod=googlenews_wsj U.K. Policy Angers Tibet Ahead of Beijing Talks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805013206/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122549900302589905?mod=googlenews_wsj |date=5 August 2017 }}'', [[The Wall Street Journal]], 1 November 2008</ref> [[The Economist]] stated that although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said "it means that, as far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'"<ref>Staff, ''[http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12570571 Britain's suzerain remedy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210165838/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12570571 |date=10 December 2008 }}'', [[The Economist]], 6 November 2008</ref> This change in Britain's position affects India's claim to its North Eastern territories which rely on the same Simla Accord that Britain's prior position on Tibet's sovereignty was based upon.<ref>Robert Barnett, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/opinion/25barnett.html?_r=1&ref=opinion Did Britain Just Sell Tibet?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105005512/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/opinion/25barnett.html?_r=1&ref=opinion |date=5 January 2015 }}'', [[The New York Times]], 24 November 2008</ref>

In October 2009, [[Asian Development Bank]] formally acknowledging Arunachal Pradesh as part of India, approved a loan to India for a development project there. Earlier China had exercised pressure on the bank to cease the loan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/projects/project.asp?id=42192 |title=Project Records | Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=11 September 2008 |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424055142/http://www2.adb.org/projects/project.asp?id=42192 |archive-date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> however India succeeded in securing the loan with the help of the United States and Japan. China expressed displeasure at [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article92904.ece|title=China objected to ADB loan to India|date=9 July 2009|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091607/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article92904.ece|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/china-objected-to-adb-loan-to-india-for-arunachal-project-krishna-lead_100215729.html|title=China objected to ADB loan to India for Arunachal project: Krishna (Lead) – Thaindian News|date=9 July 2009|publisher=Thaindian.com|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007035211/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/china-objected-to-adb-loan-to-india-for-arunachal-project-krishna-lead_100215729.html|archive-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>

A public opinion poll of the entire population of China conducted by Pew in spring 2008 shows "views about India are mixed at best – 25% say India is a partner, while a similar number (24%) describe it as an enemy".<ref>''The 2008 Pew Global Attitudes Survey in China'' (22 July 2008) p 5. [https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2008/07/2008-Pew-Global-Attitudes-Report-2-July-22-2pm.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929191306/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2008/07/2008-Pew-Global-Attitudes-Report-2-July-22-2pm.pdf |date=29 September 2019 }}</ref>

===2010s===
{{See also|2017 China–India border standoff}}
Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] paid an official visit to India from 15 to 17 December 2010 at the invitation of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7234845.html |title=Chinese premier urges closer cultural, youth links with India – People's Daily Online |work=People's Daily |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015130509/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7234845.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref> He was accompanied by 400 Chinese business leaders, who wished to sign business deals with Indian companies.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11997221 | work=BBC News | title=Chinese PM Wen Jiabao begins bumper Indian trade trip | date=15 December 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126030456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11997221 | archive-date=26 January 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> During this visit Premier Wen Jiabao said "India and China are two very populous countries with ancient civilisations, friendship between the two countries has a time-honoured history, which can be dated back 2,000 years".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101216/main2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102111044/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101216/main2.htm|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=2012-08-03|work=The Tribune|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In April 2011, during the [[2011 BRICS summit|BRICS summit]] in [[Sanya]], Hainan, China<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13034172 | work=BBC News | title=Indian PM Manmohan Singh heads to China for talks | date=11 April 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412035312/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13034172 | archive-date=12 April 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> the two countries agreed to restore defence co-operation and China had hinted that it may reverse its policy of administering stapled visas to residents of [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/visa-and-immigration/china-hints-at-scrapping-stapled-visa-for-j-and-k-people/articleshow/7970880.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Nri | date=13 April 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418094702/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/visa-and-immigration/china-hints-at-scrapping-stapled-visa-for-j-and-k-people/articleshow/7970880.cms | archive-date=18 April 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/india-china-to-restore-defence-co-operation/1/135160.html |title=India, China to restore defence co-operation : Neighbours, News|work=India Today |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801173352/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/india-china-to-restore-defence-co-operation/1/135160.html |archive-date=1 August 2011 }}</ref> This practice was later stopped,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//articleshow/11217007.cms | work=The Times of India | title=2011: India, China solve stapled visa issue; put off border talks | date=23 December 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153435/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//articleshow/11217007.cms | archive-date=14 March 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and as a result, defence ties were resumed between the two countries and joint military drills were expected.

In the March [[2012 BRICS summit]] in New Delhi, CCP General Secretary and Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] told Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] that "it is China's unswerving policy to develop Sino-Indian friendship, deepen strategic cooperation and seek common development". Other topics were discussed, including border dispute problems and a unified BRICS central bank.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/china-wants-to-deepen-strategic-cooperation-with-india-hu-jintao/articleshow/12469429.cms | work=The Times of India | title=China wants to deepen strategic cooperation with India: Hu Jintao | date=30 March 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314065809/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/china-wants-to-deepen-strategic-cooperation-with-india-hu-jintao/articleshow/12469429.cms | archive-date=14 March 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In April 2012, in response to India's test of an [[Agni-V]] missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead to Beijing, the PRC called for the two countries to "cherish the hard-earned momentum of co-operation".<ref>Nelson, Dean. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9216554/China-warns-India-of-arrogance-over-missile-launch.html "China warns India of arrogance over missile launch."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420155645/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9216554/China-warns-India-of-arrogance-over-missile-launch.html |date=20 April 2012 }} ''The Telegraph''. 20 April 2012.</ref>

