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J. Jayalalithaa

2022-02-21T17:25:39Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Indian politician and actress, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)}}
{{Indian name|Jayalalithaa|Jayaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayalalithaa
| image = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption = Jayalalithaa in August 2015
| office = 5th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2015
| term_end = 5 December 2016
| governor = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011
| term_end1 = 27 September 2014
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor1 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency1 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]}}
| predecessor2 = M. Karunanidhi
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Fathima Beevi]]|[[C. Rangarajan]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency3 = ''Did not contest''
| term_start4 = 24 June 1991
| term_end4 = 12 May 1996
| governor4 = {{ubl|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]}}
| predecessor4 = [[President's rule]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 1984
| term_end5 = 28 January 1989
| 1blankname5 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]|[[N. D. Tiwari]]|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]}}
| predecessor5 = [[Sathyavani Muthu]]
| successor5 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| constituency5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office6 = 8th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 29 May 2006
| term_end6 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor6 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor6 = [[Vijayakanth|Vijayakant]]
| constituency6 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start7 = 9 February 1989
| term_end7 = 1 December 1989
| predecessor7 = [[O. Subramanian]]
| successor7 = S. R. Eradha
| constituency7 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2015
| term_end8 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = ''Herself''
| predecessor8 = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor8 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| constituency8 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start9 = 23 May 2011
| term_end9 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = ''Herself''
| predecessor9 = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor9 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| constituency9 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start10 = 24 February 2002
| term_end10 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata10 = {{ubl|''Herself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| successor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| constituency10 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start11 = 1 July 1991
| term_end11 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = ''Herself''
| predecessor11 = K. R. Rajendran
| successor11 = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| constituency11 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| term_start12 = 6 February 1989
| term_end12 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor12 = K. S. M. Ramachandran
| successor12 = V. Panneerselvam
| constituency12 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office13 = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start13 = 9 February 1989
| term_end13 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname13 = Inaugural Holder
| 1namedata13 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor13 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| successor13 = [[V. K. Sasikala]]
| office14 = [[Ministry of propaganda|Propaganda Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 1983
| term_end14 = 1984
| 1blankname14 = Party President
| 1namedata14 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| 2blankname14 = General Secretary
| 2namedata14 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melukote]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1948|02|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Cardiac Arrest]]
| resting_place = [[MGR Memorial|Puratchi Thalaivi Jayalalithaa Ninaividam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| relatives = [[Deepa Jayakumar]] (niece)
| residence = Veda Nilayam, 81, Poes Thottam, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]] - 600086, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]|[[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Church Park Presentation Convent]]|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Film actress|writer|politician|philanthropist|singer|classical dancer}}
| awards = * [[Honorary Doctorate]] (1991)
* [[Kalaimamani]] (1972)
| signature = Jayalalithaa Signature.svg
| nickname = ''Amma'' ''Puratchi Thalaivi''
}}

'''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Shashi Tharoor]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2002 |title='Scrabble' in real life |date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |title=Chasing The Poll Stars |author=Tusha Mittal|work=Tehelka |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian politician and actress who served as the Six time [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for more than fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 9 February 1989, she was the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), a [[Dravidian party]] whose cadre revered her as their "'''{{lang|ta|Amma}}'''" (Mother) and "'''{{lang|ta|Puratchi Thalaivi}}'''" (Revolutionary leader).<ref name="puratchithalavi">{{cite news|title=PURATCHI THALAIVI JAYALALITHAA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Puratchi-Thalaivi-Jayalalithaa|access-date=18 December 2016|work=indiatimes.com|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering a [[personality cult]] and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators and ministers, who often publicly [[Prostration|prostrated]] themselves before her.<ref name="outlook20110321" />

Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa worked prolifically. She appeared in [[Jayalalithaa filmography|140 films]] between 1961 and 1980, primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actress and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "Queen of Tamil Cinema".<ref name="jjte">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Telugu stars mourn Amma's loss!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/jayalalithaa-death-telugu-stars-mourn-ammas-loss_1956451.html|access-date=18 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Among her frequent co-stars was [[M. G. Ramachandran]], popularly known as 'M.G.R', a Tamil [[cultural icon]] who leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when M.G.R was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[India's Parliament]]. After M.G.R's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by M.G.R's widow, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], emerged as the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]], she became Leader of the Opposition to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led government headed by [[M. Karunanidhi]], her ''bête noire''.

In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]], Jayalalithaa became chief minister for the first time and Tamil Nadu's youngest. She earned a reputation for centralizing state power among a coterie of bureaucrats; her [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son in 1995. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]], the [[AIADMK]] was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new [[Karunanidhi]] government filed several corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|another general election]] just a year later.

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]]. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidized {{lang|ta|"Amma"}}-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

Jayalalithaa never married and had no children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-11|title=How a leader’s companion rose in political power in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/2069955/can-deceased-indian-leaders-companion-take-her-place|access-date=2021-09-13|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> On 29 May 2020, her nephew J. Deepak and niece [[Deepa Jayakumar]] were declared as her legal heirs by [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-niece-and-nephew-declared-legal-heirs-can-claim-her-properties-125374|title=Jayalalithaa’s niece and nephew declared legal heirs, can claim her properties|date=27 May 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Early life, education and family ==
Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948 as Komalavalli, named after her grandmother, at [[Melukote]], [[Pandavapura]] taluk, [[Mandya]] district, then in [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]) to Jayaram and Vedavalli (Sandhya) in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] [[Iyengar]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/jayalalithaa-jayaram.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-j-jayalalithaa-was-buried-and-not-cremated/articleshow/55838340.cms|title=Why J Jayalalithaa was buried and not cremated|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-school-her-name-was-komalavalli-1028237|title=In school her name was Komalavalli|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=7 May 2006 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Babu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa dead at 68: How Komalavalli became the 'Iron Lady' of Tamil Nadu|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-at-68-how-komalavalli-became-the-iron-lady-of-tamil-nadu-116120500945_1.html|access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref><ref name="jjbc">{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram's Birth Chart |url=https://celebrity.astrosage.com/jayalalithaa-jayaram-birth-chart.asp |website=celebrity.astrosage |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

Her paternal grandfather, Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service of the [[Mysore kingdom]] as a surgeon and served as the court physician to Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of Mysore. Her maternal grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from [[Srirangam]] to work with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. He had one son and three daughters—Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was married to Jayaram, son of Narasimhan Rengachary. The couple Jayaram-Vedvalli had two children: a son Jayakumar and a daughter, Jayalalitha.<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite news|last1=Chandrakanth|first1=W|title=A never-say-die leader|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-never-say-die-leader/267247|access-date=11 December 2016|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her mother, her relatives and later co-stars and friends referred to her as Ammu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babu|first=Venkatesha|title=Ammu to Amma: The life and times of Jayalalithaa Jayaraman|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ammu-to-amma-the-life-and-times-of-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/story/241781.html|website=Business Today|date=6 December 2016|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> The name Jayalalithaa was adopted at the age of one for the purpose of using the name in schools and colleges. It was derived from the names of two houses where she resided in Mysore. One was "Jaya Vilas" and the other "Lalitha Vilas".

She is from the same lineage of popular figures like [[K. T. Bhashyam]] (Former minister of [[Mysore State]] and [[List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairman]] of [[Mysore Legislative Council]]) and famous lawyer L. S. Raju who made significant contribution in the history of [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jun 23|first=B. V. Shiva Shankar / TNN /|last2=2017|last3=Ist|first3=06:41|title=‘Jayalalithaa’s influence is only stronger after her death’ {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayalalithaas-influence-is-only-stronger-after-her-death/articleshow/59276414.cms|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa's father, Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family's wealth. He died when Jayalalithaa was two years old. The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's home in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] in 1950.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858|website=Outlook India |title=The Road To Ammahood |date=21 March 2011 |first=Sugata |last=Srinivasaraju|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Vedavalli learnt shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position to help support the family in 1950. Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as an air hostess. She also started acting in drama and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the insistence of Ambujavalli, Jayalalithaa's mother Vedavalli also relocated to Madras and stayed with her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. Jayalalithaa remained under the care of her mother's sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref name="thehansindia"/> While still in Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="TNgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |title=Profile |publisher= Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In later interviews, Jayalalithaa spoke emotionally about how she missed her mother growing up in a different city. She had the opportunity to visit her mother during the summer holidays.<ref name="thehansindia"/>

After her aunt Padmavalli's marriage in 1958, Jayalalithaa moved to Madras and began to live with her mother. She completed her education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent).<ref name="thehansindia"/><ref name="Ironlady">{{cite journal|last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |title=The Iron Lady of India |journal=The Contemporary Review |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 }}</ref>

She excelled at school and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.<ref name="TNgov"/> She won Gold State Award for coming first in 10th standard in the state of Tamil Nadu. She joined [[Stella Maris College (Chennai)|Stella Maris College]], [[Chennai]]; however, discontinued her studies due to pressure from her mother and became a film actress.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stella-Maris-remembers-former-CM/article16791819.ece | title=Stella Maris remembers former CM | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/so-singh-what-do-you-make-of-my-campaign-asked-jaya.html | title=So Singh, what do you make of my campaign, Jaya asked our reporter | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | work=R Bhagwan Singh | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The Poes Garden plot was bought by Jayalalithaa and her mother on 1 July 1967 at a cost of ₹ 1.32 lakh, measuring around 24,000 sq. feet (10 grounds) with a built-up area of 21,662 sq. feet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veda-nilayam-set-to-become-jayalalithaa-memorial/article31521989.ece |title=Veda Nilayam set to become Jayalalithaa memorial|website=The Hindu |date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-assets-double-secret-seems-be-real-estate-30668 |title=Jayalalithaa's assets double - the secret seems to be real estate|website=thenewsminute |date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Jayalalithaa's mother Sandhya died in November 1971 at the age of 47.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html | title=Tamil Nadu: Who's residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied | website=hindustan times | date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa herself held the ''house warming ceremony'' of her residence ''Veda Nilayam'' (named after her beloved mother Vedavalli alias Sandhya) on May 15, 1972, early in the morning, followed by [[dinner]] and a [[Veena]] recital by classical musician [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti babu]] in the evening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/27/was-Jayalalithaa-poes-garden-residence-attached-by-it-department.html | title=Is Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden residence under attachment by IT department? | website=The Week | date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Her brother's wedding took place at her Veda Nilayam home in Poes Garden in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/jayalalithaa-deepa.html | title=JAYA, MY AUNT Inheritance of loss | website=The Week | date=18 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-am-jayalalithaas-legal-heir-and-i-am-ready-fight-deepa-jayakumar-tnm-54131 |title=I am Jayalalithaa's legal heir and I am ready to fight: Deepa Jayakumar to TNM |publisher=The News Minute |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her brother Jayakumar, his wife Vijayalakshmi and their daughter [[Deepa Jayakumar]] lived in Poes Garden with Jayalalithaa till 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |title=Jayalalithaa's niece Deepa Jayakumar aims to make things tricky for Sasikala |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084533/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 }}</ref> and then moved to T.Nagar Madras at the bungalow 'Sandhya Illam' which was bought by mother of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Crowd-continues-to-swell-at-Deepa's-house/article17009933.ece |title = Crowd continues to swell at Deepa's house|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 January 2017|last1 = Jesudasan|first1 = Dennis S.}}</ref> Her brother was unhappy with adoption of Sudhakaran, a relative of Sasikala, as foster son of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news|first=Somak |last=Ghoshal |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/10/jayalithaas-niece-deepa-jayakumar-challenges-sasikala-to-claim/ |title=Jayalalithaa's Niece Deepa Jayakumar Challenges Sasikala To Claim Her Aunt's Legacy |work=Huffington Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa had adopted [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]]'s nephew Sudhakaran in 1995 and disowned him in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran|title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran?|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=22 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Her brother died in 1995 of heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|author=Julie Mariappan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Niece-I-want-to-see-Jaya-aunt-they-stopped-me-at-the-gates/articleshow/54707118.cms |title=Jayalalithaa health: Jayalalitha News: Niece – I want to see Jaya aunt, they stopped me at the gates |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

She was fluent in several languages, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and English.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 April 2007|title=Jayalalithaa to debut in Hindi for campaigns|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=IANS|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122520/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> She spoke with actress Saroja Devi in Kannada regularly as they were close friends and would talk to each other only in Kannada. She often conversed with Karnataka Chief ministers in Kannada. Basavaraj Bommai, the former irrigation minister of Karnataka said, “I was astonished by her Kannada slang and fluency.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Jayalalithaa’s deep love for Kannada will surprise you|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101411/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|archive-date=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Proud Tamilian born in Karnataka, Jayalalithaa had a long history with Kannadiga activists|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-tamilian-born-karnataka-jayalalithaa-had-long-history-kannadiga-activists-53889|access-date=2021-06-11|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

She was fond of having dogs as her pets. But after the death of Julie, a [[spitz]], in 1998 she could not bear the loss and hence discontinued keeping pet dogs at her home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Lesser-known-facets-of-Jayalalithaa/article16762804.ece1|title=Lesser known facets of Jayalalithaa|date=6 December 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{See also|Jayalalitha filmography}}

=== Early career ===

In Madras (now [[Chennai]]), Jayalalithaa was trained in [[Carnatic music]], western classical piano<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Lawyers-hail-HC%E2%80%99s-tribute-to-Jayalalithaa/article16788292.ece |title=Lawyers hail HC's tribute to Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> and various forms of classical dance, including [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathak]].<ref name=NDTV1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1294266|title=Jayalalithaa, The Amma Of Tamil Nadu Politics|last=Ghosh|first=Deepshikha|website=[[NDTV]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She learnt Bharatnatyam and dance forms under K.J.Sarasa.<ref name="sp">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=23 October 1965 |title=A New Bright Star |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n221 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=19 |pages=50–51}}</ref> She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma Bhushan Guru [[Vempati Chinna Satyam|Dr. Vempati Chinna Satyam]]. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her debut dance performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960.<ref name="BS"/> The Chief Guest at the Arangetram was [[Shivaji Ganesan]], who called her a "thanga silai" (golden statue) and expressed wish that Jayalalithaa becomes a film star in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivaji-ganesans-wish-12-year-old-jayalalithaa-ended-coming-true-45599 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's wish for 12-year-old Jayalalithaa ended up coming true |publisher=The News Minute |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/what-stars-who-worked-with-jayalalithaa-say/photostory/55848093.cms |title=What stars who worked with Jayalalithaa say! |publisher=timesofindia |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

While a child, Jayalalithaa acted in the Kannada-language film ''[[Sri Shaila Mahathme]]'' (1961), which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Jayalalitha-has-acted-in-Kannada-movies/articleshow/44752455.cms|title=Jayalilathaa has acted in Kannada|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> She had been taken to the studio by her mother as she was shooting in the same premises for a different film. While Jayalalithaa was watching the shooting, a problem arose as the child actress playing the [[Goddess Parvathy]] in a school drama scene in the film failed to show up and the producer Neerlahalli Thalikerappa and director Aroor Pattabhi asked Sandhya if Jayalalithaa could be asked to act in the dance sequence. Sandhya agreed and Jayalalithaa was swiftly dressed up as Parvathy and the scene was shot in Sri Shaila Mahatme.<ref name="Khajane">{{cite news|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Those Kannada days...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Those-Kannada-days.../article16776901.ece|access-date=9 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She played Lord [[Krishna]] in a three-minute dance sequence held on stage in the [[Hindi film]] [[Man-Mauji]] (1962) and danced with [[Kumari Naaz]] who played Radha. [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] ran the drama troupe ''United Amateur Artistes'' (UAA), which staged English and Tamil plays. Soon Jayalalithaa while a schoolgirl began acting in some plays of Parthasarathy along with her mother and aunt. She acted in small roles in plays such as Tea House of the August Moon and ''Undersecretary'' between 1960 and 1964.

Shankar Giri, the son of the former [[President of India|Indian President]] [[V. V. Giri]], saw her small role in the English play ''Tea Houses of August Moon'' and was impressed. Shankar Giri approached her mother Sandhya and told he wanted to cast her daughter in an English film called ''The Epistle''. Sandhya reluctantly agreed with the condition that shooting should be held only during weekends or school holidays.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=People's CM Jayalalithaa, an enigma in life and in death|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-cm-jayalalithaa-an-enigma-in-life-and-in-death-116120600127_1.html|access-date=9 December 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Sandhya had acted in the 1964 Tamil film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'', produced and directed by Kannada film-maker [[B. R. Panthulu]]. Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was spotted by Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite [[Kalyan Kumar]] in the Kannada movie ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]''. He promised to finish all shooting within two months in order not to interfere with her education. Since Jayalalithaa would be studying for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had declined the offer initially.<ref name=hans1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel--real-life/267246|title=A super star in reel & real life|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Sandhya agreed when that promise was made and Jayalalithaa started acting and she was paid {{INRConvert|3|k|year=1967}}. Panthulu kept his promise and completed shooting in six weeks. Jayalalithaa had forgotten all about films after acting in her Kannada debut film and had got ready to attend classes at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris]] as she had the ambition to be a [[lawyer]]. But the Kannada debut film became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] in 1964 and she became a well-known face.

Meanwhile, Jayalalithaa continued acting in Parthasarathy's plays. She played the leading role in plays such as ''Malathi'', ''The Whole Truth'', and the dance drama ''Kaveri Thanda Kalaiselvi'' between 1960 and 1966. She made her debut as the lead actress in [[Kannada]] films while still in school, age 15, in ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964).<ref name=hans1/> She also appeared in a dance sequence of a song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1964).<ref name="outlook20110321"/>

She made her debut in Tamil theatre in April 1964, when she played a sales girl in the drama named ''Undersecretary''. Parthasarathy and Sandhya were the lead characters, while Jayalalitha and [[Cho Ramaswamy]] were paired together and [[A. R. Srinivasan]] was also involved. The play was based on the lives of middle aged couple and Jayalaithaa played character of sales girl in the drama. Her performance caused Parthasarathy to make her lead heroine in a drama named ''Malathy''. Meanwhile, the films she had shot during her vacation in April–May 1964—''Chinnada Gombe'' and ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''—became blockbusters. By end of 1965, she had become popular among film producers and directors.<ref name=hans1/> She was approached by [[C. V. Sridhar]] for her Tamil film debut as well. Between 1964 and 1966 she did around 35 shows of drama named ''Malathy'' and later discontinued as she became very busy in films.<ref name="BS"/> It was during the year 1964, financial debts had increased of Sandhya and she suggested her daughter make use of the increasing film offers to come her way.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts"/>

Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was the leading role in ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965), directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]].<ref name="sp"/> She made her debut in Telugu films as lead actress in ''Manushulu Mamathalu'' opposite Akkineni Nageswara Rao. Her last Telugu release was also opposite [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in the film ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title = Did You Know?|url = http://www.telugucinema.com/Did-You-Know|website = telugucinema.com|access-date=17 October 2015|date = 20 September 2015}}</ref> She was the first heroine to appear in [[skirt]]s in Tamil films.<ref name="iron lady">{{cite web|last=Nadar|first=Ganesh|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Iron Lady |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/06espec1.htm |work=Rediff|date=6 May 2004|access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> She acted in one Hindi film called ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'', with [[Dharmendra]] as her male costar in 1968.<ref name="NDTV"/> She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M.G. Ramachandran between 1965 and 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title = Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url = http://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-483055|website = NDTV.com|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> The first with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] was B.R. Panthalu's ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' in 1965 and their last film together was ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|title=Off-screen deity, on-screen goddess|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/12/08/off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/|website=baradwajrangan.wordpress.com|access-date=9 December 2016|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa donated gold jewelleries she had to the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/no-bharat-ratna-for-jayalalithaa-madras-high-court-dismisses-pil-to-confer-late-cm-with-honour-3191124.html |title=No Bharat Ratna for Jayalalithaa? Madras High Court dismisses PIL to confer late CM with honour |work=Firstpost |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

She had 11 successful releases in Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'', for the first time her name was affixed with the phrase Kavarchi Kanni.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article8514320.ece|title=Arasa Kattalai (1967)|date=24 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Guy|first1=Randor}}</ref> In 1967 she bought her bungalow, Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for {{INRConvert|1.32|l|year=1967}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|title=Jaya assets worth Rs 113.73 cr, Rs 3.40 cr less than in 2015|work=Times Now|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142232/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] was on the lookout for a regular heroine for his production after he had fight with the actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] after the release of ''Vetaikkaran'', and he signed Jayalalithaa on in 1965. She became a regular heroine for production house Devar films from 1966.<ref>{{cite news |first=Samiksha |last=Panda |url=http://scrolltoday.com/end-inspiration-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/ |title=The End of an Inspiration : Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |work=Scroll Today |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Jaishankar]] was romantically paired with Jayalalithaa in eight Tamil films including ''[[Muthu Chippi]]'', ''[[Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Nee!]]'', ''[[Vairam]]'', ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]'', ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' (1968), ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'', whereas the films ''[[Thanga Gopuram]]'' and ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' had him play elder brother to her.

Jayalalithaa acted in twelve films as heroine opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]], in Telugu—''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1967), ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967), ''[[Tikka Sankaraiah]]'' (1968), ''[[Niluvu Dopidi]]'' (1968), ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968), ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1969), ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969), ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' (1969), ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1972), and ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973). Jayalalitha had eight films with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in Telugu—''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966), ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968), ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969), ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' (1969), ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972), ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974) and ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' (1980).

She also made a guest appearance in Telugu film ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navarthi]]'' (1966). Her films in Telugu also included two with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and one each with [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-tryst-with-Telugu-films/article16765354.ece |title=Jayalalithaa's tryst with Telugu films |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> She was given on-screen credit as Kalai Selvi in most of her Tamil films since 1967.<ref name="hans1"/>

=== Later career ===
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''List of Best Actress awards for J. Jayalalithaa '''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Award
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|{{won|5}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2016/dec/06/the-life-and-times-of-tamil-nadus-six-time-woman-chief-minister-1546011.html |title=The life and times of Tamil Nadu's six-time woman Chief Minister |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress
|{{won|8}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{won|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/deccan+chronicle-epaper-deccanch/j+jayalalithaa+the+superstar-newsid-61061490 |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 1948 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234">[[#The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|The Times of India directory and year book including who's who]], p 234</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Russian Film festival
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Madras Film Association Awards for Best Actress
|{{won|7}}<ref name="Collections394">[[#Collections|Collections]], p 394</ref>
|}

Between 1965 and 1973, Jayalalithaa starred opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in a number of successful films, including ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kavalkaran]]'', ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Engal Thangam]]'', ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'', ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]'' and ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. 101</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]] cast her in the lead role in his directorial venture ''[[Yarrukkum Vetkam Illai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-life-in-song/article16768634.ece|title=A life in song|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She acted with [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] in ten films—''Gowri Kalyanam ''(1966), ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' (1966), ''[[Naan]]'' (1967), ''[[Magaraasi|Magarasi]]'' (1967), ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' (1967), ''[[Panakkara Pillai]]'' (1968), ''[[Moondru Yezhuthu]]'' (1968), ''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' (1968), ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' and ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' (1974).<ref name="hans1"/> In 1972, she acted opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', which went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 1973.

In 1973, she acted in ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'', which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu.<ref name="TOI1984">[[#TOI|TOI 1984]], p. 305</ref> Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]''; the latter holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ |last=R.L|first=Hardgrave|title=Essays in the political sociology of South India|year=1979|publisher=Usha|page=120|isbn=9780836406054|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was paired opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 17 films. She acted in six films with [[R. Muthuraman]] as a romantic leading pair—''[[Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil]]'', ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'', ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'', ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'', ''[[Suryagandhi]]'', ''[[Anbu Thangai]]''<ref name="hans1"/> and Muthuraman played supporting roles in ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', ''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]'', ''[[En Annan]]'', [[Adi Parashakti]], ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'', ''[[Dharmam Engey]]'', ''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]'' and ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''. She made her debut in Malayalam with ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jesus: 1973|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-jesus-1973/article7043457.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 March 2015|access-date=22 February 2016|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref> Her 100th film was ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' (1974), directed by [[A. Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away-115022500852_1.html|title=Director Vincent passes away|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

She was romantically paired opposite [[Sivakumar]] in ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''. Sivakumar played supporting roles in Shakti Leelai, Yarrukum Vetkam Ilali, [[Thirumangalyam]], Annaivelakanni, Kavalkaran, Motoram Sunderapillai and Ganga Gowri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184625/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|website=Box Office India|title=Box office report of 1968|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

The heroes of her films never objected to the title of the film being conferred on the female lead played by Jayalalithaa. ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Kanni Thaai]]'', and ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' had Ramachandran as the lead male hero but the story and the title was built around the character played by Jayalalithaa. Similarly, ''Engerindo Vandhaal'', ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]'', [[Paadhukaappu]] and ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' had Sivaji Ganeshan as the male lead but the title and the story was built around her character. She did many female-centric films where the story revolved on her character, such as ''Vennira Adai'', ''[[Yaar Nee? (film)|Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Kumari Penn]]'', ''[[Nee (film)|Nee]]'', ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]], [[Magaraasi]], [[Muthu Chippi]], [[Thanga Gopuram]], [[Avalukku Ayiram Kangal]], [[Annamitta Kai]], [[Vandhaale Magaraasi]], [[Suryagandhi]], [[Thirumangalyam]], [[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]'', and ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]''.

She received the title "Nadippuku Ilakkium Vahuthavar" from then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/history-j-jayalalithaa-from-mysore-to-chennai-290110 |title=வரலாறு: ஜெ. ஜெயலலிதா மைசூர் முதல் சென்னை வரை! |work=zeenews |date=6 December 2016|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/jayalalitha-biography-tamil-248513.html |title=அதிமுக கொ.ப.செ... பொதுச்செயலாளர்... தமிழக முதல்வர்... ஜெ. அரசியல் பயணம்|work=oneindia tamil |date=9 March 2016|language=ta}}</ref> and also won Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress for her 100th film ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/jayalalithaa-from-film-star-to-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu|title=Remembering Jayalalithaa: From film star to Tamil Nadu CM |newspaper=Khaleej Times|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her last film in Tamil was ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' (1980).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-211841|publisher=NDTV|location=Chennai|date=17 May 2012|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Her last film as the heroine was ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' in Telugu,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/revisiting-top-10-movies-j-jayalalithaa-706973 |title=Revisiting the top 10 movies of J Jayalalithaa |work=IBTimes |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> which became the highest grosser of the year in Telugu.

Her successful Kannada films include ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' (1966), ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]'' (1965), ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964) and ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career—85 hits of 92 Tamil films as main female lead heroine and she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee hits.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts">[http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-lesser-known-facts-about-our-leaders-jayalalitha/index.html], behindwoods.com; accessed 23 May 2016.</ref> She was the highest-paid Indian actress from 1965 to 1980. She made guest appearances in nine films and six of her films were dubbed into Hindi. She had 119 box office hits between 1961 and 1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead. She made a brief appearance in 1992's ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-makes-brief-appearance-in-neenga-nalla-irukkanum-movie-bombs-at-box-office/1/308343.html|title=Jayalalithaa's brief appearance in Neenga nalla irukanum|magazine=India Today|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Thanga Gopuram'' in 1971, ''Raman Thediya Seethai'' in 1972, ''Suryagandhi'' in 1973, ''Thirumangalyam'' in 1974, and ''Yarukkum Vetkam Illai'' in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=6 December 2016|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> She acted in mythological films like ''Kandan Karunai'', ''Aadhi Parashakti'', ''Shri Krishna Satya'', ''Shri Krishna Vijayam'', ''Shri Rama Katha'', ''Shri Krishna Leela'', ''Shakti Leelai'', ''Ganga Gowri'', ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' and [[Jesus (1973 film)|''Jesus'']]. Her period dramas include ''Ayirathil Oruvan'', ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'', ''[[Mani Magudam]]'', ''Adimai Penn'', ''Ali Baba 40 Dongalu'', ''Arasa Katalai'', and ''Baghdad Perazhagi''.

She acquired the reputation of being a multi-faceted actor equally comfortable in fantasy and mythological genres as well as in modern social dramas<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayalalithaa, the golden girl of Tamil cinema|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=23 February 2016|date=27 September 2014}}</ref> and hence in 1969, in Tamil Conference, she was given the tag of "Kaveri Thandha Kalai Selvi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

She, [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Saroja Devi]] have been cited as the first female superstars of Tamil cinema. She did double roles in eight films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html|title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon|work=Firstpost|date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Rajanala and Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa in [[Gandikota Rahasyam]] Movie - 1969]]
She received Special Award from Filmfare for her performances in 'Chandhrodhayam', 'Adimai Penn' and 'Engirundho Vandhaal' in the years 1966, 1969 and 1970 as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] was introduced only in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Daily Report |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093529/http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> Her performance in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', [[Suryakanthi|''Suryagandhi'']] were critically acclaimed and won her consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

From 1968 to 1973, at the peak of her career she took interviews and wrote columns in the magazines like ''Bommai''. She wrote a column-"Ennangal Sila" in magazine ''[[Thuglak]]'' in the 1970s. She also wrote a short story, "Oravin Kaidhigal", for the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', "Manadhai Thotta Malargal" for ''Thaai'' magazine in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbg2eX-M320| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Nbg2eX-M320| archive-date=2021-10-27|title=TN CM Jayalalithaa service as a Journalist in Private News paper|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 December 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She wrote about her own life in a serialised memoir in the Tamil weekly magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-wrote-of-pining-for-mother-blowing-away-sivaji-ganesan-1634946|title=Jayalalithaa Wrote Of Pining For Mother, Blowing Away Sivaji Ganesan|publisher=Ndtv.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1980, she decided to voluntarily decline any new film offers. An [[Australia]]-based journalist Brian Laul took over the mantle of Piousji (‘Khaas Bhat’- The filmi gossip column) wrote an article specifying Jayalalithaa was trying for a comeback but was not being offered any roles. Jayalalithaa chose to respond to him by writing a letter, in which she mentioned that she was not struggling to make any comeback and that she turned down the offer from producer [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] to star in ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980) alongside [[Rajinikanth]]. She added she wanted to pursue other interests and was not interested in pursuing her film career any further.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/this-letter-sent-by-jayalalithaa-to-a-journalist-in-1980-shows-just-how-classy-she-was-4413621|title=This letter sent by Jayalalithaa to a journalist in 1980 shows just how classy she was |work=The Indian Express|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/jayalalithaas-stinker-to-journalist-about-turning-down-rajinikanth-film-1635086|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Stinker' To Journalist About Turning Down Rajinikanth Film |work=ndtv|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

Her closest friends from film industry included [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manorama-called-me-Ammu-Jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/49311504.cms |title=Manorama called me Ammu, Jayalalithaa says |work=The Times of India |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-a-long-time-friend-but-vocal-critic-of-Jayalalithaa/article16771674.ece |title=Cho Ramaswamy: a long-time friend but vocal critic of Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Rajasree]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]], [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Sukumari]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teluguglobal.in/jayalalithas-lunch-with-her-yester-year-film-stars-in-2012/ |title=Jayalalithaa's lunch with her yester year film stars in 2012 |publisher=Teluguglobal.in |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[S. A. Asokan]], [[Jaishankar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V.K.Ramaswamy]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[P.Susheela]], [[Sheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[R.S.Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0412883/quotes |title=Jayalalitha J – Quotes |publisher=IMDb |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She quoted on M. G. Ramachandran, "He was a very warm and caring kind of a person. And after Mother died, he replaced her in my life. He was everything to me. He was mother, father, brother, friend, philosopher, guide. Everything. He sort of took over my life." In many of her interviews she often said she entered films on being asked by her mother and entered politics on request by M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/i-dont-think-anyone-has-taken-more-criticism-than-i-have-jaya-told-simi-garewal-1546016.html |title=I don't think anyone has taken more criticism than I have: Jaya to Simi Garewal |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah with J.Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at the public meeting in 1980s]]
Jayalalithaa denied claims that M.G.R., who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in introducing her to politics.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> On 4 June 1982,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html|title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut|last=Vaasanthi|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by M.G.R.<ref name="career">{{cite news| url=http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082124/http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 February 2012 | agency=State Planning Commission | title=Political Career|access-date=10 November 2013|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Her maiden public speech,"'''{{lang|ta|Pennin Perumai}}'''" (The Greatness of a Woman), was delivered at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year at [[Cuddalore]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=M.G.R.: The original 'ladies man' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 December 2016 }}</ref> and was well received.{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 30%
| title = Filmstar MPs
| halign = center
| quote = "This lovely lass has taken her place in the centre of India's political stage and, being a Hindi-speaking Tamilian, is assured of a central role for many years to come."
| salign = right
| source = — [[Khushwant Singh]], ''Filmstar MPs'', ''Sunday'', 27 April 1985<ref>{{cite book|title=Notes on the Great Indian Circus|publisher=Penguin India|first=Khushwant|last=Singh|year=2001|isbn=978-0-14-100576-8|pages=12–14}}</ref>
}} Even the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Rajya Sabha member [[Khushwant Singh]] came to witness her speech which was widely acclaimed for its clarity of diction and elegant prose.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her seat number in [[Rajya Sabha]] was 185, which was coincidentally the same as that of what [[C. N. Annadurai]] had while he was a member in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2016|title=How Jayalalithaa Stunned Prime Minister Indira Gandhi With Her Maiden Speech In Rajya Sabha|url=http://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m/|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref> In January 1983, she became propaganda secretary for the party and campaigned extensively for the party candidate [[R. Amirtharaj]] in the by-election for the [[Tiruchendur (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchendur Assembly constituency]] in February that year.<ref name="career"/><ref name="jjgov" />

M.G.R. wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in [[English language|English]].<ref name="control">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule|work=The Sunday Guardian|title=First impressions|last=Nalpat|first=Madhav|date=25 December 2011|location=New Delhi|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Indira Gandhi lauded Jayalalithaa for the various speeches she made on issues including the one on internal security in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-cabinet-decides-to-recommend-jayalalithaas-name-for-bharat-ratna/articleshow/55914413.cms |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet decides to recommend Jayalalithaa's name for Bharat Ratna |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was elected to that body in 1984 and retained her seat until 1989.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Honourable Chief Minister |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116225438/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and M.G.R., these members influenced M.G.R. to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine. Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> She was given key responsibilities, including in the implementation of the landmark noon-meals scheme when M. G. Ramachandran was the chief minister and this taught her lessons in welfare politics. Later when M.G.R. fell ill, she campaigned extensively for the party before the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/indias-iron-lady-jayalalithaa-dead/|title=India's Iron lady Jayalalithaa is dead – Vanguard News|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai.jpg|thumb|right|Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai]]
In 1984, when M.G.R. was incapacitated due to a [[stroke]], Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to take over the position of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him from the proper execution of his duties.<ref name=outlook19980504>{{cite news| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205450 | publisher=outlookindia | title=The Life And Times of Jayalalitha |first1=Ajith |last1=Pillai |first2=A. S. |last2=Panneerselvan |date=4 May 1998|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general elections, in which the AIADMK allied with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="profile"/> Following [[M. G. Ramachandran#Illness and death|his death]] in 1987, the AIADMK split into two factions: one supported his widow, [[Janaki Ramachandran]] This faction was called AIADMK (JA) and the other favoured Jayalalithaa called AIADMK (J). Jayalalithaa faction was supported by senior leaders like [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[C. Aranganayagam|Aranganayagam]], [[Sattur Ramachandran|KKSSR Ramachandran]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar|Thirunavukarasar]]. Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96 members; due in part to irregularities by speaker [[P. H. Pandian]], who dismissed six members to ease her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] used [[S:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]] to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose [[president's rule]] on the state.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>[[#CITEREFJagmohan2007|Jagmohan 2007]], pp. 303–305</ref><ref name="CMlist"/>

