Raja Kesavadas

2021-12-02T10:09:26Z

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{{Short description|Dewan of Travancore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Otherpeople5|Keshavadasa}}
'''Kesava Pillai''', also known as '''Raja Keshavadas''' (1745-1799; Sanskrit ''{{IAST|[[keśavadāsa]]}}'') was the [[Dewan]] of [[Travancore]] during the reign of [[Dharma Raja|Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma]]. He is well known for his military tactics and administrative acumen. He was the master mind in developing the [[Alappuzha]] town.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|title=A Survey of Kerala History|publisher=D C Books|year=1967|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=235–236|language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = Raja Kesavadas
| image =File:Raja Kesava Das Statue in Alleppey - Changanassery Road @ Changananassery Junction.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| caption = A statue of Raja Kesavadas
}}

==Early life==
'''''Rajah''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|ɑː}} Kesavadas was born'' Kesava Pillai'' in a [[Nair|Nair family]] at a small hamlet called [[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]] village<ref>Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvalla, 1941, p. 28. South Travancore was a part of the erstwhile State of Travancore-cochin. It was formed out of the four Tamil speaking taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.</ref> [[Southern Travancore]], in Kanyakumari district on March{{nbsp}}17, 1745 in the erstwhile Kingdom of Travancore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajeev|first=Sharat Sunder|date=2018-03-30|title=Kravilakathu Putten Veedu, a famed abode of a former Dewan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/kravilakathu-putten-veedu-an-abode-of-a-former-dewan-of-travancore/article23391066.ece|access-date=2021-07-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His full name was Keshav Raman Pillai.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Cochin, 1983, p.146</ref> The name of his uncle Raman Pillai was added to his name as it was the time of matriarchy. His father Marthandan Thampi was in the Travancore army. Marthandan Thampi was also called the 'Great Master'. His mother's name was Kaliamma Pillai. After relinquishing the position of Commander-in-Chief of the palace, his father returned to [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi]] after accepting asceticism and the entire burden of the family fell on Kesavapillai's head. Although he was not properly educated, Poovat Pokumusa Maraikkar, a local businessman, hired Keshav Pillai to look after the accounts in his shop. At a very young age, Keshav Pillai had a special talent. Through Kesava Pillai, the trade of Maraikar flourished. The woodcutter entrusted him with all the responsibilities of his shipping business. He used this opportunity to gain more economic knowledge and to learn Hindustani, Persian and Dutch.<ref>Parameswaran Pillai, History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1944, p.31</ref>

==In Royal Service==
{{Main|Battle of the Nedumkotta}}
[[File:Tippoo Sahib at the lines of Travancore in the 1850s.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tippu at the lines of Travancore by James Grant (c 1896)]]
The Maraikars, who were dependents of the then ruling Maharaja Karthika Thirunal (1758-1798: Travancore: 1758–1798), used to visit the king. At one point, Kesava Pillai captured the king's favor with his skills. Subsequently, the king gave him an extension in his palace.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Government Museum, Trivandrum, Travancore|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/159057b0|journal=Nature|year=1947|volume=159|issue=4028|pages=57|doi=10.1038/159057b0|bibcode=1947Natur.159R..57.|s2cid=4154954|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref> Keshava Pillai took full advantage of this golden opportunity. At about twenty-four years of age, Kesava Pillai was appointed as a rayasam (writer) in the palace under the Samprathi (the State Secretary). He became quite knowledgeable and influential that even the prime minister used to consult him.<ref>https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/70621/10/10_chapter%203.pdf</ref>
After the Battle of Kulachal, he came to terms with Marthanda Varma, who became the Commander-in-Chief of Travancore, became acquainted with officers such as Dutch Captain Delanoy, mastered war tactics and learned languages such as Portuguese and English. Impressed by Kesava Pillai's intelligence, patriotism and devotion to God, the Maharaja promoted him to the rank of Rayasam in 1765. Keshava Pillai played an important role in boosting trade by constantly corresponding with Dutch companies residing in places like Purakkad and Kulachal and English companies residing in Anchuthengu and others. He rose through the ranks Samprati (1768) and Sovereign (1788) and became Diwan of Travancore on 22 September 1789. He became the Diwan following the resignation of Diwan Chembakaraman Pillai due to old age disability.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} He did not relish the title of Dalawa. With the sanction of the Maharaja, he changed the old title of Dalawa to that of Dewan eschewing the old designation of Dalawa, as better suited to the times. He was thus the first Dewan of Travancore

When Tippu Sultan of Mysore attacked Travancore, Kesava Pillai was the commandant of the state army. [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Travancore army fought]] against the Mysore force under the leadership of Kesava Pillai. Later when Mysore was attacked Tipu Sultan had to retreat to Srirangapatnam.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, p.1.</ref>