[[File:Informal meeting of the BRICS during the 2019 G20 Osaka summit.jpg|thumb|250 px|The [[BRICS]] leaders in the [[2019 G20 Osaka summit]].]]The [[2013 Depsang standoff]] lasted for three weeks, before being defused on 5 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-idUSBRE9440B220130506|title=India says China agrees retreat to de facto border in faceoff deal|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=6 May 2013|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181040/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/06/us-india-china-idUSBRE9440B220130506|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Days before a trip by Indian Foreign Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] to China; Khurshid said that both countries had a shared interest in not having the border issue exacerbate or "destroy" long-term progress in relations. The Chinese agreed to withdraw their troops in exchange for an Indian agreement to demolish several "live-in bunkers" 250 km to the south in the disputed Chumar sector.<ref>Defence News. [http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1554 "India Destroyed Bunkers in Chumar to Resolve Ladakh Row"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724185744/http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1554 |date=24 July 2013 }}. ''Defence News''. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.</ref> Chinese Premier [[Li Keqiang]] made his first foreign visit to India on 18 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/05/201351972251986773.html|title=Chinese premier visits India|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314021927/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/05/201351972251986773.html|archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/21723/Joint+Statement+on+the+State+Visit+of+Chinese++Li+Keqiang+to+India|title=Joint Statement on the State Visit of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang to India|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|date=20 May 2013|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109141426/http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F21723%2FJoint+Statement+on+the+State+Visit+of+Chinese++Li+Keqiang+to+India|archive-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian President Pranab Mukherjee's visit to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in late November 2013 and mentioning in his speech that the area was an "integral and important part of India" angered Beijing, and retaliatory statements followed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/chinas-arunachal-pradesh-fixation/|title=China's Arunachal Pradesh Fixation|author1=Aakriti Bachhawat|author2=The Diplomat|work=The Diplomat|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235102/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/chinas-arunachal-pradesh-fixation/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/China-reiterates-claim-on-Arunachal-Pradesh-through-mouthpiece/articleshow/26644947.cms?referral=PM|title=China reiterates claim on Arunachal Pradesh through mouthpiece – The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903225941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/China-reiterates-claim-on-Arunachal-Pradesh-through-mouthpiece/articleshow/26644947.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