At the age of 41, Jayalalithaa entered the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] successfully contesting the subsequent [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] on the basis of being M.G.R.'s political heir.<ref>{{cite news|title=I'm MGR's true heir: Jayalalithaa |url=http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225124101/http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|date= 15 February 2002|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 1989 ===
She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in 1989 as a representative of the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency. This election saw the Jayalalithaa-led faction of the AIADMK win 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the first woman to be elected [[Leader of the Opposition]] in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. On 9 February 1989, the two factions of AIADMK merged and they unanimously accepted Jayalalithaa as the general secretary of the party and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored.<ref name="BS"/>

On 25 March 1989, as claimed by the party and a section of the members present in the assembly, amidst heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members and the opposition, Jayalalithaa was attacked by the ruling DMK members in front of the assembly speaker [[M. Tamilkudimagan]] when violence broke out between DMK and AIADMK MLA's after she called Karunanidhi a criminal and when he named and shamed her. Karunanidhi fell on the floor when one of her MLAs rushed towards him.Both Karunanidhi and Jayalaithaa alleged of attacks against them.<ref name="caravantitans" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thalaivi Trailer: The truth behind Jayalalithaa's saree pulling scene in Kangana Ranaut-starrer|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/thalaivi-trailer-the-truth-behind-jayalalithaas-saree-pulling-scene-in-kangana-ranaut-starrer|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2017-02-18|title=Nothing can ‘beat’ 1989 violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-ie-photographer-recounts-how-his-iconic-photograph-helped-jayalalithaa-became-a-giant-slayer/|title=Ex-Express photographer recounts how his iconic photograph helped Jayalalithaa become a giant slayer|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalitha left the Assembly with her torn saree drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of [[Draupadi]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="caravantitans">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-revenge-of-draupadi/205451|title=The Revenge Of Draupadi|publisher=Outlook|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110519/main7.htm|title=Vow to avenge insult|newspaper=Tribune|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> At the peak of the situation, Jayalalithaa was about to leave the house, she vowed to not enter the house "until as a [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Vinod K. Jose|date=24 April 2014|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shashank Chouhan|date=23 November 2012|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129022030/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2012|title=A small, shameful history of unparliamentary behaviour|work=Reuters}}</ref> In spite of some sections of media terming it as a theatrics, it received a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public.<ref name="V86">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], pp. 86–88</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1989 ugly episode haunts the House |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192438/http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|location=Chennai|date=26 March 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="midnight">{{cite news|title=Rival's revenge in Tamil Nadu|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1416948.stm|work=BBC|date=1 July 2001|last=Jacob|first=Satish|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During the 1989 general elections, the AIADMK allied with the Congress party and was handed a significant victory. The AIADMK, under her leadership, also won the by-elections in [[Marungapuri (state assembly constituency)|Marungapuri]], [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]] and [[Peranamallur (state assembly constituency)|Peranamallur]] assembly constituencies.<ref name="profile"/>

=== First term as Chief Minister, 1991 ===
[[File:Ms. J. Jayalalithaa presenting an award to Shashank - World Tamil Conference, Tanjore, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa presenting award in [[World Tamil Conference]],1993]]
In 1991, following the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] days before the elections, her alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition victory.<ref>[[#Das|Das 2005]], p. 45</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. xxxiv</ref> The AIADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won all 39 constituencies in the centre.<ref name="profile"/> Re-elected to the assembly, she became the state's youngest chief minister, and the first woman to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12 May 1996.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="CMlist"/> In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of [[female infanticide]] and the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |title=TN: Cradle Baby Scheme In Districts With Low Sex Ratio |date=24 July 2011 |magazine=Outlook India |location=Chennai |agency=PTI |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225093403/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> Her party had 226 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections.<ref>[[#Vanitha|Vanitha 2007]], p. 158</ref> She began to be referred as Thanga Gopuram'','' ''Thanga Silai'' ('Golden statue') by her followers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anwesha Madhukalya|title=10 Videos Of Jayalalithaa's Dance Performances That Explain Why She Was Called The 'golden Maiden'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/10-videos-of-jayalalithaas-dance-performances-that-explain-why/|access-date=8 December 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref>

In July 1993, She observed fast for 80 hours(four days) near the [[MGR Memorial]] on the [[Marina beach]], demanding that [[Karnataka]] release [[Kaveri]] water for the [[kuruvai]] crop. She ended her fast only after Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao sent his Cabinet colleague and Union Water Resources Minister [[Vidya Charan Shukla|V.C. Shukla]] to Chennai to assure her that the centre would set up two committees to ensure implementation of the 1991-interim award of the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Tribunal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=1993-08-15|title=Jayalalitha exploits Tamil insecurity|language=en-IN|work=indiatoday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930815-jayalalitha-exploits-tamil-insecurity-811413-1993-08-15|access-date=2013-07-24}}</ref><ref name="jjc">{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2016-12-06|title=An aggressive campaigner for Tamil Nadu's water rights|language=en-IN|work=thehindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece}}</ref>

In 1993, the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes Bill, 1993 was passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] (Act 45 of 1994).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2014-11-06|title=69% quota: SC notice to Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Bill was sent to the President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] for his approval. J Jayalalithaa's [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government led a cross-party committee of Tamil Nadu politicians to Delhi to meet with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] led [[Government of India|Central government]] and stepped up pressure on the centre to bring in a [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional amendment]] to include the Tamil Nadu Act in the Ninth Schedule, ensuring that its validity cannot be challenged in any court. By the end of August 1994, the Act became a part of the Ninth Schedule by the presidential accent, confirming "'''the 69 percent reservation'''" exclusive for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994|language=en-IN|website= india.gov.in|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-sixth-amendment-act-1994|access-date=2021-05-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The development fetched her the title of ‘Samooga Neethi Kaatha Veeranganai’ (The leader who upheld [[Social justice]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics|language=en-IN|website=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The woman behind the 69% quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=நான் "சமூக நீதி காத்த வீராங்கனை" ஆனது எப்படி?-ஜெ விளக்கம் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2010/07/23/protected-69-reservation-tn-jayalalithaa.html | work= Oneindia tamil | language=ta|access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

On 20 January 1994, [[Mother Teresa]] Called on Chief Minister Jayalalithaa at her poes garden residence in chennai and lauded her welfare projects for girls, destitute women and the aged. Mother Teresa reportedly said that she and Jayalalithaa, India's then only female chief minister, were "working for and fulfilling the same noble cause". Mother Teresa said she would pray daily for Jayalalithaa, whose projects included the Cradle Baby Scheme (CBS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOTHER TERESA´S PRAISE FOR CHIEF MINISTER´S GIRLS´ SCHEME CONTROVERSIAL|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1994/02/18/mother-teresas-praise-for-chief-ministers-girls-scheme-controversial&post_id=44776 | work= ucanews |date=17 February 1994}}</ref> Mother Teresa was also present at the State function on the [[International Women's Day]] On 9 March 1994 at Madras which Jayalalithaa later recalled as “memorable event in my life”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa will continue to inspire many more, says Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-Teresa-will-continue-to-inspire-many-more-says-Jayalalithaa/article14622049.ece | work= thehindu | access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

She first invited [[Ford Motor Company]] to establish business in Tamil Nadu in 1995. This was followed by numerous companies setting up factories here especially from automobiles sector which included [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor]], [[BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Renault]], [[Nissan]], [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], [[Wrightbus|Wright]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]. Due to this, Madras (now [[Chennai]]) began to be called as the [[Detroit]] of India under her first term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/nzgFbwcO2BgdW4x6dVBCCN/How-Jayalalithaa-made-Chennai-the-Detroit-of-India.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made Chennai the Detroit of India |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] made significant expansion in Tamil Nadu and apart from [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE]] and [[TVS Motor Company|TVS Motors]] became key players in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa catalysed industrial growth in TN|language=en-IN|website=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/jayalalithaa-catalysed-industrial-growth-in-tn/article9412047.ece|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

=== Loss of power, 1996 ===
The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that they contested.<ref name="front1996"/> Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate in [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]] constituency. The outcome has been attributed to an [[anti-incumbency]] sentiment and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="front1996">{{cite journal|title=No respite|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1425/14250410.htm|journal=Frontline|volume=14|issue=25|date=26 December 1997|last=T.S.|first=Subramanian|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The wedding event of her foster son Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor [[Shivaji Ganesan]], was held on 7 September 1995 at Madras and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event holds two [[Guinness World Records]]: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for being the largest wedding banquet.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/largest-wedding-banquetreception/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|title=Largest wedding banquet/reception|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Most wedding guests|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/most-wedding-guests/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special court than the entire {{INRConvert|6|c|year=1995}} expenses associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722012032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |first=Anil |last=Kumar |date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=My foster son's Rs6 cr. wedding expense not paid by me |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref>

Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of then Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[Indian general election, 1999 (Tamil Nadu)|another general election]] just a year later.

There were several corruption cases filed against her by the ruling DMK government headed by Karunanidhi. Jayalalithaa was arrested on 7 December 1996 and was remanded to 30-day judicial custody in connection with the [[Colour TV scam]], which charged her with receiving kickbacks to the tune of {{INRConvert|10.13|c|year=1995}}. The investigation alleged that the amount through the TV dealers were routed in the form of cheques to a relative of Sasikala, who had quoted Jayalalithaa's residence as hers. She earlier filed an anticipatory bail in the trial court, which was rejected on 7 December 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Booty queen|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-arrest-reveals-systematic-loot-of-public-money-puts-political-future-at-risk/1/282843.html|date=31 December 1998|access-date=3 November 2015|magazine=India Today|last1=Menon|first1=Amarnath K.|last2=G.C.|first2=Shekar}}</ref> She was acquitted in the case on 30 May 2000 by the trial court and the High Court upheld the order of the lower court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colour TV scam: High Court upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/colour-tv-scam-high-court-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalithaa/article6955.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Madras HC upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa in TV scam|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/madras-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalitha-in-tv-scam_557310.html|date=22 August 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

Though Sudhakaran was adopted by Jayalalithaa as her foster son in 1995, when she became aware that Sudhakaran began to interfere in her financial affairs and that he took money without intending to repay, she disowned him in 1996 within one year of adoption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran? |work=Asianetnews.tv |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

When questioned on her views on Sasikala, Jayalalithaa quoted in 1996 "Sasikala never functioned as extra constitutional power centre. Calling her de facto chief minister is nonsense. She is not interested in politics and I have no intention to bring her into politics." It annoyed her when people said Sasikala was behind many of her political decisions and termed such news as rubbish and insult to her position as chief minister.<ref>{{cite work|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/story/sasikala-jayalalithaa-aiadmk-panneerselvam-ops-poes-garden/1/878479.html |title=The post-truth takeover |work=India Today |access-date=3 May 2017}} {{dead link|date=May 2017}}</ref>

=== Second term as Chief Minister, 2001 ===
Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she was found guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated agency called [[TANSI land acquisition case|TANSI]]. Although she appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], having been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the matter was not resolved at the time of the elections.<ref name="disqual">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |journal=Frontline |title=The disqualification debate |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian |date=21 May 2001 |volume=18 |issue=10 |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091130/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref> Despite this, the AIADMK won a majority and she was installed as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the state assembly on 14 May 2001.<ref name="CMlist"/> She was also convicted in [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]] on 3 February 2000 by a trial court to one-year imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was acquitted in both the TANSI and Pleasant Stay Hotel cases on 4 December 2001 and the Supreme Court upheld the order of the High Court on 24 November 2003.<ref name=Andi>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha files nomination papers from Andipatti constituency|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409233844/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2006|access-date=31 October 2015|location=New Delhi|via=HighBeam Research|work=Newswire|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite news|title=SC acquits Jaya in Tansi land deal case|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24sc.htm|last=Singh|first=Onkar|date=24 November 2003|publisher=Rediff|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office, and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]].

=== Third term as Chief Minister, 2002 ===
Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she could not hold it whilst convicted of criminal acts.<ref name="disqual"/> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have been [[puppet government|puppeted]] and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.<ref name="CMlist">{{cite web|title=List of Chief Ministers in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012821/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2006 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panneerselvam govt only a temporary arrangement |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118030707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2013 |date=22 September 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>

Subsequently, in March 2002, Jayalalithaa assumed the position of Chief Minister once more, having been acquitted of some charges by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/end-of-7year-lean-phase-for-aiadmk/article2019520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu | title=End of 7-year lean phase for AIADMK |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=15 May 2011 |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> This cleared the way for her to contest a mid-term poll to the [[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]] constituency, after the sitting MLA for the seat, gave up his membership, which she won by a handsome margin.

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]]]

India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm|title=Indian women join elite police|publisher=BBC | first=Charles|last=Haviland|date=10 June 2003|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to a special task force headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar|K. Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{cite work|first=K. Vijay |last=Kumar |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html |title=The CM, Veerappan and I |work=The Week |date=18 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> to conduct a secret operation to capture and kill the bandit [[Veerappan]] by entering Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lite/story/jayalalithaa-dead-biggest-achievements-cm/1/781452.html |title=I am legend: Jayalalithaa's top 10 achievements |work=India Today |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2004 she declared eliminating Veerappan as biggest achievement of her government and quoted ""My only brief to them was capture Veerappan dead or alive. After that I never interfered. I left them to work out their own strategies and this paid off."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/veerappans-killing-is-my-governments-greatest-achievement-amma/256427 |title= Veerappan's killing is my government's greatest achievement: Amma |work= Outlook India |date= 19 October 2004 |access-date= 3 May 2017}}</ref> She began to be referred as 'People's CM' (Makallin Mudhalvar) and Iron Lady of India by end of this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/j-jayalalithaa-the-iron-lady-of-indian-politics/52692 |title=The Iron Lady of Indian Politics |work=Times Now |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In this term she launched Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) scheme in 2001 to rejuvenate water sources and this improved ground water levels in the parched southern state and this idea was replicated by various states and even by the centre. She also started the Veeranam project to deliver water to the dry metropolis of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|last=Babu|date=6 December 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> Doctor Manmohan Singh frequently praised Jayalalithaa for her administrative skills, mid-day meal schemes and efforts for gender empowerment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-kolkata/20161207/281767038848843 |title=Hindustan Times |publisher=PressReader.com |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

Her administrative abilities were notable in her handling of events following the tsunami that hit Tamil Nadu on 26 December 2004. Jayalalithaa announced a Rs 153.37 crore relief package, divided into a general package and a separate one for fishermen. She announced that affected families would get Rs 1 lakh as compensation for every member lost, along with one dhoti, one sari, two bedsheets, 60 kg of rice, three litres of kerosene, and Rs 1,000 in cash for groceries and that furthermore, Rs 1,000 was to be given for purchase of utensils, Rs 2,000 so they could put up accommodation. Per family, and there were about one lakh families in all, the package would cost about Rs 5,000. The fishermen also received an extra Rs 65 crore meant to cover gill nets and boats. It was only a matter of hours before Nagapattinam had its power supply back. With the state working on disaster management for over seven years, response time had been reduced significantly; mobile cranes and ambulances were on patrol. The government entrusted district administration with rehabilitation of affected families, and when they were found to be incompetent, she reshuffled or sacked officers immediately. Jayalalithaa even extended help to the Sri Lankan government by instating officers to guide the island nation in the process of rehabilitation. Her administrative style was uncompromising, whether it was banning the sale of gutkha, or mandatory installation of rainwater harvesting systems, but, she got things done on time without any ifs or buts, as was seen with the tsunami relief, ensuring people remembered not the ruthlessness of her tenure, but the help it gave them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/how-jayalalithas-administrative-skills-helped-tamil-nadu-recover-from-tsunami-nightmare-3142354.html |title=How Jayalalitha's administrative skills helped Tamil Nadu recover from tsunami nightmare |work=First Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2012 |agency=PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-hands-over-houses-to-tsunami-hit-1668246 |title=Jayalalithaa hands over houses to tsunami-hit |work=DNA India |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 2006 ===
AIADMK fared poorly in May [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], with Her party winning just 61 seats out of total 234 in the state elections in 2006. She won in [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]. Though her main opposition, DMK did not win a single party majority (96/234), DMK coalition had 162/234 seats and formed the cabinet until 2011 which she referred to as "Minority DMK government".<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dmk-to-form-minority-govt-in-tamil-nadu/384201 |title=DMK to form minority govt in Tamil Nadu |work=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 August 2009 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/AIADMK-attacks-Karuna-for-Mrs-Jaya-remark-54549-2009-08-17 |title=AIADMK attacks Karuna for 'Mrs Jaya' remark |work=India Today|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

On 29 May 2006, Jayalalithaa was unanimously elected as Leader of the Opposition by AIADMK MLAs replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]] soon after two days, she single-handedly took on the ruling DMK in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|house]] in the wake of the suspension of all 60 AIADMK legislators for the entire session.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 May 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-elected-leader-of-oppn-in-tn-assembly/articleshow/1587371.cms |title=Jayalalithaa elected Leader of Oppn in TN assembly |work=timesofindia|access-date=29 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 May 2006 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/27/jaya-lone-aiadmk-attendee-in-house-as-60-mlas-stay-suspended-1148724380.html |title=Jaya lone AIADMK attendee in House|work=oneindia|access-date=27 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aiadmk-mlas-suspended-for-rest-of-the-session/story-AfrdybCVAIcSdMlWrfsAdM.html |title=AIADMK MLAs suspended for rest of the session|work=hindustantimes|access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref>

====Srilankan Tamil Issue====
In August 2008, Jayalalithaa moved the Supreme Court to nullify the [[Katchatheevu]] agreements of 1974 and 1976. She had raised the retrieval of the islet in her maiden Independence Day address in August 1991. In 1991, Jayalalithaa led Tamil Nadu Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the retrieval of Katchatheevu. During the civil war and with northern borders under the control of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], the fishermen had easy access into the fishing grounds.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/jayalalitha-moves-court-to-retrieve-island-from-sri-lanka-28116-2008-08-07 |title=Jayalalitha moves court to retrieve island from Sri Lanka|work=indiatoday|access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa undertook a day-long fast in March 2009, a couple of months before the [[2009 Indian general election|Parliamentary elections]] demanding an immediate ceasefire. She accused then Chief Minister Karunanidhi led DMK government in the State and the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government at the Centre of “criminal neglect in failing to provide relief and succour to the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]”.<ref name="JJLanka" />

After she returned to power in May 2011, the Assembly had adopted several resolutions, seeking an international probe into the alleged war crimes and genocide in the final phase of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. She also demanded an [[Economic sanctions|economic embargo]] on srilanka. She expressed her opposition not only to the presence of Sri Lankan military personnel receiving training anywhere in India but also to that of srilankan sportspersons.<ref name="JJLanka" />

As for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees living in Tamil Nadu, She had changed her position. Originally, she justified the refugees taking shelter in the State “as long as the genocide continues” in the srilanka. But, after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991, she had branded the refugee camps as “breeding grounds” for LTTE militants. However, she turned sympathetic again to the refugees in 2011. She not only enhanced allowance for them but also announced a special scheme for building “durable houses" for rehabilitation.<ref name="JJLanka">{{cite news|date=8 December 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/On-Sri-Lanka-Jayalalithaa-took-a-strong-line/article16774662.ece |title=On Sri Lanka, Jayalalithaa took a strong line|work=thehindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Fourth term as Chief Minister, 2011 ===
After another period (2006–11) in the opposition, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]] in a [[Landslide victory|landslide]] and stromed back to power. She won in [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised "Amma"-branded goods such as (Amma canteens, Amma bottled water, Amma salt, Amma medical shops, Amma cement and Amma baby care kit).

In April 2011, the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance that won the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|14th state assembly elections]]. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the fourth time on 16 May 2011, having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece| title=Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister | newspaper=The Hindu| date=16 May 2011| access-date=16 May 2011| location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Clinton and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Javalaithaa Shake Hands.jpg|thumb|The then [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] met Jayalalithaa in July 2011]]

On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close aide [[V. K. Sasikala]] and 13 others from the AIADMK after she became aware that Sasikala and her family were working against her.Most of the party members welcomed her decision,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> The matter was resolved by 31 March when Sasikala was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Sasikala in her written apology mentioned that she had no ambitions either in the party or in the government and wanted to serve Jayalalithaa and added that she became aware of misdeeds done by her family members when Jayalalithaa was in power. Only after Sasikala promised to be not in touch with her family members, Jayalalithaa allowed Sasikala back to her house.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-natarajan-friend-shadow-sister-and-now-jayalalithaa-s-political-heir-54953 |title=Sasikala Natarajan: Friend, shadow, sister and now Jayalalithaa's political heir |work=The News Minute |date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

In this term, she announced the Pension Scheme for Destitute Transgender by which those above ages of 40 could get a monthly pension of Rs.1,000. Her government ensured members of the [[transgender]] community could enrol for education and job.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Transgenders-to-get-Rs-1000-monthly-pension/articleshow/15322613.cms |title=Transgenders to get Rs 1,000 monthly pension |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Beginning from 2011, every year her government gave free laptops to students who clear tenth and twelfth standard to impart digital education to rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |title=Free laptop Scheme Tamil Nadu |publisher=Startupindiascheme |date=14 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517173254/http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her government in 2011 decided to give four goats and a cow to each family below poverty line — mixer and grinders and fans for households, 3 sets of free uniforms, school, bags, notebooks, geometry boxes for all children in government schools, and cycles and laptops for Class 11 and 12 students.<ref>{{cite news|last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/explained/the-jayalalithaa-model-works-power-to-the-people-and-freebies-for-the-poor-2808796/lite/ |title=The Jayalalithaa model works: Power to the people and freebies for the poor |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In 2011 she launched the marriage assistance scheme wherein the female students received 4 gram gold free for use as [[Mangala sutra|Thirumangalyam]] for their marriage and cash assistance up to Rs.50,000 for undergraduate or diploma holding females.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revised-marriage-aid-scheme-launched/article2082606.ece |title=Revised marriage aid scheme launched |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> There were rampant power cut issues between 2006 and 2011 while AIADMK was in opposition wherein for 10 to 15 hours there was no supply of electricity. However, after she regained power, between 2011 and 2015, her state government corrected all the discrepancies of previous [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime such that the Central Electricity Authority in 2016 said the state is expected to have 11,649 million units of surplus power.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/there-is-no-magic-in-tamil-nadu-being-a-power-surplus-state-jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/53522226.cms|title=There is no magic in Tamil Nadu being a power surplus state, Jayalalithaa says |work=timesofindia |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became among the power surplus states while she was chief minister in this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=Tamil Nadu on verge of becoming power surplus state: CM Jayalalithaa |work=economictimes |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=TN govt seek PM’s help for evacuation of surplus wind power |work=indianexpress |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> In this term her government ensured the wrongfully usurped property by land grabbing during 2006 to 2011 in the previous DMK regime, had been retrieved and handed over to rightful owners between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-05-13/Jayalalithaas-achievements-over-the-last-few-years/227896 |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements over the last few years |work=Thehansindia.com |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari being received by the Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri K. Rosaiah and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport on December 21, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Then Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] being received by Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport in December 2012.]]
She announced in 2012, the Vision 2023 document which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development which included raising the per capita income of residents to $10,000 per annum, matching Human Development Index to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the State, making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India. This project had three components — Overall Vision Document, Compilation of Project Profile and Road Map. The work on this continued under her supervision until her death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece |title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She inaugurated 'Amma health insurance scheme' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-ministers-comprehensive-health-insurance-scheme-launched/article2793090.ece |title=Chief Minister's comprehensive health insurance scheme launched |work=The Hindu |date=2012-01-11}}</ref>

====Amma Branded Schemes====
In February 2013, Jayalalithaa Government inaugurated the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state-run]] [[Subsidy|Subsidised food programme]] called [[Amma Unavagam]] (Amma Canteen), which was later praised by economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] in his book ''An Uncertain Glory – India and its Contradictions'' and inspired by many [[State governments of India|states]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[Jean Drèze]]|first=[[Amartya Sen]]|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/An_Uncertain_Glory/ZiyW6YafTn4C?hl=en|title=An Uncertain Glory India and Its Contradictions|date=11 August 2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/government/in-lockdown-tamil-nadus-amma-canteens-rise-to-the-occasion |title=In Lockdown, Tamil Nadu's Amma Canteens Rise to the Occasion |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-laissez-faire/article5018479.ece |title=Amma canteens and Amartya Sen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pHvjY4PHykVOy7irb8H2cO/Tamil-Nadus-Amma-canteen-concept-catches-on-in-other-states.html |title=Tamil Nadu’s Amma canteen concept catches on in other states|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The Scheme was also lauded by [[Egypt]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/egypt-comes-calling-at-amma-canteen/article6070505.ece |title=Egypt comes calling at Amma Canteen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fame-of-amma-canteens-head-to-egypt-37507.html|title=Fame of Amma canteens head to Egypt |work=[[India TV]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref> which was followed by the plenty of populist schemes such as [[Amma Kudineer]] (bottled mineral water),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taste-amma-mineral-water-at-rs-10-in-chennai/article5101642.ece?ref=relatedNews |work=The Hindu|title=Taste Amma mineral water at Rs. 10 in Chennai| date=2013-09-07}}</ref> 'Amma' Salt,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-comes-amma-salt/article6102093.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Now comes 'Amma Salt'| date=2014-06-11}}</ref> 'Amma' Medical Shops,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-launches-amma-medical-shops/846640 |publisher=Outlook |title=Jaya Launches 'Amma' Medical Shops| date=2014-06-26}}</ref> and 'Amma' Cement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-govt-launches-amma-cement/article20951112.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Tamil Nadu govt launches 'Amma Cement'| access-date=2015-01-05}}</ref>

In 2015, She also launched 'Amma baby care kit' scheme where every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16 types of products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tn-cm-launches-amma-baby-care-kit-scheme-115090800485_1.html |publisher=Business standard|title=TN CM launches 'Amma baby care Kit' scheme| date=2015-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/the-many-things-amma-was-list-of-schemes-implemented-by-jayalalithaa/the-cradle-baby-scheme/slideshow/55831907.cms|publisher=Business standard|title=The many things Amma was: List of schemes implemented by Jayalalithaa| date=2016-12-06}}</ref>

====Verdicts on Tamil Nadu water rows====

Jayalalithaa had intiated a case in the Supreme Court to uphold the state's rights on [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]] In 2006. As a result, In May 2014, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] verdict allowed the Tamil Nadu State to increase the storage level in the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] from to 142 feet from 136 ft and striked down the unconstitutional law enacted by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2006 restricting the storage level to 136 ft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece|work=The Hindu|title=SC quashes Kerala dam law| access-date=2014-05-08}}</ref> This Supreme Court Verdict sustained the livelihood of the farmers and people in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu |work=deccanchronicle|title=Jayalalithaa dedicates historic victory to people of Tamil Nadu| date=2014-05-08}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Union Government notified the final award of [[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery Water Disputes]] Tribunal (CWDT) on the directions of the Supreme Court. Then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa termed it as a “tremendous achievement” of her government after 22 long years of legal battle, the State had got Due justice.<ref name="jjc" /> Then Jayalalithaa said that It was the happiest day of her life and the happiest day for the farmers in Tamil Nadu, she recalled her famous fast-unto-death at [[Marina beach]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece|work=The Hindu|title=CM's power play: the hits and misses| access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Jayalalithaa takes credit for Centre finally notifying Cauvery Tribunal's award in gazette| date=2013-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580|work=dnaindia|title=Jayalalithaa observes fast on Cauvery issue; flays Centre, TN govt| date=2007-03-18}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case, 2014 ===
[[File:Jayalalithaa Car.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's car [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]]]]
{{See also|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}

Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2014}} by the Special Court in Bengaluru. She was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by [[Janata Party]] President [[Subramanian Swamy]] (now a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) on 20 August 1996 on the basis of an Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close aide Sasikala, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2014}} each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets to the tune of {{INRConvert|66.65|c|year=1996}} (which includes {{Cvt|2000|acre}} of land, {{convert|30|kg}} of gold and 12,000 [[sari]]s) disproportionate to her known sources of income during 1991–96 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict was delivered by a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of Jayalalithaa and the other accused.

She was [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India|automatically disqualified]] from the post of chief minister and the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu, and thus became the first sitting Indian chief minister to be disqualified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092353/http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2014 |title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4-year Jail, Fined Rs 100 Cr|work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, succeeded her as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/o-panneerselvam-sworn-is-as-tamil-nadu-cm-20433.html | title=O Panneerselvam sworn-in as Tamil Nadu CM | date=29 September 2014}}</ref> On 17 October 2014, the Supreme Court granted her two months' bail and suspended her sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29655666|work=BBC|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> On 18 October 2014, Jayalalithaa returned to [[Chennai]] after spending 21 days in [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bangalore jail]]. Despite heavy rain that day, AIADMK cadres assembled outside her residence and welcomed her.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Jayalalithaa returns to Chennai after spending 21 days in Bangalore jail|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-aiadmk-bangalore-jail-chennai-airport-tamil-nadu-223704-2014-10-18|newspaper = IndiaToday|date = 18 October 2014|access-date= 18 October 2014}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, a special Bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]] set aside her conviction on appeal. That court acquitted her and the alleged associates—, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and Jayalalithaa's disowned foster son Sudhakaran.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Live: Jayalalithaa acquitted in DA case|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-jayalalithaa-disproportionate-assets-case-appeal-hearing/article7190579.ece?homepage=true|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

On 14 February 2017 (subsequent to her death) the [[Supreme Court of India]] over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years of imprisonment, as well as being fined 10 crores each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died and hence can't defend herself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Fifth term as Chief Minister, 2015 ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on August 07, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]]]
The acquittal allowed her once again to hold office and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn in<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-is-tamil-nadu-cm-again/article7238526.ece?homepage=true|title=Jayalalithaa is CM again|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2015}}</ref> as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fifth time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-cm-aiadmk-swearing-in-254318-2015-05-23|title=Jayalalithaa returns as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister for fifth term, AIADMK completes 4 years in power|date=23 May 2015|website=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref> She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88 per cent votes of the 74.4 per cent turnout, winning by a margin of over 150,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=LIVE: Jayalalithaa wins in RK Nagar with a margin of over 1.5 lakh votes, Congress takes Aruvikkara|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/results-of-aruvikkara-rk-nagar-bypolls-today/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2015|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, she introduced Amma Master Health checkup plan where in people could get various treatments done at a low fee in government hospitals and rolled out Amma Arogya plan wherein at primary health care centre in Tamil Nadu, certain tests can be done by public twice a week. This was done to help the sections of society who cannot afford the fares asked for by private hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-rolls-out-master-health-plan-for-the-poor/article7580914.ece |title=TN rolls out master health plan for the poor |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Later in February 2016 she started the free bus ride scheme for senior citizens above age of 60 wherein person could travel free of cost for 10 times a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Jayalalithaa-announces-free-bus-ride-scheme-for-senior-citizens/articleshow/51038681.cms |title=Jayalalithaa announces free bus ride scheme for senior citizens |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her government initiated Global Investors Summit in 2015 which saw over Rs 2.43 lakh crore worth of investments being committed to the state. Jayalalithaa's term, all of them together, saw some big-ticket investments in the state and over $20 billion FDI.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu |work=The Business Standard |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The department of industrial policy and promotion data disclosed that Tamil Nadu saw foreign direct investment inflows of $7.3 billion from April 2000 to March 2011; however, this went up to $13.94 billion from April 2011 to December 2015, under her government, which at as per conversion rate {{as of|2016|lc=y}} equals Rs 83,766 crore. Between April 2015 and December 2015, the State attracted $4.3 billion in FDI.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/ | title=Jaya Propelled States Business Prospects | Latest Information on Breaking News & Updates on Chennai at News Today| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725112337/https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/| archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2015, [[Pakistan]]i news channels [[Samaa TV]] and [[Geo News]] aired a news and applauded Jayalalithaa for her government's scheme which was introduced in 2013, of supplying free rice to [[mosque]]s during [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramzan]] and suggested the scheme should be implemented in Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-offers-free-rice-to-mosques-during-ramzan/articleshow/20935527.cms |title=Jayalalithaa offers free rice to mosques during Ramzan |work=timesofindia |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pakistani-tv-channel-lauds-jayalalithaas-free-rice-scheme-mosques-during-ramzan-636372 |title=Pakistani TV Channel Lauds Jayalalithaa's Free Rice Scheme for Mosques During Ramzan |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayas-rice-scheme-for-mosques-lauded-by-pakistan-tv-channel-aiadmk/articleshow/47724153.cms?from=mdr |title=Jaya's rice scheme for mosques lauded by Pakistan TV channel: AIADMK |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://jayanewslive.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu_37876.html |title=உலக இஸ்லாமியர்களை நெகிழச் செய்த முதலமைச்சர் ஜெயலலிதாவின் ரமலான் நோன்பு கஞ்சிக்கான அரிசி திட்டம் - தமிழகத்தை பின்பற்றி பாகிஸ்தானிலும் செயல்படுத்த வேண்டும் என அந்நாட்டு பிரதான தொலைக்காட்சிகள் செய்தி வெளியீடு|work=Jaya Plus |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Sixth consecutive term as Chief Minister, 2016 ===
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa and the Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing %26 Urban Poverty Alleviation and Information %26 Broadcasting, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa with [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in foundation stone laying ceremony]]
In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R. in 1984 to be voted back into power. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest.

