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Kavvayi Backwaters

2021-10-16T19:02:47Z

2409:4073:4D94:3A4E:C0D6:60EA:CF76:FA6B:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{one source|date=July 2006}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Kavvayi
| image = Kavvayi.jpg
| caption = Kavvayi boat jetty
| alt = Boat jetty at Kavvayi
| location = [[Kerala]]
| type =
| inflow = [[Kavvai puzha River|Kavvayi River]]
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|37|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands = [[Kavvayi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.09|N|75.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Kavvayi in Kerala, India
}}

'''Kavvayi''' is a group of small islands, near [[Payyannur]] in the [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] state in [[India]]. The island is connected to Payyannur by a small bridge on the [[Kavvai puzha River|Kavvayi River]].

==Islands of Kavvayi backwaters==
* [[Kavvayi]]
* [[Valiyaparamba]]
* Padannakkadappuram
* Vadakkekkadu
* Kokkal
* [[Edayilakkad]]
* Madakkal
* Kannuveed
* Kavvayikkadappuram
* Udumbanthala
* Kochen
* Vadakkumbad

==History==
Kavvayi has been mentioned by name by significant global travelers, including [[Marco Polo]] (1293 A.D), [[Ibn Battuta]] (1342 A.D) and [[Abulfeda|Abdul Feda]] (1273 A.D).

The island of Kavvayi was originally named "''Kavvill Pattanam''". It was renamed as Kavvayi by Sir William Hogan, the then [[district collector]] of [[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]. Kavvayi was the headquarters for an area of {{convert|125|sqmi|km2}} which housed a large port and the magistrate court, including during [[East India Company|British East India Company]] rule. It declined after the headquarters were moved to other parts of [[Malabar District|Malabar]].
==Transportation==
There is bus and jeep service to Payyanur town. The financial affluence has ruled out the viability of public transportation.
The national highway passes through [[Perumba River|Perumba]] junction. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Payyanur railway station|Payyanur]] on [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]. All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern count

==Geography==

Kavvayi is surrounded by small islands called Kadappuram, which directly face the [[Arabian Sea|Arabian sea]]. Access to these small islands is only by small boats or traditional ''thonis''. These islands are becoming smaller in size, and inhabitants have been moving to cities.<ref>[http://www.kavvayi.com Kavvayi Webpage]</ref>

[[File:Boat jetty of Kavvayi.jpg|thumbnail|Kavvayi backwaters]]
The Kavvayi Backwater, located near [[Payyannur]], is the third largest backwaters in [[Kerala]] and the largest one in north Kerala. Locally called as Kavvayi Kayal or the backwaters of Kavvayi, this lesser known lake of northern Kerala is fed by five rivers viz. River Kavvayi and its tributary streams Kankol, Vannathichal, Kuppithodu, and Kuniyan.<ref>http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=2132065962</ref> Kavvayi backwaters is named after the Kavvayi island close to Payyannur. Kavvayi used to be an inland port and a major administrative center during the past centuries and during [[British East India Company]] rule.

The Kavvayi lake is dotted with several small and big islands, [[Valiyaparamba]] island is the biggest among them and it stretches over 16 km<sup>2</sup>. The northern portion of Kavvayi lake is also known as Valiyaparamba backwaters. This Island has a population of 10000. The island's main source of income come from agriculture and fishing. A secluded beach named Valiparamba beach runs parallel to the backwaters on its western side.

From an ecological point of view the backwater of Kavvayi and its surrounding region is considered to be of significance. The Kavvayi backwater is the biggest wetland ecosystem in north Kerala with an area of 37 km<sup>2</sup>. The backwater and the wetlands are home to a variety of fauna and flora.it is used for watership man training by Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala<ref>http://enchantingkerala.org/kerala-backwaters/kavvayi-kayal.php</ref>

[[Valiyaparamba]] is a small island in the [[Arabian Sea]] in the [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]] state, [[south India]]. It is one of the main tourist spots of the district and also a fishing centre.

*[[Peringome]] 20 km from Payyanur
*[[Ezhimala]] 12 km from Payyanur Town
*[[Kunhimangalam]] village 8 km from Payyanur town
*[[Kavvayi|Kavvayi Island]] 3 km from Payyanur
*[[Ramanthali]] 7 km from Payyanur
*[[Karivellur]] 10 km from Payyanur
*[[Trikarpur]] 6 km from Payyanur

==See also==
*[[Payyannur]]

==References==
{{commons category|Kavvayi Backwaters}}
{{reflist}}
{{Kannur district}}
{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Islands of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Islands of Kerala]]
[[Category:Lakes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Villages near Payyanur]]

Kuniyan River

2021-10-16T18:58:11Z

2409:4073:4D94:3A4E:C0D6:60EA:CF76:FA6B: /* Area of Flow */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2007}}

'''Kuniyan River''' is a river which flows through the border of [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts.