[[Xi Jinping]], was one of the top world leaders to visit New Delhi after [[Narendra Modi]] took over as [[Prime Minister of India]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goswami|first=Ranjit|date=13 May 2015|title=Make China India's natural ally for development|url=http://www.orfonline.org/research/make-china-indias-natural-ally-for-development/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214182139/http://www.orfonline.org/research/make-china-indias-natural-ally-for-development/|archive-date=14 February 2017|access-date=14 February 2017|publisher=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref> India's insistence to raise [[South China Sea]] in various multilateral forums subsequently did not help that beginning once again, the relationship facing suspicion from Indian administration and media alike.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goswami|first=Ranjit|date=11 May 2015|title=Can Modi Make China India's Natural Ally for Development?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/ranjit-goswami/can-pm-modi-make-china-in_b_7206320.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214181157/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/ranjit-goswami/can-pm-modi-make-china-in_b_7206320.html|archive-date=14 February 2017|access-date=14 February 2017|work=HuffPost|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In September 2014 the relationship took a sting as troops of the People's Liberation Army reportedly entered two kilometres inside the Line of Actual Control in Chumar sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/chinese-troops-said-to-be-2-km-inside-lac-build-up-on-the-rise/|title=Chinese troops said to be 2 km inside LAC, build-up on the rise|date=23 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305160702/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/chinese-troops-said-to-be-2-km-inside-lac-build-up-on-the-rise/|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The next month, [[V. K. Singh]] said that China and India had come to a "convergence of views" on the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/afghanistan-meet-china-india-pakistan-terror-concerns-border-taliban-terrorism/1/398565.html |title=Delhi, Kabul warn China: Pak maybe your ally but it exports terror |last1=Krishnan |first1=Ananth |date=31 October 2014 |website=India Today |publisher=Living Media India Limited |access-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101124724/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/afghanistan-meet-china-india-pakistan-terror-concerns-border-taliban-terrorism/1/398565.html |archive-date=1 November 2014 }}</ref> According to a 2014 [[BBC]] World Service Poll, 23% of Indians view China positively, with 47% expressing a negative view, whereas 27% of Chinese people view India positively, with 35% expressing a negative view.<ref>[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410000527/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf|date=10 April 2016}} [[BBC]]</ref> A 2014 survey conducted by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed 72% of Indians were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2014|title=Chapter 4: How Asians View Each Other|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203043/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other/|archive-date=15 October 2015|access-date=10 October 2015|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>[[File:Documents being signed during the State Visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to India.jpg|alt=|thumb|244x244px|The [[President of the People's Republic of China|Chinese President]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] witnessing the signing of an [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] between the Chinese and Indian foreign affairs ministers on opening a new route for Indian pilgrimage (Kailash Mansarovar Yatra) to the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China]], in [[New Delhi]] in 2014]]China and India have been working together to produce films together, such as ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]'' starring [[Jackie Chan]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/jackie-chan-pair-for-golden-network-1201632878/|title= AFM: Golden Network Kicks Off With Jackie Chan Movie Pair|author= Patrick Frater|date= 4 November 2015|access-date= 1 November 2016|work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063731/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/jackie-chan-pair-for-golden-network-1201632878/|archive-date= 2 February 2017|df= dmy-all}}</ref> However, disruptions have risen again due to China building trade routes, the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], with Pakistan on disputed Kashmir territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-to-boycott-china-summit-amid-kashmir-concerns-8844892|title=India to boycott China summit amid Kashmir concerns|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=27 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516170650/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-to-boycott-china-summit-amid-kashmir-concerns-8844892|archive-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> On 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building equipment began extending an existing road southward in [[Doklam]], a territory which is claimed by both China as well as [[India]]'s ally [[Bhutan]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/press-release-272.html|title=Press Release – Ministry of Foreign Affairs|website=mfa.gov.bt|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023420/http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/press-release-272.html|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|China Foreign Ministry|2017|p=6}}<ref name="Barry">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/asia/dolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html|title=How India and China Have Come to the Brink Over a Remote Mountain Pass|last1=Barry|first1=Steven Lee Myers, Ellen|date=26 July 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=16 August 2017|last2=Fisher|first2=Max|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150313/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/asia/dolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109|title=China says India violates 1890 agreement in border stand-off|date=3 July 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815072409/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|title=Chinese and Indian troops face off in Bhutan border dispute|first=Michael|last=Safi|date=5 July 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170337/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-china-india-doklam-standoff-20170724-story.html |title=Doklam standoff: China sends a warning to India over border dispute |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=Associated Press |date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811062048/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-china-india-doklam-standoff-20170724-story.html |archive-date=11 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 June 2017, around 270 Indian troops, with weapons and two bulldozers, entered Doklam to stop the Chinese troops from constructing the road.<ref name="Barry" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|title=Chinese and Indian troops face off in Bhutan border dispute|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=5 July 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170337/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://accesswdun.com/article/2017/8/566782|title=China warns Indian troops to get out of contested region|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132801/http://accesswdun.com/article/2017/8/566782|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Among other charges, China accused India of illegal intrusion into its territory, across what it called the mutually agreed China-India boundary, and violation of its territorial sovereignty and UN Charter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|title=The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02)|last=China Foreign Ministry|date=2 August 2017|website=fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010101/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> India accused China of changing the status quo in violation of a 2012 understanding between the two governments regarding the tri-junction boundary points and causing "security concerns", which were widely understood as at its concerns with the strategic [[Siliguri Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/28572/Recent_Developments_in_Doklam_Area|title=Recent Developments in Doklam Area|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816104552/http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F28572%2FRecent_Developments_in_Doklam_Area|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/whats-driving-the-india-china-standoff-at-doklam/|title=What's Driving the India-China Standoff at Doklam?|last=Diplomat|first=Ankit Panda, The|work=The Diplomat|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719092125/https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/whats-driving-the-india-china-standoff-at-doklam/|archive-date=19 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> India media reported that on 28 June Bhutan issued a ''demarche,'' demanding China to cease road-building in Doklam and maintain the status quo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/bhutan-issues-demarche-to-china-over-its-armys-road-construction-4726615/|title=Bhutan issues demarche to China over its army's road construction|date=28 June 2017|access-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729002236/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/bhutan-issues-demarche-to-china-over-its-armys-road-construction-4726615/|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> The Minister of External Affairs of India [[Sushma Swaraj]] said that if China unilaterally changed the status-quo of the tri-junction point between China-India and Bhutan then it posed a challenge to the security of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sushma-swaraj-rajya-sabha-bhutan-sikkim-china-india-doklam-standoff-4759229/|title=If China unilaterally changes status-quo in Doklam, it's a challenge to our security: Sushma Swaraj|date=20 July 2017|website=The Indian Express|access-date=27 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010029/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sushma-swaraj-rajya-sabha-bhutan-sikkim-china-india-doklam-standoff-4759229/|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> China repeatedly said that India's withdrawal was a prerequisite for meaningful dialogue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/doklam-stand-off-china-wants-india-to-retreat-for-meaningful-dialogue-117071000810_1.html|title=Doklam stand-off: China wants India to retreat for meaningful dialogue|last=ANI|date=10 July 2017|access-date=27 July 2017|work=Business Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729005142/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/doklam-stand-off-china-wants-india-to-retreat-for-meaningful-dialogue-117071000810_1.html|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SJGrLuamEw|title=China said India's withdrawal a prerequisite for meaningful dialogue|last=Rise of the India|date=20 July 2017|access-date=27 July 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302011517/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SJGrLuamEw|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 July 2017, the Minister of External Affairs of India [[Sushma Swaraj]] said that for dialogue, both India and China must withdraw their troops.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-aiming-at-unilaterally-changing-tri-junction-status-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/59681474.cms|title=For dialogue, both India and China must withdraw troops, says Sushma Swaraj|first=Dipanjan Roy|last=Chaudhury|date=21 July 2017|access-date=27 July 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729030245/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-aiming-at-unilaterally-changing-tri-junction-status-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/59681474.cms|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> On 2 August 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China]] published a document claiming that Indian border forces had illegally crossed the border between China and India and detailed China's position on the matter.<ref name="china_position">{{cite web|title=印度边防部队在中印边界锡金段越界进入中国领土的事实和中国的立场|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/P020170802541371281020.pdf|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164857/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/P020170802541371281020.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|title=The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02)|date=2 August 2017|website=fmprc.gov.cn|access-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010101/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-08/02/c_136494051.htm|title=China issues position document on Indian border troop trespass – Xinhua | English.news.cn|agency=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821205225/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-08/02/c_136494051.htm|archive-date=21 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="8_4_2017 border stand-off">{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|title=China says India building up troops amid border stand-off|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-india-building-troops-amid-border-stand-002422962.html|agency=Reuters|date=4 August 2017|access-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805063513/https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-india-building-troops-amid-border-stand-002422962.html|archive-date=5 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The document said that China notified India regarding its plan to construct road in advance "in full reflection of China's goodwill".<ref>{{Citation|last=Ministry of External Affairs, India|title=Weekly Media Briefing by Official Spokesperson (August 4, 2017)|date=4 August 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJnAoru8VsY|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302011516/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJnAoru8VsY|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian Foreign Ministry replied by referring towards their earlier press release on this matter, as opposed to a point-by-point rebuttal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=TheWire |title=With the Release of an Official Document, China Ups the Ante Again on Doklam |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/china-doklam-document |work=The Wire |date=2 August 2017 |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626164115/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/china-doklam-document |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 August 2017, China and India reached a consensus to put an end to the border stand-off. Both of them agreed to disengage from the standoff in Doklam.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=August 29, 2017|title=Doklam: There won't be a war at Doklam as India and China agree to disengage|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/there-wont-be-a-war-at-doklam-as-india-and-china-agree-to-disengage/articleshow/60255485.cms|access-date=2020-10-03}}</ref>