BJP President [[Amit Shah]] accused the Jayalalithaa government of being the “most corrupt” in the country and asked the people to oust it in the May 16 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2016-04-13|title=Jayalalithaa government ‘most corrupt’: Amit Shah|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/jayalalithaa-government-most-corrupt-amit-shah/article8471784.ece|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On that Election,
Jayalalithaa's Campaign Slogan was “I'm of the people, and I'm for the people.” ({{lang|ta|Makkalal naan; Makkalukkaga naan}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnival-atmosphere-reigns-at-cms-rally/article8456679.ece|title=Carnival atmosphere reigns at CM’s rally|date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/unforgettable-makkalal-naan-makkalukkaga-naan-270530.html|title="மக்களால் நான்.. மக்களுக்காக நான்"... இனி இக்குரலை எப்போதும் கேட்க முடியாது.. பிளாஷ்பேக் 2016!|language=tamil|work=Oneindia Tamil|date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was again elected as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in the May 2016 elections. She retained the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] constituency with a margin of 39,545 votes over her DMK rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-counting-of-votes-begin/259300/|title=Tamil Nadu elections 2016: Jayalalithaa's AIADMK scripts 'history', DMK rues big loss; 5.55 lakh opt for NOTA|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She became the first leader in Tamil Nadu to serve consecutive terms as Chief Minister since the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roychowdhury|first1=Adrija|title=After MGR, Jayalalithaa the first to retain power in Tamil Nadu|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/jayalalitha-aiadmk-mrg-2808669/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In her victory speech, she commented, "Even when 10 parties allied themselves against me, I did not have a coalition and I placed my faith in God and built an alliance with the people. It is clear that the people have faith in me and I have total faith in the people."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/I-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-Jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-Tamil-Nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms|title=I built an alliance with the people: Jayalalithaa on her victory in the Tamil Nadu elections|last=Balasubramanian|first=Shyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

Her government within 100 days of resuming power in May 2016, wrote off the outstanding crop loans given by cooperative banks to over 16.94 lakh farmers, gave free power to households to extent of first 100 units and gave free power to handloom weavers to extent of 200 units, gave 750 units of power to power loom weavers, implemented closure of 500 liquor shops and reduction of working hours of liquor outlets emergence of power surplus states. The establishment of first 1,000 MW nuclear power plant at Kudankulam is also regarded as one of her achievements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-in-office-116083100288_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office|date=31 August 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> She increased the freedom fighters monthly pension to Rs 12,000, family pension and increased special pension to Rs 6,000.<ref>{{cite news|agency=IANS |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-office.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office |work=The Week |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> On 21 September 2016 she inaugurated two [[Chennai Metro]] rail lines by way of video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa inaugurates 2nd elevated corridor of Chennai Metro |work=India Live Today |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155328/http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was her last public appearance before being admitted to hospital on 22 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/a-timeline-of-events-since-jayalalithaa-was-hospitalised/amma-was-admitted-on-sept-22/slideshow/55807418.cms|title= Jayalalithaa – Economic Times|website=Economic Times|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Personality cult ===
Followers of Jayalalithaa often worshiped her as a divine being. She stimulated a cult following, and adoring supporters often termed her "[[Adi Parashakti]]" (the eternal mighty goddess).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|title=Jayalalitha: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics|last=Tilak|first=Sudha G.|date=5 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> Several experts say that over the years the cult called 'Amma' has been carefully crafted. Others claim that the emotional outburst is just a spontaneous display of loyalist support. C Lakshmanan of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Development Institute studies]], who has studied personality cult in the politics of Tamil Nadu, said posters were installed around the state portraying Jayalalithaa as a goddess back then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cult-personality-or-cultivated-loyalty-what-explains-outpouring-of-grief-for-the-jailed-jayalalithaa/articleshow/44785277.cms|title=Cult personality or cultivated loyalty: What explains outpouring of grief for the jailed Jayalalithaa?|last=Shanker|first=V. Prem|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> She was worshiped by the party cadre as "Amma" (Mother). She made sure the respect and loyalty of the functionaries of the party was there for everyone to see. The entire Cabinet would fall in line and bow in front of the helicopter in which it was flying. Members of the party, at all levels never found it difficult to prostrate before her in full view of the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many of her worshipping followers are known to profess their loyalty through acts such as walking on hot coals or drawing her portrait with their blood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2009-03-30|title=Profile: Jayaram Jayalalitha|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> S Kirubakaran who is a Journalist-turned-advocate, wrote a book on Jayalalitha titled, 'Ammavin Kathai,' said that when M.G.R. was a Chief Minister, he carefully chose MLAs and Ministers for the first time after going through their knowledge and experience. But Jayalalithaa had begun to assign those who praised her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/3-years-after-jayas-death-aiadmk-seems-out-of-servitude-and-subjugation/|title=3 years after Jaya's death, AIADMK seems out of servitude, subjugation|last=Chandrajit Mitra|date=5 December 2019|website=The Federal|language=en-US|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Even after her death, the AIADMK leaders continued to prostrate themselves before her [[MGR Memorial|burial ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/for-all-her-political-success-it-s-time-to-admit-jayalalithaa-was-no-amma/story-Mq9FelI5zqxD8z4WljrtbO.html|title=For all her political success, it's time to admit Jayalalithaa was no Amma|date=17 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/opinion-post-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-politics-amma-legacy|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Tainted' Legacy and Where AIADMK Goes From Here|last=Sudhir|first=T. S.|date=4 December 2017|website=TheQuint|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== 1999 Attempted murder case ===
A case of murder attempt were registered against Jayalalithaa, her close associate Sasikala, and Sasikala's nephew V Mahadivan has been recorded by the Chennai police on following a complaint by former Jayalalithaa's auditor, Rajasekaran, who alleged that he was summoned to the Poes Garden bungalow and violently assaulted by Jayalalithaa, Sasikala and Mahadevan with a stick and high-heeled shoes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|title=Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> Rajasekaran also stated that he had been forced by Jayalalithaa and Sasikala to sign two letters and a promissory note in respect of ₹50 lakhs. Jayalalithaa, however, denied the charges in a statement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=16 March 1999|title=In the Hands Of India Star, A Spike Heel Could Hurt|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/16/world/in-the-hands-of-india-star-a-spike-heel-could-hurt.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: TN defies Centre in assault case against Jaya|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/20aiadmk.htm|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Corruption cases ==
=== 1996 colour TV case ===
{{Main|Colour TV case}}
In the [[Colour TV case|colour TV corruption case]] involving the purchase of TV sets to villagers, Jayalalithaa was charged and arrested. The TV sets were provided in the framework of a government education and entertainment plan for the village population. Officials said the TVs were purchased at inflated prices and claimed that some of the money paid for TV stations was returned as kickbacks to government officials.<ref>{{Cite news|last=BSCAL|date=15 May 1998|title=Jaya Charged In Rs 10crore Colour Tv Scam|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/jaya-charged-in-rs-10crore-colour-tv-scam-198051501011_1.html|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Later, she was acquitted as the accusation against them were not proven beyond doubt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha acquitted in colour TV scam|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|publisher=The Indian Express|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=9 February 2021|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217192259/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|archive-date=17 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Detained in 1996, the media reported that 21.28 kg of [[Gold jewellery|gold jewels]] worth Rs 3.5 crore, 10,500 [[sari]]s, 91 [[Luxury watch|designer watches]], 750 pairs of shoes, 1,250 kg of silver objects worth 3.12 crores, diamonds worth 2 crores, a silver sword and 19 vehicles were among the priceless treasures found at her house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shivashankar|first=BV|title=J Jayalalithaa: Jayalalithaa's 10,500 saris, 750 slippers, 500 wine glasses in court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/J-Jayalalithaas-seized-wealth-is-under-24-hour-vigil-in-Karnatakas-courts/articleshow/55886301.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 1995 Foster son and luxury wedding corruption ===
In 1995, Jayalalithaa's assistant Sasikala's nephew Sudhakaran was engaged to the youngest daughter of Sivaji Ganesan. Jayalalithaa was a chief minister of state by this time. Jaya declared that Sudhakaran would be adopted as her foster son and said that she would be performing his marriage as his mother.<ref name="tnmfoster">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-jayalalithaas-favoured-foster-son-sudhakaran-now-refused-entry-apollo-50968|title=Once Jayalalithaa's favoured foster son, Sudhakaran now refused entry into Apollo|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The wedding occupied a 2-km long lighted baraat pathway, ten dining halls each accommodating 25,000 people, and a 75,000 square foot pandal. Tons of plywood, plaster of paris and paint were used to erect cut-outs of Jayalalitha, arches, several hundred papier-mache statues, elaborate facades of palaces and gateways. The VIP invitations included a silver plate enclosed in a container, a silk saree and a silk dhoti, each worth ₹20,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19950930-jayalalithas-foster-son-married-off-amid-extravagance-and-controversy-808220-1995-09-30|title=Jayalalitha's foster son married off amid extravagance and controversy|last=SHEKHAR|first=G. C.|date=30 September 1995|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The marriage hosted more than 1,000 VIPs. More than 40,000 guests were granted accommodation in the hotel. A legion of elephants and chefs brought in from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-lied-she-spent-3-crores-on-foster-sons-wedding-says-court-674500|title=Jayalalithaa Lied, She Spent 3 Crores on Foster Son's Wedding, Says Court|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The incident, hailed as "the mother of all marriages". People's anger mounted against her as the crores were lavished at the wedding, and Jayalalithaa and Sasikala became symbols of corruption. She was accused of using government money to celebrate the grand marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38441705|title=Sasikala: The 'new mother' of Tamil Nadu politics|date=29 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> The marriage may have triggered the AIADMK to lose all 39 Lok Sabha seats in the [[1996 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Disowned-foster-son-joins-Jaya-in-prison/articleshow/43760402.cms|title=Disowned foster son joins Jaya in prison {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India|last=TNN|date=29 September 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She was later sentenced for 4 years in jail in 2014 for corruption related to the marriage and the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|Disproportionate assets case]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-sentenced-to-4-years-in-jail-clashes-in-tamil-nadu/story-oVofwzwZZrOVwJNaA97xRP.html|title=Jayalalithaa sentenced to 4 years in jail; clashes in Tamil Nadu|date=27 September 2014|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa owns a [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for conducting the luxury wedding. The record shows that over 1,5000 guests have been invited. The Income-Tax Dept estimated the cost of the wedding at ₹10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-j-jayalalithaa/guinness-book-of-world-records-for-sons-wedding/slideshow/55815874.cms|title=5 facts you didn't know about J Jayalalithaa – Unknown facts about Amma|website=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa later disowned Sudhakaran as her foster son.<ref name="tnmfoster" />

=== 1998 TANSI land deal case ===
{{Main|TANSI land acquisition case}}
The TANSI land deal case refers to the purchase of land by Jaya Publications, which included Jayalalithaa and her friend Sasikala, from the State Small Industry Company, Tansi, [[Guindy]]. Justice P Anbhazhagan delivered the judgment, and said that the evidence stated in the prosecution sheet, and that the sale deed of the prime land in Guindy had been carried out on 29 May 1992, in the unequivocal aim of cheating against the government. The Supreme Court disqualified her in September 2001, resulting in her stepping down and which made [[O Panneerselvam|O. Panneerselvam]] as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. The Madras High Court acquitted her and other 5 accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=23-year-old TANSI case has finally ended for Jayalalithaa: A look back|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/23-year-old-tansi-case-has-finally-ended-jayalalithaa-look-back-21350|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Subramani|first1=A.|last2=2015|title=23 years on, HC brings curtains down on TANSI case against Jaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/23-years-on-HC-brings-curtains-down-on-TANSI-case-against-Jaya/articleshow/46472629.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case ===
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}Jayalalithaa was initially convicted of misusing her office during her tenure in 1991–1996. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was the main petitioner. Some of the accusations concerned expenditure on her foster son's luxurious marriage in 1996 and acquiring properties worth more than 66.65 crore, as well as jewelry, bank deposits, investment and a convoy of luxury vehicles. The trial lasted for 18 years. Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]], in a detailed judgement, showed that the entire asset belonged to the accused and no one else.<ref name="FL">{{cite web |title=From trial court verdict by John Michael D'Cunha |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/from-trial-court-verdict-by-john-michael-dcunha/article7247470.ece |website=Frontline |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> On 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was absolved of all charges by the [[High Court of Karnataka]]. On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India overruled the High Court of Karnataka. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years in prison, as well as to a fine of ₹10 crore each.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaas-court-appearance-over-heads-back-to-chennai-565662|title=Jayalalithaa's court appearance over, heads back to Chennai|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala news: Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=14 February 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000 Pleasant Stay hotel case ===
{{Main|Pleasant Stay hotel case}}{{See also|2000 Dharmapuri bus burning}}
Pleasant Stay hotel case is the construction of the seven-story hotel "Pleasant stay" in Kodaikanal, which was in breach of the rules for the construction of the seven-story building in a blue ville in the tourist resort town in Kodaikanal. Jayalalithaa, Selvaganapathy and Pandey granted a permission to create a seven-story structure at the hotel. The case was related to Jayalalithaa's supposed clearance by violating government rules to the development of a hotel in [[ecological]]ly significant [[Kodaikanal]]. Jayalalithaa was sentenced in February 2000 to one year's strict imprisonment, with the penalty fined Rs.1000 for conspiracy and criminal misconduct as a public employee. After the court's decision, AIADMK cadres started to riot and arson which burned alive three female students in the [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning|Dharmapuri bus burning]] and many were killed and injured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Our Special|date=3 February 2000|title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/hotel-case-verdict-aiadmk-volunteers-go-berserk/article27999900.ece|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Madras high court later acquitted her on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayalalithaa's blast from the past – convictions and imprisonments|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-blast-past-%E2%80%93-convictions-and-imprisonments-22478|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

== Illness, death and reactions ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee paying tributes to the mortal remains of Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai on December 06, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The then [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] paying tribute to Jayalalithaa in [[Rajaji Hall]]]]
On 22 September 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai, as she was suffering from an infection and acute [[dehydration]]. Her official duties were handed over to her aide [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 12 October 2016, though she continued to remain as the chief minister of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/o-panneerselvam-to-hold-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaas-portfolios/articleshow/54799672.cms|title=Panneerselvam to hold CM's portfolios|date=12 October 2016|publisher=Economic time|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> She was also said to be suffering from a severe pulmonary infection and [[septicaemia]], which were cured. On 4 December 2016, she was re-admitted to the intensive care unit after suffering a cardiac arrest around 16:45.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38167021 |title=India's Jayaram Jayalalitha still 'critical' after heart attack |newspaper=BBC |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The hospital released a press statement stating that her condition was "very critical" and that she was on life support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayalalithaas-health-status-live-cm-in-grave-situation-says-apollo-hospitals-md-3139806.html |title=CM in grave situation, says Apollo Hospitals MD |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> On 5 December 2016, the hospital announced her death and she became the first female chief minister to die in office in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-body|title=Jayalalitha passes away|newspaper=Indian Express|date=5 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Government of India]] declared a one-day [[National day of mourning|national mourning]] with the national flag in all government buildings flying at half-mast.<ref name="jjuabh">{{cite news|last1=Ankita|first1=Bhandari|title=Central govt announces one-day mourning after Jayalalithaa's death|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/central-govt-announces-one-day-mourning-after-jayalalithaas-death_1956239.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="jjuk">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa no more: Centre declares one-day mourning as mark of respect|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/jayalalithaa-no-more-centre-declares-one-day-mourning-as-mark-of-respect/|access-date=23 August 2017|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> While a seven-day mourning from 6 to 12 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="natmotn">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Centre declares one-day national mourning for Amma, Tricolour to fly at half mast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-dead-centre-declares-one-day-national-mourning-for-amma-4412903/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> also three day state mourning from 6 to 8 December 2016 were observed by [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="jker">{{cite news|title=Three-day official mourning declared in Kerala after Jayalalithaa's demise|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/06/three-day-official-mourning-declared-in-kerala-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1546234.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref> and the [[Government of Puducherry]].<ref name="jjpy">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Pondicherry announces 3-day state mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-pondicherry-announces-3-day-state-mourning-4413260/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2016|location=[[Pondicherry|Puducherry]]}}</ref> [[File:Amma memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's Memorial at [[Marina Beach]]]] One day state mourning on 6 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Karnataka]],<ref name="jjka">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Karnataka declares a day of mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-karnataka-declares-a-day-of-mourning-4413070/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref>[[Government of Bihar]],<ref name="jjbih">{{cite news|title=All of Bihar is mourning Jayalalithaa's demise: Nitish Kumar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-bihar-jayalalithaa-death-4413207/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Patna]]}}</ref>[[Government of West Bengal]],<ref name="jjwb">{{cite news|title=West Bengal declares state mourning on Jayalalithaa's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-declares-state-mourning-on-Jayalalithaas-death/articleshow/55842062.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]],<ref name="jjpunj">{{cite news|title=One day's state mourning in Punjab on Jayalalithaa's|url=http://www.uniindia.com/one-day-s-state-mourning-in-punjab-on-jayalalithaa-s/states/news/709156.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[United News of India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>[[Government of Uttarakhand]]<ref name="jjuk" /> and [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="jjgoa">{{cite news|title=Goa govt mourns death of Jayalalithaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/state-govt-mourns-death-of-jayalalithaa/articleshow/55846817.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 December 2016|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref> [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], Union Ministers, Several State Chief Ministers, Political leaders and Film fraternity Condoled her demise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa remembered as dynamic, popular leader|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jayalalithaa-remembered-as-dynamic-popular-leader-116120600378_1.html|work=business-standard|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tweeple-send-social-media-into-a-tizzy/article9413138.ece|title=Tweeple send social media into a tizzy|work=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her body was kept [[in state]] at her residence Veda Nilayam in Poes Garden and later at [[Rajaji Hall]] for public to pay their tribute. Her last rites were performed on the evening of 6 December 2016 and she was [[Burial|buried]] at the northern end of the [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai in a sandalwood casket engraved with "Puratchi Thalaivi Selvi J Jayalalithaa", near the grave of her mentor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] at the [[MGR Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-chennai-to-pay-homage-to-jayalalithaa-10-points-1634456?pfrom=home-lateststories|title=Jayalalithaa To Be Buried In Sandalwood Casket Next To Mentor M.G.R.|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-laid-to-rest/articleshow/55837086.cms |title=Jayalalitha last rites: Amma's Death: Jayalalithaa buried with full state honours |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements were discussed by Manmohan, Pranab |access-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122191824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |archive-date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>

The US and several other countries sent condolences. [[United States|American]] Ambassador [[Richard Verma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/statement-by-ambassador-richard-r-verma/|title=Statement by Ambassador Richard R. Verma on the Death of the Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa|website=usembassy.gov|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[France|French]] Ambassador [[Alexandre Ziegler]], [[Canada|Canadian]] High Commissioner to India Nadir Patel, [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] [[Maithripala Sirisena]], [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Prime Minister]] [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Former Sri Lankan president [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], [[Singapore]] Foreign Affairs Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]] and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] Party Mourned her death. Then [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Najib Razak]] also sent his condolences.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Mohd Najib Tun Razak |user=NajibRazak|number=806105922816733184 |title=My condolences to the people of India on the passing of the late J. Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.|language=english |url=https://twitter.com/najibrazak/status/806105922816733184 |date=6 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wwj">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sri-lanka-prez-leaders-from-singapore-malaysia-condole-jayalalithaas-death/article9413414.ece|title=Sri Lanka Prez, leaders from Singapore, Malaysia condole Jayalalithaa’s death|website=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-demise-condolences-pour-in-from-countries-4414044/|title=Jayalalithaa demise: Condolences pour in from countries|website=indianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/condolences-pour-in-from-sri-lanka-to-us-on-ammas-demise-1546296.html|title=Condolences pour in from Sri Lanka to US on Amma's demise|website=newindianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[C. Sreenivaasan]] of AIADMK courted controversy by saying that V. K. Sasikala's family was responsible for Jayalalithaa's death. Sreenivasan said that he had to lie about the late chief minister's death because of pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-maa-death-sreenivasan-dhinakaran-apollo-hospital-1050830-2017-09-23|title=How did J Jayalalithaa die? A year later, AIADMK leader says was forced to lie about Amma's death|website=India Today}}</ref>

On 12 September 2017, Late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] at the AIADMK general council .<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Death Probe by Justice Arumugaswamy commission===
Among the Public, Jayalalithaa's 75-day hospitalisation and her demise, remained unclear and shrouded in secrecy. DMK and other opposition parties sought a probe into her death. The one-man Commission by retired Justice A Arumughaswamy was announced in August 2017 by then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] to investigate the death of J Jayalalithaa. On 23 July 2021,the last time extension granted for the commission to submit its report is being extended by the state government, This is the 11th extension since its formation. the Commission probed with hundreds of people including expert doctors, medical staff, ministers and then state health secretary of Tamil Nadu. London-based doctor Dr. Richard Beale was also summoned in front of the Commission in 2019 since he was closely involved with the selection of treatment provided to then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/07/23233646/11th-Extension-Tamil-Nadu-Government-orders-Arumugasami.vpf|title=11-வது முறையாக நீட்டிப்பு: ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையத்துக்கு மேலும் 6 மாதம் கால அவகாசம் தமிழக அரசு உத்தரவு|website=dailythanthi|date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-death-probe-arumughaswamy-commission-gets-eighth-extension-127315|title=Jayalalithaa death probe: Arumughaswamy Commission gets eighth extension|website=thenewsminute|date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/over-year-after-jaya-s-death-mystery-deepens-gaps-narrative-emerge-84278|title=Over a year after Jaya’s death, mystery deepens as gaps in narrative emerge|website=thenewsminute|date=6 July 2018}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India stayed the functions of the commission based on the plea of the hospital in April 2019.<ref name="jjprobe">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-death-probe-apollo-hospital-tells-sc-that-it-will-not-appear-before-arumughaswamy-commission-1489808|title=Jayalalithaa Death Probe: Apollo Hospital Tells SC That It Will Not Appear Before Arumughaswamy Commission|website=abplive|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>

On 27 July 2021, The Newly Elected [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] led Tamil Nadu Government sought permission from the Supreme Court to restart the inquiry into her death, as the inquiry into the mystery surrounding Jayalalithaa's death was one of the poll promises made by DMK in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 State Assembly Election]].<ref name="jjprobe" />

==In popular culture==
In [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), the character of Kalpana portrayed by [[Aishwarya Rai]], was inspired by Jayalalithaa and her professional and personal relationship with [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/07/how-mani-ratnams-iruvar-put-the-spotlight-on-jaya-1546363.html|title=How Mani Ratnam's Iruvar put the spotlight on Jaya|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/071216/throwback-when-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-played-jayalalithaa-on-the-big-screen.html|title=Throwback: When Aishwarya played Jayalalithaa on the big-screen|date=7 December 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/12/06/aishwarya-rai-played-jayalalithaa-iruvar-mani-ratnam-mgr-mohanlal-karunanidhi-tamil-film-prakash-raj|title=Aishwarya Rai as Jayalalithaa: When the Big Screen Proved Small|website=The Quint|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[Faisal Saif]] completed work on major portions of a film titled ''[[Amma (2018 film)|Amma]]'' between 2014 and 2016, but was forced to shelve it following threats from members of Jayalalithaa's political party. The makers denied that the film was a biopic, but stated that actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] portrayed a role resembling the politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-reel-and-real-life-inspires-amma-208217-2014-10-01|title=Jayalalithaa's reel and real life inspires Amma|first1=Aravind Gowda|last1=October 1|first2=2014UPDATED|last2=October 1|first3=2014 12:31|last3=Ist|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260618/political-biopics-face-threats-cuts.html|title=Why Jayalalithaa biopic was shelved, ones on Indira Gandhi, Shastri remain uncertain|first=Uma|last=Ramasubramanian|date=26 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Since Jayalalithaa's death, several filmmakers have announced biopics on the politician, with six currently in production. In January 2017, Telugu filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] registered the title ''Amma'' and began preparing for a biopic on the politician. The film was being planned with [[Anushka Shetty]] in the lead role, but Rao's death in May 2017 effectively ended the project, despite indications that [[Mohan Babu]] may revive it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amma-jayalalithaa-biopic-dasari-narayana-rao-ramya-krishnan-952959-2017-01-03|title=Jayalalithaa's life on film: Dasari Narayana Rao to direct biopic?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dasari-had-planned-jayalalithaa-biopic-with-anushka-shetty/story-AfNc34kCGEnFkzSwSDC2eN.html|title=Dasari Narayana Rao had planned Jayalalithaa biopic with Anushka Shetty|date=31 May 2017|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> Producer Adithya Bharadwaj announced that his team were over a year into pre-production work for a proposed biopic of Jayalalithaa, during December 2017. Titled ''Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'', he revealed that it would predominantly be a fictionalised retelling of her story with some real life footage also included. Bharadwaj suggested that he had briefly touched upon the possibility of a biopic with Jayalalithaa when she was alive, but the script had to be reworked following her death. Despite his suggestions that the film would begin production in January 2018, the project did not take off.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa/articleshow/62253802.cms|title=A biopic on J Jayalalithaa |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/863002/jayalalithaa-biopic-in-the-works-titled-thaai-puratchi-thalaivi|title=Jayalalithaa biopic in the works, titled 'Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Soon after news emerged about Vijay's and Priyadarshini's biopics in August 2018, Adithya reconfirmed that [[Bharathiraja]] had been signed to be the director of the film. He added that the team were considering either Aishwarya Rai or Anushka Shetty for the role of Jayalalithaa, and either [[Kamal Haasan]] or [[Mohanlal]] for the role of M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bharathirajaa-to-direct-a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa-1318856-2018-08-20|title=Three Jayalalithaa biopics in a week: Bharathirajaa wants Aishwarya as Amma?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

In August 2018, producer Vishnu Vardhan Induri of Vibri Media announced that he was working on a biopic of Jayalalithaa, and that [[A. L. Vijay]] would direct the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-biopic-announced-with-al-vijay-as-director-details-here-1315657-2018-08-16|title=Jayalalithaa biopic announced with AL Vijay as director. Details here|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> The team announced that pre-production work and research was ongoing and that the film would focus on the personal life of the politician, showing her vulnerable side. Actresses including [[Nayanthara]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were initially approached by Vijay to star in the lead role, while [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the supporting role of [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Titled ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), the film began its shoot after a long pre-production phase in November 2019 with [[Kangana Ranaut]] signed to play the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/sai-pallavi-may-play-sasikala-in-al-vijays-jayalalithaa-biopic/|title=Sai Pallavi May Play Sasikala In AL Vijay's Jayalalithaa Biopic|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 28|last3=2018|date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anushka-shetty-aishwarya-rai-vidya-balan-in-talks-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-upcoming-biopic-all-you-need-to-know-5046851.html|title=Anushka Shetty, Aishwarya Rai, Vidya Balan in talks to play Jayalalithaa in upcoming biopic: All you need to know- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=26 August 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="vijay">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/one-more-biopic-planned-on-former-cm-jayalalithaa/article24710436.ece|title=One more biopic planned on former CM Jayalalithaa|first=Udhav|last=Naig|date=17 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The Movie ''{{lang|ta|Thalaivii}}'' was released on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-thalaivi-sort-issues-film-to-release-as-scheduled/articleshow/85890663.cms|title=Makers of 'Thalaivi' sort issues; film to release as scheduled|date=3 September 2021|website=timesofindia}}</ref> Within a day of Induri's announcement of making a film, director Priyadarshini announced that she had also been working for four months on the pre-production of a biopic, which would be launched in September 2018. Priyadarshini suggested that she had four scripts ready, with each focusing on different aspects of Jayalalithaa's life, and that the narration would be balanced by showing both her positive and negative sides.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/another-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-announced-1316129-2018-08-16|title=Another biopic on Jayalalithaa announced!|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name="vijay"/> Titled ''The Iron Lady'', [[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the lead role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a supporting role for the character of Sasikala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nithya-menen-on-her-signing-spree-working-with-mysskin-in-psycho-and-playing-jayalalitha-in-priyadarshinis-biopic-5570381.html|title=Nithya Menen on her signing spree, working with Mysskin in Psycho and playing Jayalalitha in Priyadarshini's biopic- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=18 November 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/the-iron-lady-nithya-menen-as-jayalalithaa-varalakshmi-to-play-sasikala-news-tamil-sjwkTsdjjgajj.html|title=The Iron Lady: Nithya Menen as Jayalalithaa, Varalakshmi to play Sasikala?|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/the-iron-lady-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-to-go-on-floors-february-2019/|title='The Iron Lady' Biopic On Jayalalithaa To Go On Floors February 2019|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=October 31|last3=2018|date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

On 14 December 2019, Another biopic named [[Queen (web series)|Queen]] has been released as a web-series by [[Gautham Menon]] became the fourth such announcement of a related project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196|title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa|date=30 August 2018|website=mid-day}}</ref> Production on the series progressed quietly throughout late 2018, with [[Ramya Krishnan]] selected to play Jayalalithaa, and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] and [[Vamsi Krishna]] portraying M. G. Ramchandran and [[Sobhan Babu]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic!|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/|title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 22|last3=2018|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Sasikala's nephew Jeyanandh Dhivakaran announced a further biopic on Jayalalithaa, which would focus more on her relationship with Sasikala and M. Natarajan. Director [[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]] was signed on to the project, and began pre-production work by meeting close aides and politicians of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/lingusamy-to-direct-jayalalitha-biopic/|title=Lingusamy To Direct Jayalalithaa Biopic|last1=V|first2=hana On|last2=October 24|last3=2018|date=24 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2019, director Jegadeswara Reddy announced that he was set to make a film titled ''[[Sasilalithaa]]'', which would showcase the relationship between Jayalalithaa and Sasikala. A first look poster was launched, with Reddy announcing that he would enter talks with [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sasilalitha-another-biopic-on-former-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-announced-1496905-2019-04-08 | title=Sasilalitha: Another biopic on former Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa announced |date=8 April 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa also appeared in an episode of ''[[Rendezvous with Simi Garewal]]'', an informal [[chat-show]] hosted by Indian actress [[Simi Garewal]], where she talked about her personal life and acting/political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228014446/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk| archive-date=2019-12-28|publisher=Simi Garewal |date=Feb 11, 2017}}</ref>

== Elections contested and positions held ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative elections ===
{|
|- style="background:#adc;"
! width="160" |Elections
! width="100" |Constituency
! width="70" |Party
! width="70" |Result
! width="70" |Vote percentage
! width="150" |Opposition Candidate
! width="70" |Opposition Party
! width="70" |Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||54.41||Muthu Manoharan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.27
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| rowspan = "2" bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||65.18||[[T. Rajendar]]||[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]||29.34
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaangayam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||63.44||[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||32.85
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Lost||43.54||[[E. G. Sugavanam]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||50.71
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.22||Vaigai Sekar||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.64
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.04||Seeman||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||36.29
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarangam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.99||N. Anand||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||35.55
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2015 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2015 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||88.43||C. Mahendran||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]||5.35
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.87||Shimla Muthuchozhan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||33.14
|}

===Posts in Parliament of India===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1984 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1984]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] || 3 April 1984 || 28 January 1989
|}

===Posts in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 9 February 1989 || 30 November 1989
|-
| 1989 || Bodinayakkanur || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 1 December 1989 || 30 January 1991
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 24 June 1991 || 12 May 1996
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || Not Contested || Chief Minister || 14 May 2001 || 21 September 2001
|-
| [[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002]] || [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]] || Chief Minister || 2 March 2002 || 12 May 2006
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || Aandippatti || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 19 May 2006 || 28 May 2006
|-
| 2006 || Aandippatti || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 29 May 2006 || 14 May 2011
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvarangam]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 16 May 2011 || 27 September 2014
|-
| 2015 || [[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] || Chief Minister || 23 May 2015 || 22 May 2016
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar || Chief Minister || 23 May 2016 || 5 December 2016
|}

== Awards and honors ==
* In 1972, J. Jayalalithaa was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="degrees"/>
* [[Honorary doctorate]] received from [[University of Madras]] in 1991.<ref name="degrees">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911085023/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2009 |title=Awards and Special Degrees |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=37&ID=6852&AlbumType=PG| title=Awards| publisher=NDTV|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] in 1992.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 1993.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, She was invited by the [[House of Lords]], [[London]] to receive the "Woman Politician of the Decade Award" from the Asian Guild Awards.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, The "Golden Star of Honor and Dignity Award" was conferred upon her by the [[Ukraine]]-based International Human Rights Defense Committee recognizing her services in protecting the weaker section of society and in the field of gender equality in Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name="degrees"/> Then [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]], [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Iceland Prime Minister]] [[Davíð Oddsson|David oddson]] were the only three previous recipients of the award<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jayalalithaa-to-be-awarded-soon/articleshow/878290.cms?from=mdr |title=Jayalalithaa to be awarded soon|date=8 October 2004|work=Economic Times}}</ref>
* In 2005, Honoured with '[[Paul Harris (Rotary)|Paul Harris]] Fellow Recognition' & 'Lifetime achievement Award' by [[Rotary International]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4399075 |title=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa, receiving the 'Paul Harris Fellow recognition' and the 'Lifetime Achievement award' from the Rotary International District 3230 Governor, Benjamin Cherian (ext left), at a function in Chennai on February 23, 2005.|date=23 February 2005|work=thehindu}}</ref><ref name="jjgov" />
* In 2011, a resolution was passed by the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] to appreciate her exemplary excellence and dedication as a leader and in service to the people of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Fisheries University'' after her as [[Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University]].
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu named three Kalaimamani award after her as Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award.
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University'' after her as [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University]].
* In 2020, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education Campus after her as Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa statue to be installed at State Council for Higher Education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayalalithaa-statue-to-be-installed-at-state-council-for-higher-education/article31157434.ece |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* On 31 July 2020, ''CMBT Metro Station'' in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[CMBT metro station|Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa CMBT Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honor her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Works==
Jayalalithaa wrote 4 full-fledged Novels, Columns for Bommai, Thuglak in 1970s, Short Stories for Kalki, Thai in 1980s. She had an insatiable desire in her mind to write her [[autobiography]], But it was not fulfilled until the last.<ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjw.in" />

===Novels and Series===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''Uravin Kaidigal (Prisoners of a relationship)'' - The Tamil version of an English novel which she wrote for Eve's Weekly, a woman's magazine published from [[Mumbai]]. Kalki Rajendran had made a fervent appeal to Jayalalithaa to write the same in Tamil. Then It was published as a serial in [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] in 1980 and attracted both strong criticism and praise.<ref name="jj.in">{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017 |title=Jayalalitha’s tryst with writing|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/jayalalithas-tryst-with-writing/50123.html|access-date=31 March 2017 |website=moneylife}}</ref><ref name="jjv.in">{{Cite web|date=30 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=’எழுத்தாளர்’ ஜெயலலிதாவின் நிறைவேறாமல் போன சுயசரிதை ஆசை!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/76350-jayalalithaas-unfulfilled-wish|access-date=30 Dec 2016 |website=vikatan}}</ref><ref name="jjd.in">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |language=tamil|title=மனதை தொட்ட மலர்கள் - எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயலலிதா|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1664101|website=dinamalar}}</ref><ref name="jjh.in">{{Cite web|date=8 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் எழுத்துப் பயணம்!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/india/93225--~XPageIDX~.html|website=hindutamil}}</ref><ref name="jjg.in">{{Cite web|date=7 Oct 2016 |language=tamil|title=வாசிப்பும், யோசிப்பும் 201: ஜெயலலிதா என்னும் எழுத்தாளர் பற்றி......|url=https://geotamil.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3589:-201-&catid=28:2011-03-07-22-20-27|website=geotamil}}</ref><ref name="jjw.in">{{Cite web|date=22 January 1984 |title=She writes to conquer|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-writes-to-conquer.html|website=theweek}}</ref>
* ''Oruthikhey Sondham (Belong to one)'' - Jayalalithaa's First Tamil 95-paged Novel Published in June 1980 by [[Kumudam]]'s monthly, Malai Mathi Magazine.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nenjile Oru Kanal (A fire in my heart)'' - Written in [[Kumudam]] Weekly Magazine, which she said was partly autobiographical.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Ennangal Sila (Some of the thoughts)'' - Published as Series in [[Thuglak]] Weekly Magazine for nearly 7 years, which was written anonymously by Jayalalithaa, Eventually Her identity was disclosed by the editor [[Cho Ramaswamy]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nee indri Nanillai (I am not without you)'' - Novel Published in [[Valampuri John]]'s Kavithabanu Publications.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
{{col-end}}