==Area of Flow==
It connects the Tejaswini River and the Olavara River which join the [[Kavvayi Backwaters]].
It touches [[Payyannur]], [[Karivellur]], [[Eyyakadu]] and [[Trikarpur]]. It flows through Trikarpur Panchayath, Karivellur-Peralam Panchayath, Payyanur Municipality and [[Kayyur–Cheemeni Grama Panchayat|Kayyur-Cheemeni Panchayath]].

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kannur district]]

{{Kannur-geo-stub}}
{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Kavvai puzha River

2021-10-16T18:56:23Z

2409:4073:4D94:3A4E:C0D6:60EA:CF76:FA6B:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=December 2013}}
The Kavvayi [[river basin]] is located between 120 05’ to 120 15’ North latitude and 750 05 ‘ to 750 20’ East longitude. It spread over the district of [[Kannur]] and [[Kasargod]]. It has a total area of 164.76 km2 covering 14 villages spread over 9 local bodies in the two districts. Kavvayi river or Thattar river emerges from the [[Cheemeni]] Kunnu at elevation 114 m. above MSL having the length of 31 km and join directly to Kavvai backwater. Kavvayi river is typical among the 14 midland originated rivers in [[Kerala]]. It has a watershed area confined to midland hillocks and their valley. Kavvayi River includes five rivers, the Kavvayi River, and its tributaries- [[Kankole|Kankol]], Vannathichal, Kuppithodu, and [[Kuniyan River|Kuniyan]] – flows together to form the [[Kavvayi Backwaters]].

[[Category:Rivers of Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}
{{Kannur-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

List of rivers of Kerala

2021-10-16T18:52:10Z

2409:4073:4D94:3A4E:C0D6:60EA:CF76:FA6B: /* West flowing rivers */

{{short description|Bharatpedia list article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
There are 44 major rivers in [[Kerala]], all but three originating in the [[Western Ghats]]. 41 of them flow westward and 3 eastward. The rivers of Kerala are small, in terms of length, breadth and water [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]]. The rivers flow faster, owing to the hilly terrain and as the short distance between the Western Ghats and the sea. All the rivers are entirely monsoon-fed and many of them shrink into rivulets or dry up completely during summer.
==Features==
[[File:Topography of Kerala.png|thumb|Topography of Kerala]]
Kerala is wedged between the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats]]. Geographically, the state can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and the western lowlands; coastal plains.<ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006">{{cite book |author1=Srikumar Chattopadhyay |author2=Richard W. Franke |title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC&pg=PA110 |access-date=19 March 2019 |year=2006 |isbn=978-8180692949}}</ref>{{rp|110}} The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' [[rain shadow]].<ref name=ChattopadhyayFranke2006/>{{rp|110}} 41 of Kerala's west-flowing rivers,<ref name="Sadasivan2003">{{cite book |author=S. N. Sadasivan |title=River Disputes in India: Kerala Rivers Under Siege |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhrRboi5kOcC&pg=PA223 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-8170999133 |page=223}}</ref> and 3 of its east-flowing ones originate in this region.<ref name="Darpan2006">{{cite book |author=Pratiyogita Darpan |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QegDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT72 |access-date=18 November 2012 |date=September 2006 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |page=72}}</ref><ref name="India2008">{{cite book |author=Motilal (UK) Books of India |title=Tourist Guide Kerala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYfRBcLdTNYC&pg=PA11 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2008 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-8174781642 |page=11}}</ref> The 41 west-flowing rivers, each of which having at least a length of 15 km, gradually slopes towards the [[Arabian Sea]] coast in the western region and empty either into [[Kerala Backwaters|backwaters]] or [[Arabian Sea]] there.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}} The longer rivers have several tributaries and streams too.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}} The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near [[Palakkad]]; hence also known Pal''ghat'', where the [[Palakkad Gap]] breaks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandran Nair |first1=Dr.S.Sathis |title=India – Silent Valley Rainforest Under Threat Once More |url=http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/wrr2004/silentvalley.htm |website=rainforestinfo.org.au |access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref> The river [[Bharathappuzha]] flows through the [[Palakkad Gap]]. The 3 east-flowing rivers also originate in [[Western Ghats]], but flow eastwards either into [[Karnataka]] or [[Tamil Nadu]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}}

