Tirumurai

2025-08-22T06:53:50Z

2600:8800:8E04:1700:6C8C:D445:1CE9:520A: minor edit

{{Short description|Tamil Hindu Shaivite text}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Nalvar.JPG|thumb|right|290px|The four foremost Nayanars with Manikkavaasakar - collectively called the நால்வர்: (from left) [[Sambandar]], [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]], [[Manikkavachakar]].]]
{{Saivism}}
{{Tirumurai}}
{{Tamil literature}}
{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}

'''''Tirumurai''''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: திருமுறை, meaning "the holy way") is a twelve-volume compendium of songs or [[hymn]]s in praise of [[Shiva]] in the [[Tamil language]] from the 6th to the 11th century CE by various poets in [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Nambiyandar Nambi]] compiled the first seven volumes by [[Appar]], [[Sambandar]], and [[Sundarar]] as ''[[Tevaram]]'' during the 12th century. During the course of time, a strong necessity was felt by scholars to compile [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] literature to accommodate other works.<ref name="Das86" /> ''[[Thiruvasakam|Tiruvasakam]]'' and ''Tirukovayar'' by [[Manickavasagar]] are included as the eighth, nine parts are compiled as the ninth ''Tirumurai'' out of which most are unknown, and the tenth as ''[[Tirumandiram]]'' by [[Tirumular]], the famous ''[[Siddhar]]''.<ref name="Das86"/> The eleventh is compiled by [[Karaikal Ammaiyar]], Cheraman Perumal and others. The contemporary [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king was impressed by the work of Nambi and included Nambi's work in the eleventh ''Tirumurai''.<ref name="Das86"/> Sekkilar's ''[[Periya Puranam]]'', composed a century later, contains the life depiction of all the 63 ''[[Nayanars|Nayanmars]]''.<ref name="Das86"/> The response for the work was so tremendous among Shaiva scholars and [[Kulothunga Chola II]] that it was included as the 12th ''Tirumurai''.<ref name="Das86">[[#Das|Das 2005]], p. 86</ref> ''Tirumurai'' along with ''[[Vedas]]'' and ''Shaiva agamas'' form the basis of ''Shaiva Siddantha'' philosophy in [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>[[#Sub|Subramuniyaswami 2003]], p. 551</ref>

==History and background==
The [[Pallava]] period in the [[History of Tamil Nadu|history of the Tamil land]] is a period of religious revival of [[Shaivism]] by the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[Nayanars]] who by their [[Bhakti]] hymns captured the hearts of the people. They made a tremendous impression on the people by singing the praise of [[Shiva]] in soul-stirring devotional hymns.<ref name="Sub541">[[#Sub|Subramuniyaswami 2003]], p. 541</ref> ''Tirumurai'' in anthology supersedes [[Sangam literature]], which is predominantly secular in nature.<ref name="Shackle118"/> The entire ''Tirumurai'' is in ''viruttam'' meter or lines of four. The principal characteristics of the head-rhyming is influenced both by syllabic and moric prosody.<ref name="Shackle118">[[#Shackle|Shackle 1994]], pp. 118-119</ref>