===Books===
*''Manadhai Thotta Malargal (Flowers that touch the mind)'' - The Collective version of 45 Columns written as ''Enakku Pidithavai'' in [https://thaaii.com/ Thai] weekly magazine.<ref name="jjd.in" /> In this book, She wrote about her favourites (Place, Flower, Animal, Song, Writer, Journalist, Philosophist, Teacher, Painter [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Novel [[David Copperfield]])<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

===Short Stories and Columns===
Jayalalithaa also carved many Short stories and Columns in Tamil and English. She had written an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] critic article in 'Thuglak' magazine which focused on the [[Sexual harassment|harassment]] of a woman under the police custody somewhere in [[North India]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

== Other interests ==

===Countries visited===

Jayalalithaa has travelled to countries such as [[United States]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Thailand]], [[Japan]], [[Nepal]] etc.,<ref name="jjd.in" />

===Leisure Interests===

Jayalalithaa also interested in [[Reading]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020 |title=Inside Jayalalithaa’s library: 8,376 books, Tirukkural to Discovery of India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalitha-residence-library-tirukkural-discovery-of-india-6531733/|website=indianexpress}}</ref> [[Classical music]], [[Western music (North America)|Western Music]], [[Piano]], [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], [[Cricket]], [[Tennis]], [[Basketball|Basket Ball]], [[Chess]], [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] and [[Equestrianism|Horse-riding]].<ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjgov">{{cite news|title=Government of Tamil Nadu- Chief Minister |url=http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230313/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 Sep 2009|date= 10 August 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=27 Sep 2021}}</ref> As a school girl, she had a huge crush on former Indian [[Captain (cricket)|skipper]] Nari Contractor. In an interview with [[Simi Garewal]] in 1990s, Jayalalitha had revealed her fondness for the cricketer and she had followed his game closely during the 1960s. In Kumudam Magazine, She had written that She used to watch test matches. When She found difficult in booking last-minute tickets for special enclosure, She decided to become the Member of ''Tamil Nadu Cricket Association'' through which She Could receive tickets automatically for all [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and [[Ranji Trophy]]. On her request, Then Famous Cricket Commentator and The General Manager of [https://www.dasaprakash.in/ Das prakash Group of Hotels] P. Ananda Rao who had influence on TNCA, represented her case on his board meeting. Hence, Jayalalithaa became the first Independent and patron women member of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] in the period of 1973–74.<ref>{{Cite web|language=tamil|date=2 December 2017 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நினைவு தினம் : தமிழ்நாடு கிரிக்கெட் அசோசியேசன் முதல் பெண் உறுப்பினர்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-memorial-day-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-is-the-first-female-member/|website=indianexpress}}</ref>

{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 100%
| title = Jayalalithaa on the chat show - 'Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'
| halign = center
| quote = " Yes indeed (I had crushes). I remember having a great crush on [[Nari Contractor]], the cricketer. I used to go to Test matches just to watch him. And I had another crush on [[Shammi Kapoor]] (laughed heartily). One of my favourite films even today is [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee
(1961)]] and the Yahoo! song."
| salign = right
| source = — Jayalalithaa, ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'', April 1999<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa on Simi Garewal show: 15 quotes that show her strong character, leadership and human side|url=https://www.india.com/viral/jayalalithaa-on-simi-garewal-show-15-quotes-that-show-her-strong-character-leadership-and-human-side-watch-videos-1693264/|website=india.com}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[First Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Second Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry]]

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey From Movie Star To Political Queen|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Juggernaut|year=2016|isbn=978-8193284148}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=jayalalitha+saree+pulled+in+assembly&pg=PA88|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306312-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA101 |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=Ramaswamy}}
* {{cite book|title=M.G. Ramachandran: Jewel of the Masses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIX11WBlVGAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA1986|last=Swaminathan|first=Roopa|publisher=Rupa Publications|page=1986|year=2002|isbn=9788171678976|ref=Swaminathan}}
* {{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA93|page=93|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|ref=Velayutham}}
* {{cite book|title=Love's Rite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trQj0GrKuPoC&q=jayalalitha+%2B+women+police+stations&pg=PA158|last=Vanitha|first=Rose|ref=Vanitha|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2005|isbn=978-0-14-400059-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Refugee Management: Sri Lankan Refugges in Tamil Nadu, 1983–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eDh7Y7wYXgC&q=jayalalitha+1991+rajiv|year=2005|last=Das|first=Sumita|publisher=Mittal publications|isbn=9788183240666|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book|title=My Frozen Turbulence In Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpVhCICrRb4C&q=janaki+ramachandran+chief+minister|last=Jagmohan|year=2007|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788181242174}}
* {{cite book|title=Jayalalithaa: A Journey|last=Sen Sri Raman|first=Papri|publisher=Vitasta Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-9382711865|location=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa| b=no | n=no | q=Jayalalithaa | s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=J. Jayalalithaa}}

*[https://www.scribd.com/document/339287469/Full-text-SC-order-convicting-Sasikala-in-DA-case#fullscreen&from_embed/ In The Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227154244/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/549 Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1850717.stm BBC News article – ''Jayalalitha returns to power'' (dated 2 March 2002)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm BBC – Controversial life of Jayalalitha]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tamil/jaya_thapar.ram BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)]
* {{IMDb name|0412883|J.Jayalalitha}}
*[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-life-and-times-of-jayalalitha/205450 The Life And Times Of Jayalalitha | Outlook India Magazine]

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Pleasant Stay hotel case

2022-02-21T17:24:37Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = Pleasant Stay hotel case
| image =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption = File picture of Jayalalithaa
| date = {{Start date|1999|06|10|df=y}}
| time =
| place = [[Chennai]]
| coordinates =
| also known as =
| cause =
| participants = [[J.Jayalalithaa]],[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] and [[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
| outcome =
| reported injuries =
| reported death(s) =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| charges = Misuse of office, Corruption, Criminal conspiracy
| verdict = Supreme Court: Acquitted of all charges, High Court: Acquitted of all charges Trial Court: One year imprisonment for all six
| convictions = High Court: none; Trial Court: 5
| litigation = 7 years
}}

The '''Pleasant Stay hotel case''' was a case against [[Jayalalithaa]], the late [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], a state in [[South India]] during her tenure in 1991-1996. Jayalalitha and her ministerial colleague,[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] and [[T. M. Selvaganapathy]], were charged with misusing the office to allow Pleasant Stay Hotel in [[Kodaikanal]] to build seven floors against the norms. The case and charge sheet were filed during the following [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) government headed by [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] in 1996. Jayalalitha and Selvaganapathy were convicted in the lower court, which sentenced her to one-year imprisonment to the two and three others involved. The case had political implications as the aftermath of violence created a furor in the state. The statewide violence resulted in the burning of five buses, damaging fifty buses, and leaving 40 people injured. Three girls students of the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] were [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning|burnt alive in a bus in Dharmapuri]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/03/stories/04032231.htm | title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk | date=3 February 2000 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=8 July 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The three [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] party workers who were convicted in the case received a death sentence in the case in 2007, but it was commuted to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dharmapuri-bus-burning-sc-commutes-death-sentence-to-life-imprisonment-116031100989_1.html | title=Dharmapuri bus burning: SC commutes death sentence to life imprisonment | newspaper=[[Business Standard]] | date=11 March 2016 | accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref>

The [[Madras High Court]] acquitted her and the other four accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001 along with the [[TANSI land acquisition case]]. The Supreme Court upheld the order of Madras High Court on 24 November 2003 on grounds of lack of evidence. She came back to power winning the [[2002 Tamil Nadu assembly by-election]] from the [[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti constituency]] in March 2002.

==Background==
In April 1991, Mittal was permitted to construct two floors of his hotel named Pleasant Stay in [[Kodaikanal]]. In January 1992, he submitted a revised plan seeking permission to build seven floors altogether. His petition was rejected by Kodaikanal township and he filed an appeal. Not waiting for the appeal, he started constructing four floors of the hotel. On 13 May 1994, the Jayalalithaa government passed a government order G.O. Ms. No.126, which permitted Mittal to build five extra floors in a total of seven floors against the norms. Jayalalitha, the local administration minister Selvaganapathy, the municipal administration, and water supply secretary H.M. Pandey, executive director of the hotel Rakesh Mittal, and chairman and managing director of the hotel, Palai N. Shanmugham, were the five accused in the case.

It was reported that when P.C. Cyriac, who was the secretary of municipal administration and water supply, did not authorize the construction, he was transferred and replaced by Pandey. It was also inferred that the government order was passed by Jayalalitha, Selvaganapathy, and Pandey, against the recommendation by the Architectural and Aesthetics Aspects Committee (AAAC) headed by the chief secretary of the Government of Tamil Nadu. On 6 December 1994, the government passed another order G.O., Ms. No.317 with effect from 13 May 1994, preventing buildings from provisions of the Development Control Rules. On 31 March 1994, Mittal was ordered by Madras High Court not to use any floor other than the zero and first floors. He appealed higher, which was quashed along with the G.O. of 13 May 1994.<ref name="frontline" /> The Palani Hills Conservation Council (PHCC) obtained a stay from [[Madras High Court]] in December 1997. There was a legal tangle between the hotel and PHCC, which PHCC won.

==Trial==
The trial was held in a trial court in [[Chennai]] and was presided over by a special judge, Radhakrishnan. The prosecution team was headed by N. Natarajan, a senior special public prosecutor for corruption cases against Jayalalitha - it was conducted by special public prosecutors S. Ramasamy, K.E. Venkataraman, R. Karunakaran and advocate Sunder Mohan.

The judge noted that the First Investigation Report (FIR) was filed only two years after the incident on account of the involvement of higher officials and politicians. He also noted that there was a pecuniary advantage to the hotel management, though it was not proved that the passing of government orders in favour of the hotel management has no reciprocal benefit for the government officials involved. It quoted that Pandey, who knew the details about the case, did not follow the secretarial functions of passing the file directly to Jayalalitha via Selvaganapathy.

On 2 February 2000, the five were convicted and Jayalalithaa was sentenced to one year of rigorous imprisonment and levied a fine of {{INR}}2,000 on charges of criminal conspiracy and criminal misconduct by a public servant. The judge in his order stated, "We have sufficient circumstantial evidence which proves beyond any reasonable doubt that Jayalalithaa, Selvaganapathy, and Pandey committed criminal misconduct abetted by Rakesh and Palani, and all were party to the criminal conspiracy. Hence I am inclined to impose the minimum sentence contemplated under Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act".<ref name="frontline">{{cite journal|title=The conviction of Jayalalitha |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1704/17040380.htm|publisher=Frontline|date=3 March 2000|accessdate=1 January 2014|volume=17|issue=4}}</ref>

On 9 February 2000, the Madras High Court suspended the implementation of the sentence on appeal from Jayalalitha.

==Aftermath==

The supporters of Jayalalithaa were angered by the verdict, which led to statewide protests and violence, including damage to public property by AIADMK members.<ref name="statevoilence">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/03/stories/04032231.htm|title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk|date=2000-02-03|accessdate=31 October 2015|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jXX8MV2I?url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/03/stories/04032231.htm|archivedate=4 September 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two AIADMK cadres committed suicide by setting themselves ablaze. The violence resulted in the burning of five buses, damaging fifty buses, and leaving 40 people injured. Major violence took place in the state capital [[Chennai]] where 22 buses of the state-run [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]] buses were damaged, leaving 27 people with injuries. The state bus transport was suspended for 24 hours and the police arrested 400 people across the state, with 317 from Chennai alone.<ref name=Kalyan>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha convicted, supporters go on rampage|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276989.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328134356/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276989.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2015|date=11 February 2000|accessdate=1 November 2015|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|url-access=subscription |newspaper=India Abroad|last=Arun|first=Kalyan}}</ref>

The major violence was that of [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning]], where three girls were killed. On 2 February 2000, seventy students from the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], Coimbatore, were returning from a study tour in two buses. They were stopped by the mob, who forced the students to alight. One of the men threw a [[petrol bomb]], setting fire to a bus before all of the students got out. Three girls, Hemalatha from [[Chennai]], V. Gayathri from [[Virudhachalam]], and Kokilavani from [[Namakkal]] were burned to death, and 16 others sustained injuries.<ref name="busburningincident">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030005.htm|title=3 burnt alive|date=2000-02-03|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-08-08|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jXX7yBMw?url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/03/stories/01030005.htm|archivedate=4 September 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The scenes of the bus burning were captured and broadcast the following day on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/22/stories/2005062206970500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223221505/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/22/stories/2005062206970500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2006|title=Sun TV news editor deposes in bus-burning trial|date=22 June 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> The incident caused anger amongst the student community. Schools and colleges were asked to shut for a week, and students across the state held silent processions and protest marches condemning the act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/04tn.htm|title=Schools and colleges ordered shut in Tamil Nadu|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jXX8kzsx?url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/04tn.htm|archivedate=4 September 2009|url-status=live|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> The three AIADMK men who were charged in the act went on to be sentenced by the High Court to death on 5 December 2007, confirming the lower court order. There was 25 other cadre of AIADMK who were convicted on lesser charges and sentenced to seven years of rigorous imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news|title=High court upholds death penalty to 3 AIADMK men|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1393966791.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117072425/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1393966791.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2018|date=6 December 2007|accessdate=1 November 2015|via=HighBeam Research|url-access=subscription |publisher=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi|work=News Wire}}</ref>

The verdict came at a time when the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], which was in alliance with DMK during the 1996 parliamentary elections, was supporting the AIADMK in the upcoming by-elections. DMK was alleging that it was the handiwork of AIADMK cadre, while AIADMK demanded a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) probe in the issue questioning the presence of DMK supported Sun TV crew during the time of burning.<ref name=Kalyan/>

==Timeline==
* '''April 1991''' - Mittal was allowed to construct two floors of Pleasant Stay Hotel in Kodaikanal.
* '''13 May 1994''' - Jayalalithaa government passed a government order, G.O. Ms. No.126, which permitted Mittal to build five extra floors in a total of seven floors against the norms.
* '''6 December 1994''' - The government passed another order, G.O., Ms. No.317 with effect from 13 May 1994, preventing buildings from provisions of the Development Control Rules.
* '''31 March 1994''' - Mittal was ordered by Madras High Court not to use any floor other than the zero and first floors. He went on higher appeal, which was quashed along with the G.O. of 13 May 1994.
* '''18 January 1997''' - Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption (DVAC) files charge sheet against the five accused.
* '''2 February 2000''' - Jayalalitha and the other four accused, the local administration minister Selvaganapathy, the municipal administration and water supply secretary H.M. Pandey, executive director of the hotel Rakesh Mittal, and chairman and managing director of the hotel, Palai N. Shanmugham, were sentenced to one-year imprisonment.
* Widespread violence in the state, where three college students were burnt alive in a bus.
* '''May 2001''' - AIADMK led by Jayalalithaa sweeps polls.
* '''14 May 2001''' - Jayalalithaa assumes office amid controversy. Governor [[Fathima Beevi]] administers oath of confidence.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Jayalalitha sworn in as Tamil Nadu CM despite indictment in 3 cases|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-sworn-in-as-tamil-nadu-cm-despite-indictment-in-three-cases-against-her/1/233531.html|magazine=India Today|date=28 May 2001|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>
* '''1 July 2001''' - Fathima Beevi, the then governor of Tamil Nadu resigns after being asked to step down by the union ministry.
* '''21 September 2001''' - [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] disqualifies Jayalalithaa.
* '''4 December 2001''' - Madras High Court acquits Jayalalithaa of all her charges in the two cases.<ref name=rediff>{{cite news|title=SC acquits Jaya in Tansi land deal case|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24sc.htm|last=Singh|first=Onkar|date=24 November 2003|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>
* '''March 2002''' - Jayalalithaa becomes the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.
* '''24 November 2003''' - Supreme Court of India upholds the verdict of High Court along with [[TANSI land acquisition case]].<ref name=Andi>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha files nomination papers from Andipatti constituency|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409233844/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2006|accessdate=31 October 2015|location=New Delhi|via=HighBeam Research|work=Newswire|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''15 February 2007''' - Trial court sentences three AIADMK cadre to death involved in bus burning incident and 25 others get seven years rigorous imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three AIADMK workers get death for students' murder|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1217562551.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417065811/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1217562551.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2016|date=16 February 2007|accessdate=1 November 2015|via=HighBeam Research|url-access=subscription |publisher=Hindustan Times|location=Salem, Tamil Nadu|work=News Wire}}</ref>
* '''5 December 2007''' - High court confirms death to the three AIADMK cadre involved in bus burning incident killing three girls.

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Indian Democracy Derailed Politics and Politicians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGyO0E86X1oC&q=jayalalitha+colour+tv&pg=PA321|last=Ghosh|first=Srikanta|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1997|isbn=9788170248668|work=Law Research Institute, Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|title= Our administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfdtUUnVQLQC&q=jayalalitha+%2B+SAF+games&pg=PA47|last=K.C.|first=Brahmachary|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2004|isbn=9788170999164|ref=K.C.}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Jayalalithaa]]
[[Category:Corruption in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in India]]

O. Panneerselvam

2022-02-21T17:17:32Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Indian politician and Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Indian patronymic|Panneerselvam|Ottakarathevar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = O. Panneerselvam
| image = O. Panneerselvam.jpg
| caption = Panneerselvam in 2017
| office = Deputy [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 June 2021
| term_end =
| 1blankname = Leader
| 1namedata = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor = [[Durai Murugan]]
| constituency = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
|term_start2 = 29 May 2006 |term_end2= 14 May 2011 | predecessor2 = Panruti S. Ramachandran |successor2 = [[Durai Murugan]] |constituency1 = [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| office4 = 6th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start4 = 5 December 2016
| term_end4 = 15 February 2017
| governor4 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] {{small|(Addit. charge)}}
| predecessor4 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| successor4 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| term_start5 = 28 September 2014
| term_end5 = 23 May 2015
| governor5 = [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
| predecessor5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| successor5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start6 = 21 September 2001
| term_end6 = 2 March 2002
| governor6 = [[C. Rangarajan]] {{small|(Addit. charge)}} [[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]
| predecessor6 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| successor6 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| office3 = 2nd [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 21 August 2017
| term_end3 = 6 May 2021
| governor3 = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] {{small|(Addit. charge)}} [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor3 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| successor3 = ''Vacant''
| office7 = 14th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 19 May 2006
| term_end7 = 28 May 2006
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor7 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| successor7 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| office8 = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 16 May 2011
| term_end8 =
| predecessor8 = [[S. Lakshmanan]]
| constituency8 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| term_start9 = 14 May 2001
| term_end9 = 15 May 2011
| constituency9 = [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| predecessor9 = [[L. Mookiah]]
| successor9 = [[A. Laser]]
| office10 = Chief Coordinator and Deputy Leader of the Party Legislature Committee [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname10 = Joint Coordinator
| 1namedata10 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| deputy10 = [[K. P. Munusamy]], [[R. Vaithilingam]]
| term_start10 = 21 August 2017
| term_end10 =
| successor10 =
| office11 = Treasurer of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start11 = 28 August 2007
| term_end11 =
| 1blankname11 = Chief Coordinator
| 1namedata11 = ''Himself''
| predecessor11 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| successor11 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|1|14}}<ref name=ATN>{{cite web | url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/hondycm.html | title=Thiru O. Panneerselvam Hon'ble Deputy Chief Minister | publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Periyakulam]], [[Madras State]] (present-day [[Theni District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] [[File:AIADMK_Official_Flag.png|20px]]
| otherparty =
| spouse = P. Vijayalakshmi (dead 2021)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-01 |title=Sasikala meets Panneerselvam, condoles his wife’s death by holding his hands |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sasikala-meets-panneerselvam-condoles-his-wifes-death-holding-his-hands/articleshow/85827958.cms |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref>
| children = 3 including [[P. Raveendranath Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/panneerselvam-wife-vijayalakshmi-dies-after-heart-attack-1847832-2021-09-01 | title=AIADMK leader Panneerselvam’s wife Vijayalakshmi passes away after heart attack | publisher=India Today | date=1 September 2021 | accessdate=3 September 2021 | author=Akshaya Nath}}</ref>
| father = Ottakkara Thevar
| mother = Palaniammal Nachiar
| residence =
* Thenpennai 31, [[Greenways Road]], [[Raja Annamalaipuram]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] (official)
* 145/70, South Agharaharam, Thenkarai, Periyakulam, [[Theni District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] (permanent)
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]
| alma_mater = Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College
| awards = International Rising Star of the Year-Asia (2019)
| signature =
| nickname = O.P.S., Periyakullathar
}}
'''Ottakarathevar Panneerselvam''' Popularly Known as '''O.P.S.''' (born 14 January 1951)<ref name=ATN /> is an Indian politician who served as the 6th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for 3 terms from 2001 -2002 , 2014-2015 and 2016-2017 and the 2nd [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 21 August 2017 to 6 May 2021. He is the [[Leader of Opposition|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from 11 May 2021 and the chief coordinator of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).

He is a senior leader of the AIADMK political party and was a staunch aide of former chief minister of Tamil Nadu and AIADMK General Secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. His first two terms as Chief Minister came when he replaced Jayalalithaa in the role, after she was forced to resign by the courts. His third term began following Chief Minister Jayalalithaa's death and ended two months later, [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was appointed as the Chief Minister by [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Governor]] [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/governor-vidyasagar-rao-palanisamy-panneerselvam-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-cm/1/884014.html|title=E Palaniswami is new Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, 30 other AIADMK leaders take oath at Raj Bhavan|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-sasikala-in-jail-panneerselvam-and-palaniswami-compete-for-tamil-nadu-cm-post/story-oSL10dQQ4YXmOxAl88b53K.html|title=Palaniswami takes oath as CM, OPS says will fight for justice|date=2017-02-16|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2017-02-16|language=en}}</ref> He was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 21 August 2017. He also holds portfolios of Finance, Housing, Rural Housing, Housing Development, Slum Clearance Board and Accommodation Control, Town Planning, Urban Development, and [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-panneerselvam-to-be-deputy-cm-gets-finance-portfolio/article19533739.ece|title=AIADMK merger: Panneerselvam is Deputy CM, gets finance portfolio|date=21 August 2017|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> On 4 January 2018, O. Panneerselvam elected as Leader of the House in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].

==Personal life==
Panneerselvam was born on 14 January 1951 in [[Periyakulam]], Tamil Nadu. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Haji Karutha Rowther Howdia College in [[Uthamapalayam]], [[Theni district]]. His close friend Salavuddin from Tenali encouraged him into politics. He also owned some agricultural land. He is married to P. Vijayalakshmi and the couple have three children. He is currently elected from the constituency of [[Bodinayakkanur]], in Theni district. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/o-panneerselvam.html|title=O. Panneerselvam Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> His wife died on 1 September 2021 due to a heart attack. <ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/former-tamil-nadu-deputy-chief-minister-o-panneerselvam-s-wife-passes-away/ar-AANY822?ocid=msedgntp|title=Former Tamilnadu Deputy Chief Minister O Panneerselvam's wife passes away|access-date=1 Sep 2021}}</ref>
==Political career==
===Early political career===
Paneerselvam started his political career periyakulam as a worker of the then AIADMK in 1973 after [[M. G. Ramachandran]] split from the DMK. He was Chairman of [[Periyakulam]] Municipality from 1996 to 2001.
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Shri O. Panneerselvam calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on January 19, 2017.jpg|left|thumb|Panneerselvam with Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi in 2017]]
===First term as Chief Minister, 2001-2002===
He was sworn in as the 13th [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in September 2001 when the Chief Minister Jayalalithaa was barred from holding office by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. During his stint as Chief Minister, he was widely criticised for allegedly heading a [[puppet government]] managed by Jayalalithaa.He Was Suggested By VK Sasikala. His tenure lasted for six months, from 21 September 2001 to 1 March 2002. In March 2002, he resigned as Chief Minister and Jayalalithaa was sworn in again after the Madras high Court overturned her conviction and she won a [[by-election]] from [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]] assembly constituency. From 2 March 2002 to 13 December 2003, he was the Minister for Public Works, Prohibition and Excise. Subsequently, he was also entrusted with the Revenue department's charge from 13 December 2003 to May 16 2006.
===Leader of the Opposition, 2006===
After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2006, Panneerselvam was the leader of the AIADMK legislative party and the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] for about two weeks. In that election, he was elected to be the member of Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]. After all the AIADMK legislators were suspended by the speaker of the house, Jayalalithaa, who had decided not to attend the Legislative Assembly, decided to return and replaced Panneerselvam as the Leader of the Opposition.
===Second term as Chief Minister, 2014-2015===
In 2011, he contested as an AIADMK candidate from the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] and won. Again, he became the Minister of Finance in Jayalalithaa's government and held the office from 16 May 2011 to 27 September 2014. He was again entrusted with the responsibility of being Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 29 September 2014 when Jayalalitha was convicted in the disproportionate assets case. On 22 May 2015, he resigned as Chief Minister and Jayalalithaa was sworn in again after the Karnataka High Court acquitted her in the disproportionate assets case on 11 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/da-assets-case-live-paneerselvam-replaces-jaya-as-new-tamil-nadu-cm-1732413.html|title=DA case Live: Jayalalithaa walks out of prison, gets rousing welcome in Chennai|date=18 October 2014|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/TN-CM-O-Panneerselvam-resigns-makes-way-for-Jayalalithaa-to-take-over/articleshow/47379941.cms|title=TN CM O Panneerselvam resigns, makes way for Jayalalithaa to take over - Times of India|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>

A year after his resignation, on 23 May 2016, he was sworn in as Minister for Finance and [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] in Jayalalithaa's government.
===Third term as Chief Minister, 2016-2017===
On 6 December 2016, Panneerselvam was elected as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] following the death of incumbent Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/o-panneerselvam-jayalalitha-health-jayalalitha-news-tamil-nadu/1/827128.html|title=Its official: AIADMK leaders choose O Panneerselvam as Jayalalithaas successor|access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref> On 10 December he held his first cabinet meeting as a full-term Chief Minister..<ref>{{cite news|title=O Panneerselvam holds first cabinet meeting after Jayalalithaa's demise|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/o-panneerselvam-holds-first-cabinet-meeting-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1700280/|work=India.com|date=10 December 2016}}</ref> He tended his resignation as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 6 February 2017 to the governor, who accepted and appointed him as the caretaker Chief Minister of the state to avoid a leadership vacuum, until further measures could be taken.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}.

On 14 February 2017, he was expelled from the AIADMK by party general-secretary, [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Shortly after his expulsion, the Governor invited the newly elected legislative leader of the AIADMK, Edappadi K Palaniswami to form the government, following which he took over as chief minister on 16 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ops-vs-sasikala-aiadmk-sacks-panneerselvam-19-other-rebel-leaders-from-party/articleshow/57144596.cms|title=AIADMK sacks Panneerselvam, 19 other rebel leaders from party - Times of India|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>
===Deputy Chief Minister, 2017-2021===
On 21 August 2017, Panneerselvam took oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on the same day of the Party Merger with then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K Palaniswami|EPS]] faction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/aiadmk-unites-ops-takes-oath-as-deputy-chief-minister-2417459/|title=AIADMK Unites, OPS Takes Oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|work=india.com|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>
===Deputy Leader of Opposition, 2021===
After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2021, Panneerselvam won the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency and was elected as the Deputy [[Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] On 14 June 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ops-be-deputy-opposition-leader-tamil-nadu-assembly-150676|title=OPS to be deputy opposition leader in Tamil Nadu Assembly|work=thenewsminute|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
==Controversy==
A report in [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week magazine]] on December 2017, alleged that Panneerselvam was on the sand mining baron [[Sekhar Reddy]]'s payroll.<ref>{{Cite web|title=O Panneerselvam Dodges Corruption Charge As Report Triggers New Row|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tamil-nadu-deputy-chief-minister-o-panneerselvam-dodges-corruption-charge-as-report-triggers-new-row-1785498|access-date=2021-01-18|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Reddy was arrested by the [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax department]] in March 2017 on money laundering charges. Five pages of the Reddy's Diary suggest alleged payments made to several AIADMK ministers, MLAs, and many others, amounting to more than ₹ 48 crore. At least five payments in which the word 'OPS' or the name of his secretary Ramesh was written are shown in the contents of the diary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-08|title=Sekar Reddy’s ‘secret diary’: Were OPS, other ministers on mining baron’s payroll?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sekar-reddy-s-secret-diary-were-ops-other-ministers-mining-baron-s-payroll-72826|access-date=2021-01-18|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=December 17, 2017|title=Money, and the man?|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/o-panneerselvam-wealth-money-and-the-man.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Week}}</ref>
==Elections contested==
===Tamil Nadu Legislative elections===
{|
|- style="background:#adc;"
! width="160" |Elections
! width="100" |Constituency
! width="70" |Party
! width="70" |Result
! width="70" |Vote percentage
! width="150" |Opposition Candidate
! width="70" |Opposition Party
! width="70" |Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||54.28||M. Abuthahir||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||38.62
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||49.81||[[L. Mookiah]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||39.00
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||56.69||[[S. Lakshmanan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||38.89
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||49.38||[[S. Lakshmanan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||41.63
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||46.58||[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||41.45
|}
== New Party Symbol==
After his exit from AIADMK Panneerselvam and his supporters appealed to the election commission to take action against the Current Party Chief [[V. K. Sasikala|V.K.Sasikala]] current chief minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] . He also made a point to them that he needs the two leaf party symbol to contest in [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar|RK Nagar]] election. Also, Edappadi K. Palaniswami and supporters appealed against him, but the election commission rejected both the appeals and allotted two different symbols to each party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230317/two-leaves-symbol-frozen-by-election-commission.html|title=Blow to AIADMK: ‘Two leaves’ symbol frozen by Election Commission|date=2017-03-23|work=deccanchronicle.com/|access-date=2017-06-12|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2017 [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] and O. Panneerselvam Faction merged. He was made Deputy Chief Minister and was also given finance Ministry.
==See also==
*[[First Panneerselvam ministry]]
*[[Second Panneerselvam ministry]]
*[[O. Panneerselvam ministry (2016–17)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef
|before = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| rows = 3
}}

{{s-ttl
|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] First tenure
| years = 2001–2002
}}

{{s-aft
|after = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| rows = 2
}}

{{s-ttl
|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] Second tenure
| years = 2014–2015
}}

{{s-break}}

{{s-ttl
|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] Third tenure
| years = 6 December 2016 – 16 February 2017
}}

{{s-aft
|after = [[K. Palanisamy]]
}}

{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
|before = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| rows = 1
}}

{{s-ttl
|title = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| years = 21 August 2017 — 6 May 2021
}}

{{s-aft
|after = ''Vacant''
}}

{{s-end}}
{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011–2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panneerselvam, O.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the 13th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the 14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the 15th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the 16th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Deputy Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]]

Chola Nadu

2022-02-21T17:16:16Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
[[File:Cholanadu.gif|thumb|371x371px|The middle and southern portion of Chola Nadu]]
'''Chola Nadu''' was a [[list of regions of India|region]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in southern [[India]]. It encompasses the lower reaches of the [[Kaveri River]] and its delta, and formed the cultural homeland and political base of the [[Chola Dynasty]] which ruled large parts of South India and parts of Sri Lanka between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. [[Uraiyur]] (now part of [[Tiruchirapalli]] city) served as the early Chola capital, then medieval Cholas shifted to [[Thanjavur]] and later cholas king [[Rajendra Chola I]] moved the capital to [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] in [[Ariyalur]] in the 11th century CE.

The boundaries of the region roughly correlates with those of the British India districts of [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] and [[Trichinopoly District (Madras Presidency)|Trichinopoly]]. Culturally, the region also includes [[Pudukkottai District]], [[Nagapattinam district]] , [[Thiruvarur District|Thiruvarur district]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladudhurai district]], [[Ariyalur District]], [[Perambalur District]] and the territory of [[Karaikal]].<ref name="gazetteersp172">{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)|page=172|publisher=Superintendent, Govt. Press|year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwejournal.org/vol11no2/rainfall-profile-of-cauvery-delta-zone-of-tamil-nadu/}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[File:Grand Anicut kallanai.JPG|thumb|right|Kallanai / Grand Anicut built by Karikala Cholan, on the River Kaveri, near Tiruchirappalli]]
The Delta region covers Central Tamil Nadu and East-Central Tamil Nadu. The region is sandwiched between the historical regions of [[Tondai Nadu]] in the north, the Madurai region in the south and [[Kongu Nadu]] in the west and roughly extends from [[Chidambaram]] in north to the southern frontier of the erstwhile [[Pudukkottai state|Pudukkottai kingdom]] and from [[Tiruchirapalli]] in the west to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east.

According to the ''Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly District'', Vol II, 1931, p 67, "the traditional meeting place of the three Tamil kingdoms was the temple of Cellānti Amman on the banks of the Kāvēri, twelve miles west of Kulittalai and three miles below the junction of the Amarāvati and the Kāvēri. The temple was the common place of worship for the kings of the three Tamil dynasties; a bund which runs to the south of the river marks the boundary between the Cōla and the Pāntya territories, and the Karaipōttanār on the opposite bank of the river was the boundary between the Cōla and the Cēra kingdoms".<ref name="dikshitarp52">{{cite book|title=The Śilappadikāram|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1939|author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|page=52|title-link=Śilappadikāram}}</ref>

== Chola Kings ==
{| class="wikitable"
!List of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] kings
|-
![[Early Cholas]]
|-
|
* [[Ellalan]]
* [[Kulakkottan]]
* [[Ilamchetchenni]]
* [[Karikala]]
* [[Nedunkilli]]
* [[Nalankilli]]
* [[Killivalavan]]
* [[Kopperuncholan]]
* [[Kochchenganan]]
* [[Perunarkilli]]
|-
|'''Interregnum (<abbr>c.</abbr> 200 – c. 848)'''
|-
![[Medieval Cholas]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Vijayalaya Chola]]
|848–891(?)
|-
|[[Aditya I|Aditya Chola I]]
|891–907
|-
|[[Parantaka I|Parantaka Chola I]]
|907–950
|-
|[[Gandaraditya|Gandaraditya Chola]]
|950–957
|-
|[[Arinjaya|Arinjaya Chola]]
|956–957
|-
|[[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]]
|957–970
|-
|[[Aditya Karikalan|Aditya Chola II]]
|(co-regent)
|-
|[[Uttama Chola]]
|970–985
|-
|[[Rajaraja Chola I]]
|985–1014
|-
|[[Rajendra Chola I]]
|1012–1044
|-
|[[Rajadhiraja Chola]]
|1044–1054
|-
|[[Rajendra Chola II]]
|1054–1063
|-
|[[Virarajendra Chola]]
|1063–1067
|-
|[[Athirajendra Chola]]
|1067–1070
|}
|-
![[Later Cholas]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Kulothunga Chola I]]
|1070–1120
|-
|[[Vikrama Chola]]
|1118–1135
|-
|[[Kulothunga Chola II]]
|1133–1150
|-
|[[Rajaraja Chola II]]
|1146–1173
|-
|[[Rajadhiraja Chola II]]
|1166–1178
|-
|[[Kulothunga Chola III]]
|1178–1218
|-
|[[Rajaraja Chola III]]
|1216–1256
|-
|[[Rajendra Chola III]]
|1246–1279
|}
|-
!Related dynasties
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Telugu Cholas]] of Andhra
|-
|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Chodagangas]] of Kalinga
|-
|[[Rajahnate of Cebu]]
|}
|-
!Chola society
|-
|
* [[Chola government]]
* [[Chola military]]
* [[Chola Navy]]
* [[Chola art]]
* [[Chola literature]]
* [[Flag of Chola]]
* [[Great Living Chola Temples]]
* [[List of Solesvara temples|Solesvara Temples]]
* [[Poompuhar]]
* [[Uraiyur]]
* [[Melakadambur]]
* [[Pazhayarai]]
* [[Thanjavur]]
* [[Tiruvarur]]
* [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
|}

== Chola Empire ==
The genealogy of the Chola empire as found in the Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings contains a number of kings recorded for whom there is no verifiable historic evidence. There are as many versions of this lineage as there are sources for them. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as ''Periapuranam'', semi-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscription and left by medieval Cholas.

Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a high level of historic fact and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are exactly the same. Modern historians{{Who|date=January 2016}} consider these lists not as historically reliable sources but as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer.

== History ==

The history of the region begins with the rise of the [[Early Cholas|Early Chola kingdom]] in the 4th century BC. The Early Cholas ruled from the town of [[Uraiyur]] near Tiruchirapalli and their kingdom comprised the whole of the present-day Cauvery Delta. Flourishing centres of Roman trade have been excavated at [[Poompuhar]] (Nagapattinam) stand testimony to a prosperous civilization.

== Culture ==

The Chola Nadu region is renowned as a hub of Tamil culture and civilization. The region has been continuously inhabited since the 1st millennium BC. Arts, crafts and music flourished under the Cholas whose reign is considered to be the golden age in the history of Tamil Nadu. During the hegemony of the Vijayanagar Empire and its successors, the zThanjavur Nayak kingdom, there were frequent migrations of priests, administrators, soldiers and artists from the Telugu and Kannada districts of the north who brought in their traditions, art and dance forms. Despite its rise and initial success in the northern part of Karnataka, Carnatic music actually flourished in the Cauvery Delta. [[Kambar (poet)]] was a renowned medieval Tamil poet and the author of the [[Ramavataram]], popularly known as [[Kambaramayanam]], the Tamil version of [[Ramayana]]. [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] also authored other literary works in Tamil, such as 'Thirukkai Vazakkam',Erezhupathu, Silaiezhupathu, Kangai Puranam, sadagopar anthathi, and Sarasvati Anthati hails from the Cauvery Delta region. The three great Carnatic music composers, [[Tyagaraja]], [[Syama Sastri]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] who form the Great Trinity of Carnatic music hailed from the Chola Nadu region as also the music composers [[Muthu Thandavar]], [[Arunachala Kavi]] and [[Marimutthu Pillai]] who form the Tamil Trinity of Carnatic music.

Apart from music, dance and drama have also flourished in the Cauvery Delta. The Bhagavathar Melas, a series of dance-dramas, written almost entirely in Telugu, were introduced by migrants who sought refuge in the town of [[Melattur, Tamil Nadu|Melattur]] following the collapse of the Vijayanagar kingdom at the [[Battle of Talikota]].

Bharatanatyam, a popular dance form by Bharatha muni, flourished in the dance of ''sadir'' which was practised in the temples of Chola Nadu by ritual temple dances or ''devadasis''. Patronized and financed by dharmakarthas and rich mirasidars, ''sadir'' was popular until the early years of the 20th century when a strong voiced campaign resulted in the devadasi practised being outlawed. Sadir has, since, purged itself of its erotic symbolism and movements and gradually evolved into the commoners' dance Bharathanatyam.

== Demographics ==
The Chola Nadu region had a population of over 10 million with a density of above 400 persons per km2 in 2001. Due to fertile soil and favourable climate, the region has been the most densely populated in the Tamil country since ancient times.

More than 90% of the population speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. There is a significant [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking minority, who had descended from migrants who had mostly moved in during the Vijayanagar and [[Thanjavur Nayak]] periods. There are smaller populations speaking [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] and [[Urdu]]. There are also a considerable body of [[Thanjavur Marathi (language)|Marathi]] speaking people who are mostly present in the urban areas of [[Thanjavur District]] and the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]].

== Important Personalities ==

The Chola Nadu region has produced a number of noteworthy personalities in the fields of arts, science, film and politics. Long recognized as a hub of Carnatic music, the region is home to most of India's renowned Carnatic musicians. There have also been important individuals in the field of politics. In British times, civil servants and lawyers from Chola Nadu like [[Sir T. Madhava Rao]], [[Sir A. Seshayya Sastri]], [[Sir Mohammad Usman]], [[Sir A. T. Panneerselvam]], [[Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer]], [[Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], [[T. Ananda Rao]], [[S. Satyamurti]], [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]], [[V. P. Madhava Rao]] and [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] dominated the bureaucracy. The maternal ancestors of [[Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] hailed from [[Kumbakonam]]. Tamil writers [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], [[Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai]], [[V. V. S. Aiyar]] and [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], [[Kalki Sadasivam]] journalists [[Kalki Sadasivam]], [[G. A. Natesan]] and [[Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]], Indian independence activist [[G. Subramania Iyer]] who founder ''[[The Hindu]]'', politicians [[M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer]] and [[S. Muthiah Mudaliar]] and Indian media mogul [[S. S. Vasan]] and National award-winning film producer Venus T. Govindarajan were some prominent individuals from the Chola Nadu region. Yesteryear film actors [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[P. U. Chinnappa]] and [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Papanasam Sivan]] Indian scientist and Nobel Prize winner [[Sir C. V. Raman]] and mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]], [[Sujatha Rangarajan]], [[Jayendra Saraswathi]], [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], [[U. Sagayam]], [[Gobinath Chandran]], [[Madhan (writer)|Madhan]], [[N. Gopalaswami]], [[M. S. Swaminathan]], [[Viswanathan Anand]], [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] were other important people from the region.

Recent time politicians include the former Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu [[M. Karunanidhi]] and [[Jayalalithaa]] whose ancestors are from Tiruchirapalli, Former
Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu [[K. Anbazhagan]], Former President of India [[R. Venkataraman]], [[Kaduvetti Guru]], PMK, Former Cabinet Minister and Leader of the House R.M.Veerappan and late Veteran Congress leader [[G.K. Moopanar]], [[Ko. Si. Mani]] Former minister for local administration of Tamil Nadu, Former Union Minister [[Andimuthu Raja]], VCK Leader [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]], [[V. K. Sasikala]] Buinesswoman turned politician, [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], [[La Ganesan]], [[H. Raja]], [[Karunas]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]] and Union Ministers [[G.K. Vasan]], [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]], [[Murasoli Maran]], [[T. R. Baalu]], [[S. S. Palanimanickam]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] . Film personalities such as directors [[K. Balachander]], [[S. Shankar]] and [[Mani Ratnam]] and actors [[T. Rajendar]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Hema Malini]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Rajesh (actor)|Rajesh]] and [[Dhivyadharshini]] are from the Cauvery Delta region.

== See also ==
* [[Coromandel Coast]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=History of the Chola Empire or Chola-mandalam|url=http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo40/chola_mandalam_empire.htm|publisher=Louis Gerber}}
* {{cite book|title=Dialogue and history: constructing South India, 1795-1895 |url=https://archive.org/details/dialoguehistoryc00irsc |url-access=limited | author=Eugene F. Irschick|page=[https://archive.org/details/dialoguehistoryc00irsc/page/n104 105]|publisher=University of california Press|year=1994}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=The Saints of the Cauvery Delta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|author=R. Krishnamurthy|year=1979|place=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Chola Nadu|author=M. S. Ramesh|publisher=Thirumala-Thirupathi Devasthanams|year=2000}}

{{Chola Nadu}}{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Regions of Tamil Nadu]]

Darbar (film)

2022-02-21T17:15:18Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|2020 action film directed by A. R. Murugadoss}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Darbar
| image = Darbar release poster.jpg
| caption = Darbar Poster
| director = [[AR Murugadoss]]
| producer = [[Allirajah Subaskaran]]
| screenplay = [[AR Murugadoss]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Nayanthara]]|[[Nivetha Thomas]]|[[Suniel Shetty]]|[[Yogi Babu]]}}
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]]
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|01|09}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/darbar-2019 |title=Darbar (2019) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Plainlist|
* {{INR}}1.9{{ndash}}2 billion{{efn|''[[Firstpost]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INR|1.9 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-pulls-in-rs-220-cr-pre-release-business-globally-sarileru-neekevvaru-and-ala-vaikunthapurramulo-fetch-career-best-figures-for-mahesh-babu-and-allu-arjun-7882281.html |title=Darbar pulls in Rs 220 cr pre-release business globally; Sarileru Neekevvaru and Ala Vaikunthapurramulo fetch career-best figures for Mahesh Babu and Allu Arjun |website=Firstpost |date=9 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> ''[[Republic TV|Republic World]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INR|2 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/others/rajinikanths-mega-budget-darbar-all-set-to-hit-7000-screens-worldwide.html |title=Rajinikanth's Mega-budget Darbar All Set To Hit 7,000 Screens Worldwide, Pre-dawn in Some |website=Republic World |date=8 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>}}
}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|2.5 billion|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/others/rajinikanth-to-be-approached-by-darbar-distributors-for-a-refund.html |title=Rajinikanth To Be Approached By 'Darbar' Distributors for a Refund As The Film Tanks |website=Republic World |date=31 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-box-office-film-ends-up-as-a-colossal-flop-distributors-plan-to-approach-rajinikanth/story-j7miLvAkLvmFHhqd59cuLM.html |title=Darbar box office: Film ends up as a colossal flop, distributors plan to approach Rajinikanth |website=Hindustan Times |date=31 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''''Darbar''''' ({{Translation|Court}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss]], and produced by [[Allirajah Subaskaran]] under [[Lyca Productions]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Nivetha Thomas]] and [[Suniel Shetty]]. The music was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] while cinematography and editing are performed by [[Santosh Sivan]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]], respectively. It marks Rajinikanth playing the role of a police officer in the film after 27 years; his last police role was featured in ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandiyan]]'' (1992).<ref name=":3" />

It follows Aaditya Arunasalam (Rajinikanth), the commissioner of Mumbai Police, who sets out to curb rampant [[drug-trafficking]] and prostitution in the city. However, when he uncovers a deeper controversy linked to an international drug lord, he tries to fulfill his secret agenda. Earlier known under the working title ''Thalaivar 167'', the film's title ''Darbar'' was officially announced on 9 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-09|title=Rajinikanth movie Darbar first look unveiled: Highlights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-thalaivar-167-first-look-live-updates-5666010/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Principal photography of the film commenced in April 2019, with film being primarily shot in [[Mumbai]], and was completed in October 2019.

The film was released theatrically in India on 9 January 2020, coinciding with [[Thai Pongal]]. It met with mixed reviews upon release, and although the film grossed {{Indian Rupee|250}} crore at the worldwide box office,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Darbar box office: Film ends up as a colossal flop, distributors plan to approach Rajinikanth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-box-office-film-ends-up-as-a-colossal-flop-distributors-plan-to-approach-rajinikanth/story-j7miLvAkLvmFHhqd59cuLM.html|access-date=28 August 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rajinikanth's Darbar is AR Murugadoss' failure |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/rajinikanth-darbar-is-ar-murugadoss-failure-6208719/|access-date=28 August 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> making it one of Rajinikanth's highest-grossing films<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-21|title=Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, fifth Rajinikanth film to achieve feat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> it was considered a poor performer, which caused distributors to threaten hunger strikes, demanding that Rajinikanth recoup their losses.<ref name="Subhakeerthana 2020">{{cite web | last=Subhakeerthana | first=S | title=Will Rajinikanth compensate for Darbar's box office loss? | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-02-04 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-darbar-box-office-loss-compensation-6250959/ | access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2020}} 
Aditya Arunachalam, the Commissioner of [[Mumbai Police]], is seen killing numerous gangsters across [[Mumbai]] in police encounters. His reckless behavior has become the target for widespread criticism and condemnation. His actions finally prompt the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] to take action against him.

In a flashback, Aditya is assigned to take charge as the Commissioner of Police of Mumbai, in a bid by the police department to curb rampant [[drug-trafficking]] and prostitution in the city. He arrives in Mumbai with his daughter Valli to assume his new position. Upon arrival, he rescues three women, one of whom is the daughter of the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]. He immediately initiates a major campaign to curb drugs and prostitution, using the situation of the kidnapped women as a catalyst. In the process, he apprehends Ajay Malhotra, who is responsible for the abduction and abuse of minors under the influence of drugs. Ajay is the son of Vinod Malhotra, an influential industrialist, who becomes enraged at his son's arrest.

Later, under Aditya's directive, the police go to the prison where Ajay is incarcerated, in order to take video evidence of his imprisonment. However, when the video is shown to Aditya, a proxy is seen in his place. Having foreseen this, Aditya requests the Central Government to investigate, which is denied. He then requests the State High court to intervene. The State high court forms a special team of higher officials, who also certify that Ajay is inside the prison. Through a covert investigation, Aditya learns that Ajay is hiding in [[Thailand]]. He has the [[Royal Thai Police]] arrest Ajay on the charges of illegally entering Thailand under a fake passport and begins the formal diplomatic process to have him [[repatriated]]. Ajay is arrested in [[Bangkok]] by Thai police. Adhitya tells Vinod to use the Indian government's diplomacy to free Ajay, and Ajay is released. As per the plan, Adhitya visits [[Nasik]] the same day, and kills Ajay's proxy under the pretext of self-defense and declares that "Ajay's" body will be revealed to the public in 4 hours. Desperate to avoid public shame and prison, with no other alternative, the corrupt officials have Ajay brought to the prison and promptly executed, much to Vinod's helplessness. At Ajay's funeral, Vinod reveals that Ajay is not his biological son, but of Hariharan 'Hari' Chopra, a notorious mafia boss and international drug lord, infamously known for killing 15 policemen in a brutal massacre 27 years prior.

Hari is informed of his son's death. He enters India via the [[India-Bangladesh border]] and traces Ajay's murder to Aditya. Seeking retribution, he plots to kill them. In anticipation, Vinod tries to warn Aditya through Valli, but is unable to do so. He is later murdered by Hari for failing to protect Ajay. Hari attacks Aditya and Valli by orchestrating a gruesome [[car accident]]. Aditya barely escapes with his life, sustaining minor injuries. However, Valli is diagnosed with [[Head injury|terminal hemorrhage]] sustained as a consequence of the accident, and is informed that she will die before Adhitya awakes. Crestfallen, she makes a self-recording for Aaditya to see and passes away. Grief-stricken and enraged, Aditya decides to kill Vinod, only to discover about his death. Driven to the verge of insanity, he turns extremely violent and begins a rampage of murdering gangsters, which brings the film back to the present.

Hari organizes an ambush to kill Aditya and his team. He escapes, but several of his subordinates are injured. He is suspended from the police force as a consequence. He approaches the High court again, and gets 1 week to prove mental and physical fitness. Adhitya aces the test and is reinstated. Perplexed about the connection between the murders of Ajay, Vinod, and Valli, he discovers Valli's video clip, which reveals a third person with a strong connection to the case. With the assistance of police records, Aditya traces the case back to Hari. He also learns about the true link between Hari, Ajay, and Vinod - Hari had handed over Ajay to Vinod to keep him safe, before fleeing India. With assistance from a prison's inmates, Aditya traces Vinod's location to the old office complex of ''Mumbai Media'', a [[media franchise]] owned by [[media baron]] Pramod Gupta, one of Hari's associates.

With the help of numerous policemen, Aditya launches a raid on the complex. He manages to capture Gupta and kill Hari's goons but fails to capture Hari himself. Hari retreats to the police station where he had orchestrated his brutal massacre and takes several people hostage. Aditya arrives at the police station and fights Hari, eventually emerging victorious. He manages to incapacitate Hari and stabs him to death, thus avenging Valli's death and instilling peace in Mumbai.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Aaditya Arunachalam IPS, commissioner of the Mumbai police, Valli's father
* [[Nayanthara]] as Dr Lilly
* [[Nivetha Thomas]] as Vallikkannu (daughter of Aaditya)<ref>{{cite news |title='He's MY appa, Aaditya Arunasalam': Nivetha Thomas on playing Rajinikanth's daughter in 'Darbar' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/18/hes-my-appa-aaditya-Arunasalam-nivetha-thomas-on-playing-rajinikanths-daughter-in-darbar-2049597.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Suniel Shetty]] as Hariharan "Hari" Chopra, Ajay's father
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Kaushik, Aaditya's friend
* [[Prateik Babbar]] as Ajay Chopra/Ajay Malhotra
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Vinod Malhotra/Vinod Prathap
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Lilly's cousin
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Union Home Secretary
* [[Yograj Singh]] as the head of the gangsters
* [[Jatin Sarna]] as a gangster
* Anil Pawar as Ajay's proxy
* [[Shamata Anchan]] as a police inspector
* Raneesh Thyagarajan as a police inspector
* Shreya Gupta as Minister's daughter
* Sanjay Raghavan as a police inspector
* Soundariya Nanjundan as Lilly's cousin
* [[Manasvi Kottachi]] as Lilly's niece
* Rajesh Chintu as a police inspector
* Adithya Shivpink as an impersonator
* [[Anitha Sampath]] as a newsreader
* Yusuf Hussain as Doctor
* [[C. Ranganathan]] as Lilly's father (special appearance in the song "Dumm Dumm")
* Jeeva Subramanian as a dancer in the song "Kannula Thimiru"
{{Colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"|style="text-align: left;"
|"Every one of us grew up with [Mr. Rajini] and even professionally, he just has a different vibe. Whenever do you see Rajini on-screen doesn't it remind you of your childhood? I made this movie and wrote the script as a fan, how I enjoyed him on-screen. I didn't put the same sequences but with an updated concept. He plays a heroic cop from Mumbai. We even have a similar sequence in the film like the one that took place in the recent [[Hyderabad]] vet rape case. I had written a similar sequence in the film where the criminal is punished in the same place he committed the crime. We were surprised to see something like that happen in reality."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | – AR Murugadoss about ''Darbar'' and Rajinikanth to ''[[Times of India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ar-murugadoss-talks-about-darbar-rajinikanth-and-more/articleshow/73097334.cms |title=AR Murugadoss talks about 'Darbar', Rajinikanth and more – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}
In March 2015, [[Rajinikanth]] was reported to sign his next film with [[A. R. Murugadoss]] and backed by [[Venu Ravichandran]] of [[Aascar Films]]; the project was reported to be put on hold until his issue with the distributors over the financial losses of his film ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014), being sorted out.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth Roped in For AR Murugadoss Next? - NDTV Movies|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/rajinikanth-roped-in-for-ar-murugadoss-next-746584|access-date=2020-12-31|website=NDTVMovies.com|language=en}}</ref> However, the project failed to materialize, citing Ravichandran's bankruptcy. On 25 September 2018, reports were surfaced that Rajinikanth will collaborate with Murugadoss, for his next project,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ratda|first=Khushboo|title=Rajinikanth in A.R. Murugadoss' next? Read to know|url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/tamil/news/rajinikanth-r-murugadoss-next-read-know/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Pinkvilla|language=en-US}}</ref> and will be bankrolled by [[Sun Pictures]], who also produced the latter's ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018), and the former's ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|title=AR Murugadoss's next with Superstar Rajinikanth - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-murugadosss-next-with-superstar-rajinikanth/articleshow/65950913.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However, on 25 November 2018, [[Lyca Productions]] announced that they would collaborate with [[Rajinikanth]] again after their previous collaboration [[2.0 (film)|''2.0'']] (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 25, 2018|title=Rajinikanth-AR Murugdoss film to be backed by Lyca Productions?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-ar-murugdoss-s-film-to-be-backed-by-lyca-productions-1395877-2018-11-25|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> At an awards ceremony held in December 2018, Murugadoss refuted the claims of the film's title as ''Narkaali'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-08|title=AR Murugadoss' next with Rajinikanth is not titled Narkaali|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ar-murugadoss-next-with-rajinikanth-is-not-titled-narkaali.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and further stated that "the film is not a political genre as of my previous hits, but it will be a commercial mass entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-17|title=AR Murugadoss is the front-runner to direct Rajinikanth's next film; says he also has a script ready for Ajith - Entertainment News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-murugadoss-is-the-front-runner-to-direct-rajinikanths-next-film-says-he-also-has-a-script-ready-for-ajith-5743391.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=My next film with Rajinikanth will not be a political film: AR Murugadoss|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/18/my-next-film-with-rajinikanth-will-not-be-a-political-film-ar-murugadoss-1913179.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Production of the film began with the working title ''Thalaivar 167.'' Music director [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]], openly confirmed their presence in the film. On 29 March 2019, Murugadoss offered a visit to the Pazhani Murugan temple, to perform a special pooja (prayer ceremony) for the success of the film,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-29|title=Rajinikanth and AR.Murugadoss Thalaivar 167 release date, heroine and title|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-and-armurugadoss-thalaivar-167-release-date-heroine-and-title.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and also announced the title and release date of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-03-30|title=Rajinikanth and Nayanthara's next movie Thalaivar 167 release date fixed|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-nayantharas-next-movie-thalaivar-167-release-date-fixed-794907|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> On 9 April 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-04-03|title=Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 167 first look release date is here|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-thalaivar-167-first-look-release-date-here-795178|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=Rajinikanth - AR Murugadoss' next film Thalaivar 167 first look on April 9.|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-next-film-thalaivar-167-first-look-on-april-9.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> the film's first look poster were released by [[Lyca Productions]] on the social media platforms,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmsbit.com/2019/04/rajinikanths-darbar-first-look-poster.html |title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' first look poster out! |website=www.filmsbit.com |publisher=Filmsbit News Network|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051426/http://www.filmsbit.com/2019/04/rajinikanths-darbar-first-look-poster.html|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> which revealed the title of the film as ''Darbar''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 9, 2019|title=Thalaivar 167 is Darbar. Rajinikanth turns IPS officer to wear khaki in AR Murugadoss film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalaivar-167-is-darbar-rajinikanth-turns-ips-officer-to-wear-khaki-in-ar-murugadoss-film-1497289-2019-04-09|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The first look of Rajinikanth had him surrounded by police dogs, belts, badges and handcuffs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rajinikanth-starts-shooting-his-much-awaited-film-darbar-mumbai-view-photos-446245 |title=Rajinikanth starts shooting for his much awaited film Darbar in Mumbai |date=11 April 2019 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> It marks Rajinikanth playing the role of a police officer in the film after 27 years, whose last police role being featured in ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandiyan]]'' (1992).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/rajini-s-darbar-releases-to-a-full-house-792979.html |title=Rajini's 'Darbar' releases to a full house |date=9 January 2020 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In an interview, director Murugadoss stated the film is about a tough cop like Alex Pandiyan, a character from the film ''[[Moondru Mugam]]'' (1982).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-murugadoss-reveals-how-darbar-with-rajinikanth-happened-1610370-2019-10-17 |title=AR Murugadoss reveals how Darbar with Rajinikanth happened |website=India Today}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Nayanthara]] was confirmed to play the female lead in the film,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=Nayanthara teams up with Rajinikanth in AR Murugadoss's film|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nayanthara-teams-up-with-rajinikanth-in-ar-murugadoss-s-film/story-O9p4UeHCP66opll1jWCONK.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> collaborating with Rajinikanth for the third time,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nayanthara confirmed as the female lead of Rajinikanth's next|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/08/nayanthara-confirmed-as-the-female-lead-of-rajinikanths-next-1961813.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> after ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), despite playing a cameo in the latter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=It's official! Nayanthara will team up with Rajinikanth in AR Murugadoss's film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-s-official-nayanthara-will-team-rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-s-film-99674|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> It was earlier reported that Bollywood actor [[Prateik Babbar]] was the main antagonist in ''Darbar''.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2019-04-17|title=Prateik Babbar to play antagonist in Rajinikanth's 'Darbar'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prateik-babbar-to-play-antagonist-in-rajinikanths-darbar/article26862091.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, later reports showed that [[Suniel Shetty]] was cast as the lead antagonist, marking his return to Tamil cinema after ''[[12B]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/why-darbar-is-a-big-deal-for-rajinikanth-fans-1.68900871 |title=Why 'Darbar' is a big deal for Rajinikanth fans |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> Shetty agreed to play the antagonist despite declining previous offers to play the antagonist in other Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-in-cinema-because-of-rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasan-suniel-shetty/articleshow/63095642.cms |title=I'm in cinema because of Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan: Suniel Shetty |author=Sharanya CR |date=28 February 2018 |work=Times of India}}</ref> Murugadoss approached Shetty while he was filming for ''[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham|Marakkar]]'' for which Shetty grew his hair long.<ref>{{cite web |author=K Janani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-update-not-prateik-babbar-suniel-shetty-is-main-villain-in-new-rajinikanth-film-1532501-2019-05-23 |title=Darbar update: Not Prateik Babbar, Suniel Shetty is main villain in new Rajinikanth film – Movies News |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904160521/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-update-not-prateik-babbar-suniel-shetty-is-main-villain-in-new-rajinikanth-film-1532501-2019-05-23 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Murugadoss wanted to do something special with Shetty's long hair. Shetty showed Murugadoss the look of his [[man bun]], which was ultimately used for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-suniel-shetty-on-his-man-bun-for-darbar-i-am-one-of-the-few-heroes-with-hair-left-on-my-head/articleshow/72750398.cms |title=Exclusive! Suniel Shetty on his man bun for 'Darbar': I am one of the few heroes with hair left on my head! – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-deliberately-did-not-reveal-darbars-plot-in-the-trailer/articleshow/73156978.cms |title='I deliberately did not reveal Darbar's plot in the trailer' – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/suniel-shetty-talks-about-his-look-from-darbar-says-he-is-proud |title=Suniel Shetty talks about his look from Darbar, says he is proud of his hair |first=Republic |last=World |website=Republic World}}</ref> In an interview, Shetty revealed how ''Darbar'' is his first "meaty" role in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI7cEbZtAoA |title=Darbar Climax Fight Scene Making – Suniel Shetty Reveals Unheard Secrets! Super Exclusive Interview |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Yogi Babu makes his collaboration with Rajinikanth for the first time, through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2019|title=Darbar: Yogi Babu joins Rajinikanth in Mumbai for AR Murugadoss film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-yogi-babu-joins-rajinikanth-in-mumbai-for-ar-murugadoss-film-1498442-2019-04-10|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On 4 April, a photoshoot featuring Rajinikanth was held at the popular studio in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth's photoshoot stills of 'Thalaivar 167' leaked! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-photoshoot-stills-of-thalaivar-167-leaked/articleshow/68735867.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> with renowned photographer [[Venket Ram]], and costumes designed by Niharika Bhasin Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-04-05|title=Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 167 picture leaked: The superstar plays this role in Murugadoss' film|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-thalaivar-167-leaked-pictures-reveal-role-that-he-playing-murugadoss-creation-795305|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> The stills which were unofficially leaked into the internet, featured the actor in a cop avatar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-05|title=Rajinikanth's Look in 'Thalaivar 167' Leaked Online|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/rajinikanth-thalaivar-167-photo-leaked-online|access-date=2020-12-31|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the film began on 10 April 2019 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/rajinikanth-starts-darbar-shoot-in-mumbai-ar-murugadoss-5668255/ |title=Rajinikanth starts Darbar shoot in Mumbai |date=10 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410070128/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/rajinikanth-starts-darbar-shoot-in-mumbai-ar-murugadoss-5668255/ |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Darbar' stills leaked again, team upset|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/darbar-stills-leaked-again-team-upset-imagegallery-kollywood-te1n0Ncjaejbi.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> Few stills featuring Rajinikanth, Nivetha Thomas and Yogi Babu were leaked into the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-25|title=Darbar leaked picture shows Rajinikanth with Nivetha Thomas and Yogi Babu|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-leaked-picture-shows-rajinikanth-with-nivetha-thomas-and-yogi-babu/story-k0JiKNKhUFOxSVkIYFbCIK.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-26|title=Rajinikanth, Nayanthara shoot for Darbar in Mumbai|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/rajinikanth-darbar-leaked-photos-nayanthara-5694847/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 3 May 2019, the shoot of the film has been put on hold, following reports of friction with college students at a campus where the movie was being filmed, which were resumed later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Superstar Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' crew attacked with stones by Mumbai college students: Reports|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/may/03/superstar-rajinikanths-darbar-crew-attacked-with-stones-by-mumbai-college-students-reports-1971893.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film's first schedule was completed on 15 May.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth wraps up the first schedule of Darbar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-darbar/articleshow/69341732.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth completes the first schedule of Darbar|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/15/rajinikanth-completes-first-schedule-of-darbar-11606.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=It's a schedule wrap for Rajinikanth's Darbar!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/23135/its-a-schedule-wrap-for-rajinikanths-darbar|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>

The second schedule of the film was resumed on 29 May and wrapped up within 30 June.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-19|title=Rajini's 'Darbar' second schedule to commence from May 29|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinis-darbar-second-schedule-commence-may-29-102035|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-12|title=Superstar Rajinikanth starrer Darbar's second schedule to be wrapped on June 30|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/superstar-rajinikanth-starrer-darbars-second-schedule-to-be-wrapped-on-june-30.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Suniel Shetty joined the film's second schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suniel Shetty to join the second schedule of Darbar!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/suniel-shetty-to-join-the-second-schedule-of-darbar-news-tamil-tf2lcnjagddec.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> On 5 June 2019, a video from the shooting spot unofficially made its way through the internet, despite high security in the sets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-05|title=Video of Darbar shooting scenes leaked on social media|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/06/05225216/1141054/Video-of-Darbar-shooting-scenes-leaked-on-social-media.vpf|access-date=2020-12-31|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref> The filmmakers reported a similar incident during the film's shoot on the last week of June 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-28|title=A mass still of Rajini from Darbar leaked again?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280619/a-mass-still-of-rajini-from-darbar-leaked-again.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> The team shifted the location from Mumbai to [[Delhi]], citing heavy rains.<ref name=":2" /> It was reported that the film will be wrapped up in the end of August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-13|title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' to be wrapped up by the end of August|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinikanth-s-darbar-be-wrapped-end-august-103565|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

After completing, the second schedule of the film, the makers took a 10-day long break, to resume the shoot from 10 July 2019. On 25 July, Murugadoss shared a few stills from the film, featuring Rajinikanth holds a sword in his hand and can be seen walking through a cloud of dust in a policeman's uniform in the first still, and in the other image sees him happier in a light blue suit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-25|title=Darbar: AR Murugadoss shares new stills of Rajinikanth from upcoming cop drama - Entertainment News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-ar-murugadoss-shares-new-stills-of-rajinikanth-from-upcoming-cop-drama-7057561.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 25, 2019|title=AR Murugadoss has interesting work for Rajinikanth fans. Hint: Darbar posters|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-murugadoss-has-interesting-work-for-rajinikanth-fans-hint-darbar-posters-1573573-2019-07-25|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

The final schedule of the film took place on 19 August 2019 in [[Jaipur]], where a couple of action sequences will be shot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Darbar final schedule begins in Jaipur, Rajinikanth and Nayanthara join the team|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-final-schedule-begins-in-jaipur-rajinikanth-and-nayanthara-join-the-team/story-pgF0jjMxEzXC7yefCGgvXL.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-29|title=Rajinikanth and Nayanthara Starrer Darbar's Mumbai Shooting Stills Leaked|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rajinikanth-and-nayanthara-starrer-darbars-mumbai-shooting-stills-leaked-2288891.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> On 11 October 2019, the makers announced that they have completed the shooting of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-06|title=Rajinikanth wraps up Darbar shoot, Pongal 2020 release confirmed|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajinikanth-wraps-up-darbar-shoot-pongal-2020-release-confirmed/story-EMOd6aHjhcEqmQhAtJccPJ.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
On 7 November 2019, Rajinikanth started dubbing for the film in Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar's dubbing kicks off today - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darbars-dubbing-kicks-off-today/articleshow/72051698.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and completed within two days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Rajinikanth completes dubbing for Darbar in record time, see pic|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajinikanth-completes-dubbing-for-darbar-in-record-time-see-pic/story-wkXOXend5pKfDHm52XtoAO.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-18|title=Rajinikanth completes dubbing for Darbar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-completes-dubbing-for-darbar-6126102/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Darbar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 7 December 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:43
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Lyca Productions]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]
| prev_year = 2019
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Dharala Prabhu]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Darbar
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Chumma Kizhi
| single1date = 27 November 2019
}}
}}
The film's soundtrack and score was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], marking his second collaboration with actor [[Rajinikanth]] after [[Petta (film)|''Petta'']] (2019) and also with director [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]] after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014). An instrumental theme song for the film titled "Thalaivar Theme",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh Ravichander treats fans to Darbar update on his birthday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/16/anirudh-ravichander-treats-fans-to-darbar-update-on-his-birthday-2048471.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> that accompanied with the motion poster was released on 7 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar Update: Anirudh Ravichander makes a special announcement about Rajinikanth starrer on his birthday|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/darbar-update-anirudh-ravichander-makes-special-announcement-about-rajinikanth-starrer-his-birthday-480036|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref> The film's first single, "Chumma Kizhi",<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 24, 2019|title=Darbar: Chumma Kizhi single from Rajinikanth film to release on November 27|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-chumma-kizhi-single-from-rajinikanth-film-to-release-on-november-27-1622214-2019-11-24|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> with lyrics by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], was released on 27 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Darbar' first single 'Chumma Kizhi' on November 27 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/darbar-first-single-chumma-kizhi-on-november-27/articleshow/72219621.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It was also released in Telugu as "Dhummu Dhooli", and in Hindi as "Napde Killi" with S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, and Nakash Aziz rendering the vocals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desk|first=The Hindu Net|date=2019-11-27|title='Chumma Kizhi' from Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' released|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chumma-kizhi-from-rajinikanths-darbar-released/article30097260.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film's album was launched on 7 December 2019 at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 4, 2019|title=Rajinikanth's Darbar audio launch to take place in a Chennai stadium on December 7|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-s-darbar-audio-launch-to-take-place-in-a-chennai-stadium-on-december-7-1625154-2019-12-04|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> in the presence of the film's cast and crew in attendance,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arm-directed-thalaivar-rajinikanths-darbar-audio-launch-on-7-december-details-here.html |title=ARM directed Thalaivar Rajinikanth's Darbar Audio launch on 7 December Details here |website=behindwoods.com |date=5 December 2019|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205102318/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arm-directed-thalaivar-rajinikanths-darbar-audio-launch-on-7-december-details-here.html|archive-date=5 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title=Darbar audio launch: Highlights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-dardar-audio-launch-live-updates-6154800/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and was simultaneously made available to stream through the online music streaming platform [[Gaana.com|Gaana]], on the same day itself.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=divomovies |number=1203362939941470209 |date=8 December 2019 |title=Listen to the full album of #Darbar exclusively on @gaana}}</ref>

