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Battle of Kudal-Sangamam

2021-03-21T01:34:53Z

2600:1700:9C60:1AA0:4485:BE0F:8AA1:A0D7:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Kudal-Sangamam
|partof=[[Chalukya-Chola Wars]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=1062 CE
|place=[[Kudal-Sangamam]]
|result=Chola victory
|combatant1=[[Western Chalukyas]]
|combatant2=[[Chola Empire]]
|commander1=[[Someshvara I]]
| commander2 = [[Rajendra Chola II]]
|strength1=unknown
| strength2 = unknown
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}}
The '''Battle of Kudal-Sangamam''' was fought in 1062 CE by the forces of the Chola king [[Rajendra Chola II]] and the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara I]] at [[Kudal-Sangamam]], where the Krishna and the [[Tungabhadra]] meet.<ref name="sastrip265">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 265</ref>

== Causes ==
To avenge the [[Battle of Koppam]], the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara I]] set out with a large force led by his army commander or dandanatha, Valadeva.<ref name="sastrip262">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 262</ref> The forces met with the Chola army led by Rajendra Chola II at Mudukkaru or Kudal-Sangamam at the junction of the rivers [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and Tungabhadra.<ref name="sastrip262" />

== Events ==

Rajendra Chola was supported by the heir apparent Rajamahendra and the king's brother, Virarajendra. Someshvara's sons Vikkalan and Singanan were defeated and forced to flee. The battle ended with a total victory for the Chola army.

A detailed description of the battle is given in the early inscriptions of Virarajendra's reign

{{quote|(He) drove from the battlefield in Gangapāḍi into the Tungabhadrā the Mahāsāmantas, whose strong hands (wielded) cruel bows, along with Vikkalan who fought under (his) banner at the head of the battle. (He) attacked and destroyed the irresistible, great and powerful army which he (viz. Vikkalan) had again despatched into Vēngai-nāḍu;.. <br />The enemy, full of hatred, met and fought against (him) yet a third time, hoping that (his former) defeats would be revenged. (The king) defeated countless ''sāmantas'', together with these (two) sons of Āhavamalla, who were called Vikkalan and Śiṇganan, at Kudal-Śangamam on the turbid river. Having sent the brave van-guard in advance, and having himself remained close behind with the kings allied to him, he agitated by means of a single ''mast'' elephant that army (of the enemy), which was arrayed (for battle), (and which) resembled the norther ocean. In front of the banner troop, (he) cut to pieces Śingan, (the king) of warlike Kōsalai; along with the furious elephants of his van-guard. While Kēśava-daṇḍanāyaka, Kēttaraśan, Mārayan of great strength, the strong Pōttarayan and (Irēccayan) were fighting, he shouted "(Follow) Mūvēndi, (who wears) a garland of gold!" and cut to pieces many ''sāmantas'', who were deprived of weapons of war. Then Maduvaṇan, who was in command, fled; Vikkalan fled with dishevelled hair; Śiṇgaṇan fled, (his) pride (and) courage forsaking (him); Aṇṇalan and all others descended from the male elephant on which they were fighting in battle, and fled; Āhavamalla, too, to whom (they were) allied, fled before them. (The king) stopped his fast furious elephant, put on the garland of victory, (seized) his (viz. Āhavamalla's) wives, his family treasures, conches, parasols, trumpets, drums, canopies, white ''cāmaras'', the boar-banner, the ornamental arch (''makara-tōraṇa''), the female elephant (called) Puspaka, and a herd of war-elephants, along with a troop of prancing horses, and, amidst (general) applause, put on the crown of victory, (set with) jewels of red splendour<ref name="aiyangar">[[#Aiyangar|Aiyangar]], pp 123-124</ref><ref name="sastri">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], pp 263-264</ref>}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras|ref=Sastri}}
* {{cite book|title=Ancient India|first=S. Krishnaswamy|last=Aiyangar|author-link=S. Krishnaswamy Aiyangar|year=1911|publisher=Luzac & Co.|ref=Aiyangar}}

[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1062|Kudal-Sangamam]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chola Empire|Kudal-Sangamam]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:1062 in Asia]]

Battle of Koppam

2021-03-21T01:29:09Z

2600:1700:9C60:1AA0:4485:BE0F:8AA1:A0D7:

{{morefootnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Koppam
|partof=Chalukya-Chola Wars
|image=
|caption=
|date=1054 CE
|place=Koppam
|result=
* Strategic Chola victory
* Tactical victory of the Western Chalukyas
|combatant1=[[Western Chalukyas]]
|combatant2=[[Chola Empire]]
|commander1=[[Someshvara I]]
| commander2 = [[Rajadhiraja Chola]]{{KIA}}, [[Rajendra Chola II]]
|strength1=unknown
| strength2 = unknown
|casualties1=Jayasimha, Pulakesin, Dasapanman, Nanni-Nulumban
|casualties2=Rajadhiraja Chola
}}
The '''Battle of Koppam''' was a [[battle]] fought between the [[Medieval Chola]] kings [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] and [[Rajendra Chola II]] with the [[Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara I]] in 1054, or in 1052 CE according to Sen.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=46–49}}</ref> The site of the battle has been identified as [[Koppal]] by C.R. Krishnamacharlu and this has been accepted by [[Nilakanta Sastri|Sastri]] and Dr. B.R Gopal.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)., Volume 88|author=Mythic Society (Bangalore, India)|publisher=The Society, 1997|page=9}}</ref> Though the Cholas were successful in the battle, the king and supreme commander, Rajadhiraja I lost his life in the battlefield and was succeeded to the throne by his younger brother, Rajendra Chola II.

== Sources ==

The main historic sources of the battle are an inscription dated to 1054 and Rajendra Chola's Manimangalam record of 1055.

== Causes ==

Since his accession to the throne, [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] desired to subjugate the Chalukyas who ruled over portions of [[Northern Karnataka]] and the southern part of present-day [[Maharashtra]] and incorporate their territories into the Chola Empire. His first invasion of the Chalukya kingdom in 1047-48 had failed. In 1054, he led a second expedition into the Chalukya territories which met the Chalukya army and fought a battle at place mentioned as "Koppam".

== Events ==

In 1054, Rajadhiraja led a huge army northward and plundered the province of Rattamandalam. His army was followed in the rear by forces under Rajadhiraja's brother and heir-apparent, Rajendra II. The Chalukya king [[Someshvara I]] prepared to meet his enemy and a pitched battle was fought at Koppam. The Chola troops were holding the upper hand when Chalukyan archers shot Rajadhiraja mortally wounding him. The Chola troops panicked and began to retreat when Rajendra II, commanding the reserve forces, personally took command of the army and rallying the Chola forces together, inflicted heavy losses on the Chalukya army forcing Someshvara I to flee. Chola sources record that the elephants, horses and camels of the Chalukyas, along with a huge booty and the queens of Someshvara I fell into the hands of the Cholas. Rajendra II, reportedly, crowned himself on the battlefield and erected a victory pillar at [[Kolhapur]] before returning to his country.

== Identification of Koppam ==

The Manimangalam inscription state that Koppam was a city on "the Great River". Fleet has identified it with [[Khidrapur]], 30 miles south-east of [[Kolhapur]], thereby assuming the "Great River" to be the Krishna, while other historians have identified Koppam with a place near [[Maski]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras|ref=Sastri}}

[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1054|Koppam]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chola Empire|Koppam]]
[[Category:1054 in Asia]]

Battle of Donur

2021-03-21T01:28:13Z

2600:1700:9C60:1AA0:4485:BE0F:8AA1:A0D7:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Donur
|partof=[[Chalukya-Chola Wars]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=1007 CE
|place=Donur
|result=
* Imperial Chola victory
* Gangapadi and Nolambapadi remain with the Cholas
|combatant1=[[Western Chalukyas]]
|combatant2=[[Chola Empire]]
|commander1=[[Satyashraya]]
| commander2 = [[Raja Raja Chola I]]
[[Rajendra Chola I]]
|strength1=unknown
| strength2 = 900,000
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}}
'''Battle of Donur''' was a battle fought between the [[Chola]]s, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, and the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Satyashraya]] at the town of [[Donur]] in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]], [[Karnataka]], in southern [[India]], in 1007 CE. The Cholas were led by crown-prince [[Rajendra Chola I]].

== Causes ==

The Cholas had defeated the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Gangas]], weakened by the independence war waged against them by the [[Western Chalukyas]], and conquered Gangapadi and Nolambapadi (Southern Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh).

== Events ==

According to an inscription of Satyasraya from [[Dharwad]], Rajaraja Nittavinoda Rajendra Vidyadhara, ornament of the Chola race, Nurmudi-Chola (one-hundred-crown Chola) invaded the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] in 1007 AD with an army of 900,000 soldiers, carrying fire and sword throughout the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World in the Year 1000|author=James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn|publisher=University Press of America, 2004|page=311}}</ref> The invading troops advanced as far as Donur in Bijapur district on their way to the Chalukya capital [[Manyakheta]], where they were met by the Chalukya army under Satyashraya. The Tanjore big temple inscriptions state that Rajendra Chola I destroyed the Western Chalukya capital.

==References==
<references />

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras| pages=176–177|ref=Sastri}}

[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1007|Donur]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chola Empire|Donur]]
[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:1007 in Asia]]