==Poets==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|- style="background:#ffffdd; color:#000;"
!align=left width=50px|''Tirumurai''
!align=left width=50px|Hymns
!align=left width=100px|Period
!align=left width=100px|Author
|- style="background:#ffffdd; color:#000;"
|- valign=top
| 1,2,3||''[[Tevaram]]''||7th century CE||[[Sambandar]]<ref name="Cutler4">[[#Cutler|Cutler 1987]], p. 4</ref><ref name="Zvelebi92">[[#Zvelebil|Zvelebil 1974]], p. 92</ref>
|- valign=top
| 4,5,6||''[[Tevaram]]''||7th century CE||[[Appar]]<ref name="Cutler4"/><ref name="Zvelebi92"/>
|- valign=top
| 7||''[[Tevaram]]''||8th century CE||[[Sundarar]]<ref name="Cutler4"/><ref name="Zvelebi92"/>
|- valign=top
|8 || ''[[Thiruvasakam|Tiruvasakam]]'' and ''[[Thirukkovaiyar|Tirukkovaiyar]]''||9th century CE|| [[Manikkavacakar]]
|- valign=top
| scope="col" rowspan="9"|9
| scope="col" rowspan="9"|[[Thiruvisaippa|Tiruvicaippa]]
| scope="col" rowspan="9"|9th century CE
| Thirumalikaittever
|- valign=top
| Centanar
|- valign=top
| Karuvurttevar
|- valign=top
| Nampikatava nampi
|- valign=top
| Gandaraditya
|- valign=top
| [[Venattatikal]]
|- valign=top
| Tiruvaliyamutanar
|- valign=top
| Purutottama nampi
|- valign=top
| Cetirayar
|- valign=top
| 10||''[[Tirumandiram]]''||8th century CE||[[Tirumular]]
|- valign=top
| scope="col" rowspan="13"|11
| scope="col" rowspan="13"|''Prabandham''
| scope="col" rowspan="13"|
|- valign=top
| Karaikkal Ammaiyar
|- valign=top
| Ceraman Perumal Nayanar
|- valign=top
| Pattinattu Pillaiyar
|- valign=top
| Nakkiratevar Nayanar
|- valign=top
| Kapilateva Nayanar
|- valign=top
| Thiruvalaviyudaiyar
|- valign=top
| Nampiyantarnampi
|- valign=top
| IyyadigalkatavarkonNayanar
|- valign=top
| Kalladateva Nayanar
|- valign=top
| Paranateva Nayanar
|- valign=top
| Ellamperuman Adigal
|- valign=top
| Athiravadigal
|- valign=top
| 12|| ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' ||12th century CE|| [[Sekkizhar]]
|-
|}

==Hymns==
{{main|Tevaram|Sambandar|Appar|Sundarar}}
The Shaiva Tirumurais are twelve in number. The first seven Tirumurais are the hymns of the three great Shaivite saints, Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar. These hymns were the best musical compositions of their age.

The first three ''Tirumurais'' (meaning parts) of ''Tevaram'' are composed by Sambanthar, the next three by Appar and the seventh one is composed by Sundarar.<ref name="Zvelebil95">[[#Zvelebil|Zvelebil 1974]], pp. 95-96</ref> Appar and Sambanthar lived around the 7th century, while ''Sundarar'' lived in the 8th century. During the Pallava period these three travelled extensively around [[Tamil Nadu]] offering discourses and songs characterised by an emotional devotion to Shiva.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad (to AD 1336)|author=N. Subramaniam|publisher=Ennes Publication Udumalpet 642 128|year=1975|page= 277}}</ref> Their hymns include allegations against Jain monks and criticism of Jainism.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=19–27, 276–287}}

Sambanthar was a 7th-century child poet-saint who died at the age of 16 in 655 CE. His verses were set to tune by Nilakantaperumalanar who is set to have accompanied the poet on his ''yal'' or lute. The first three volumes of Tirumurai contain 383 hymns.<ref name="Zvelebil95"/> Appar (alias Tirunavukkarasar) was born in the middle of the 7th century in Tiruvamur, Tamil Nadu, and lived about 81 years. He converted to Jainism as a youth, became the head of a Jain monastery over time, but then returned to Shaivism. Tirumurai contains 313 hymns of Appar over volumes 4-7. His hymns are highly devotional, with some containing criticism of Jainism as he experienced it.<ref name="Zvelebil95"/> Sundarar (alias Sundaramurthi) was born towards the end of the 7th century.<ref name="Zvelebil95"/> He is the author of 100 hymns compiled as the 7th ''Tirumurai''.<ref name="Zvelebil95"/>