Post the album release, the film's soundtrack has an [[Hidden track|unreleased hidden song]], titled "Kannula Thimiru", which were recorded by three transwomen singers - Chandramukhi, Rachana and Priya Murthi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three trans women sing for Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/three-trans-women-sing-for-rajinikanths-darbar/articleshow/72380653.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> performed live on the film's audio launch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-11|title=Meet the three trans women who've become a rage after singing in Rajinikanth's 'Darbar'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-three-trans-women-whove-become-rage-after-singing-rajinikanths-darbar-113873|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The song was not included in the album, as Anirudh had to release the song with the tune phrase from the theme song of ''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-14|title=Anirudh reveals his most memorable recording session! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/this-is-the-most-memorable-recording-of-anirudh-tamil-news-249522|access-date=2020-12-31|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> For the song, Anirudh roped in veteran composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], to conduct the brass section of the tune; a making video of the song was released in mid-January 2020, went viral on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh composes Darbar background music with Deva - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-composes-darbar-background-music-with-deva/articleshow/73225158.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh Ravichander releases BTS video of Rajinikanth starrer's theme song with veteran musician Deva|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anirudh-ravichander-releases-bts-video-rajinikanth-starrers-theme-song-veteran-musician-deva-499448|access-date=2020-12-31|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref>

Reviewing for the soundtrack album, ''Behindwoods'' gave 3 out of 5 statings, "Anirudh packs interesting tunes for every ‘Rajini’ mode, expect the visuals to add more punch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-11|title=Darbar (aka) Dharbar songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/darbar/darbar-songs-review.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'', gave the same rating and stated "An album which gets you tapping your feet endlessly".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/darbar-songs-review-tamil-movie-22722|access-date=2020-12-31|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''Sify'' stated "the soundtrack album is quite disappointing as compared to Rajinikanth's earlier film ''Petta'', due to the unimpressive lyrics but it touches the listener's soul and enables them to sing along".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar- Audio review|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/darbar--audio-review-news-tamil-tmjjkMddcgcgj.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Anirudh tunes are hardly memorable and the album has no catchy or repeat worthy tracks."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar Songs - Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/25275/darbar-songs---music-review|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chumma Kizhi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Dumm Dumm
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Thalaivar Theme
| extra3 = Instrumental
| length3 = 0:43
| title4 = Thani Vazhi
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Yogi B]]
| length4 = 3:26
| title5 = Tharam Maara Single
| extra5 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Arjun Chandy]]
| length5 = 3:48
| title6 = Villain Theme
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 1:05
| title7 = Kannula Thimiru
| extra7 = Chandramukhi, Rachana, Priya Murthi
| length7 = 3:12
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| all_lyrics = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], except "Thani Vazhi" which had lyrics by [[Yogi B]], Senthuzhan and Syan
}}

==Release==
On the announcement of the first look release, the makers also planned to schedule the release, coinciding with the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-04-09|title=Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 167 title revealed: Darbar is the name of AR Murugadoss' film [First Look Poster]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-thalaivar-167-first-look-cast-title-ar-murugadoss-film-be-out-today-795532|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> The film was scheduled to release on 11 January 2020, due to avoid clash with Ala vaikunthapurramuloo in November 2019, the makers announced a new release date of 9 January 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confirmed: Rajinikanth starrer 'Darbar' to release on THIS date - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-rajinikanth-starrer-darbar-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/72122756.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> to get the benefits of the extended holiday weekend, as Pongal falls on 15 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-30|title=Rajinikanth starrer Darbar to hit screens on January 9|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/darbar-release-date-january-9-6190522/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The film was also scheduled for a pan-Indian release in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi languages.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.weportal.in/the-title-and-first-look-of-thalaivar167-released/ |title=The title and first look of #Thalaivar167 released! |language=en-US|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410092755/https://www.weportal.in/the-title-and-first-look-of-thalaivar167-released/|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamilnews.wetalkiess.com/darbar-first-look-released/ |title=தர்பார் படத்தின் ஃபஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் – இதையெல்லாம் கவனித்தீர்களா? |language=en-GB|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409202248/https://tamilnews.wetalkiess.com/darbar-first-look-released/|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened in 7,000 screens worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Our|title=Darbar to release in 7,000 screens worldwide, including 4,000 in India on January 9|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/darbar-to-release-in-7000-screens-worldwide-including-4000-in-india/article30493910.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> with 4,000 screens across India.<ref>{{Cite news|author= Reporter|date=2020-01-07|title=Rajini's Darbar to release in 4,000 screens across India|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rajinis-darbar-to-release-in-4000-screens-across-india/article30498061.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 7 January 2020, the High Court restrained the film's release in Malaysia after its producer failed to pay {{Indian Rupee|23}} crore deficit to its distributor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Madras HC restrains release of Rajinikanth-starrer 'Darbar' in Malaysia after producer failed to pay Rs 23 cr to distributor|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madras-hc-restrains-release-of-rajinikanth-starrer-darbar-in-malaysia-after-producer-failed-to-pay-rs-23-cr-to-distributor/articleshow/73140147.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' not to release in Malaysia without bank guarantee: Madras HC|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinikanths-darbar-not-release-malaysia-without-bank-guarantee-madras-hc-115554|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> However, later revoked the claims, after Lyca Productions, had showed a bank guarantee of ₹4.9 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2020-01-08|title=HC clears decks for release of Rajinikanth-starrer 'Darbar'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-clears-decks-for-release-of-rajinikanth-starrer-darbar/article30507424.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
Dheeraj Enterprises bought the distribution rights of the film in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-29|title=Dheeraj Enterprises bags the Karnataka theatrical rights of Rajinikanth's Darbar|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dheeraj-enterprises-bags-the-karnataka-theatrical-rights-of-rajinikanths-darbar.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film's North Indian theatrical rights, were sold to [[Reliance Entertainment]], and released the film in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu languages in the North Indian circuits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Entertainment to release 'Darbar' in North India!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/reliance-entertainment-to-release-darbar-in-north-india-news-tamil-tmqkl3hedhiif.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> Prime Media acquired the US rights, and released the film earlier on 8 January, a day before the Indian release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Rajinikanth and AR Murugadoss' Darbar USA theatres list|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-and-ar-murugadoss-darbar-usa-theatres-list.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The motion poster of the film was released on 7 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 7, 2019|title=Darbar motion poster out: Rajinikanth is a kickass cop in new AR Murugadoss film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-motion-poster-out-rajinikanth-is-a-kickass-cop-in-new-ar-murugadoss-film-1616737-2019-11-07|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Mohanlal]] and [[Salman Khan]], released the poster in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-07|title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' motion poster released|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajinikanths-darbar-motion-poster-released/article29910423.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film's trailer was released at a launch event in held in Mumbai on 16 December,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=Darbar trailer review - Superstar Rajinikanth kills it as the Bad Cop - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/darbar-trailer-review-superstar-rajinikanth-nayanthara-a-r-murgadoss-tamil-news-249671|access-date=2020-12-31|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> with Rajinikanth, Suniel Shetty and Murugadoss being present.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar: Rajinikanth and Suniel Shetty lead the team at trailer launch event in Mumbai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/darbar-rajinikanth-and-suniel-shetty-lead-the-team-at-trailer-launch-event-in-mumbai-1628900-2019-12-17|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=Darbar trailer launch Live Updates: Superstar Rajinikanth is a 'bad cop' in Murugadoss film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/darbar-traier-launch-live-updates-rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-6169454/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The pre-release event of the Telugu dubbed version took place in Hyderabad on 3 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-05|title=Inside Darbar pre-release event in Hyderabad|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/darbar-telugu-pre-release-event-rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-nivetha-thomas-6199019/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

To make the film's promotion more unique, the makers wrapped a SpiceJet airline with ''Darbar'' Rajini livery on its flights.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-02|title='Darbar' promos reach the skies, Spicejet flies aircraft with Rajini image|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/darbar-promos-reach-skies-spicejet-flies-aircraft-rajini-image-115203|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The outside branding on the aircraft bearing an image of [[Rajinikanth]] in police uniform from the movie Darbar was displayed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marketingmind.in/crazy-marketing-strategy-of-rajnikants-darbaar-is-catching-attention/ |title=Crazy Marketing Strategy Of Rajnikanth's Darbar Is Catching Attention |website=marketingmind.in}}</ref> This is the second time, a passenger jet had been wrapped for advertising an Indian film, after [[AirAsia India]] for ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth takes the promotions of Darbar to another level with a customised airplane|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/rajinikanth-gets-a-customised-airplane.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Republic World}}</ref>

Speaking to [[The Hindu]], R. Kannan, COO, [[Lyca Productions]] said, "The film will release in 7,000 screens across the world. We are planning to release it in a few islands to reach out to the maximum number of people". Mr. Kannan said that around 15 brands such as [[SpiceJet]], Cadbury's, BookMyShow and [[Airtel]] have tied up with the film. "We are spending ₹7–80 million to promote the film. The marketing investment for this film is one of the highest in Tamil cinema," he said, adding that the trade is expecting a super hit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rajinis-darbar-to-release-in-4000-screens-across-india/article30498061.ece |title=Rajini's Darbar to release in 4,000 screens across India |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film was made available to stream on [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] on 24 February 2020. The satellite rights of the film was sold to Sun TV.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amazon-prime-february-2020-releases-darbar-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-hunters-and-more/article30733956.ece |title=Amazon Prime February 2020 releases: 'Darbar', 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood', 'Hunters' and more |date=4 February 2020 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun TV acquires the satellite rights of Rajinikanth and AR Murugadoss' Darbar |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sun-tv-acquires-the-satellite-rights-of-rajinikanth-and-ar-murugadoss-darbar.html |date=18 December 2019 |website=Behindwoods|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Darbar has two scenes where characters speak of prison inmates being allowed to go out and shop. The dialogues are not mouthed by [[Rajinikanth]] in either scene, though the actor is present in the shot in the movie. [[Lyca Productions]] announced that it would be removing controversial dialogues in the film, deemed to be a reference to [[V. K. Sasikala]], the jailed associate of former Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. [[Lyca Productions]] released a statement on [[Twitter]] that read: “In Darbar, particular words and dialogues having references to prisoners or inmates going out of jail or prison during their imprisonment was only included with an intention of providing entertainment to the audience and not intended to refer to any specific individual or to offend anyone. However, since some of those words seemed to have hurt some people, we have hereby decided to remove the same from the film."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/controversial-scenes-to-be-removed-from-rajinis-darbar/article30538841.ece |title=Controversial scenes to be removed from Rajini's Darbar |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Talking about the same, ''Sam Daniel'' from [[NDTV]] wrote, "Fans watching superstar Rajinikanth's ''Darbar'' will miss his dialogues on irregularities inside prisons which many felt were a tacit dig at jailed Sasikala, close friend of late Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/rajinikanths-darbar-to-remove-tacit-reference-to-sasikala-in-jail-2162206 |title=Rajinikanth's "Darbar" To Remove Tacit Reference To Sasikala in Jail |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{over-quotation|date=January 2020}}
The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-eyes-on-festival-films/article30622503.ece |title=After 'Darbar' and 'Pattas', Kollywood is looking at festival films |date=22 January 2020 |work=The Hindu|access-date=23 April 2020 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/02/06/darbar-director-murugadoss-seeks-police-protection-from-distributors.html |title='Darbar' director Murugadoss seeks police protection from distributors |website=The Week |language=en|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote "Rajini's Darbar has the substance perfectly laced with Superstar's style and mass" and gave 2.75 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/darbar/darbar-review.html |title=Darbar (aka) Dharbar review |date=9 January 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Film critic Sreedhar Pillai, writing in an article for ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2.75 out of 5 stars and stated "The first half of Darbar is enjoyable mainly due to Rajinikanth’s style and swagger."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-movie-review-yet-another-ode-to-superstar-rajinikanth-and-a-celebratory-film-for-his-fans-7882571.html |title=Darbar movie review: Yet another ode to superstar Rajinikanth and a celebratory film for his fans – Entertainment News, Firstpost |date=9 January 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV 24x7|NDTV]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Darbar is targeted fair and square at Rajinikanth fans, but it does nothing to give masala cinema a fresh shot of energy".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/darbar-movie-review-the-film-is-disappointing-rajinikanth-isnt-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2161837 |title=Darbar Movie Review: The Film Is Disappointing, Rajinikanth Isn't |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', M Suganth gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated "Darbar is an engaging commercial cocktail of action and drama."<ref>{{Citation|title=Darbar Movie Review {3/5}: An engaging commercial cocktail of action and drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/darbar/movie-review/73165150.cms|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta, editor-in-chief of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Darbar remains a Rajinikanth film which bows at each step to the continuing myth of the one and only Thalaivar."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-10|title=Darbar movie review: An out-and-out Rajinikanth film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/darbar-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-6207993/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Despite A.R. Murugadoss offering very little substance for him to work with, the superstar just about manages to carry this film on his aging shoulders."<ref>{{Cite news|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=2020-01-09|title='Darbar' movie review: A charismatic Rajinikanth shoulders an okayish masala movie|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/darbar-movie-review-a-charismatic-rajinikanth-shoulders-an-okayish-masala-movie/article30521045.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated,"''Darbar'' is an average cop action entertainer packed to satisfy the appetite of the die-hard fans of Thalaivar."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar review: Strictly for Rajini fans!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/darbar-review-strictly-for-rajini-fans-review-tamil-ubjj07hiajfce.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "AR Murugadoss plays on Rajinikanth’s strength and swag, but everything else in this film gets a lackadaisical treatment."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title=Darbar movie review: Quintessential Rajinikanth movie with its highs and lows|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-movie-review-quintessential-rajinikanth-movie-with-its-highs-and-lows/story-0nrkugKXrITyLRwkGzaHZJ.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of the [[Film Companion]], stated "The film falls in a no-man’s land, where the drama and the action is neither powerful nor punchy enough."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2020-01-09|title=Darbar Movie Review: AR Murugadoss and Rajinikanth unite for a barely okay action-drama|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/darbar-movie-review-ar-murugadoss-rajinikanth-nayanthara-baradwaj-rangan/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Barring a clichéd and predictable storyline, Darbar is strictly a film by a Rajinikanth fan for Thalaivar’s fans."<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 9, 2020|first=Janani|last= K.|title=Darbar Movie Review: Rajinikanth's film is by a Thalaivar fan for Thalaivar fans|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-movie-review-rajinikanth-s-film-is-by-a-thalaivar-fan-for-thalaivar-fans-1635182-2020-01-09|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Despite being a stale and predictable cop film, it's Rajinikanth's trademark swag that keeps the scenes alive."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title='Darbar' review: Rajinikanth is thoroughly entertaining in a stale cop film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/darbar-review-rajinikanth-thoroughly-entertaining-stale-cop-film-115768|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Darbar is a terrific entertainer that has its shortcomings and dull moments, but Rajinikanth fans won't be disappointed."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-10|title=Darbar Movie Review: Despite Shortcomings, Rajinikanth Makes it a Terrific Entertainer|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/darbar-movie-review-rajinikanth-is-a-good-hearted-bad-policeman-in-terrific-entertainer-2452321.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

== Economics ==

=== Pre-release revenue ===
The film's pre-release rights were sold for {{INRConvert|220|c|lk=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title=Darbar pulls in Rs 220 cr pre-release business globally; Sarileru Neekevvaru and Ala Vaikunthapurramulo fetch career-best figures for Mahesh Babu and Allu Arjun - Entertainment News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-pulls-in-rs-220-cr-pre-release-business-globally-sarileru-neekevvaru-and-ala-vaikunthapurramulo-fetch-career-best-figures-for-mahesh-babu-and-allu-arjun-7882281.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Darbar' pre-release business: Rajinikanth starrer crosses 200 crore mark? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-pre-release-business-rajinikanth-starrer-crosses-200-crore-mark/articleshow/73133998.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2020-01-09|title=Rajinikanth's Darbar earns this amount before its theatrical release|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-darbar-earns-this-amount-before-its-theatrical-release-811467|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|60|c|lk=}},<ref name=":4" /> Karnataka theatrical rights were sold for {{INRConvert|9|c|lk=}},<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Darbar Pre-release Business: Rajinikanth's film earns Rs. 220 cr even before release|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/25495/darbar-worldwide-pre-release-business-rajinikanth-film-earns-rs-220-cr|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> rights in Kerala were sold for {{INRConvert|6|c|lk=}},<ref name=":4" /> and Andhra Pradesh and Telangana theatrical rights were sold for more than {{INRConvert|15|c|lk=}}.<ref name=":5" /> North India rights of the film, which included the Hindi dubbing satellite, digital and theatrical rights were sold up to {{INRConvert|40|c|lk=}}.<ref name=":5" /> The film minted more than {{INRConvert|37|c|lk=}} on overseas rights.<ref name=":5" /> The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|50|c|lk=}},<ref name=":5" /> while other rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=}}.<ref name=":5" />

=== Box office ===
==== Domestic ====
The film reportedly minted Rs 180 million in Tamil Nadu alone on its first day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/darbar-box-office-collection-day-9-rajinikanth-film-earns-over-rs-10-crore-us/story/394118.html |title=Darbar Box Office Collection Day 10: Rajinikanth's film earns over Rs 10 crore in the US |website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> and it has approximately grossed over Rs 110 crore in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-vijays-bigil-amazon-prime-acquires-rajinikanths-darbar-812398 |title=After Vijay's Bigil, Amazon Prime acquires Rajinikanth's Darbar |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=28 January 2020 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Chennai city has been particularly good for ''Darbar,'' where it grossed Rs 14.67 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-psycho-displaces-rajinikanths-darbar-top-position-chennai-812329 |title=Box office collection: Psycho displaces Rajinikanth's Darbar from top position in Chennai |last=Johnson |first=David |date=27 January 2020 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> while in Kerala and Karnataka it has collected Rs 8 crore and Rs 24 crore respectively. It has collected around Rs 23 crore from Telugu states and around Rs 15 crore from the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html |title=Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, third Rajinikanth film to achieve feat |date=21 January 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> The film has grossed ₹1.35 billion in domestic box office in 11 days.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html |title=Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, fifth Rajinikanth film to achieve feat |date=21 January 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>

==== Worldwide ====
Darbar has grossed over {{INR}}2 billion worldwide in 11 days since its release.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-box-office-collection-superstar-rajinikanths-starrer-enters-200-crore-club-in-11-days/articleshow/73514596.cms |title='Darbar' box office collection: Superstar Rajinikanth's starrer enters 200 crore club in 11 days – Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> The film grossed $400,000 (USD) on its opening day in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-usa-box-office-rajinikanths-film-sets-a-new-record-on-a-working-day/articleshow/73172424.cms |title='Darbar' USA Box Office: Rajinikanth's film sets a new record on a working day – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Just over the opening weekend, Darbar has comfortably raked in $1 million ({{INR}}7.09 crore) in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-box-office-collection-day-3-1636115-2020-01-12 |title=Darbar box office collection: Day 3 |website=India Today}}</ref> Till 19 January 2020, the film crossed $1.6 million ({{INR}}11.36 crore) in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/others/darbar-sarileru-nikkevvaru-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-box-office |title=Rajinikanth's Darbar and Mahesh Babu's Sarileru Nikkevvaru's box office collection update |last=World |first=Republic |website=Republic World|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> Darbar has collected approximately {{INR}}70 crore in overseas market in 11 days.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdbtitle|tt9635540}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/darbar/ ''Darbar''] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{AR Murugadoss}}
{{Lyca Productions}}

[[Category:2020s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films directed by AR Murugadoss]]
[[Category:2020 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about child abduction in India]]
[[Category:Indian films]]

Saurashtra people

2022-02-21T17:14:47Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Ethno-linguistic Hindu community of South India}}
{{About||the people currently living in [[Saurashtra (region)]]|Gujarati people|other uses|Saurashtra (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Saurashtra people
| image = Saurashtra people.jpg
| caption = ''From top, left to right:'' [[Venkataramana Bhagavathar]], L. K. Thulasiram, [[M. N. Rajam]], [[M. V. Venkatram]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] and [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| population = [[Wiktionary:circa|c.]] '''2 million'''<ref name="Vandhana">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurais-sourashtrians-are-a-disappointed-lot/article5910444.ece|title=Madurai's Sourashtrians are a disappointed lot|last=Vandhana|first=M.|date=2014-04-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| popplace = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]]
| langs = [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] ([[mother tongue]]), [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Pancha-Gauda|Pancha-Gauda Brahmins]], [[Gauda Brahmins]], [[Girnara Brahmin]], [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmins]], [[Deshastha Brahmins]], [[Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Konkani people]], [[Sanketi people]], [[Tamil people]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Saurashtra people''', or '''Saurashtrians''',<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140713/jsp/7days/18609254.jsp|title=Girls Don't Say AYAYYO Here Anymore|last=Shanmugam|first=Kavitha|date=2014|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-02}}</ref> are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethno-linguistic]] [[Hindu]] community of [[South India]] who speak the [[Saurashtra language]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], and predominantly reside in the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/saz|title=Saurashtra|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-02-20|language=en}}</ref>

Saurashtrians trace their ancestry to the historical region of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in [[Western India]]. Their migration to [[Southern India]] owes to the forays and desecration of the [[Somnath temple]] triggered by the frequent [[Muslim invasions of India|Muslim invasions]], most notably by [[Mahmud Ghazni]]. They were a prominent industrious and prosperous [[mercantile]] community of [[merchant]]s and [[Weaving|weavers]] in southern India until the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Entrepreneurship and Business Communities in Colonial Madras 1900–1929, in D. Tripathy (Ed.) Business Communities of India|last=Mahadevan|first=Raman|publisher=Monohar Publications|year=1984|pages=210–225}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7MYYWUMWYC&q=sourashtra+merchants&pg=PA116|title=The Return of the Guilds|last1=Lucassen|first1=Jan|last2=Moor|first2=Tine De|last3=Zanden|first3=Jan Luiten van|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521737654|pages=115|language=en}}</ref>

Saurashtrians are [[Brahmin]]s,<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCqiAwAAQBAJ&q=pattavayaka&pg=PA110|title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries)|last=Jan Lucassen|first=Leo Lucassen|date=2014-03-27|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004271364|pages=109–112, 121|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CYxDwAAQBAJ|title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=2017-07-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351558242|pages=172–190|language=en}}</ref> and are also referred to as '''Saurashtra Brahmins'''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/where-they-have-come-to-stay/article28402513.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|title=Where they have come to stay|last=M.R|first=Aravindan|date=17 March 2003|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-mountain-trails-of-a-divine-legend/article5473004.ece|title=The mountain trails of a divine legend|last=Pereira|first=Ignatius|date=2013-12-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/20-more-keerthanas-of-Tyagaraja%E2%80%99s-disciple-discovered/article13985821.ece|title=20 more keerthanas of Tyagaraja's disciple discovered|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=2016-01-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiadivine.org/content/topic/969804-saurashtrians-the-genuine-aryans-part-three/|title=Saurashtrians – The Genuine Aryans (Part Three)|website=IndiaDivine.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031800330300.htm|title=The Hindu : Entertainment Chennai / Personality : Illustrious disciple of saint-poet|date=2005|website=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=2005|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FezZAAAAMAAJ&q=Saurashtra|title=Indian Society: Continuity, Change, and Development : in Honour of Prof. M. Suryanarayana|last1=Suryanarayana|first1=M.|last2=Reddy|first2=P. Sudhakar|last3=Gangadharam|first3=V.|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|year=2002|isbn=9788171696932|pages=93, 95, 99|language=en}}</ref> Further, like all traditional [[Orthodox Hinduism|orthodox]] Brahmins, they are classified based on their [[gotra]], or [[patrilineal descent]]. The majority of the people are [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]]s, though there is a significant proportion of [[Shaivism|Shaiva]]s as well. They are prominently known by their unique family names and also use the titles [[Sharma]],<ref name=":6" /> [[Rao (Indian surname)|Rao]],<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lY6AAAAMAAJ&q=Saurashtra+Brahman|title=The loom of interdependence: silkweaving cooperatives in Kanchipuram|last=Arterburn|first=Yvonne J.|date=1982|publisher=Hindustan Pub. Co.|pages=44, 47, 50–53|isbn=9780391027497|language=en}}</ref> Iyer,<ref name=":20" /> Iyengar and Achary<ref name=":26" /> as their surnames but belong to [[linguistic minorities]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-Tamilnadu/Minority-front-to-field-8-candidates/article16626166.ece|title=Minority front to field 8 candidates|date=2009-04-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Names==
Their name has many alternate spellings, including ''Sourashtra'', ''Sowrashtra, Sowrastra'' and ''Sourashtri''.<ref name=":13" /> Saurashtrians are colloquially called as ''Palkar'' among themselves.<ref name=":28" /> They have also been known as ''Patnūlkarar'', but the term is obsolete.

== Etymology ==

The word ''Saurashtra'' literally means "a good state". It is derived from ''Su'' meaning good, ''Rashtra'' meaning state and the other compound of ''[[Saura]]'' and ''Rashtra'', meaning "the land of the [[Sun]]".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC|title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra|last=Singhji|first=Virbhadra|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171545469|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> These people were once sun worshipers and have built [[sun temple]]s. The people worshiping [[Surya]] or [[Saura]] and inhabiting the land of the Sun are called as ''Saurashtrians''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/50184/the-possibility-of-developing-an-oldest-language|title=The Possibility of Developing an Oldest Language! by T. A. Ramesh|website=www.boloji.com|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name by which these people were also known in [[Tamil Nadu]] is ''[[Patnūlkarar]],''<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTPCpA6xg0QC&q=saurashtra+Brahmans&pg=PA106|title=Home Away from Home: Inland Movement of People in India|last=Singh|first=Mahavir|publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies|year=2005|isbn=9788179750872|pages=105–106|language=en}}</ref> which means [[silk]]-[[Zari|thread]] people,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/Believe-it-or-not-the-Gujarati-vote-is-key-in-Madurai-South/articleshow/52002894.cms|title=Believe it or not, the Gujarati vote is key in Madurai South – Times of India|last=Sivarajah|first=Padmini|date=2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref> mostly [[Silk in the Indian subcontinent|silk]]-[[Zari|thread]] [[merchants]] and [[Silk in the Indian subcontinent|silk]] [[Weaving|weavers]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbs4DwAAQBAJ&q=Saurashtrians&pg=PA148|title=Forest Tribology And Anthropology|last1=M|first1=Mhaiske, Vinod|last2=K|first2=Patil, Vinayak|last3=S|first3=Narkhede, S.|date=2016-03-01|publisher=Scientific Publishers|isbn=9789386102089|pages=148|language=en}}</ref> since the early settlers set up silk-weaving [[guild]]s and were involved in the [[trade]] of silk [[Clothing|clothes]] and [[Diamond (gemstone)|diamonds]] to the royal families of [[Tamil country]].<ref name=":11" /> After the [[Gupta dynasty]], silk became the attire of [[royal families]], the Saurashtrians were patronized by several dynasties across [[North India]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], [[Vijayanagara dynasty|Vijayanagara]], [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] and [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha]] rulers patronized them in ancient [[South India]].<ref name=":27" /> Their specialty was considered so honorable and complicated that they were in some cases exchanged as a major aspect of marriage settlements or as endowments to neighbouring kingdoms.<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/31/indian-film-makers-try-to-save-saurashtrian-language-from-extinction|title=Indian film-makers try to save vanishing language from extinction|last=Doshi|first=Vidhi|date=2016-05-31|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-06-09|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

These people are first mentioned as ''Pattavayaka'', the [[Sanskrit]] equivalent of ''Patnūlkarar'' in the [[Mandasor]] (present day [[Madhya Pradesh]]) inscriptions of [[Kumaragupta I]] belonging to the 5th century AD. They are also mentioned by the same name in the [[Patteeswaram]] inscriptions of [[Thanjavur]] belonging to the mid 16th century AD<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix0uAAAAMAAJ|title=Tamilnatil Saurashtrar : Muzhu Varalaru|last=Sethuraman|first=K. R.|date=1977|publisher=Saurashtra Cultural Academy|pages=10–15|language=ta}}</ref> and in the inscriptions of [[Mangammal|Rani Mangammal]] of [[Madurai]] belonging to the 17th century AD.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRIwAQAAIAAJ&q=pattavayaka|title=People of India|last1=Singh|first1=Kumar Suresh|last2=India|first2=Anthropological Survey of|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=2001|isbn=9788185938882|pages=1303|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYKAAAAAMAAJ&q=pattavayaka|title=Mobile, and Marginalized Peoples: Perspectives from the Past|last1=Heredia|first1=Rudolf C.|last2=Ratnagar|first2=Shereen|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Manohar|isbn=9788173044977|pages=93|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqAlHNTOWJgC&q=pattavayaka|title=Madura Gazetteer|last=Jensen|first=Herman|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=2002|isbn=9788170209690|pages=109–112|language=en}}</ref>

==Identity==
Saurashtrians are well assimilated in Tamil society, without any outward differentiation. Apart from certain religious adherences, [[Brahmanism|brahminism]] and [[vegetarianism]], their culture is similar to the rest of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Though their physical features are not similar to [[Tamils]], they have [[Tamil names]] and are essentially a part of [[Tamil People|Tamil people]], yet distinct in their ethnic identity and can be called as ''Saurashtrian Tamils''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/150719/how-indias-cultural-pluralism-is-better-seen-by-business-leaders.html|title=How India's cultural pluralism is better seen by business leaders|last=Venkatesh|first=M. R.|date=2019-07-15|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRxAOJWnyEwC&q=Saurashtrian+Tamils&pg=PA18|title=Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|date=2006|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=9781570036477|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/textile-and-silk-trade-have-to-be-encouraged-gujarat-minister-madurai/article28814688.ece|title=Textile and silk trade have to be encouraged|date=2019-08-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/gujarat-minister-hails-contribution-of-sourashtrian-tamils/articleshow/70517278.cms|title=Gujarat minister hails contribution of 'Sourashtrian Tamils'|date=4 August 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>

== Origin ==
{{See also|Saurashtra Kingdom}}

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] mentions that the ancient [[Abhira]]s were the rulers of [[Saurashtra Kingdom]] and [[Avanti (India)|Avanti Kingdom]] and they were followers of the [[Vedas]], who worshiped [[Vishnu]] as their supreme deity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJNHAAAAMAAJ&q=Saurastra+|title=Yadavas Through the Ages|last=Yadav|first=J. N. Singh|date=1997-10-01|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|isbn=9788185616032|pages=146|language=en}}</ref> These ancient provinces as depicted in the epic literature of [[Mahabharata]] roughly corresponds to the present day [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of southern [[Gujarat]] and [[Malwa]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

Their origin is [[Dwarka]], land of Lord [[Krishna]],<ref name=":5" /> the origin of the name date backs to the time when the ancestors of these people inhabited the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in southern [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>J.S. Venkatavarma, Sourashtra Charitra Sangraham (Madura, 1915)</ref> Saurashtrians are originally [[Gauda Brahmins]] and belong to [[Pancha-Gauda|Pancha-Gauda Brahmins]].<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjJjDwAAQBAJ&q=sourashtra+gotras&pg=PT31|title=India Moving: A History of Migration|last=Tumbe|first=Chinmay|date=2018-07-20|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9789353051631|language=en}}</ref> After their southward migration they have been called as [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":25" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Meet-three-of-Chennais-oldest-communities-from-the-north/articleshow/53140598.cms|title=Meet three of Chennai's oldest communities from the north – Times of India|last=Joseph|first=Ashish|date=2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vepachedu.org/manasanskriti/aaraamadraavida.html#2_Saurashtra|title=Aaraamadraavida Vamsacharitra (Arama Dravida) Brahmins, Mana Sanskriti|last=Dvivedula|first=Anamtapadmanaabham|date=2005|website=www.vepachedu.org|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/like-a-cloud-of-steam/article8532410.ece|title=Like a cloud of steam|last=Krishnan|first=Lalithaa|date=2016-04-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They had their original homes in present-day [[Gujarat]] and migrated to [[South India]] over a [[millennium]] ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.popsci.com/article/science/how-gene-fair-skin-spread-across-india#page-3|title=How A Gene For Fair Skin Spread Across India|last=Diep|first=Francie|date=2013|work=Popular Science|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en}}</ref> They are currently scattered over various places of [[Tamil Nadu]] and are mostly concentrated in [[Madurai]], [[Thanjavur]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] [[Districts of India|Districts]].<ref name=":1">"The Saurashtra Community in Madurai, South India", Albert James Saunders, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 5 (Mar. 1927) pp. 787–799, published by: The University of Chicago Press.</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Saurashtra (state)}}

Saurashtrians migrated from southern [[Gujarat]] in 11th century AD after the fall of [[Somnath Temple]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sourashtra-community-in-celebration-mode/article6055990.ece|title=Sourashtra community in celebration mode|last=Rohith|first=S. Mohammed|date=2014-05-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> when [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Greater India|India]]. It is said that the Saurashtrians lived in [[Devagiri]], the present day [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] of [[Maharashtra]] during the regime of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] kings up to 13th century AD. After the fall of [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas]] in 14th century AD they moved to [[Vijayanagar Empire]], with its capital at [[Hampi]] in present-day [[Karnataka]] by the invitation of the Kings. The expansion of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar empire]] brought the Saurashtrians into [[South India]] in 14th century AD, since they were highly skilled manufacturers of fine [[silk]] [[garments]] and were patronized by the Kings and their families.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/History-woven-into-this-silk-lane/articleshow/36224081.cms|title=History woven into this silk lane – Times of India|last=J|first=Arockiaraj|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGvXAAAAMAAJ&q=Saurashtra+Brahmins|title=Theerthayathra: A Pilgrimage Through Various Temples|last=Srikumaran|first=K.|date=2005|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=9788172763633|pages=125–126|language=en}}</ref> After the fall of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar empire]] they were welcomed by the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] Kings of [[Thanjavur]] during mid 16th century AD<ref name=":0" /> and [[Madurai]] during 17th century AD and were allowed to settle near the [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal|Thirumalai Nayakkar Palace.]]<ref name="Vandhana" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boloji.com/articles/759/the-unwritten-history-of-the-saurashtrians-of-south-india|title=The Unwritten History of the Saurashtrians of South India|last=T K|first=Ramesh|work=Boloji|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=The Saurashtrians of South India|last=Randle|first=H.N|publisher=K. V. Padmanabha Iyer|year=1949|location=Madurai}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=A Brief Study of the Saurashtra Community in the Madras State|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=M S|publisher=The Institute of Traditional Cultures Madras|year=1966|location=Madras|pages= 42}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eYtAAAAMAAJ&q=pattavayaka|title=The Saurashtrians in South India: Their Language, Literature, and Culture|last=Dave|first=Ishvarlal Ratilal|date=1976|publisher=Saurashtra University|language=en}}</ref>

== Social Division ==
===Occupation, divisions, sects and gotras===
From the view point of an outsider the community may be seen as a [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|homogenous]] one. However, in reality many subdivisions exist among them at various levels. Occupationally, the Saurashtrians may be classified broadly as [[Vedic priesthood|priests]], [[merchant]]s and [[Weaving|weavers]].<ref name=":3" />

====Divisions====
When the Saurashtrians settled in the South, they reproduced the institutions of their mother country in the new land, but, owing to the influence of the Southern [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]], some of the institutions became extinct. During their migrations, the men were under the guidance of their leader and the process of migration tended to increase the power of kinship.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291970919|title=In search of Hegemony Comparative Case study of Brahmins of North And South India|last=Mitra|first=Debashish|website=www.researchgate.net|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref name="Thurston">{{cite book|last=Thurston|first=Edgar |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume VI of VII|year=1909|publisher=Government Press|location=Madras}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The people were divided into 5 heads –

*''Goundans'' (Chiefs);
*''Soulins'' (Elders);
*''Voyduns'' (Physicians);
*''Bhoutuls'' (Religious men);
*''Karesthals'' (Commons).<ref name="Thurston"/><ref name=":24">{{Cite journal|last=Randle|first=H. N.|date=1944|title=The Saurashtrians of South India|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=76|issue=3–4|pages=151–164|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00099020|issn=1356-1863}}</ref>

Traces of this institution still survive. The ''Goundans'' were the judges in both civil and criminal affairs. They were aided in deciding cases by a body of nobles called ''Soulins''. The office of the ''Soulins'' is to make enquiries, and try all cases connected with the community, and to abide by the decision of the chiefs. The ''Voyduns'' ([[vaidya]]s) and ''Bhoutuls'' ([[pandit]]s, [[joshi]]s and kavis) also ranked with ''Voyduns'' and had their honours on all important occasions, and they are placed in the same rank with the elders. The ''Karesthals'' (commons), are the whole body of masses. Their voice is necessary on certain important occasions, as during the ceremonies of excommunication, ''[[prayaschitta]]s'' for admitting renegades, and during periodical meetings of the community.<ref name=":23" /><ref name="Thurston"/><ref name=":24" />

====Sects====
The Saurashtrians may further be divided into three sects on a [[Religion|religious]] basis. viz.,
* [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]], who wear the vertical Vaishnavite mark, and call themselves northerners;
* [[Smarta tradition|Smarthas]], who wear horizontal marks;
* [[Dvaita Vedanta|Madhvas]], who wear gopi (Sandal paste) as their sect mark.