Kerala's western coastal belt is relatively flat compared to the eastern region, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected [[brackish]] canals, lakes, [[estuaries]],<ref name="Moss2010">{{cite book |author=Danny Moss |title=Public Relations Cases: International Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0-CJ3djEdEC&pg=PA41 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year= 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0415773362 |page=41}}</ref> and rivers known as the [[Kerala Backwaters]].<ref name="Thorpe2012">{{cite book |author=Edgar Thorpe |title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cruroSVFoUC&pg=RA3-PA38 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-8131767344 |page=3}}</ref> [[Kuttanad]], also known as ''The Rice Bowl of Kerala'', has the [[List of extreme points of India#Altitudes|lowest altitude in India]], and is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place below sea level.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752|last=Press Trust of India|date=1 June 2020|access-date=17 November 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm|title=Thirst below sea level|last=Suchitra|first=M|date=2003-08-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> The country's longest lake [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad]], dominates the backwaters; it lies between [[Alappuzha]] and [[Kochi]] and is about {{convert|200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="Husain">{{cite book |author=Majid Husain |title=Understanding: Geographical: Map Entries: for Civil Services Examinations: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9VGKfQ-sQsC&pg=RA9-PT18 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0070702882 |page=9 |year=2011}}</ref> Around eight percent of India's waterways are found in Kerala.<ref name="IWAI_2005">{{Cite journal |author=Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI—Ministry of Shipping) |year=2005 |title=Introduction to Inland Water Transport |journal=IWAI (Ministry of Shipping) |url=http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050204175110/http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=19 January 2006}}</ref> Kerala's [[List of rivers in Kerala|44 rivers]] include the [[Periyar River|Periyar]]; {{convert|244|km|mi|0}}, [[Bharathapuzha]]; {{convert|209|km|mi|0}}, [[Pamba River|Pamba]]; {{convert|176|km|mi|0}}, [[Chaliyar River|Chaliyar]]; {{convert|169|km|mi|0}}, [[Kadalundipuzha River|Kadalundipuzha]]; {{convert|130|km|mi|0}}, [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudipuzha]]; {{convert|130|km|mi|0}}, [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam]]; {{convert|129|km|mi|0}} and the [[Achankovil River]]; {{convert|128|km|mi|0}}. The average length of the rivers is {{convert|64|km|mi|0}}. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rain.<ref name=riverreport>{{cite book |last=India. |first=Planning Commission |title=Kerala Development Report |year=2008 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-8171885947 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8171885942}}</ref> As Kerala's rivers are small and lacking in [[river delta|delta]], they are more prone to environmental effects. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution.<ref name="Padmalal">Padmalal D, Maya K, Sreebha S & Sreeja R, (2007), "Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of [[Vembanad lake]], Southwest coast of India", ''Environmental Geology'' 54(4), 879–89. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0870-z springerlink.com]. Retrieved 17 July 2009.</ref>

==West flowing rivers==
This is a list of the westward-flowing rivers of [[Kerala]] state in southern India, in order of length, and their tributaries. These rivers all originate in the [[Western Ghats]] range and flow westward into the [[Kerala Backwaters]] or into the [[Arabian Sea]]. Length in kilometers is in parentheses. [[Kasaragod district]] have the maximum number of west-flowing rivers in Kerala - 12.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=448}}
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| header_align = left/right/center

| image1 = Fish net over Periyar River 0.jpg
| caption1 = The 244 km long [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], known as ''Choorni'' in ancient period, is the longest river in Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=341}}

| image2 = View from Chamravattam Bridge - panoramio.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bharathappuzha]], the second-longest river of Kerala of which 209 km flows through Kerala, has played a major role in shaping the [[Culture of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The river sutra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/rivers-have-nurtured-malayalam-literature-and-poetry-since-time-immemorial/article25058214.ece|last=Binoy|first=Rasmi|date=27 September 2018|access-date=24 January 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref>

| image3 = Kuttanad beauty.jpg
| caption3 = [[Kuttanad]], the region having least altitude in India, is located on the bank of river [[Pamba River|Pamba]], which is the third-longest river of Kerala with a length of 176 km.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}}

| image4 = Chaliyar River at Feroke.jpg
| caption4 = The oldest [[Teak]] plantation of the world at [[Nilambur]] is situated on the bank of [[Chaliyar]], the fourth-longest river of Kerala (169 km).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Oldest teak plantation, Conolly’s Plot, to reopen after maintenance|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/travel-news/oldest-teak-plantation-conolly-s-plot-to-reopen-after-maintenance-kerala-nilambur-teak-plantations-1.1942105|date=2017-05-16|access-date=2020-10-12|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

| image5 = Kadalundi Bridge - A border of Malappuram and Kozhikode.jpg
| caption5 = The 130 km long [[Kadalundi River]], which empties into the sea near [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]], is the fifth-longest river in Kerala.