[[File:Thiruthalinathar Shiva temple, Tiruppathur Tamil Nadu - 04.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Saiva Siddhanta temples celebrate the Nayanars tradition behind the Tirumurai. Above Nayanars gallery at the Thiruthalinathar Shiva temple, Tiruppathur.]]
[[Manikkavasagar]]'s ''[[Tiruvasakam]]'' and ''Tirukovayar'' are compiled as the eighth ''Tirumurai'' and is full of visionary experience, divine love and urgent striving for truth.<ref name="swami494">[[#Subr|Subramuniyaswami 2003]], p. 494</ref> Manickavasagar was the Pandya King [[Varaguna II]]'s prime minister and renounced his post in search of divinity.<ref name="swami494"/>

The ninth Tirumurai has been composed by Tirumalikaittever, Sundarar, Karuvurttevar, Nambiyaandar Nambi, Gandaraditya, Venattatikal, Tiruvaliyamutanar, Purutottama Nambi and Cetirayar. Among these the notable is [[Gandaraditya]] (950-957 CE), a Chola king who later became a Saivite saint.

''Tirumandiram'' by [[Tirumular]] unfolds ''siddantha'' (attainment) as a fourfold path - virtuous and moral living, temple worship, internal worship and union with Siva.<ref name="swami494"/> Tirumular worked out an original philosophical system, and the southern school of Saiva siddantha draws its authority from ''Tirumandiram'', a work of 3000 verses.<ref name="Das148">[[#Das|Das 2005]], pp. 148-149</ref> ''Tirumandiram'' represents another school of thought detailing ''agamic'' traditions, which run parallel to the ''bhakthi'' movement. It does not glorify temples or deities as in the case of other ''Tirumurais''.<ref name="Das148"/>

The eleventh Tirumurai was composed by [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar]], Cheraman Perumal, Pattinattu p-pillaiyar, Nakkiratevar, Kapilateva, Tiruvalavaiyudaiyar, [[Nambiyandar Nambi|Nampiyantarnampi]], Iyyadigal katavarkon, Kalladateva, Paranateva, Ellamperuman Adigal and Athirava Adigal. Nambi's ''Tirutottanar Tiruvanthathi'' followed an exclusive style of mincing Tamil and Sanskrit verses in ''anthati'' meter similar to ''Tevaram'' of the trio.<ref name="pre111">[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1992]], p. 111</ref> Karaikkal Ammaiyar (550-600 CE) is the earliest of the woman Saivite poets who introduced the ''kattalai-k-kali-t-turai'' meter, which is a complicated structural departure from the old classical Tamil meters.<ref name="Zvelebi97"/> The other meter used by Ammaiyar was an old ''venba'' and also an ''antathi'' arrangement in which the offset of one line or stanza is identical with the onset of the next line or stanza.<ref name="Zvelebi97">[[#Zvelebil|Zvelebil 1974]], p. 97</ref>

''[[Periya Puranam]]'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]:பெரிய‌ புராண‌ம்), the ''great purana'' or epic, sometimes also called ''Tiruttontarpuranam'' (read as "Tiru-Thondar-Puranam") (the purana of the holy devotees) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetic mythistory depicting the legendary lives of the sixty-three [[Nayanars]], the canonical poets of Tamil Shaivism. It was compiled during the 12th century by [[Sekkizhar]]. It provides evidence of trade with West Asia.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&dq=book+kader+mohideen&pg=PA6 Glimpses of life in 12th century South India]</ref> [[Sekkizhar]] compiled and wrote the ''Periya Puranam'' listing the life stories of the sixty-three Shaiva [[Nayanars]], poets of the God [[Shiva]] who composed the liturgical poems of the Tirumurai, and was later himself canonised and the work became part of the sacred canon.<ref name="ADictionaryofIndianLiterature">A Dictionary of Indian Literature By Sujit Mukherjee.</ref> Sekkizhar was a poet and the chief minister in the court of the [[Cholas|Chola]] King, [[Kulothunga Chola II]].<ref name="CriminalGodsandDemonDevotees">Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees By [[Alf Hiltebeitel]].</ref>