In May 2018, the two countries agreed to coordinate their development programmes in Afghanistan in the areas of health, education and food security.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-china-likely-to-jointly-undertake-projects-in-afghanistan/articleshow/64057491.cms India, China likely to jointly undertake projects in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507223039/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-china-likely-to-jointly-undertake-projects-in-afghanistan/articleshow/64057491.cms|date=7 May 2018}}, ''The Economic Times'', 7 May 2018.</ref> In 2019, India reiterated that it would not join China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]], stating that it cannot accept a project that ignores concerns about its territorial integrity.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 October 2019|title=India won't join BRI, its concept won't apply to us: Jaishankar|work=[[Asian News International]]|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-wont-join-bri-its-concept-wont-apply-to-us-jaishankar20191004161140/|url-status=live|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006024513/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-wont-join-bri-its-concept-wont-apply-to-us-jaishankar20191004161140/|archive-date=6 October 2019}}</ref> On 11 October 2019, President [[Xi Jinping]] met with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Mahabalipuram]], Tamil Nadu, [[India]] for a second informal meeting between India and China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Ashok K.|date=10 October 2020|title=PM Modi, Xi Jinping Spend "Quality Time", Talk Trade, Terror: 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/xi-jinping-india-china-informal-summit-border-terror-on-agenda-at-pm-modi-xi-meet-today-2115002|access-date=2020-10-10|website=NDTV}}</ref> Modi and Xi Jinping met 18 times between 2014 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Ashok K.|date=10 October 2020|title=Where Does the India-China Border Dispute Stand Now, and What Can We Expect?|url=https://thewire.in/security/india-china-lac-border-dispute|access-date=2020-10-10|website=The Wire}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
{{Main|2020–2022 China–India skirmishes}}
[[File:Kashmir map.svg|thumb|The [[List of territorial disputes|disputed territory]] of [[Kashmir]] is administered by [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|Pakistan]] (green and lime), [[Indian-administered Kashmir|India]] (blue and turquoise) and [[Aksai Chin|China]] (yellow).]]
On 10 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops clashed in Nathu La, Sikkim, leaving 11 soldiers injured.<ref>{{cite news|last=Janjua|first=Haroon|date=10 May 2020|title=Chinese and Indian troops injured in border brawl|newspaper=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chinese-and-indian-troops-injured-in-border-brawl-3gsfwp37r|access-date=12 May 2020|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512042352/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chinese-and-indian-troops-injured-in-border-brawl-3gsfwp37r|archive-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=11 May 2020|title=Indian and Chinese soldiers injured in cross-border fistfight, says Delhi|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/11/indian-and-chinese-soldiers-injured-in-cross-border-fistfight-says-delhi|access-date=12 May 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512035152/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/11/indian-and-chinese-soldiers-injured-in-cross-border-fistfight-says-delhi|archive-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese and Indian soldiers engage in 'aggressive' cross-border skirmish|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html|author1=Vedika Sud|author2=Ben Westcott|date=11 May 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512041538/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the skirmishes in Sikkim, tensions between the two countries grew in Ladakh with a buildup of troops at multiple locations.<ref name="3 places">Sushant Singh, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/m-m-naravane-army-chief-line-of-actual-control-lac-chinese-transgressions-6424478/ Chinese intrusions at 3 places in Ladakh, Army chief takes stock], The Indian Express, 24 May 2020.</ref> There were 20 Indian soldiers and an unknown number of PLA soldiers killed on the night of 15/16 June.<ref name=":132">{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=17 June 2020|title=Over 20 soldiers, including Commanding Officer killed at Galwan border clash with China|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/over-20-soldiers-including-commanding-officer-killed-at-galwan-border-clash-with-china/articleshow/76410908.cms|access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> China reinforced troops near the Indian border with [[Tibet]], Chinese state media reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=China sent martial artists to LAC before deadly clash: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/china-martial-artists-lac-deadly-clash-report-200628073902603.html |access-date=4 July 2020 |publisher=Aljazeera |date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> Bilateral agreements between India and China prevent the use of guns along the [[line of actual control]]; however these skirmishes saw the first shots, warning shots, being fired in decades.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patranobis |first1=Sutirtho |title=China deployed martial art trainers along Tibet during border tension with India: Reports |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-deployed-martial-art-trainers-along-tibet-during-border-tension-with-india-reports/story-wf9kJluUhDHpkMPYTgDSAP.html |access-date=4 July 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=June 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2020-09-11|title=LAC standoff {{!}} Officials confirm two incidents of firing at south bank of Pangong Tso|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-officials-confirm-two-incidents-of-firing-at-south-bank-of-pangong-tso/article32576781.ece|access-date=2020-09-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following the deaths, Prime Minister Modi addressed the nation about the incident, saying that "the sacrifice made by our soldiers will not go in vain", while the Indian foreign minister told the Chinese foreign minister that Chinese actions in Galwan were "pre-meditated".<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last1=Laskar|first1=Rezaul H|last2=Singh|first2=Rahul|last3=Patranobis|first3=Sutirtho|date=18 June 2020|title=India warns China of serious impact on ties, Modi talks of 'befitting' reply|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-warns-china-of-serious-impact-on-ties-modi-talks-of-befitting-reply/story-pWgAXVlQT7yeQnepFpzj3O.html|access-date=18 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Following the Galwan Valley clash on 15 June 2020, there were renewed calls across India to [[Boycott Chinese products|boycott Chinese goods]], however, numerous Indian government officials said that border tensions would have little impact on trade.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Suneja|first1=Kirtika|last2=Agarwal|first2=Surabhi|date=17 June 2020|title=Is This Hindi-Chini Bye Bye on Trade Front? Maybe Not: No immediate impact likely on business relations, say govt officials|work=The Economic Times|format=print version|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=P|first1=Neelam|last2=ey|date=16 June 2020|title=Traders' body calls for boycott of 3,000 Chinese products over 'continued' border clashes|url=https://theprint.in/india/traders-body-calls-for-boycott-of-3000-chinese-products-over-continued-border-clashes/442885/|access-date=17 June 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 29 June 2020, the Indian government banned 59 widely used Chinese mobile phone and desktop applications in response to rising tensions and escalating diplomatic dispute between the two nations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tik Tok ban in India: Centre bans 59 mobile apps including Tik Tok. This action was taken by the Indian government after a border conflict with China that left over twenty Indian soldiers dead. UC Browser, others |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/centre-bans-59-mobile-apps-including-tik-tok-uc-browser-others/articleshow/76694828.cms |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On 19 August, Times of India reported that the ministry of external affairs of India has been told that visas for Chinese businessmen, academics, industry experts, and advocacy groups will need prior security clearance, and the measures are similar to those that have long been employed with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Bloomberg | title= India slaps new curbs on visas, schools to stem China's influence |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-slaps-new-curbs-on-visas-schools-to-stem-chinas-influence/articleshow/77675489.cms|website= Time of India |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822060654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-slaps-new-curbs-on-visas-schools-to-stem-chinas-influence/articleshow/77675489.cms| archive-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> On 19 September, India police arrested a freelance journalist for passing sensitive information to Chinese intelligence.<ref>{{cite web|last1=The Time of India|title=Chinese spy ring busted in Delhi, 3 held|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/chinese-spy-ring-busted-in-delhi-3-held/videoshow/78203014.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920035648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/chinese-spy-ring-busted-in-delhi-3-held/videoshow/78203014.cms|archive-date=20 September 2020|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

On 27 October 2020, the United States and India signed the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), enabling greater information-sharing and further defense cooperation, to counter China's growing military power in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Griffiths |first1= James |title= India signs defensive agreement with US following Himalayan standoff with China |url= https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/asia/us-india-defense-china-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=CNN |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028052816/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/asia/us-india-defense-china-intl-hnk/index.html | archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

== Triangular relations ==
The United States and Russia (previously Soviet Union) have been a consistent part of developments in Chinese and Indian relations.