All the above three divisions intermarry and interdine, and the religious difference does not create a distinction in the community. The Saurashtrians classify their ancestors as originally belonging to the two lines of ''Thiriyarisham'' and ''Pancharisham'' descent groups. They follow ''[[Apastamba Dharmasutra]]'' and belong to the [[Ahobila Matha|Ahobila]] and [[Sankaracharya]] [[Matha]]s. Their religion is [[Hinduism]], they follow [[Yajurveda]],<ref name=":4" /> and they were originally [[Dvaita Vedanta|Madhvas]]. After their settlement in [[South India|Southern India]], some of them, owing to the preachings of [[Adi Shankara|Sankaracharya]] and [[Ramanuja]]charya, were converted into [[Shaivism|Saivites]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]] respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":19" />

====Gotras====
{{See also|Pravaras}}

Saurashtrians, like all other [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]]s, trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages, the [[Saptarshi|saptarishis]]. They classify themselves into [[gotra]]s, named after the ancestor [[rishi]] and each gotra consists of different family names. The gotra was inherited from [[Guru]] at the time of [[Upanayana]], in ancient times, so it is a remnant of Guru-shishya tradition, but since the tradition is no longer followed, during Upanayana ceremony father acts as Guru of his son, so the son inherits his father's gotra. The entire community consists of 64 [[gotra]]s.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umY6AQAAIAAJ&q=sourashtra+gotras|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=1976|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|language=en}}</ref>

Saurashtrians belong to following gotras.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rjisacjournal.com/socio-economic-conditions-of-saurashtras-in-kanyakumari-district/|title=Socio Economic Conditions of Saurashtras in Kanyakumari district|last=Baby|first=K|website=rjisacjournal.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|*[[Agastya|Agasthiya]]
*[[Angiras (sage)|Angeerasa]]
*[[Aruni]]
*Asitha
*[[Atri|Athreya]]
*[[Bhagiratha|Bhageeratha]]
*[[Bharadwaj]]a
*[[Bhrigu|Bhargava]]
*[[Chyavana]]
*[[Dadhichi|Dadheecha]]
*[[Devala]]
*[[Durvasa]]
*Galava
*[[Garga (sage)|Gargeya]]
*[[Gautama Maharishi|Gowthama]]
*Gowthsa
*[[Harita|Haritha]]
*Hothra
*Idhmavaaha
*[[Jaabaali|Jabali]]
*[[Jaimini|Jaimuni]]
*[[Jamadagni]]
*[[Jahnu|Jannhu]]
*[[Kanva]]
*Kavasa
*[[Kashyapa|Khasyaba]]
*Koumanda
*[[Kaundinya|Koundinya]]
*[[Kaushika|Kousika]]
*Kupitha
*[[Mandavya|Maandavya]]
*Mandabala
*Mareesi
*[[Markandeya]]
*[[Matanga Muni|Mathanga]]
*[[Medhātithi|Medhatithi]]
*Moudgalya
*Mounjanya
*Mythreya
*[[Aurva|Ourva]]
*[[Pulaha|Pailava]]
*[[Parashara|Parasara]]
*[[Pippalada|Pippala]]
*Pramathi
*Saaliga
*[[Śakti Maharṣi|Sakthi]]
*[[Sandilya (Rishi)|Sandialya]]
*[[Śarabhanga|Sarabhanga]]
*Soomantha
*Soubari
*Shazhiya
*[[Shaunaka|Sounaka]]
*[[Shrivatsa|Srivathsa]]
*[[Upamanyu]]
*Usena
*[[Uttanka|Uthanga]]
*[[Vātsyāyana|Vaathsaayana]]
*[[Vaisampayana]]
*[[Valmiki]]
*[[Vamadeva]]
*[[Vasishtha|Vasista]]
*[[Vatsa|Vathsa]]
*[[Vishvamitra|Viswamithra]]
*[[Vyasa]]
}}
Marriage within common [[gotra]] is strictly prohibited.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2" />

====Kuladevatas====
{{See also|Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)}}
Every Saurashtrian family has their own family patron deity or the ''[[Kuladevata]]''. This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor. The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as Kuladevata began in the period of the [[Yadava dynasty]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

== Culture ==
===Saṃskāras, rituals and Festivals===
Saurashtrians have been traditionally an [[Orthodox Hinduism|orthodox]] and closely knit community. They are essentially [[Aryan|northern]] in their customs, manners and social structure. Traditionally, joint family was a social and economic unit for them. Moreover, the pattern of joint family helped them transmit their [[tradition]]al culture to the younger generations.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":8" />

====Saṃskāras====
Saurashtrians strictly adhere to all the ''[[Saṃskāra|Ṣoḍaśa Saṃskāra]]'' or 16 [[Hindu]] [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Samskaras]],<ref name=":11" /> out of which, the main social customs among them consist of six social [[Ceremony|ceremonies]] in the life of a person. (1) the [[naming ceremony]]; (2) the [[Upanayana|sacred thread]] ceremony; (3) [[puberty]]; (4) [[marriage]]; (5) the attainment of the age of sixty; (6) the [[Antyesti|funeral rites]].<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69yAAAAAMAAJ|title=Oral literature of the Saurashtrans|last=Učida|first=Norihiko|date=1979|publisher=Simant Publications India|language=en}}</ref>

The [[rite]]s that are performed following the birth of a child are known as ''[[Jatakarma|jathakarma]]''. The naming ceremony in particular is known as ''[[namakarana]]m''. The main aim of performing these birth ceremonies is to purify and to safeguard the child from diseases. These rituals are believed to check the ill effects of Planetary movement. The above rites were carried out on the eleventh day after birth of the child. Grandfather's name was much preferred for a male child and the name of a female deity was suggested for female child.<ref name=":8" />

The ''vaduhom'' ceremony ([[sacred thread ceremony]]) of Saurashtrians is basically the ''[[upanayana]]m'' ceremony. This ceremony is exceedingly important among them. This is performed between seventh and thirteenth years. In rare cases when the sacred thread ceremony was not held in the young ages, it would be performed at the time of marriage. The goal of this ceremony was to highlight their [[Brahminical]] status. During this ceremony there was much feasting and entertainment which lasted for four days.<ref name=":8" />

Among the Saurashtrians, attaining [[puberty]] was the greatest event in a girl's life. They also perform a pre-puberty marriage.<ref name=":21" />

The wedding ceremony lasted 11 days with as many as 36 [[ritual]]s. All these rituals were conducted by the Saurashtrian [[Vedic priesthood|priests]] who were a separate clan in the community.<ref name=":5" /> The Saurashtrians have their own marital arrangements. Before a marriage is fixed, a long negotiation takes place between the parents of both partners. Being traditional [[Orthodox Hinduism|orthodox]] [[Brahmin]]s they are very much particular in matching the [[horoscope]] of the couple. A man may claim his maternal uncle's daughter as his wife, and [[polygamy]] is permitted. Girls get married at an early age. Marriage within common gotra is strictly prohibited among them.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.com/what-makes-sourashtra-weddings-unique-in-their-own-ways/|title=What Makes Sourashtra Weddings Unique in Their Own Ways?|website=India Post|date=28 May 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref>

Death rituals are termed as ''abarakkirigai'' or ''[[Antyesti|andhiyaeshti]]'' in the Saurashtrian community. ''[[Antyesti|Andhiyaeshti]]'' means the last or final fire. These rituals are carried out by the eldest son of the deceased. In case of no son, the relatives carry out the last rites. ''Kartha'' is the name given to the one who carries out this rite. The performance of the rite signifies the belief that the life is continuous and does not end by one's death. Further, the deceased are believed to reach the level of the deities. The period of mourning lasts for ten days, but it is repeated every year in the form of ''[[Śrāddha|sraddha]]'' ceremonies.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":19" />

====Festivals====
The Saurashtrians are of a religious bent of mind and they value morality and high character. The chief divinity of Saurashtrians is [[Venkateswara|Venkateshwara]] of [[Tirupati]]. Among other Gods they worshipped Sun God, [[Rama]] etc. They made regular visits to [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi temple]]. They celebrate [[Kolattam]], [[Chithirai festival]] and [[Rama Navami|Ramanavami]] with great enthusiasm, and observe [[Diwali|Deepawali]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Chathurthi]], [[Dussehra]], [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi|Vaikunta Ekadasi]] and [[Avani Avittam]] as important religious days.<ref name=":5" /> Their present social customs differ markedly from the traditional pattern and bear a close resemblance to those of [[Tamils]]. Only some orthodox well-to-do [[merchant]] families stick to their older customs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":21" />

===Attire===
The way of living of the Saurashtrian men resembles to that of [[Iyengar]] Brahmins and the living of Saurashtrian women resembles to that of [[Telugu Brahmin]]s .

Saurashtrian men wear [[dhoti]] or ''veshti'' with a shirt and scarf called ''khesa'' just like other Brahmin men. The men keep the hair-knot or ''[[sikha]]'' on the head with a [[vermilion]] mark or ''naamam'' on their forehead.

The Saurashtrian women wear [[Sari|saree]] in a different manner than the [[Tamils|Tamil]] women. The unmarried ones wear in [[Bengalis|Bengali]] style, while the married ones wear in [[Marathi people|Marathi]] style. The shape and size of the ornaments worn by the Saurashtrian women are similar to that of [[Telugu Brahmin]] women. The ornaments are mostly made of precious [[diamond]]s and [[gold]]. The women also put vermilion mark on their foreheads just like the males but in smaller length and also decorate their head with flowers called as ''veni''.<ref name=":3" />

===Cuisine===
{{See also|Tamil cuisine}}

The Saurashtrian cuisine is famous for its mixed rice dishes that includes [[Pulihora|puliyotharai]] ([[tamarind]] rice), tomato rice with a hint of [[cinnamon]], kalkandu ([[sugar candy]]) rice, sakkarai pongal<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/chef-shri-bala/article23760448.ece|title=Forgotten foods of Tamizhagam|last=Das|first=Rajashree|date=2018-05-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''(''a dessert made of cotton seed milk'')''<ref name=":10" /> and [[Fried rice|lemon rice]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/10-restaurants-to-visit-in-madurai-and-what-to-order-1675384|title=10 Restaurants to Visit in Madurai and What to Order|work=NDTV Food|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/the-best-meals-to-have-in-madurai-dosa-idli-idiyappam/|title=The best meals to have in Madurai|date=2018-08-22|work=Condé Nast Traveller India|access-date=2018-10-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Apart from these dishes Saurashtrians have special liking towards [[halva]] and [[Puran poli|poli]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indulgexpress.com/life-style/food/2017/jul/07/taste-of-kanchipuram-at-coimbatore-2582--1.html|title=Taste of Kanchipuram at Coimbatore|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Other South Indian delicacies such as [[dosa]]s, [[idli]], [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]] and [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]] etc. are also favored by the Saurashtrians. Rasam believed to have originated in the 16th century in Madurai by Saurashtrians. They prefer calling it ‘''Pulichaar''’ which means tart or tamarind.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=TN Chef Makes Rasam Viral in US: The Story of South India's Grand Old Dish|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/244009/viral-trending-america-rasam-tamil-nadu-chef-health-benefits-history-india-gop94/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> Several historians believe that it was Saurashtrian [[textile]] merchants who introduced idly to [[South India]] during the 10th and 12th centuries. There are even claims that a mix of rice and [[urad dal]] ground together and later steamed to form cakes had its origins in [[Gujarat]]. This was called ''Iddada''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://food.manoramaonline.com/food/foodie/2017/03/30/celebrating-moon-faced-health-food-world-idly-day.html|title=Celebrating the moon-faced health food on World Idli Day|work=OnManorama|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref> Another dish that the Saurashtrian [[Merchant|traders]] brought to Madurai in the 16th century is a [[Vada (food)|vada]] made from deep-fried [[spinach]], it became the keerai vadai and remains a specialty of Madurai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/tried-and-tasted-food-walks-bring-history-alive-in-dehradun-madurai-kolkata/story-o98MixBzIZThLAcKfMsKmK.html|title=Tried and tasted: Food walks bring history alive in Dehradun, Madurai, Kolkata|last=Ghosh|first=Madhusree|date=2019-02-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/tried-and-tasted/|title=Tried and tasted|date=2020-02-29|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>

====Diet====

Traditionally, Saurashtrians are [[vegetarian]] and those who are involved in priesthood activities adhere to [[strict vegetarianism]]. [[Rice]] is their staple food along with [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], gojju & amti ([[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]). However, nowadays, some occasionally take [[non-vegetarian]] food.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-weavers-who-settled-in-Madurai-centuries-ago-brought-with-them-a-unique-language/articleshow/52927461.cms|title=Gujaratis who settled in Madurai centuries ago brought with them a unique language – Times of India|last=Parmar|first=Vijaysinh|date=2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Ethnic groups of Tamil Nadu}}

There are three group of Saurashtrians living in [[Tamil Nadu]]. First migrants came to [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and settled there, second group of migrants settled in [[Tanjore|Thanjavur]] and its surrounding places and later third group of migrants settled in [[Madurai]] and its surrounding places. Saurashtrians maintain a predominant presence in [[Madurai]], a city, also known as 'Temple City' in the southern part of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Though official figures are hard to come by, it is believed that the Saurashtrian population is anywhere between one-fourth and one-fifth of the city's total population.

They are present in significant numbers in [[Ambur]], [[Ammapettai, Thanjavur|Ammapettai]], [[Ammaiyappan|Ammayappan]], [[Aranthangi]], [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arni]], [[Ayyampettai, Thanjavur|Ayyampettai]], [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]], [[Chennai]], [[Darasuram|Dharasuram]], [[Dindigul]], [[Erode]], [[Kanchipuram|Kancheepuram]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Kottar]], [[Krishnapuram, Thanjavur district|Krishnapuram]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Namakkal]], [[Nilakkottai|Nilakottai]], [[Palani]], [[Palayamkottai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Parambur]], [[Periyakulam]], [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Rajapalayam]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Rasipuram]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Thirubuvanam, Thanjavur|Thirubhuvanam]], [[Thiruvaiyaru]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Thuvarankurichi]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Iluppur|Illuppur]], Thiruvappur, [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], [[Vaniyambadi]], [[Veeravanallur]], Vellanguli, Pudukudi, Kilakukulam, Krishnapuram, [[Vellore]], [[Walajapet]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":13" />

They are also present in [[Trivandrum]] and [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] in [[Karnataka]],<ref name=":13" /> [[Hyderabad]] in [[Telangana]] and [[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirupati]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Nellore]], [[Srikakulam]], [[Vishakapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name=":13" /> are said to house several Saurashtrian families, known as ''[[Pattusali]].''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=pattusali+sourashtra|title=People of India: A – G.- Volume 4|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|year=1998|isbn=9780195633542|pages=3189|language=en}}</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Saurashtra language}}
{{See also|Saurashtra script}}

The mother tongue of Saurashtrians is [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] (alternate names and spellings: Sourashtra, Sowrashtra, Sourashtri, Palkar), a [[dialect]] of [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] with the amalgamation of present-day [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] & [[Tamil language|Tamil]] but most of them are [[Multilingualism|bilingual]]<ref name=":6" /> and can speak either [[Tamil language|Tamil]] or [[Telugu language|Telugu]] or one of the local languages.

[[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]], an offshoot of [[Sauraseni Prakrit]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/090616/custodians-safeguard-saurashtra-language.html|title=Custodians safeguard Saurashtra language|last=Vannan|first=Gokul|date=2016-06-09|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-03-22|language=en}}</ref> once spoken in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] of [[Gujarat]], is spoken today chiefly by the population of Saurashtrians settled in parts of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/akademi-award-for-tn-writers-who-revived-sourashtra-literature/article16936860.ece1|title=Akademi award for TN writers who revived Sourashtra literature|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=2016-12-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With the Saurashtrian language being the only [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] employing a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] [[Tamil script|script]] and is heavily influenced by the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. However, Census of India places the language under [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]].

== Genetics ==
{{See also|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia}}

== Organisation ==
The prominent leaders among the community arose in the late 19th century and felt the need of organizing the community. At first, the Madurai Saurashtra Sabha was formed in the year 1895 and it was formally registered in the year 1900 with many objectives. The formation of this Sabha was the first step towards [[social mobilization]]. The Sabha's administration is carried out by elected Councillors and office bearers. It has its own rules and regulations regarding holding of elections, rights and duties of office bearers and celebration of social functions. The election to the Sabha is held once in three years. The [[social]] life of the Saurashtrians is controlled almost wholly by the Saurashtra Sabha. This organisation is a committee of the leading men of the community, which manages and controls all the schools and public institutions, the [[temple]] and its worship, and all political, [[Religion|religious]], and social questions among the Saurashtrians.

The Saurashtra Madhya (central) Sabha, which has its headquarters at [[Madurai]] now remains as the cultural center for all the Saurashtrians living in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Many well-to-do [[merchant]]s and [[philanthropists]] of the community have contributed substantially to the growth of these institutions. Today, the Saurashtrians are represented in white collar jobs and professions in large numbers.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Standing-tall-in-all-fronts/article14852589.ece|title=Standing tall in all fronts|last=Kavitha|first=S.S|date=2007-10-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2009, [[Narendra Modi]], the then [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] and the current and 14th [[Prime Minister of India]], inaugurated the Research Institute of Saurashtra Heritage and Immigration (RISHI), a project in association with [[Saurashtra University]], [[Rajkot]].<ref name=":9" />

== Politics ==

In the second decade of 20th century, the Saurashtrians emerged as a dominant group in social and political life of [[Madras Presidency]]. The Saurashtrians emerged as the dominant social group because of their collective mobilization, intellectual leadership, education, wealth, trade and enterprise. There are several instances when the leaders of the community organised the [[Weaving|weavers]] and made social and economic protests. The well-to-do [[merchant]]s of the community made donations to [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee|TNCC]] for [[Vedaranyam March|Salt Satyagraha]] and welcomed any form of [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi]] agitation which favoured [[Indian people|Indian]] cloth.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocialco0000irsc|url-access=registration|quote=L.K.Tulsiram.|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929|last1=Irschick|first1=Eugene F.|last2=Studies|first2=University of California, Berkeley Center for South and Southeast Asia|date=1969|publisher=University of California Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicssocialco0000irsc/page/9 9], 138|language=en}}</ref>

The leaders who came to lead the community were not always from the upper class. L. K. Thulasiram, who led the community in [[Madurai]], was not born into the [[Aristocratic family|aristocratic]] family. With his own efforts he travelled abroad which brought prosperity to himself and to the community in general. Thulasiram at first supported the non-[[Brahmin]] movement in [[Tamil Nadu]]. When he earned the displeasure of his community members who were fighting for [[Brahminical]] status, he changed his mind and supported the cause of his own people.<ref name=":22" /> He got elected as Municipal Chairman in 1921 amidst a fierce contest. During his tenure he brought many reforms within the community. He introduced free mid-day meal scheme in community owned school for the first time in the country which was later emulated by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] during the period of [[K. Kamaraj]] in the name of [[Noon meal scheme|noon-meal scheme]] in Government schools.<ref name=":15" /> When he lost his hold in [[Municipal council|Municipal Council]], he became a prominent organizer of [[non-cooperation movement]]. Later he impressed the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and became the leader of the [[merchant]]s. In this capacity he strove hard to raise the prestige and position of his community.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=The Politics of South India, 1920–1937|last=Backer|first=C.J|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1976|location=New Delhi|pages=143–217}}</ref>

[[N. M. R. Subbaraman|N.M.R. Subbaraman]], another leader of the community, financed and led the [[Salt March|Civil Disobedience Movement]] In [[Madurai]] from 1930–32. He worked for the advancement of the depressed classes. He, along with [[A. Vaidyanatha Iyer]], organised a temple entry conference and helped the people of the depressed classes to enter [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]]. He was involved in the [[Bhoodan movement]] and donated his 100 acres of land to the movement. He contributed to establishing the first [[Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai|Gandhi Memorial Museum]] in Madurai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/throwing-light-on-the-life-of-madurai-gandhi/article3092865.ece|title=Throwing light on the life of 'Madurai Gandhi'|date=2006-08-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later he expressed his dissatisfaction with [[Civil disobedience|Civil Disobedience]]. He felt unhappy about the expenditure incurred on the agitational activities. He mobilized his followers into Municipal politics with the help of Venkatamarama Iyer faction under the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] banner.<ref name=":14" />

S.R. Radha, former Minister and one of the founding members of the [[AIADMK]], who also led the community in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]. He was attracted to [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]'s rationalist ideas and was drawn to the [[Dravidian movement]] and later joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and subsequently, the [[AIADMK]]. He was one among those who signed the party document when AIADMK was launched in 1972 by [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G. Ramachandran]] after his expulsion from the DMK. Mr. Radha was first elected to the state assembly constituency of [[Kumbakonam (state assembly constituency)|Kumbakonam]], later, in 1983 he became a member of the Legislative Council. When [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G. Ramachandran]] was Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Subsequently, In March 1985, he was appointed as Deputy General Secretary of the AIADMK. After the death of the AIADMK founder, Mr. Radha supported [[J. Jayalalithaa]]’s leadership of the party. In recognition, she appointed him Leader of the Opposition. But the rise of Jayalalithaa’s associate [[V. K. Sasikala|V.K. Sasikala]] and members of her family in the AIADMK made Radha’s continuation in the party untenable and was later expelled from the AIADMK.<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2020-12-09|title=Former Minister S.R. Radha dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-minister-sr-radha-dead/article33283872.ece|access-date=2021-01-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MGR's close associate SR Eradha passes away at 87|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/dec/08/mgrs-close-associate-sr-eradha-passes-away-at-87-2233512.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=2018-06-11|title=When a politician said no to money|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-a-politician-said-no-to-money/article24131395.ece|access-date=2021-01-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Portrayal in popular media ==

* In a 1967 Tamil mystery thriller movie ''[[Athey Kangal]],'' Bhaskar, (portrayed by [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]), the hero and his friend (portrayed by [[Nagesh]]) are found speaking ''Saurashtra'' in a famous song ''Pombala Oruthi Irundhalam.''<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jun 23|last2=2020|last3=Ist|first3=04:09|title=Man who rocked Tamil pop, yodelling into hearts {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-who-rocked-tamil-pop-yodelling-into-hearts/articleshow/76519575.cms|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*In a 2014 Tamil movie ''[[Naan Than Bala]]'', Vaishali (portrayed by [[Shwetha Bandekar]]), one of the main characters, her father speaks ''Saurashtra'', thereby suggesting that she is from a Saurashtrian family.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naan-than-bala-friends-with-benedictions/article6114928.ece|title=Naan Than Bala: Friends with benedictions|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2014-06-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*In another 2014 Tamil [[Comedy film|comedy]]-[[Gangster film|gangster]] movie ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'', Kayalvizhi (portrayed by [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]), the heroine and her mother (portrayed by [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]) are found speaking in ''Saurashtra'', thereby suggesting that they are Saurashtrians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jigarthanda/movie-review/39436452.cms|title=Jigarthanda Movie Review|date=2016-05-29|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref>
* In a 2019 [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]'', Bharathi (portrayed by [[Tamannaah|Tamanna Bhatia]]), the heroine speaks to her brother in ''Saurashtra'', thereby suggesting that she is a Saurashtrian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/making-offbeat-cinema-is-like-cycling-against-the-wind-seenu-ramasamy/articleshow/67624750.cms|title=Making offbeat cinema is like cycling against the wind: Seenu Ramasamy – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
===Religion===
* [[Venkataramana Bhagavathar]] (1781–1874), a direct disciple of Saint [[Tyagaraja|Thyagaraja]]

===Cinema===
* [[T. M. Soundararajan]] (1924–2013), Tamil Playback singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-non-tamil-singers-dominated-kollywood-for-more-than-60-years/articleshow/72960992.cms|title=Why non-Tamil singers dominated Kollywood for more than 60 years {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India|last1=Dec 25|last2=2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08|last3=Ist|first3=4:21}}</ref>
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]] (1924–1978), Tamil film Actor<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Linguistic-confluence/article16729668.ece|title=Linguistic confluence|last=Saravanan|first=T.|date=2016-11-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan|Kaka RadhaKrishnan]] (1925–2012), Veteran actor
* [[S. C. Krishnan]] (1929–1983), Tamil Playback singer
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] (1923–2006), Tamil film Actress
* [[Sumathi (actress)|Sumathi]], Tamil film Actress
* [[Master Prabhakar|Prabhakar]], Tamil film Actor
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]], Tamil film Actor
* [[M. N. Rajam]], Tamil film Actress<ref name=":16" />
* [[A. L. Raghavan]], Tamil Playback singer<ref name=":16" />
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], Tamil film Actress<ref name=":16" />
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], Tamil film Actress<ref name=":16" />
* [[Jagadeesh Kanna]], Tamil film Actor

=== Literature ===
* [[Sankhu Ram]] (1907–1976), Saurashtrian poet (translated the [[Tirukkural]] into [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]])
* [[M. V. Venkatram]] (1920–2000), Tamil writer ([[Sahitya Akademi Award]] granted for his Kathukal Novel)

=== Politics ===
* [[N. M. R. Subbaraman]] (1905–1983), Tamil politician & Freedom fighter
* [[S. K. Balakrishnan]], Tamil politician & Former Mayor
* [[A. G. Subburaman]], Tamil politician & Former MP
* [[A. G. S. Ram Babu]], Tamil politician & Former MP<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Weaving-their-way-into-Madurai/articleshow/15115750.cms|title=Weaving their way into Madurai – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref>

=== Academics ===
* [[T. S. Chandrasekar]], Awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India|Govt of India]]. Founder, [[Medindia|MedIndia]], Chennai
*[[K. Amarnath Ramakrishna]], Superintending Archaeologist involved in [[Keezhadi]] Excavations

== Educational Institutions ==
* [[Sourashtra College, Madurai]]
* [[K. L. N. College of Engineering|K.L.N College of Engineering, Madurai]]

== Temples ==

*[[Sri Kothanda Ramaswamy Temple]]

==See also==

* [[Pattegar]]
* [[Pathare Prabhu]]
* [[Daivadnya Brahmin]]
* [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]
* [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]
* [[Thanjavur Marathi people]]
* [[Naramdev Brahmin]]
* [[Vadama|Vadama Iyers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujAhAAAAMAAJ&q=Saurashtra|title=History of Medieval Hindu India: (being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.)|last=Chintaman|first=Vinayak Vaidya|publisher=Oriental Book Supplying Agency|year=1924}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bn0m5AJTqf4C&q=Saurashtra|title=Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures|publisher=University of Madras|year=1967|pages=71}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9A8MwEACAAJ|title=A History of the Sourashtras in Southern India|last=K.V|first=Padmanabha Iyer|publisher=Sourashtra Literary Society (Madras, India)|year=1942}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rINuAAAAMAAJ&q=Saurashtra|title=Ethnic movement in transition: ideology and culture in a changing society|last=Ganapathy Palanithurai|first=R. Thandavan|publisher=Kanishka Publishers, Distributors|year=1998|isbn=9788173912474|pages=34}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.palkar.org/ Palkar Community]
*[http://www.sourashtramadhyasabha.com/ Sourashtra Madhya Sabha]
*[http://www.kuso.co.in/ Karnataka United Sourashtra Organisation]
*[http://www.sourashtratime.com/ Sourashtra Time]

[[Category:Saurashtra (region)]]
[[Category:Saurashtrian people]]
[[Category:Saurashtra Brahmins]]
[[Category:Tamil society]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Culture of Madurai]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Internal migrations in India]]

1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2022-02-20T04:52:30Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Short description|Elections to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = '''1989'''
| next_election = 1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = '''1996'''
| election_date = 24 June 1991
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| turnout = 63.84% ({{decrease}}5.85%)
| image1 = [[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|130x130px]]
| leader1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]
| party1 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance1 = Congress alliance
| seats1 = 225
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}172
| popular_vote1 = 14,738,042
| percentage1 = 59.79%
| swing1 =
| image2 = [[File:M._Karunanidhi_.jpg|130x130px]]
| leader2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance2 = National Front (India)
| leaders_seat2 = [[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]]
| seats2 = 7
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}164
| popular_vote2 = 7,405,935
| percentage2 = 30.05%
| swing2 =
| map_image = 1991 tamil nadu legislative election map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = 1991 election map (by constituencies)
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| before_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| after_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| majority_seats = 118
}}
The '''tenth legislative assembly election''' of [[Tamil Nadu]] was held on 24 June 1991. The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) – [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) alliance won the elections in a landslide and AIADMK general secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]] became the chief minister. This was her first term in office. The united strength of AIADMK (after the merger of Jayalalithaa and [[Janaki Ramachandran]] and R M Veerappan faction, who was made Joint General Secretary of AIADMK]), the alliance with the Congress, and the wave of public sympathy in the wake of [[Rajiv Gandhi assassination]] combined to produce a massive victory for the AIADMK. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] could only win 2 seats. This was the worst performance of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] since it entered electoral politics in the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]].

==Background==

===President's rule===
On 30 January 1991, the DMK government which had come to power after winning the [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989 assembly election]], was dismissed by the Indian Prime minister [[Chandra Shekhar Singh|Chandra Shekhar]] using [[President's rule|Article 356]] of the Indian Constitution. President's rule was imposed on Tamil Nadu from 31 January. The reason cited for the dismissal was the deterioration of law and order in the state. The dismissal followed pressure on the Chandra Shekhar government by the Congress and AIADMK to dismiss the DMK government. The Chandra Shekhar government fell in March 1991 after the Congress withdrew its outside support. Fresh elections for both the Indian parliament and Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly were scheduled for June 1991.<ref name="Manivannan">{{Cite journal| first = R.|last=Manivannan| title =1991 Tamil Nadu Elections: Issues, Strategies and Performance| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 27| issue = 4| pages = 164–170| date = 25 January 1992| jstor =4397536}}</ref><ref name="businessline">{{cite web
|first = Shubashree
|last = Desikan
|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950050200.htm
|title = Grace under fire
|work = [[Business Line]]
|publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
|date = 19 December 2008
|access-date = 19 January 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100103091636/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950050200.htm
|archive-date = 3 January 2010
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="atimes">{{cite web
|first =K. T.
|last = Rajasingham
| url =http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF22Df04.html
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20020722000018/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/DF22Df04.html
| url-status =unfit
| archive-date =22 July 2002
| title = Srilanka: The Untold Story; Chapter 45: War continues with brutality
| work = Asia Times
| date = 22 January 2002
| access-date = 19 January 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=14 August 1999|title=SRI LANKA: Chronicle of murders|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|volume=16|issue=17|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1617/16171020.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709205128/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1617/16171020.htm|archive-date=9 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="frontline2">{{cite web
|first =Shubashree
|last = Desikan
| url =http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1423/14231280.htm
| title = THE Jain Commission : A political agenda
| work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 28 November 1997
| access-date = 19 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name="Suresh">{{Cite journal| first = V.|last=Suresh| title =The DMK Debacle: Causes and Portents| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 27| issue = 42| pages = 2313–2321| date = 17 October 1992| jstor =4399030}}</ref><ref name="jain">{{Cite book| last =Jain| first = Sumitra Kumar| title =Party politics and centre-state relations in India| year = 1994| pages =160|isbn=978-81-7017-309-0| publisher = Abhinav Publications| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC&pg=PA160}}</ref>

===Unification of AIADMK===
The AIADMK which had contested and lost the 1989 elections as two different factions reunited under the leadership of Jayalalithaa in February 1989. The [[Janaki Ramachandran]] faction merged with the Jayalalithaa faction to form a single united party and Janaki retired from politics. The reunited party regained the popular "Two Leaves" symbol of the AIADMK. (The Election Commission of India had frozen the symbol for the 1989 elections due to the split). The united AIADMK was able to prove its strength immediately by winning the elections held for two constituencies -[[Marungapuri (State Assembly Constituency)|Marungapuri]] and [[Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai East]] on 11 March 1989. (for these two constituencies elections had been postponed earlier due to technical reasons).The AIADMK then allied with the Congress for the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1989|1989 Parliamentary elections]]. The AIADMK-Congress alliance won 38 of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] seats in that election routing the DMK-[[Janata Dal]] led [[National Front (India)|National Front]].<ref name="ganesan">{{Cite book| last =Ganesan| first = P. C.| title =Daughter of the South: biography of Jayalalitha| year = 1996| pages = 57|isbn=978-81-207-1879-1| publisher = Sterling Publishers| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UsNuAAAAMAAJ&q=marungapuri+}}</ref><ref name="loksabha">{{Cite book| title =The Journal of parliamentary information, Volume 35| year = 1996| pages = 228| publisher = Lok Sabha Secretariat| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=59ONAAAAMAAJ&q=1989+marungapuri}}</ref>

===Formation of PMK===
The 1991 elections was the first state elections contested by the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), a labour class based party. [[S. Ramadoss]], the leader of the Vanniyar caste organisation which demanded proportional reservation in education and employment based on population ratio of each community – the ''Vanniyar Sangam'' converted into a political party and entered electoral politics with the 1989 parliamentary elections. The emergence of PMK cut into the DMK's political base in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Suresh"/><ref name="businessline2">{{cite news| last= Dorairaj| first= S| title= Can PMK convert support base into votes in TN?| date= 7 April 2009| url= http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm| work= [[Business Line]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090412065848/http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm| archive-date= 12 April 2009| url-status= dead}}</ref>

===Formation of TMK===
In 1991, the [[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam]] (TMK) was formed by the actor-politician [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] after he split from the DMK. Later, some of the second rung leaders of the ADMK including [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]], [[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]], [[S. D. Ugamchand]], [[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] split from the party. For the 1991 elections they formed a pact with T. Rajendar and contested as TMK candidates.<ref name="frontline3">{{cite web
|first = T. S.
|last = Subramanian
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2220/stories/20051007003203900.htm
|title = Another actor in politics
|work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
|date = 7 October 2005
|access-date = 20 January 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100709205659/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2220/stories/20051007003203900.htm
|archive-date = 9 July 2010
|url-status = usurped
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="frontline4">{{cite web
|first =T. S.
|last = Subramanian
| url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm
| title = The celluloid connection
| work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 30 July 2004
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name="tnassembly1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/09assly/09_06.pdf
| title = Resume of Business, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, IX Assembly, VI Session (18–25 January 1991)
| work = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] Secretariat
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi===
{{main|Rajiv Gandhi assassination}}
On 21 May 1991, leader of the Indian National Congress and its prime ministerial candidate for the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 general elections]] was assassinated by a [[LTTE]] [[Thenmozhi Rajaratnam|suicide bomber]]. The assassination took place at a campaign meeting at [[Sriperumpudur]] where he was campaigning for the Congress candidate [[Maragatham Chandrasekar]].