==Compilation==
[[Raja Raja Chola I]] (985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of ''Tevaram'' in his court.<ref name="Culter 50">[[#Culter|Culter 1987]], p. 50</ref> He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a priest in a temple.<ref name ="Cort178">[[#Cort|Cort 1998]], p. 178</ref> It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]].<ref name="Culter 50">[[#Culter|Culter 1987]], p. 50</ref><ref name ="Cort178"/> The ''brahmanas'' ([[Dikshitars]]) in the temple informed the king about the tradition that only when all three poets come together, that the chamber can be opened, and Rajaraja found a worakaround by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram.<ref name="Culter 50"/><ref name="Vasu">[[#Vasudevan|Vasudevan 2003]], pp. 109-110</ref> Rajaraja thus became known as ''Tirumurai Kanda Cholan'' meaning one who (re)discovered the ''Tirumurai''.<ref name="Vasu"/> Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple.<ref name="Vasu"/> Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sampantar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books, [[Manickavasagar]]'s ''Tirukovayar'' and ''[[Tiruvacakam]]'' as the 8th book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book, the ''[[Tirumandiram]]'' of [[Tirumular]] as the 10th book, 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the 10th book, ''Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi'' - the sacred ''anthathi'' of the labours of the 63 Nayanar saints, and added his own hymns as the 11th book.<ref name="Zvelebil91">[[#Zvelebil|Zvelebil 1974]], p. 191</ref> The first seven books were later called ''Tevaram'', and the whole Saiva canon, to which was added, as the 12th book, [[Sekkizhar]]'s ''Periya Puranam'' (1135 CE) is wholly known as ''Tirumurai'', the holy book. Thus Saiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious, philosophical and literary development.<ref name="Zvelebil91"/>

==Temples revered==
''[[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]'' are 276<ref name="templenet.com">{{Cite web
|url= http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html
|title=A comprehensive description of the 275 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns
|work=templenet.com
|access-date=11 January 2011
}}</ref> temples that are revered in the verses of ''Tevaram'' and are amongst the greatest [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu|Shiva temples of the continent]]. ''[[Vaippu Sthalangal]]'' are places that were mentioned casually in the songs in Tevaram.<ref>''International review for the history of religions, Volumes 15-17''. International Association for the History of Religions, CatchWord (Online service)</ref> The focus of the ''moovars''{{'}} (first three poets) hymns suggests ''darshan'' (seeing and being seen by God) within the ''puja'' (worship) offering.<ref name="pre51"/> The hymnists made classificatory lists of places like ''katu'' (for forest), ''turai'' (port or refuge), ''kulam'' (water tank) and ''kalam'' (field) being used - thus both structured and unstructured places in the religious context find a mention in ''Tevaram''.<ref name="pre51">[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1992]], pp. 51-52</ref> The temples mentioned in the works of the 9th ''Tirumarai'', ''Thiruvisaippa'', are in turn referred to as ''Tiruvisaipa Thalangal''. The shrine of Gangaikonda Cholapuram are revered as under<br/>
" He of the Shrine of Gangaikonda Choleswaram takes whatever forms that his worship visualize" - 131,5.<ref>[[#Coward|Coward 1987]], p. 151</ref>