As a major power, Japan has also been part of China–India relations with initiatives such as the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]]. Pakistan and China share warm relations that drive Chinese infrastructure projects in the disputed territory of northern Kashmir. The Middle East, Latin America, and Africa are places where both India and China engage and compete. The Middle East is important to both countries in terms of their energy security. In Africa, China and India seem most engaged across a wide variety of issues from development to peacekeeping. In South Asia and South-East Asia, a power balance struggle between China and India is seen in triangular relations.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bajpai|first1=Kanti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6PSDwAAQBAJ|title=Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations|last2=Ho|first2=Selina|last3=Miller|first3=Manjari Chatterjee|date=2020-02-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-00154-0|language=en|chapter=Introduction: Taking stock—a multi–disciplinary view of China–India relations. The impact of triangular relations.}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
[[Nepal|Nepal's]] geostrategic situation during periods of heightened tensions between China and India, such as during the 1962 war, resulted in varying shades of cautionary neutrality when making statements; Nepal's [[Permanent representative|Permanent Representative]] stated "we do not want to pass judgement on the merits of Sino-Indian border dispute. As a country friendly to both...". [[Tulsi Giri]], then the Nepalese foreign minister stated, "Nepal's relations with India will remain close [...] Yet, Nepal has a 600-mile boundary with China, China has now emerged as a great power. Friendly relations with our northern neighbour (China) should be the natural aim of the country's foreign policy."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=Priyankar|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/16265|title=Nonaligned States and India's International Conflicts (Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Jawaharlal Nehru University thesis)|date=1987|publisher=Centre For International Politics Organization And Disarmament School Of International Studies New Delhi|isbn=|location=|pages=75–80|chapter=2|hdl=10603/16265}}</ref> During the time Tibet was independent, Nepal played the role as an important buffer state and was central to influence between the regions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Upadhya|first=Sanjay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8nfCgAAQBAJ|title=Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India|date=2012-02-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-33550-1|location=|pages=1|language=en}}</ref>

The China-Nepal-India Economic Corridor (CNIEC) was proposed by China in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|authors=PTI|date=18 April 2018|title=India China Nepal economic corridor: China moots India-Nepal-China economic corridor through Himalayas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/china-moots-india-nepal-china-economic-corridor-through-himalayas/articleshow/63815372.cms|access-date=2021-06-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is an extension of the agreed upon China-Nepal [[Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network]] into India. While China and Nepal have shown favourable reactions towards CNIEC, India is "indifferent".<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Behera|first1=Anshuman|last2=Mayilvaganan|first2=M.|date=2021-03-04|title=The China–Nepal–India Economic Corridor: wishful thinking or regional aspiration beyond rhetoric?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2021.1904586|journal=[[The Round Table (journal)|The Round Table]]|volume=110|issue=2|pages=250–263|doi=10.1080/00358533.2021.1904586|s2cid=233464054|issn=0035-8533}}</ref> This indifference is postulated to stem from CNIEC being a part of [[Belt and Road Initiative|BRI]], China's growing influence over Nepal, and an end to "India's monopoly over Nepal's transit points and Nepal's attempt to end its dependency on India".<ref name=":4" />

=== United States ===
On 11 November 1950, [[Sri Aurobindo]] wrote in ''[[Mother India (magazine)|Mother India]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Sachidananda|date=August 2020|title=The Chinese Betrayal, Early Warnings Unheeded: Lessons from Sardar Patel and Sri Aurobindo|url=http://www.friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Friends of Tibet|pages=16–19}}</ref>''
{{Blockquote|text="The gesture that can save is to take a firm line with China, denounce openly her nefarious intentions, stand without reservations by the USA [...] Militarily, China is almost ten times as strong as we are, but India as the spearhead of an American defence of democracy can easily halt Mao’s mechanised millions."|author=|title=|source=}}
On 28 March 1963, Sudhir Ghosh recorded the President of the United States [[John F Kennedy]]'s reaction on reading [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s words, "One great Indian, Nehru, showed you the path of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] between China and America, and another great Indian Aurobindo, showed you another way of survival. The choice is up to the people of India." Earlier in the meeting Ghosh recorded Kennedy's reaction to a letter from Nehru, "He indignantly said that only a few months earlier when Mr Nehru was overwhelmed by the power of Communist China he made desperate appeal to him for air protection, and non-alignment or no non-alignment, the President had to respond. He added sarcastically that Mr Nehru's conversion lasted only a few days."<ref name=":3" />

=== Indian Ocean ===
{{See also|String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)|21st Century Maritime Silk Road}}
Pakistan, and more importantly Myanmar, other that India itself, are potential land routes into the Indian Ocean. Pan Qi, Vice Minister for Communications, wrote in 1985 that China would need to find an outlet for its landlocked provinces. At the time he suggested routes to the Indian Ocean through Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fN-RDwAAQBAJ|title=The Costliest Pearl: China's Struggle for India's Ocean|date=2019-04-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78738-240-4|pages=3|language=en|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