Recognizing his victory over the Mysore, the Karthika Thirunal Maharaja of Travancore appointed Kesava Pillai as [[Diwan of Travancore]]. He was glorified by the British Governor Mornington, by the title Raja in appreciation of his administrative talents.<ref>Velu Pillai, T.K., The Travancore State Manual, Vol.II, Trivandrum, 1996, p.156.</ref> As Diwan, Raja Kesavadas was responsible for shifting the capital of Travancore from Padmanabhapuram to [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Statue of Raja Kesavadas to be erected in city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/statue-of-raja-kesavadas-to-be-erected-in-city/article1942714.ece|access-date=22 October 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2007-11-05}}</ref>

==Military training==
Kesava Pillai received military training under General [[Eustachius De Lannoy]]. This training perfected him to take active service as an efficient general. He was well trained in the military art and was competent to command a whole brigade in times of emergency. He learned the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Portuguese language]]s under General D’Lanoy and the [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] under the Pattan officers.

==Reforms ==
Kesava Das's foremost objective was to develop the economy of [[Travancore]].<ref>Velu Pillai, T. K., ''The Travancore State Manual'', Vol. II, Trivandrum, 1945, p.44.</ref> He developed the economic condition of the people by improving trade. The profits from the trade helped the State to maintain a standing army. It also helped to make other necessary preparations for the struggle with Tippu Sultan. Essentially it was a kind of war finance system. He visited coastal areas from Kanyakumari to Alappuzha and converted two areas such as Alappuzha and Vizhinjam which had the potential to be upcoming ports.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawerence|first=Jayaraj|title=REFORMS OF RAJA KESAVA DAS|url=https://www.rjisacjournal.com/reforms-of-raja-kesava-das/|journal=Research Journal of Indian Studies}}</ref>
;Military reforms
Of his military reforms, the most noteworthy is the repair of the old forts and the construction of many new roads. Guns and shorts were speedily manufactured in the arsenal at Udayagiri.
;Development of Alappuzha port
[[File:ആലപ്പുഴ കടൽപ്പാലം.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Remnants of the pier bridge which was built to facilitate the transportation of goods to the ships]]
His all-time contribution is finding an ideal location and constructing a well-planned port city at [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alappuzha: A detailed Study for PSC {{!}} PSC Arivukal|url=https://www.pscarivukal.com/2020/02/alappuzha.html|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.pscarivukal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/history/|access-date=2021-07-20|language=en-US}}</ref> He found Alappuzha as the most suitable, because of geographical and oceanic reasons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deepa|first=T.|date=July 2013|title=Raja kesava das and his reforms in travancore 1789 1799|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/70621|journal=University|language=English}}</ref> He constructed two parallel canals for bringing goods to port and offered infrastructural facilities to merchants and traders from Surat, Mumbai and Kutch to start industrial enterprises, trading, and cargo centres. Alappuzha attained progress and became the financial nerve centre of Travancore during his time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusuman|first=K. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbNuyHswr1cC|title=A History of Trade & Commerce in Travancore, 1600-1805|date=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-026-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Traders from Bombay, Saurashtra and Surat were attracted to Alleppey.<ref>Thomas Pendant, ''A View of Hindustan'', Vol. I, London, 1796, p.176.</ref> An effort was made to divert the trade of Cochin to Allepey port.<ref>Thomas Pendant, ''A View of Hindustan'', Vol. I, London, 1796, p.177</ref>

The port was opened in 1762, mainly for the export of coir-matting and coir-yarn. Kesavadas built three ships for trade with Calcutta and Bombay, and Alleppey afforded a convenient depot for the storage and disposal of goods produce in the east.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alappuzha|first=A brief history|date=2015-03-26|title=prd.kerala.gov/alappuzha|url=http://prd.kerala.gov.in/d_alappuzha.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326124711/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/d_alappuzha.htm|archive-date=26 March 2015}}</ref>
;Vizhinjam port
Vizhinjam was developed into a small port by Raja Kesava Das.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[PDF] kerala history - Brilliance College - Free Download PDF|url=https://nanopdf.com/download/kerala-history-brilliance-college_pdf|access-date=2021-07-20|website=nanopdf.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>Panikkar, K. M., ''History of Kerala (1498-1801''), Annamalai Nagar, 1960, p. 223.</ref>