==In culture==
''Tirumurai'' was one of the  reasons for converting Vedic ritual to ''Agamic puja'' followed in Shiva temples.<ref name="Cort176"/> Though these two systems are overlapping, ''Agamic'' tradition ensures the perpetuation of the Vedic religion's emphasis on the efficacy of ritual as per Davis.<ref name="Cort176">[[#Cort|Cort 1998]], p. 176</ref> ''Odhuvars'', ''Sthanikars'', or ''Kattalaiyars'' offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing ''Tevaram'' after the daily rituals.<ref>[[#Ghose|Ghose 1996]], p. 239</ref> These are usually carried out as a chorus programme soon after the divine offering. There are records from [[Kulothunga Chola III]] from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of ''Tiruvempavai'' and ''Tiruvalam'' of Manickavasagar during special occasions in the temple.<ref name="Vasu"/> From the 13th century, the texts were passed on to the Odhuvars by the ''Adheenams'' or ''mathas'' and there was no more control by the kings or the ''[[brahmanas]]''.<ref name="K1">[[#Khanna|Khanna 2007]], p. xxii</ref> The ''Odhuvars'' were from the ''vellala'' community and were trained in ritual singing in ''Tevaram'' schools.<ref name="K1"/>

''Periya Puranam'', the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the ''Tirumurai'', primarily had references only to ''Tevaram'' and subsequently expanded to 12 parts and is one of the first anthologies of ''Tirumurai''.<ref name="pre140">[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1992]], p. 140</ref> One of the first anthologies of ''moovars''{{'}} hymns called the ''Tevara Arulmuraitirattu'' is linked to Tamil Saiva siddhantha philosophy by grouping ninety-nine verses into 10 categories.<ref name="pre140"/> The category headings are God, soul, bond, grace, guru, methodology, enlightenment, bliss, mantra and liberation - corresponding to Umapthi's work, ''Tiruvarutpayan''.<ref name="pre144"/> ''Tirumurai kanda puranam'' is another anthology for ''Tirumurai'' as a whole, but primarily focuses on ''Tevaram''. It is the first of the works to refer the collection of volumes as ''Tirumurai''.<ref name="pre144">[[#Prentiss |Prentiss 1992]], p. 144</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =
}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation |first= Krishnaswami S. |last=Aiyangar |title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders |year=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0999-9|ref=Aiyangar}}.
* {{cite book | title=South Indian shrines: illustrated| last=Ayyar| first=P. V. Jagadisa| year=1993| publisher=Asian Educational Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tevaram&pg=PA22|isbn = 81-206-0151-3|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book | title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu| last=Bhargava| first=Gopal K. |author2=Shankarlal C. Bhatt | year=2006| publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467|isbn=81-7835-381-4|ref=Bhargava}}
* {{cite book | title=According to tradition: hagiographical writing in India| last=Callewaert| first=Winand M.|author2=Rupert Snell | year=1994| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&q=tevaram&pg=PA194|isbn = 3-447-03524-2 |ref=Callewaert}}
* {{cite book | title=Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism | publisher=State University of New York | editor-last=Coward |editor-first= Harold G. |editor-link=Harold Coward | year=1987 | location=New York | pages=151 | isbn=0-88706-571-6|ref=Coward}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | edition=15 | year=2005 |section-url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=20710 |section=Carnatic music |ref=ency}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/12/02/stories/13021103.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306225231/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/12/02/stories/13021103.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=6 March 2007
|title=Classical Notes: Musical people
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2007-01-10
}}
* {{cite book | title=Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history| last=Cort| first=John E. | year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC&q=tevaram&pg=PA178|isbn=0-7914-3786-8|ref=Cort}}
* {{cite book | title=Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion| last=Cutler| first=Norman | year=1987| publisher=Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data|location=USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&q=tevaram&pg=PA4|isbn=0-253-35334-3|ref=Cutler}}
* {{cite book | title=A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular| last=Das| first=Sisir Kumar|author2=Sāhitya Akādemī | year=2005| publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī|location=chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=five+epics+of+tamil+literature&pg=PA77|isbn = 81-260-2171-3|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book | title=Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3)| location=Middlesex|last=Eliot| first=Charles | publisher=Eco Library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4ZpPleiyokC&q=tirumurai&pg=PA171|isbn = 978-1-4068-6296-6|ref=Eliot| date=2007-09-01}}