| image6 = Chalakudy River bank on a summer sunrise.jpg
| caption6 = [[Athirappilly Falls]] is situated on the 130 km long [[Chalakudy River]].
}}
#[[Periyar River]] (244)
## [[Edamala River]]
## [[Cheruthoni River]]
## [[Mullayar River]]
## [[Muthirapuzha River]]
## [[Perinjankutti River]]
## Ambazhachal River
## Kaniyampuzha River
## [[Muttar River]]
#[[Bharatapuzha River]] (209)
## [[Thuthapuzha|Thuthapuzha River]]
## [[Kanjirappuzha (Mannarkkad)|Kanjirappuzha]]
## [[Gayathripuzha|Gayathripuzha River]]
## [[Kalpathipuzha|Kalpathipuzha River]]
## [[Kannadipuzha|Kannadipuzha River]]
#[[Pamba River]] (176)
## [[Azhuthayar]]
## [[Kakkiyar]]
## [[Kakkattar]]
## [[Kallar River (Pamba)|Kallar]]
## [[Perunthenaruvi]]
## [[Madatharuvi]]
## [[Thanungattilthodu]]
## [[Kozhithodu]]
## [[Varattar River (Pamba)|Varattar]]
## [[Utharappalli River]]
## [[Kuttemperoor]]
#[[Chaliyar River]] (169)
## [[Cherupuzha (Mavoor)]]
## [[Iruvanjippuzha]]
## [[Cherupuzha (Areekode)]]
## [[Kuthirappuzha]]
## [[Kuruvanpuzha]]
## [[Karimpuzha (Malappuram)|Karimpuzha]]
## [[Pandippuzha]]
## [[Neerppuzha]]
#[[Chalakudy River]] (145)
##[[Parambikulam River]]
#[[Kadalundy River]] (130)
#[[Achankoil River]] (128)
## [[Utharappalli River]]
# [[Kallada River]] (121)
#[[Muvattupuzha River]] (121)
## [[Thodupuzha River]]
## [[Kothamangalam|Kothayar River]]
## [[Kaliyar|Kaliyar River]]
## Kariyar River
## Thevalakkadu River
## Uzhavoor River
#[[Valapattanam river|Valapattanam River]] (110)
## [[Bavali river|Bavali River]]
## Pulloopi River
## Payyavoor River
## Mundayapuzha River
## Veni River
## Aralam River
#[[Chandragiri River]] (105)
## [[Kudumbur River]]
#[[Manimala River]] (90)
#[[Vamanapuram River]] (88)
#[[Kuppam River]] (88)
## Kuttikol River
#[[Meenachil River]] (78)
## Meenachal River
## Kodoor River
## Karapuzha River
## Pulinackal River
## Moorkankavu River
#[[Kuttiyadi River]] (74)
#[[Karamana River]] (68)
#[[Shiriya River]] (68)
#[[Kariangode River]] (64)
## Chaithravahini River
#[[Ithikkara River]] (56)
#[[Neyyar River]] (56)
#[[Mahé River|Mahe River]] (54)
## Mundathode River
#[[Keecheri River]] (51)
#[[Perumba River]] (51)
## Vayalapra River
#[[Uppala River]] (50)
#[[Karuvannur River]] (48)
##[[Kurumali River]]
##[[Manali River]]
#[[Anjarakkandy|Anjarakandy River]] (48)
#[[Tirur River]] (48)
#[[Neeleshwaram River]] (46)
#[[Pallikkal River]] (42)
#[[Kallayi River]] (40)
#[[Korapuzha|Korapuzha River]] (40)
#[[Mogral River]] (34)
#[[Kavvai puzha River|Kavvayi River]] (31)
##[[Kankole|Kankol]]
##Vannathichal
##Kuppithodu
##[[Kuniyan River|Kuniyan]]
#[[Thanikkudam River]] (29)
#Thalassery River (28)
## Ummanchira River
#[[Mamam River|Mamam river]] (27)
#Chithari River (25)
#Ramapuram River (19)
#Ayiroor River (17)
#Manjeswaram River (16)

==East flowing rivers==
[[File:Westernghats river gobi.jpg|thumbnail|The east-flowing [[Bhavani River]] flows near [[Silent Valley National Park]].]]
There are three rivers rise in Kerala and flow eastwards, Kabini into [[Karnataka]] and the other two into [[Tamil Nadu]]. All the three rivers ultimately join the [[Kaveri river]].
#[[Kabani River|Kabani]] (57)
#[[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] (38)
#[[Pambar River (Kerala)|Pambar]] (25)

==See also==
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala]]
* [[List of mountains in Kerala]]
* [[Kerala backwaters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP}}
{{refend}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Kerala geography-related lists|Rivers, List of, Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of rivers of India|Kerala, List of rivers]]
[[Category:Rivers of India| ]]