== Military relations==
===Military exercises===
[[File:INS Kora (P61) escorting PLA Navy Ship Weifang off Visakhapatnam, India in May 2014.jpg|thumb|[[INS Kora (P61)]] escorting PLA Navy Ship Weifang off Visakhapatnam, India in May 2014 during their visit to Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command.]]
China and India conduct a joint military exercise called 'Exercise Hand–in–Hand'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Military Exercises |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605121 |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=PIB |date=4 March 2020}}</ref> The exercise began in 2007 with the second edition taking place in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Rajeev |title=Hand-in-Hand 2019: Indian and Chinese Armies Come Together for Joint Military Exercise |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/hand-in-hand-2019-indian-and-chinese-armies-come-together-for-joint-military-exercise/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=The Diplomat |date=27 December 2019}}</ref> The third, fifth, and seventh editions of Hand-in-Hand were conducted in China in 2013, 2015 and 2018 respectively while the fourth edition and sixth editions were held in India in 2014 and 2016.<ref>Kishore Kumar Khera (2017). [https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_11_3_2017_international-military-exercises.pdf International Military Exercises: An Indian Perspective], Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3 July–September 2017, pp. 17-40</ref> The eighth edition was held in India in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exercise Hand-in-Hand 2019: Troops from India, China to conduct joint drill this week |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/exercise-hand-in-hand-2019-troops-from-india-china-to-conduct-joint-drill-this-week/1782237/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

== Water sharing and hydro–politics ==
{{See also|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River|label 1=List of hydro-infrastructure on the Brahmaputra River}}
[[File:Chinese nets.jpg|thumb|[[Chinese fishing nets]] in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].]]
A total of seven rivers that start in Tibet flow through India — [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Sutlej|Satlej]], [[Karnali River|Karnali]] (Ghaghara), [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Lohit River|Lohit]] (and its tributary Dulai).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharji|first=Romesh|date=4 December 2009|title=Where is the dam?|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30185326.ece|access-date=2020-11-04|website=The Hindu|publisher=Frontline|language=en}}</ref>

[[Brahma Chellaney]] has written that "India's formal recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet constitutes the single biggest security blunder with lasting consequences for Indian territorial and river-water interests".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chellaney|first=Brahma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvDWA3wlc8AC|title=Water: Asia's New Battleground|date=2011|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-58901-798-6|pages=177|language=en}}</ref>

India has concern with China's water–diversion, dam–building and inter–river plans. Moreso, in a conflict, India fears that China can use the rivers as leverage. China has already constructed ten dams on the Bhramaputra and its tributaries such as the [[Zangmu Dam]], and there has been talk of China building a mega–dam at the "great bend" called the Motuo Dam. India's concerns also stem from the fact that China does not cooperate with regard to timely sharing of information related to projects which would impact water sharing; nor does China allow Indian experts to visit dam sites. There are a number of MOUs on hydrological data sharing between the two countries with regard to the Brahmaputra including emergency management.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ho|first=Selina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_t0DwAAQBAJ&q=Indian+strategic+culture|title=The China-India Rivalry in the Globalization Era|date=2018-09-03|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-62616-600-4|editor-last=Paul|editor-first=T. V.|pages=Chapter 7|language=en|chapter=Power Asymmetry and the China–India Water Dispute}}</ref>

An alternate view is also presented in relation to "misinformation spread by some (Indian) newspapers" and the waters of Brahmaputra — "80 per cent of the waters of the Brahmaputra emanate from the north side of the Himalayas in China and that that country cannot be the sole arbiter of its international waters. This is not right. Eighty per cent of the waters of the mighty Brahmaputra are picked up after it enters India" and that Chinese activities have helped India by reducing annual flood intensity in the north-east.<ref name=":2" />

==Economic relations==
{{Too few opinions|section|date=July 2021}}
India-China economic relations have been institutionalized through the Joint Economic Group and Business Council, as well as more focused efforts such as the "Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Report of the India-China Joint Study Group on Comprehensive Trade and Economic Cooperation|url=http://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/6567_bilateral-documents-11-april-2005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704154421/http://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/6567_bilateral-documents-11-april-2005.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2021|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

China and India have developed their own complementary skills following a period in which they had cut themselves off from each other. By 2007, while China excelled at cost-effective manufacturing, India was skilled in cost effective designing and development. In 2007 [[Tarun Khanna]] wrote in [[Harvard Business Review]] that "The simplest, and most powerful, way of combining China and India is to focus on hardware in China and on software in India."<ref name="hbr">{{cite news|last1=Khanna|first1=Tarun|author-link=Tarun Khanna|date=December 2007|title=China + India: The Power of Two|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2007/12/china-india-the-power-of-two|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> In the 2009 book "Getting China and India Right", the authors suggest a China plus India strategy so as to strategically benefit from both India's and China's scale, complementary strengths, and reducing the risk of being unilaterally present.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Anil K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfbxq2bXREkC|title=Getting China and India Right: Strategies for Leveraging the World's Fastest Growing Economies for Global Advantage|last2=Wang|first2=Haiyan|date=2009-03-30|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-44109-1|pages=Preface|language=en}}</ref>

There are cases when Indian companies have gone to China and done well, such as [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra and Mahindra]], while Chinese companies such as [[Huawei]] have done well in India. Huawei set up its Indian unit in 1999 and by 2007 had 1500 engineers. Huawei's Bangalore unit, already one of Huawei's most important research and development centres, was [[Capability Maturity Model]] Level 5 certified in 2003.<ref name="hbr" />

In the oil sector there is competition and engagement — China's [[Sinopec]] and [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] and India's [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] fight over oil assets in some regions while winning bids as joint ventures in others such as Syria, Colombia, Angola and Venezuela.<ref name="hbr" />

India imported $65.3 billion worth of good from China in the fiscal year ended March 2020, and exported $16.6 billion, according the commerce ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Trade Statistics, India Department of Commerce|url=https://commerce.gov.in/trade-statistics/|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