;Construction of MC road
The [[Main Central Road]] (MC Road) which is the arterial State Highway in the Travancore region of [[Kerala]] state was constructed at the time when Raja Kesavadas was the Dewan of Travancore.
;Opening of Chalai Market
[[File:Trevandrum Bazaar (p.102, 1891) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Trevandrum Bazaar (p.102, 1891), London Missionary Society<ref name=LMS>{{cite journal|title=Trevandrum Bazaar|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclelondon00unkngoog|access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>]]
[[Chala, Thiruvananthapuram|Chalai Market]] was officially established towards end of 18th century by Raja Kesavadas with an intention to make this bazaar a central point for the supply of commodities to the Travancore kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chalai|url=https://www.chalai.org/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.chalai.org}}</ref> Killi and the Karamana rivers nearby were used to carry goods from different parts of Travancore state.<ref name=":0" /> Both of the rivers were bridged. In 1786, Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma shifted to Thiruvananthapuram from Padmanabhapuram in Tamil Nadu. This helped Chalai to flourish.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=The tale of Chalai, Kerala's oldest market that is thriving even after centuries|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tale-chalai-kerala-s-oldest-market-thriving-even-after-centuries-143541|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
; Nedumkotta
{{main|Nedumkotta}}
[[File:Nedumkotta.jpg|thumb|250px|The relics of the entrance of travancore lines]]
The greatest achievement of Kesavadas was his defence of [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Travancore against Tippu Sultan]]. When Kesavadas came to power, Tipu was threatening at the gates of Travancore. He bought the Kranganur and Ayakotta forts from the Dutch. He repaired the fort at other places and strengthened the army with well-trained soldiers; In negotiations with the English at Madras, he secured two of the company's troops and stationed them at the fort. He succeeded in the fight against Tipu and expelled him from the borders of Travancore and even his retreat did not give him peace of mind. He followed Tipu until the soldiers travelled a long distance and took heavy lives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deepa|first=T.|date=July 2013|title=Raja kesava das and his reforms in travancore 1789 1799|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/70621|journal=University|language=English}}</ref>
; Agricultural and Industrial Reforms
Raja Kesava Das took steps to develop Agriculture and related industries. Irrigation was prepared and fresh lands were brought. agriculturists were helped financially with loans and remission of taxes. Thiruvananthapuram city was modernized and beautified. Roads were widened and the fort was repaired.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deepa|first=T|title=Raja Kesava Das and his reforms in Travancore 1789 1799|date=July 2013}}</ref>
; Revenue reforms
Gold coins such as Anantharayen fanam, Chinna fanam and Ananthavarahen were coined in the Travancore mint.<ref>Iswara Pillai, R., ''Raja Kesava Das Adhava Valia Dewanji'', (Malayalam), Trivandrum, 1919, p.24.</ref> A new contribution called Nilavary, upon Sircar pattam lands was raised which yielded a good round sum of money. For proper administration of the State, the Chattavariola (collection of rules and laws) were framed. Dewan succeeded in clearing away the greater part of the State-debt incurred in consequence of many wars and other emergencies.

==Later Years==
His tenure of Diwanship ended with the demise of Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal in 1798. Balarama Varma, his successor aged sixteen became the crown prince who was too young in the hands of [[Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kerala (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGAbAAAAIAAJ&q=raja+kesavadas+death|title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Kottayam|last2=Menon|first2=A. Sreedhara|date=1962|publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses|pages=210|language=en}}</ref> Raja Kesavadas was proclaimed as a traitor and kept under house arrest which helped Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri to usurp the post of Diwan. Later his family assets were confiscated and were poisoned to death on 21 April 1799.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qutzDQAAQBAJ&q=raja+kesavadas+death&pg=PT269|title=Coromandel: A Personal History of South India|date=2017-11-02|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4087-0540-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandy|date=2017-12-04|title=Two-Century Old Stories of Chalai Bazaar – The Major Commodity Market of Thiruvananthapuram City|url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/myworld/all-about-kerala/two-century-old-stories-of-chalai-bazaar-the-major-commodity-market-of-thiruvananthapuram-city/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=My Words & Thoughts|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Memorials==
* A swimming pool in Alappuzha was built in 1997 in Raja Kesavadas's name.<ref>{{Citation|title=ആലപ്പുഴയിലെ രാജാ കേശവദാസ് നീന്തല്‍ക്കുളം ഈ മാസം തുറക്കും {{!}} Raja Kesavadas Swimming Pool|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbGtUimqYLE|language=en|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>
* Raja Kesavadas N. S. S. Higher Secondary School in [[Sasthamangalam]] Thiruvananthapuram.
* His statue has been erected in Allepey- [[Changanassery]] road.
* Memorial Park in Allepey.
* A town at the start of M. C. Road is named [[Kesavadasapuram]] after him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rjisacjournal.com/reforms-of-raja-kesava-das Reforms of Raja Kesavadas, a journal]
{{commons category|Raja Kesavadas}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kesavadas, Raja}}
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:Politicians from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:1745 births]]
[[Category:1799 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]

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Raja Kesavadas