* {{cite book | title=Balasaraswati: her art & life| last=Knight| first=Douglas M. Jr. |author2=Douglas M. Knight
| year=2001| publisher=Weslyen University Press|location=Middle Town CT|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C&q=thevaram&pg=PA294|isbn=978-0-8195-6906-6 |ref=Knight, Jr}}
* {{cite book | title=Cultural History of Medieval India| last=Khanna| first=Meenakshi | year=2007| publisher=Social Science Press|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbKv3zyIFD8C&q=tevaram&pg=PA66|isbn=978-81-87358-30-5|ref=Khanna}}
*{{Citation |last=Harman |first=William P. |title= The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess |year=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-1-59884-655-3|ref=Harman}}.
* {{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Indira Viswanathan |author-link=Indira Viswanathan Peterson |year=1989 |title=Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691067674 |jstor=j.ctt7zvqbj |oclc=884013180}}
*{{Citation |last=Prentiss |first=Karen Pechilis |author2=Karen Pechilis |title=The embodiment of bhakti |year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=0-19-512813-3|ref=Prentiss}}.
* {{cite book | title=Ethnic attachments in Sri Lanka: social change and cultural continuity| last=Sabaratnam| first=Lakshmanan | year=2001| publisher=Palgrave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKYgia9hiB0C&q=tevaram&pg=PA26|isbn = 0-312-29348-8|ref=Sabaratnam}}
* {{cite book | title=Of death and birth: Icakkiyamman̲, a Tamil goddess, in ritual and story| last=Schüler| first=Barbara | year=2009| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj76rDfgTCYC&q=tevaram&pg=PA32|isbn = 978-3-447-05844-5|ref=Schuler}}
* {{Citation|first=Satguru Sivaya|last= Subramuniyaswami|title= Dancing With Siva : Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism|year= 2003|publisher= Himalayan Academy|isbn=0-945497-89-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWlHPAkjBKUC&q=tirumurai&pg=PA292|ref=Subramiyaswami}}.
*{{Citation |last=Vasudevan|first=Geetha |title=The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-383-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1b1N_Dx0jsC&q=tevaram&pg=RA1-PA109|ref=Vasudevan}}
* {{cite book | title=A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)| last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=five+epics+of+tamil+literature&pg=PA130|isbn = 3-447-01582-9|ref=Zvelebil}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0150.pdf|title=Campantar Tevaram -1 part 1, patikams 1-66 |last=Swamigal |first=Thirugnana Sambandar |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0151.pdf|title=Campantar Tevaram -1 part 2, patikams 67-136 |last=Swamigal |first=Thirugnana Sambandar |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0157.pdf|title=Campantar Tevaram -2 part 1, patikams 1-60 |last=Swamigal |first=Thirugnana Sambandar |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0162.pdf|title=Campantar Tevaram -2 part 2, patikams 61-122 |last=Swamigal |first=Thirugnana Sambandar |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf|title=Campantar Tevaram -3 part 1, patikams 1-66 |last=Swamigal |first=Thirugnana Sambandar |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0179.pdf|title=Campantar Tevaram -3 part 2, patikams 67-125 & later additions |last=Swamigal |first=Thirugnana Sambandar |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 4 part - 1 Poems(1-487) |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 4 part - 2 Poems(488-1070) |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0186.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 1 Poems(1-509) |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |website=/projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-1016) |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |website=/projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 6 part - 1 Poems(1-508) |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0196.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 6 part - 2 Poems(509-981) |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0207.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 7, part 1 Poems (1-517) |last=Swamigal |first=Sundaramurthi |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0211.pdf|title=Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 7, part 2 Poems (518-1026) |last=Swamigal |first=Sundaramurthi |website=projectmadurai.org |access-date=5 October 2014}}
{{refend}}

{{Tamil language}}
{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Texts related to Nayanar saints]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]

Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Tirumurai