===Bilateral trade===

[[China]] is [[India]]'s [[List of the largest trading partners of India|2nd largest trading partner]].<ref name="R20">{{cite web|date=19 May 2013|title=India Gripes Over Border, Trade Woes on Li's First Foreign Trip|website=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100749094|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104193439/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100749094|archive-date=4 November 2013|access-date=20 May 2013|agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2012|title=India to reach US$100 billion dollar trade with China by 2015|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/India-hopes-to-reach-100-billion-dollar-trade-with-China-by-2015-Krishna/articleshow/11813148.cms}}</ref>
{{Side box |metadata=No
| above = '''India – China Trade at a Glance (USD Billion)'''
| abovestyle = text-align:center
| text = {{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=200
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisTitle=USD Billion
| legend=Legend
| type=line
| y1Title=India imports from China
| y2Title=India export to China
| showSymbols=
| x=2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
| y1=1.83, 2.62, 3.62, 6.05, 10.17, 15.64, 24.58, 31.59, 30.61, 41.25, 55.48, 54.14, 51.64, 58.23, 61.60, 60.48, 71.89, 73.84, 68.16, 59, 97.52
| y2=0.92, 1.53, 2.57, 4.10, 7.18, 7.83, 9.49, 10.09, 10.37, 17.44, 16.72, 14.73, 16.42, 13.43, 9.58, 8.92, 12.50, 16.50, 16.95, 19, 28.14
| colors=#0000aa,#ff8000
}}
| below = [https://www.trademap.org source: Trademap]
}}
In June 2012, China stated its position that "Sino-Indian ties" could be the most "important bilateral partnership of the century".<ref>{{cite news|date=7 June 2012|title=US, China woo India for control over Asia-Pacific|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/india/32100282_1_asia-pacific-defence-cooperation-defence-secretary|url-status=dead|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531023801/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/india/32100282_1_asia-pacific-defence-cooperation-defence-secretary|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> That month [[Wen Jiabao]], the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]] and [[Manmohan Singh]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] set a goal to increase bilateral trade between the two countries to US$100 billion by 2015.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2012|title=India-China bilateral trade set to hit $100 billion by 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-China-bilateral-trade-set-to-hit-100-billion-by-2015/articleshow/14323128.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624220336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-China-bilateral-trade-set-to-hit-100-billion-by-2015/articleshow/14323128.cms|archive-date=24 June 2012|access-date=3 August 2012|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
[[File:Bilateral trade between India and China Indias imports from China 2010 to 2019.png|thumb|400x400px|Bilateral trade between India and China. India's imports from China — 2010 to 2019.]]
Bilateral trade between China and India touched US$89.6 billion in 2017–18,<ref>{{Cite web|title=With US trade under a cloud, China opens to Indian pharma|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/with-us-trade-under-a-cloud-china-opens-to-indian-pharma/articleshow/64958667.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802221926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/with-us-trade-under-a-cloud-china-opens-to-indian-pharma/articleshow/64958667.cms|archive-date=2 August 2018|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref> with the trade deficit widening to US$62.9 billion in China's favour.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Amiti|title=India tells China: $63-b trade deficit untenable|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/macro-economy/63-b-trade-deficit-untenable-india-tells-china/article24401094.ece|website=@businessline}}</ref> In 2017, the volume of bilateral trade between India & China stands at US$84.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 March 2018|title=India-China bilateral trade hits historic high of USD 84.44 bln in 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-china-bilateral-trade-hits-historic-high-of-usd-84-44-bln-in-2017/articleshow/63203371.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042407/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-china-bilateral-trade-hits-historic-high-of-usd-84-44-bln-in-2017/articleshow/63203371.cms|archive-date=3 May 2018}}</ref> This figure excludes bilateral trade between India and Hong Kong which stands at another US$34 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dawra|first=Preeti|date=23 March 2018|title=Hong Kong can be India's gateway to China: Gautam Bambawale|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/IiMAWzG8C7MRi85S9OSoUO/Hong-Kong-can-be-Indias-gateway-to-China-Gautam-Bambawale.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042024/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/IiMAWzG8C7MRi85S9OSoUO/Hong-Kong-can-be-Indias-gateway-to-China-Gautam-Bambawale.html|archive-date=3 May 2018|access-date=2 May 2018|website=livemint.com}}</ref>

Chinese imports from India amounted to $16.4 billion or 0.8% of its overall imports, and 4.2% of India's overall exports in 2014. Major commodities exported from India to China were: cotton; gems, precious metals, coins; copper; ores, slag, ash; organic chemicals; salt, sulphur, stone, cement; machines, engines, pumps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_china_imports.html|title=Top China Imports|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516091700/http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_china_imports.html|archive-date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_china_exports.html|title=Top China Exports|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521174632/http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_china_exports.html|archive-date=21 May 2016}}</ref>

Chinese exports to India amounted to $58.4 billion or 2.3% of its overall exports, and 12.6% of India's overall imports in 2014. Major commodities exported from China to India were: electronic equipment; machines, engines, pumps; organic chemicals; fertilizers; iron and steel; pastics; iron or steel products; gems, precious metals, coins; ships, boats; medical, technical equipment.<ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-india-imports.html|title=Top India Imports|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503112643/http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-india-imports.html|archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, a Standing Committee on Commerce chaired by [[Naresh Gujral]] submitted a report on the 'Impact of Chinese Goods on Indian Industry'. The report pointed out insufficient implementation of [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping laws]], reliance on Chinese raw materials in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, reliance on Chinese imports in India's [[National Solar Mission]], [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] on certain products resulting in increased imports from China, and Indian smart city administrations preferring Chinese bicycles over Indian ones.<ref>{{cite web |title=Impact of Chinese Goods on Indian Industry |url=https://www.prsindia.org/report-summaries/impact-chinese-goods-indian-industry |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> According to a survey published in [[ThePrint]] 43% Indians did not buy ‘Made in China’ products since Galwan clash last year.<ref>{{cite web |title=43% Indians did not buy 'Made in China' products since Galwan clash last year, survey says |url=https://theprint.in/india/43-indians-did-not-buy-made-in-china-products-since-galwan-clash-last-year-survey-says/677860/ |website=ThePrint |date=15 June 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
===China–India relations===
* [[Chindian]] People of mixed Indian and Chinese ancestry
* [[BRICS]] – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
* [[China in the Mahabharata]]
* [[Chindia]] – China and India together in general, and their economies in particular
* [[Shanghai Co-operation Organisation]]
* [[Bhutan–China relations]]
* [[Bhutan–India relations]]
* [[India–Hong Kong relations]]
* [[China Study Group]]
* [[India–Tibet relations]]
* [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Five Fingers of Tibet]]
* [[Look East policy (India)]]
{{Commons category multi|Relations of China and India|Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi}}

===Border disputes===
*[[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
*[[Aksai Chin]] – controlled by China and claimed by India.
*[[Arunachal Pradesh]] – controlled by India and claimed by China. Inhabited by [[Moinba]]s, [[Lhoba]]s (Adi), and [[Mishmi people|Daibamei]]s.
*[[Doklam]]
*[[Tawang District]] – controlled by India and claimed by China.
*[[Trans-Karakoram Tract#Shaksgam Valley|Shaksgam Valley]] – controlled by China and claimed by India (Conferred to China in 1963 by Pakistan) [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]].
*[[Bhutan–China border]]

===Sports===
*[[Earth Derby]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. ''Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations'' (Routledge, 2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/ excerpt]
*Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra, Bangwei Wang, and Tansen Sen. 2012. ''India and China: interactions through Buddhism and diplomacy : a collection of essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi''. Singapore: ISEAS Pub.
*Bhat, R. B., & Wu, C. (2014). ''Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King''. New Delhi : Aditya Prakashan, 2014.
*[[Lokesh Chandra|Chandra, Lokesh]]. 2016. ''India and China''. New Delhi : International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 2016.
*Chaudhuri, S. K. (2011). ''Sanskrit in China and Japan''. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
*Chellaney, Brahma, "Rising Powers, Rising Tensions: The Troubled China-India Relationship," ''SAIS Review'' (2012) 32#2 pp. 99–108 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v032/32.2.chellaney.html in Project MUSE]
*Dalal, JS: [http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA272886&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: India's Current Options.] Master's Thesis, June 1993.
*Davies, Henry Rudolph. 1970. ''Yün-nan, the link between India and the Yangtze.'' Taipei: Ch'eng wen.
*De, B. W. T. (2011). ''The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan''. New York: Vintage Books.
*Deepak, B.R. & Tripathi, D.P. [http://www.free-press-release.com/news-the-future-of-india-china-relations-1346254066.html The Future of India China Relations] "India China Relations – Future Perspectives", Vij Books, July 2012
*Dumoulin, H., Heisig, J. W., Knitter, P. F., & McRae, J. (2005). ''India and China''. (Zen Buddhism : a history.) Bloomington (IN: World Wisdom.)
*Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). "Past, present and future commercial Sino-Indian links via Sikkim," in: ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
*Frankel, Francine R., and Harry Harding. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304185843/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/indiachina01.html ''The India-China Relationship: What the United States Needs to Know'']. Columbia University Press: 2004. {{ISBN|0-231-13237-9}}.
*Garver, John W. ''China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic'' (2015), pp 146–62, 435–44, 734–57.
*Garver, John W. ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century''. [[University of Washington Press]]: 2002. {{ISBN|0-295-98074-5}}.
*Harris, Tina (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RU58AAAAQBAJ Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions]''. University of Georgia Press, United States. {{ISBN|0820345733}}. pp. 208.
*Hongyu Wang, ‘Sino-Indian Relations: Present and Future’, ''Asian Survey'' 35:6, June 1995.
*Jain, Sandhya, & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). ''The India they saw: Foreign accounts''. New Delhi: Ocean Books. Contains material about Chinese Buddhist pilgrims and explorers to India.
*Ling Zhu, ’China-Pakistan Alliance against India’, UPI Asia.com, 9 September 2008, in Jagannath P. Panda, ''Dragon Looks South: Current Drives in China's South Asian Neighbourhood Policy'', in China and its neighbours (ed. Srikant Kondapalli, Emi Mifune), Pentagon Press, New Delhi 2010.
*Lintner, Bertil. ''Great game east: India, China, and the struggle for Asia's most volatile frontier'' (Yale University Press, 2015)
*Liping Xia, ‘The Evolution of Chinese Views Toward Cbms’, in Michael Krepon, Dominique M. McCoy, and Matthew C.J. Rudolp (Eds.), ''A Handbook of Confidence-*Building Measures for Regional Security,'' Washington, DC: Henry L. Stimson Center, 1993.
*Lu, Chih H.. ''The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: A Legal Study''. Greenwood Press: 1986. {{ISBN|0-313-25024-3}}.
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)'' [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 356–369.
*[[K. M. Panikkar]] (1957). ''India and China. A study of cultural relations.'' Asia Pub. House: Bombay.
*Raghu, V., Yamamoto, C., Lokesh, C., & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2007). ''Sanskrit—Chinese lexicon: Being Fan Fan Yü, the first lexicon of its kind dated to A.D. 517''. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
*Sen, Tansen. ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400''. University of Hawaii Press: 2003. {{ISBN|0-8248-2593-4}}.
*Sidhu, Waheguru Pal Singh, and Jing Dong Yuan. ''China and India: Cooperation or Conflict?'' Lynne Rienner Publishers: 2003. {{ISBN|1-58826-169-7}}.
*Van, G. R. H. (2001). ''Siddham: An essay on the history of Sanskrit studies in China and Japan''. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
*Varadarajan, S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060708085440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/24/stories/2006012403181000.htm India, China and the Asian Axis of Oil], January 2006
*Weimen Zhao and Giri Deshingkar, ‘Improving Sino-Indo Relations’ in Michael Krepon and Amit Sevak (eds.), ''Crisis Prevention, Confidence Building, and *Reconciliation in South Asia,'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
*Yaarov Vertzberg, ''The Enduring Entente: Sino-Pakistan Relations 1960–1980,'' New York: Praeger, 1982.
*[[Lin Yutang|Yutang, Lin]]. 1942. ''The wisdom of China and India''. New York: Random House.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}{{External links|date=February 2021}}
*[http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=169 India's Response to a Rising China: Economic and Strategic Challenges and Opportunities], Q&A with Harsh V. Pant (August 2011)
*[http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=177 China's Response to a Rising India], Q&A with M. [[Taylor Fravel]] (October 2011)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060716215841/http://www.selvesandothers.org/article13033.html The India-China Relationship:What we need to know?], January 2006
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111009072252/http://www.nbr.org/publications/issue.aspx?id=235 Strategic Asia 2011–12: Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers – China and India], edited by Ashley J. Tellis, Travis Tanner, and Jessica Keough ([[National Bureau of Asian Research]], 2011)
* [https://www.academia.edu/7767087/Maritime_Interactions_between_China_and_India Maritime Interactions between China and India: Coastal India and the Ascendancy of Chinese Maritime Power in the Indian Ocean]
* [https://www.academia.edu/7767082/Maritime_Southeast_Asia_Between_South_Asia_and_China_to_the_Sixteenth_Century Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century]
{{Library resources box}}

{{China–India relations}}
{{Foreign relations of China}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{BRICS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sino-Indian Relations}}
[[Category:China–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of China|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|China]]

Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

China–India relations