===Coalitions===
The two main political formations in this election were the DMK and AIADMK led fronts. The DMK coalition comprised the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), [[Janata Dal]] (JD) and Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam (TMK). The AIADMK front had only two major parties – itself and the Congress. The AIADMK also backed the [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS (SCS)]] candidate [[Sanjay Ramasamy]] in the [[Virudhunagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Virudhunagar constituency]]. Several smaller parties like the PMK contested the elections alone.<ref name ="results">
{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1991 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf
| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite web
|first = K. N.
|last = Arun
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article131915.ece
| title = Integrity of judiciary put to test again
| work = [[Indian Express]]
| date = 18 January 2009
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref>

==Seat allotments==
===AIADMK Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:AIADMK_Two_Leaves.png|50x50px]] || [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|168
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || [[Indian National Congress]] || style="text-align:center;"| || [[P V Narasimha Rao]] || style="text-align:center;"|65
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|Indian Congress (Socialist)]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]] || style="text-align:center;"|1
|}

===DMK Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Rising_Sun.png|50x50px]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|176
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.png|50x50px]] || Nallasivam || style="text-align:center;"|22
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || [[Janata Dal]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || style="text-align:center;"|15
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || [[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || style="text-align:center;"|11
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|5. || [[Communist Party of India]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ears_of_Corn_and_Sickle.png|50x50px]] || P.Manickam || style="text-align:center;"|10
|}

==Voting and results==
The polling for the state assembly elections were held simultaneously with the polling for the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1991|1991 Parliamentary elections]] on 24 June 1991. The voter turnout was 63.92%.<ref name="cnnibn1">{{cite web
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/voterturnout/1991.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005210034/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/voterturnout/1991.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 October 2012
| title = Polling Percentage – Statewise (1991)
| work = [[CNN-IBN]]
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name="hindu2">{{cite web
|first =Suresh
|last = Nambath
| title = What does high turnout mean?
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/09/stories/2006050909770500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023192832/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/09/stories/2006050909770500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 23 October 2007
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 9 May 2006
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name ="results" />

===Results by Pre-Poll Alliance===
[[File:1991 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the 1991 May 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
| '''225'''
| '''+172'''
| '''14,738,042'''
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| '''59.8%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 164
| +137
| 10,940,966
| 44.4%
| 61.1%
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 60
| +34
| 3,743,859
| 15.2%
| 56.2%
|-
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS(SCS)]]†
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| +1
| 53,217
| 0.2%
| 56.1%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|DMK}}" |
| '''7'''
| '''-164'''
| '''7,405,935'''
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| '''30.0%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
| 2
| -148
| 5,535,668
| 22.5%
| 29.9%
|-
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF00FF" |
| 2
| -1
| 371,645
| 1.5%
| 31.0%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 1
| -14
| 777,532
| 3.2%
| 31.2%
|-
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 1
| +1
| 415,947
| 1.7%
| 28.3%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 1
| -2
| 305,143
| 1.2%
| 29.9%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
| '''2'''
| '''-8'''
| '''2,505,431'''
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| '''10.2%'''
|-
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
! style="background-color: #800080" |
| 1
| +1
| 1,452,982
| 5.9%
| 7.0%
|-
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| -4
| 51,564
| 0.2%
| 0.7%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: #666666" |
| 1
| -5
| 390,227
| 1.6%
| 1.7%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 24,649,408
| 100%
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|}{{refbegin}}
'''†''': ICS(SCS) contested in 13 different constituencies, but only the one contested by Sanjay Ramaswamy was endorsed by AIADMK. '''‡''': Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
 Sources: Election Commission of India <ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf ECI: 1991 Election Statistical Report]</ref>
{{refend}}

===Constituency wise results===
{{hidden begin
|title = List of winners and runners-up by constituency
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
| '''Assembly Constituency'''
| '''Winner'''
| '''Party'''
|'''Runner-up'''
|'''Party'''
|'''Margin'''
|-
|[[Acharapakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Acharapakkam]] (SC)
|[[E. Ramakrishnan]]
|AIADMK
|M. Jayapal
|DMK
|24,725
|---
|[[Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Alandur]]
|[[S. Annamalai]]
|AIADMK
|[[Pammal Nallathambi]]
|DMK
|34,911
|---
|[[Alangulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangulam]]
|[[S. S. Ramasubbu]]
|INC
|S. Gurunathan
|DMK
|31,150
|---
|[[Alangudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangudi]]
|[[S. Shanmuganathan]]
|AIADMK
|S. Chitrarasu
|DMK
|49,701
|---
|[[Ambasamudram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambasamudram]]
|[[R. Murugaiah Pandian]]
|AIADMK
|S. Chellappa
|CPM
|29,214
|---
|[[Anaicut (State Assembly Constituency)|Anaicut]]
|[[K. Dharmalingam]]
|AIADMK
|S. P. Kannan
|DMK
|35,533
|---
|[[Andhiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Andhiyur]] (SC)
|[[V. Periasamy]]
|AIADMK
|Radha Rukmani
|DMK
|31,062
|---
|[[Andimadam (State Assembly Constituency)|Andimadam]]
|[[K. R. Thangaraju]]
|INC
|M. Gnanamoorthy
|PMK
|7,672
|---
|[[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]]
|[[K. Thavasi]]
|AIADMK
|[[P. Asaiyan]]
|DMK
|42,267
|---
|[[Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Anna Nagar]]
|[[A. Chellakumar]]
|INC
|S. M. Ramachandran
|DMK
|27,298
|---
|[[Arakkonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Arakkonam]] (SC)
|[[Lata Priyakumar]]
|INC
|G. Mani
|DMK
|30,982
|---
|[[Arantanki (State Assembly Constituency)|Arantanki]]
|[[S. Thirunavukkarasu]]
|TMK
|Kuzha Chelliah
|AIADMK
|21,421
|---
|[[Aravakkurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Aravakkurichi]]
|[[Mariyamul Asia]]
|AIADMK
|Monjanur P. Ramasamy
|DMK
|20,952
|---
|[[Arcot (State Assembly Constituency)|Arcot]]
|[[G. Viswanathan]]
|AIADMK
|T. R. Gajapathi
|DMK
|34,273
|---
|[[Ariyalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ariyalur]]
|[[S. Manimegalai]]
|AIADMK
|K. Chinnappa
|DMK
|23,129
|---
|[[Arni (State Assembly Constituency)|Arni]]
|[[I. R. Jaison Jacob]]
|AIADMK
|E. Selvarasu
|DMK
|34,312
|---
|[[Aruppukottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Aruppukottai]]
|[[V. G. Manimeghalai]]
|AIADMK
|R. M. Shanmuga Sundaram
|DMK
|19,919
|---
|[[Attur (State Assembly Constituency)|Attur]]
|[[V. Tamilarasu]]
|AIADMK
|A. M. Ramasamy
|DMK
|36,585
|---
|[[Athoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Athoor]]
|[[S. M. Durai]]
|AIADMK
|[[I. Periyasamy]]
|DMK
|46,097
|---
|[[Avanashi (State Assembly Constituency)|Avanashi]] (SC)
|[[M. Seeniammal]]
|AIADMK
|M. Arumugham
|CPI
|46,149
|---bgcolor=#ADD8E6
|'''[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]'''
|'''[[J. Jayalalitha]]'''
|'''AIADMK'''
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|TMK
|37,215
|---
|[[Bhavani (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavani]]
|[[S. Muthusamy]]
|AIADMK
|M. C. Duraisamy
|DMK
|40,470
|---
|[[Bhavanisagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavanisagar]]
|[[V. K. Chinnasamy]]
|AIADMK
|O. Subramaniam
|DMK
|42,587
|---
|[[Bhuvanagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[G. Malliga]]
|AIADMK
|R. T. Sabapathy Mohan
|DMK
|20,634
|---
|[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
|[[V. Panneerselvam]]
|AIADMK
|G. Ponnu Pillai
|DMK
|37,044
|---
|[[Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengalpattu]]
|[[C. D. Varadarajan]]
|AIADMK
|V. Tamilmani
|DMK
|16,798
|---
|[[Chengam (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengam]] (SC)
|[[P. Veerapandiyan]]
|AIADMK
|K. Munusamy
|JD
|37,617
|---
|[[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk]]
|[[Zeenath Sheriffdeen]]
|INC
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|DMK
|4,456
|---
|[[Cheranmadevi (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheranmadevi]]
|[[R. Puthunainar Adithan]]
|AIADMK
|[[P. H. Pandian]]
|IND
|34,468
|---
|[[Cheyyar (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheyyar]]
|[[A. Devaraj]]
|AIADMK
|V. Anbazhagan
|DMK
|35,955
|---
|[[Chidambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Chidambaram]]
|[[K. S. Alagiri]]
|INC
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
|DMK
|19,653
|---
|[[Chinnasalem (State Assembly Constituency)|Chinnasalem]]
|[[R. P. Paramasivam]]
|AIADMK
|R. Mookkappan
|DMK
|39,042
|---
|[[Coimbatore East (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore East]]
|[[V. K. Lakshmanan]]
|INC
|K. C. Karunakaran
|CPM
|17,525
|---
|[[Coimbatore West (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore West]]
|[[K. Selvaraj]]
|INC
|M. Ramanathan
|DMK
|16,498
|---
|[[Colachel (State Assembly Constituency)|Colachel]]
|[[A. Pauliah]]
|INC
|R. Bathakbishnan
|JD
|33,015
|---
|[[Coonoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Coonoor]] (SC)
|[[M. Karuppasamy]]
|AIADMK
|E. M. Mahaliappan
|DMK
|22,151
|---
|[[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore]]
|[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]]
|INC
|[[E. Pugazhendhi]]
|DMK
|15,175
|---
|[[Cumbum (State Assembly Constituency)|Cumbum]]
|[[O. R. Ramachandran]]
|INC
|P. Ramar
|DMK
|24,203
|---
|[[Dharapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharapuram]] (SC)
|[[P. Eswaramurthi]]
|AIADMK
|T. Shanthakumari
|DMK
|37,945
|---
|[[Dharmapuri (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
|[[P. Ponnusamy]]
|INC
|R. Chinnasamy
|DMK
|26,893
|---
|[[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul]]
|[[B. Nirmala]]
|AIADMK
|S. A. Thangarajan
|CPM
|44,004
|---
|[[Edapadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Edapadi]]
|[[K. Palanisamy]]
|AIADMK
|P. Kolandai Gounder
|PMK
|41,266
|---
|[[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore]] (SC)
|[[Parithi Elamvazhuthi]]
|DMK
|[[D. Yasodha]]
|INC
|1203
|---
|[[Erode (State Assembly Constituency)|Erode]]
|[[C. Manickam (Erode MLA)|C. Manickam]]
|AIADMK
|A. Ganeshamurthy
|DMK
|43,688
|-
|[[Gingee (State Assembly Constituency)|Gingee]]
|[[S. S. R. Eramasass]]
|INC
|N. Ramachandran
|DMK
|23,474
|---
|[[Gobichettipalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
|[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
|AIADMK
|V. P. Shanmugadas Udayaram
|DMK
|39,212
|---
|[[Gudalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudalur]]
|[[K. R. Raju]]
|AIADMK
|T. P. Kamalatchan
|CPM
|12,306
|---
|[[Gudiyatham (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudiyatham]]
|[[V. Dhandaydapani]]
|INC
|R. Paramasivam
|CPM
|34,899
|---
|[[Gummidipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Gummidipundi]]
|[[R. Sakkubai]]
|AIADMK
|K. Venu
|DMK
|32,919
|---
|[[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|DMK
|K. Suppu
|INC
|890
|---
|[[Harur (State Assembly Constituency)|Harur]] (SC)
|[[P. Abaranji]]
|INC
|P. V. Kariyamal
|PMK
|42,464
|---
|[[Hosur (State Assembly Constituency)|Hosur]]
|[[K. A. Manoharan]]
|INC
|B. Venkataswamy
|JD
|8,746
|---
|[[Ilayangudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Ilayangudi]]
|[[M. S. M. Ramachandran]]
|AIADMK
|N. Nallasethupathi
|DMK
|24,130
|---
|[[Jayankondam (State Assembly Constituency)|Jayankondam]]
|[[K. K. Chinnappan]]
|INC
|S. Durairaju
|PMK
|16,168
|---
|[[Kadaladi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kadaladi]]
|[[V. Sathiamoorthy]]
|AIADMK
|K. Kalimuthu
|DMK
|29,454
|---
|[[Kadayanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kadayanallur]]
|[[S. Nagoor Meeran]]
|AIADMK
|[[Samsudeen]] alias Kathiravan
|DMK
|27,710
|---
|[[Kalasapakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kalasapakkam]]
|[[M. Sundarasami]]
|INC
|[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]]
|DMK
|32,944
|---
|[[Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
|[[C. P. Pattabiraman]]
|AIADMK
|P. Murugesan
|DMK
|27,266
|---
|[[Kandamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kandamangalam]] (SC)
|[[V. Subramaniam]]
|AIADMK
|S. Alaguvelu
|DMK
|35,280
|---
|[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kangayam]]
|[[J. Jayalalitha]]
|AIADMK
|N. S. Rajkumar Mandradiar
|DMK
|33,291
|---
|[[Kanyakumari (State Assembly Constituency)|Kanyakumari]]
|[[M. Ammamuthu]]
|AIADMK
|[[C. Krishnan (Kanyakumari MLA)|C. Krishnan]]
|DMK
|34,359
|---
|[[Kapilamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kapilamalai]]
|[[P. Saraswathi]]
|AIADMK
|S. Moorthy
|DMK
|43,853
|---
|[[Karaikudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Karaikudi]]
|[[M. Karpagam]]
|AIADMK
|C. T. Chidambaram
|DMK
|38,311
|---
|[[Karur (State Assembly Constituency)|Karur]]
|[[M. Chinnasamy]]
|AIADMK
|M. Vasuki
|DMK
|44,092
|---
|[[Katpadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Katpadi]]
|[[K. M. Kalaiselvi]]
|AIADMK
|[[Durai Murugan]]
|DMK
|26,139
|---
|[[Kattumannarkoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Kattumannarkoil]] (SC)
|[[N. R. Rajendiran]]
|AIADMK
|G. Vetriveeran
|PMK
|26,318
|---
|[[Kaveripattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaveripattinam]]
|[[K. P. Munusamy]]
|AIADMK
|[[V. C. Govindasamy]]
|DMK
|47,236
|---
|[[Killiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Killiyur]]
|[[D. Kumaradas]]
|JD
|Pon. Robert Singh
|INC
|1,168
|---
|[[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]
|[[N. S. Palanisamy]]
|AIADMK
|K. Kandasamy
|DMK
|32,566
|---
|[[Kolathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur]] (SC)
|[[S. Kulandaivelu]]
|AIADMK
|V. Raju
|TMK
|65,312
|---
|[[Kovilpatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Kovilpatti]]
|[[R. Shyamala]]
|AIADMK
|L. Aiyalusamy
|CPI
|28,251
|---
|[[Krishnarajapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnarajapuram]] (SC)
|[[A. Arivalagan]]
|AIADMK
|R. Natarajan
|DMK
|56,436
|---
|[[Kulittalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kulittalai]]
|[[A. Pappa Sundaram]]
|AIADMK
|S. P. Sethuraman
|DMK
|47,341
|---
|[[Kumbakonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kumbakonam]]
|[[R. Eramanathan]]
|AIADMK
|S. Kumarasamy
|JD
|36,309
|---
|[[Krishnagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
|[[K. Munivenkatappan]]
|AIADMK
|T. H. Mushtaq Ahmed
|DMK
|39,968
|---
|[[Kurinjipadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kurinjipadi]]
|[[K. Sivasubramanian]]
|AIADMK
|N. Ganeshmoorthy
|DMK
|12,471
|---
|[[Kuttalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kuttalam]]
|[[S. Asaimani]]
|AIADMK
|[[Ko. Si. Mani]]
|DMK
|22,751
|---
|[[Lalgudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Lalgudi]]
|[[J. Logambal]]
|INC
|[[K. N. Nehru]]
|DMK
|13,517
|---
|[[Madurai Central (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai Central]]
|[[A. Deivanayagam]]
|INC
|M. Tamilkudimagan
|DMK
|20,608
|---
|[[Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai East]]
|[[O. S. Amarnath]]
|AIADMK
|P. M. Kumar
|CPM
|30,088
|---
|[[Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai West]]
|[[S. V. Shanmugam]]
|INC
|[[Pon. Muthuramalingam]]
|DMK
|26,922
|---
|[[Maduranthakam (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduranthakam]]
|[[P. Chockalingam (Maduranthakam MLA)|P. Chockalingam]]
|AIADMK
|S. D. Ugamchand
|TMK
|18,403
|---
|[[Manamadurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Manamadurai]] (SC)
|[[V. M. Subramaniam]]
|AIADMK
|K. Kasilingam
|DMK
|38,288
|---
|[[Mangalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mangalore]] (SC)
|[[S. Puratchimani]]
|INC
|V. Ganesan
|DMK
|35,753
|---
|[[Mannargudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Mannargudi]]
|[[K. Srinivasan]]
|AIADMK
|V. Veerasenan
|CPI
|7,396
|---
|[[Marungapuri (State Assembly Constituency)|Marungapuri]]
|[[K. Ponnusamy]]
|AIADMK
|N. Selvaraj
|DMK
|41,904
|---
|[[Mayiladuturai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuturai]]
|[[M. M. S. Abul Hassan]]
|INC
|A. Senguttuvan
|DMK
|23,308
|---
|[[Melmalayanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melmalayanur]]
|[[G. Janakiraman]]
|INC
|R. Panchatcharam
|DMK
|26,492
|---
|[[Melur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melur]]
|[[K. V. V. Rajamanickam]]
|INC
|N. Palanisamy
|CPM
|52,772
|---
|[[Mettupalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettupalayam]]
|[[L. Sulochana]]
|AIADMK
|B. Arunkumar
|DMK
|41,739
|---
|[[Mettur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettur]]
|[[S. Sundarambal]]
|AIADMK
|[[G. K. Mani]]
|PMK
|26,543
|---
|[[Modakkurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Modakkurichi]]
|[[Kavinilavu Dharmaraj]]
|AIADMK
|K. Elanchezhiyan
|DMK
|36,475
|---
|[[Morappur (State Assembly Constituency)|Morappur]]
|[[K. Singaram]]
|AIADMK
|A. Arunachalam
|PMK
|29,504
|---
|[[Mudukulathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mudukulathur]]
|[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
|INC
|S. John Pandian
|PMK
|11,044
|---
|[[Mugaiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mugaiyur]]
|[[R. Savithiri Ammal]]
|AIADMK
|A. G. Sampath
|DMK
|25,420
|---
|[[Musiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Musiri]]
|[[M. Thangavel]]
|AIADMK
|R. Natarasan
|DMK
|31,244
|---
|[[Mylapore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mylapore]]
|[[T. M. Rangarajan]]
|AIADMK
|Nirmala Suresh
|DMK
|26,696
|---
|[[Nagapattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
|[[R. Kodimari]]
|AIADMK
|G. Veeraiyan
|CPM
|9,934
|---
|[[Nagercoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|[[M. Moses]]
|INC
|[[S. Retnaraj]]
|DMK
|30,052
|---
|[[Namakkal (State Assembly Constituency)|Namakkal]] (SC)
|[[S. Anbalagan]]
|AIADMK
|R. Mayavan
|DMK
|49,895
|---
|[[Nanguneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Nanguneri]]
|[[V. Natesan Paulraj]]
|AIADMK
|M. Mani Achiyur
|DMK
|44,220
|---
|[[Nannilam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nannilam]] (SC)
|[[K. Gopal]]
|AIADMK
|M. Manimaran
|DMK
|17,208
|---
|[[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham]]
|[[M. Andi Ambalam]]
|INC
|P. Chelliam
|DMK
|47,778
|---
|[[Natrampalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Natrampalli]]
|[[R. Indrakumari]]
|AIADMK
|N. K. Raja
|DMK
|47,529
|---
|[[Nellikuppam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nellikuppam]]
|[[C. Damodharan]]
|AIADMK
|[[C. Govindarajan]]
|CPM
|35,108
|---
|[[Nilakkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Nilakkottai]] (SC)
|[[A. S. Ponnammal]]
|INC
|M. Arivazhagan
|DMK
|37,060
|---
|[[Oddanchatram (State Assembly Constituency)|Oddanchatram]]
|[[A. T. Chellamuthu]]
|AIADMK
|T. Mohan
|DMK
|42,464
|---
|[[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur]]
|[[C. Krishnan (AIAIADMK politician)|C. Krishnan]]
|AIADMK
|K. Sadasivam
|PMK
|37,353
|---
|[[Orathanad (State Assembly Constituency)|Orathanad]]
|[[Alagu Thirunavukkarasu]]
|AIADMK
|L. Ganesan
|DMK
|20,880
|---
|[[Pottapidaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ottapidaram]] (SC)
|[[S. X. Rajamannar]]
|AIADMK
|C. Chelladurai
|DMK
|27,325
|---
|[[Padmanabhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Padmanabhapuram]]
|[[K. Lawrence]]
|AIADMK
|S. Noor Mohammad
|CPM
|23,293
|---
|[[Palacode (State Assembly Constituency)|Palacode]]
|[[M. G. Sekhar]]
|AIADMK
|K. Arunachalam
|JD
|39,259
|---
|[[Palani (State Assembly Constituency)|Palani]] (SC)
|[[A. Subburathinam]]
|AIADMK
|V. Balasekar
|CPM
|39,813
|---
|[[Palayamkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Palayamkottai]]
|[[P. Dharmalingam (Palayamkottai MLA)|P. Dharmalingam]]
|AIADMK
|[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]]
|TMK
|6,891
|---
|[[Palladam (State Assembly Constituency)|Palladam]]
|[[K. S. Duraimurugan]]
|AIADMK
|M. Kannappan
|DMK
|32,724
|---
|[[Pallipet (State Assembly Constituency)|Pallipet]]
|[[A. Eakambara Reddy]]
|INC
|L. S. Annamalai
|IND
|30,740
|---
|[[Panamarathupatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panamarathupatti]]
|[[K. Rajaram]]
|AIADMK
|S. R. Sivalingam
|DMK
|50,355
|---
|[[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti]]
|[[Panruti S. Ramachandran|S. Ramachandran]]
|PMK
|R. Devasundaram
|AIADMK
|1,122
|---
|[[Papanasam (State Assembly Constituency)|Papanasam]]
|[[S. Rajaraman]]
|INC
|S. Kalyanasundaram
|DMK
|21,925
|---
|[[Paramakudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Paramakudi]] (SC)
|[[S. Sundararaj]]
|AIADMK
|N. Chandran
|CPI
|38,466
|---
|[[Park Town (State Assembly Constituency)|Park Town]]
|[[U. Balaraman]]
|INC
|[[A. Rahman Khan]]
|DMK
|11,835
|---
|[[Pattukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pattukkottai]]
|[[K. Balasubramaniam]]
|AIADMK
|K. Annadurai
|DMK
|28,736
|---
|[[Pennagaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pennagaram]]
|[[V. Purushothaman]]
|AIADMK
|N. M. Subramaniam
|PMK
|18,828
|---
|[[Perambalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambalur]] (SC)
|[[T. Sezhiyan]]
|AIADMK
|M. Devarajan
|DMK
|50,334
|---
|[[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur]] (SC)
|[[M. P. Sekar]]
|AIADMK
|Chengai Sivam
|DMK
|15,452
|---
|[[Peravurani (State Assembly Constituency)|Peravurani]]
|[[R. Singaram]]
|INC
|M. R. Govindhan
|DMK
|44,542
|---
|[[Periyakulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Periyakulam]]
|[[M. Periyaveeran]]
|AIADMK
|L. Mookiah
|DMK
|42,042
|---
|[[Pernamallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Pernamallur]]
|[[A. K. Srinivasan]]
|AIADMK
|G. Subramanian
|DMK
|27,172
|---
|[[Pernambut (State Assembly Constituency)|Pernambut]] (SC)
|[[J. Parandaman]]
|AIADMK
|V. Govindan
|DMK
|42,498
|---
|[[Perundurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Perundurai]]
|[[V. N. Subramanian]]
|AIADMK
|T. K. Naliappan
|CPI
|53,217
|---
|[[Perur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perur]]
|[[K. P. Raju]]
|AIADMK
|A. Natarasan
|DMK
|29,659
|---
|[[Pollachi (State Assembly Constituency)|Pollachi]]
|[[V. P. Chandrasekar]]
|AIADMK
|M. N. Nachimuthu
|DMK
|32,541
|---
|[[Polur (State Assembly Constituency)|Polur]]
|[[T. Vediyappan]]
|AIADMK
|A. Rajendran
|DMK
|38,625
|---
|[[Pongalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Pongalur]]
|[[S. R. Balasubramaniyam]]
|INC
|P. Vijayalakshmi
|DMK
|41,062
|---
|[[Poompuhar (State Assembly Constituency)|Poompuhar]]
|[[M. Poorasamy]]
|AIADMK
|M. Mohammad Siddik
|DMK
|19,371
|---
|[[Ponneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Ponneri]] (SC)
|[[E. Ravikumar]]
|AIADMK
|K. Parthasarathy
|DMK
|41,253
|---
|[[Poonamallee (State Assembly Constituency)|Poonamallee]]
|[[D. Sudarsanam]]
|INC
|[[D. Rajarathnam]]
|DMK
|24,152
|---
|[[Pudukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pudukkottai]]
|[[C. Swaminathan]]
|INC
|V. N. Mani
|DMK
|43,399
|---
|[[Purasawalkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Purasawalkam]]
|[[B. Ranganathan]]
|INC
|[[Arcot N. Veerasamy]]
|DMK
|22,832
|---
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|[[E. Madhusudhanan]]
|AIADMK
|V. Rajasekaran
|JD
|24,952
|---
|[[Radhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Radhapuram]]
|[[Ramani Nallathambi]]
|INC
|N. Sargunaraj
|DMK
|32,731
|---
|[[Rajapalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rajapalayam]] (SC)
|[[T. Sathiah]]
|AIADMK
|D. Danushkodi
|DMK
|31,488
|---
|[[Ramanathapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[M. Thennavan]]
|AIADMK
|M. A. Kader
|DMK
|30,369
|---
|[[Ranipet (State Assembly Constituency)|Ranipet]]
|[[N. G. Venugopal]]
|AIADMK
|M. Abdul Latheef
|DMK
|32,872
|---
|[[Rasipuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Rasipuram]]
|[[K. Palaniammal]]
|AIADMK
|B. A. R. Elangovan
|DMK
|50,230
|---
|[[Rishivandiyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rishivandiyam]]
|[[M. Govindaraju]]
|AIADMK
|M. Thangam
|DMK
|33,131
|---
|[[Royapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Royapuram]]
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|AIADMK
|R. Mathivanan
|DMK
|16,653
|---
|[[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]]
|[[M. K. Balan]]
|AIADMK
|R. S. Sridhar
|DMK
|22,762
|---
|[[Salem - I (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem – I]]
|[[S. R. Jayaraman]]
|INC
|G. K. Subash
|DMK
|41,094
|---
|[[Salem - II (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem – II]]
|[[M. Natesan]]
|AIADMK
|[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam]]
|DMK
|39,907
|---
|[[Samayanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Samayanallur]] (SC)
|[[M. Kalirajan]]
|AIADMK
|N. Soundarapandian
|DMK
|55,456
|---
|[[Sankarankoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarankoil]] (SC)
|[[V. Gopalakrishnan (Sankarankoil MLA)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
|AIADMK
|S. Thangavelu
|DMK
|26,848
|---
|[[Sankari (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankari]] (SC)
|[[V. Saroja]]
|AIADMK
|R. Varadarajan
|DMK
|51,959
|---
|[[Sankarapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarapuram]]
|[[C. Ramaswamy]]
|AIADMK
|S. Arunachalam
|DMK
|45,078
|---
|[[Sathankulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sathankulam]]
|[[Kumari Ananthan]]
|INC
|M. A. Ganesa Pandiyan
|JD
|35,825
|---
|[[Sathyamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sathyamangalam]]
|[[A. T. Saraswathy]]
|AIADMK
|T. K. Subramaniam
|DMK
|36,938
|---
|[[Sattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sattur]]
|[[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
|TMK
|Sannasi Karuppasamy
|DMK
|2,239
|---
|[[Sedapatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Sedapatti]]
|[[R. Muthiah]]
|AIADMK
|A. Athiyaman
|DMK
|24,469
|---
|[[Sendamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sendamangalam]] (ST)
|[[K. Chinnasamy]]
|AIADMK
|S. Sivaprakasam
|TMK
|55,561
|---
|[[Sholavandan (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholavandan]]
|[[A. M. Paramasivan]]
|AIADMK
|A. M. M. Ambikapathy
|DMK
|35,313
|---
|[[Sholinghur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholinghur]]
|[[A. M. Munirathinam]]
|INC
|C. Manickam
|DMK
|34,110
|---
|[[Singanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Singanallur]]
|[[P. Govindaraj]]
|AIADMK
|R. Sengaliappan
|JD
|21,970
|---
|[[Sirkazhi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
|[[T. Moorthy]]
|AIADMK
|M. Panneerselvam
|DMK
|33,984
|---
|[[Sivaganga (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivaganga]]
|[[K. R. Muruganandam]]
|AIADMK
|B. Manoharan
|DMK
|45,871
|---
|[[Sivakasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivakasi]]
|[[J. Balaganghadaran]]
|AIADMK
|B. Boopathy Rajaram
|DMK
|47,726
|---
|[[Sriperumbudur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sriperumbudur]] (SC)
|[[Polur Varadhan]]
|INC
|E. Godandam
|DMK
|32,436
|---
|[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam]]
|[[P. A. Krishnan]]
|AIADMK
|R. Jayabalan
|JD
|51,544
|---
|[[Srivaikuntam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srivaikuntam]]
|[[S. Daniel Raj]]
|INC
|S. David Selvin
|DMK
|27,314
|---
|[[Srivilliputhur (State Assembly Constituency)|Srivilliputhur]]
|[[R. Tamaraikani]]
|IND
|R. Vinayagamoorthi
|AIADMK
|1,169
|---
|[[Talavasal (State Assembly Constituency)|Talavasal]] (SC)
|[[K. Kandasamy]]
|INC
|[[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
|DMK
|53,447
|---
|[[Tambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Tambaram]]
|[[S. M. Krishnan]]
|INC
|M. A. Vaidialingam
|DMK
|46,848
|---
|[[Taramangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Taramangalam]]
|[[R. Palanisamy]]
|INC
|S. Ammasi
|PMK
|8,334
|---
|[[Tenkasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tenkasi]]
|[[S. Peter Alphonse]]
|INC
|S. Ramakrishnan
|DMK
|36,879
|---
|[[Thalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Thalli]]
|[[M. Venkatarama Reddy]]
|INC
|V. Ranga Reddy
|BJP
|10,561
|---
|[[Thandarambattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Thandarambattu]]
|[[M. K. Sundaram]]
|AIADMK
|D. Ponmudi
|DMK
|36,863
|---
|[[Thanjavur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thanjavur]]
|[[S. D. Somasundaram]]
|AIADMK
|[[S. N. M. Ubayadullah]]
|DMK
|19,861
|---
|[[Theni (State Assembly Constituency)|Theni]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|AIADMK
|L. S. R. Krishnan
|DMK
|41,300
|---
|[[Theyagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|T. Nagar]]
|[[S. Jayakumar (T. Nagar MLA)|S. Jayakumar]]
|AIADMK
|S. A. Ganesan
|DMK
|31,313
|---
|[[Thirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam]]
|[[T. K. Radhakrishnan]]
|AIADMK
|R. Saminathan
|DMK
|31,262
|---
|[[Thirumayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumayam]]
|[[S. Regupathy]]
|AIADMK
|Rama Govindarasan
|TMK
|44,731
|---
|[[Thirunavalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirunavalur]]
|[[J. Pannerselvam]]
|AIADMK
|A. V. Balasubramaniyam
|DMK
|27,986
|---
|[[Thirupparankundram (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirupparankundram]]
|[[S. Andi Thevar]]
|AIADMK
|C. Ramachandran
|DMK
|30,257
|---
|[[Thiruthuraipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruthuraipundi]] (SC)
|[[G. Palanisamy]]
|CPI
|V. Vedaiyan
|INC
|12,066
|---
|[[Thiruvadanai (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvadanai]]
|[[Ramasamy Ambalam]]
|INC
|Sornalingam
|JD
|30,536
|---
|[[Thiruvaiyaru (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|[[P. Kaliaperumal]]
|AIADMK
|Durai Chandrasekaran
|DMK
|20,399
|---
|[[Thiruvarambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarambur]]
|[[T. Rathinavel]]
|AIADMK
|Pappa Umanath
|CPM
|26,522
|---
|[[Thiruvarur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarur]] (SC)
|[[V. Thambusamy]]
|CPM
|M. Ramasamy
|INC
|5,247
|---
|[[Thiruvattar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvattar]]
|[[R. Nadesan]]
|INC
|[[J. Hemachandran]]
|CPM
|16,829
|---
|[[Thiruvidaimarudhur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvidaimarudhur]]
|[[N. Panneerselvam]]
|INC
|S. Ramalingam
|DMK
|25,131
|---
|[[Thiruvonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvonam]]
|[[K. Thangamuthu]]
|AIADMK
|M. Ramachandran
|DMK
|34,968
|---
|[[Thondamuthur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thondamuthur]]
|[[C. Aranganayagam]]
|AIADMK
|U. K. Vellingiri
|CPM
|47,144
|---
|[[Thottiam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thottiam]]
|[[N. R. Sivapathi]]
|AIADMK
|K. Kannaiyan
|DMK
|52,726
|---
|[[Thousand Lights (State Assembly Constituency)|Thousand Lights]]
|[[K. A. Krishnaswamy]]
|AIADMK
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|DMK
|16,981
|---
|[[Tindivanam (State Assembly Constituency)|Tindivanam]]
|[[S. Panneerselvam]]
|INC
|R. Masilamani
|DMK
|19,035
|---
|[[Tiruchendur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchendur]]
|[[A. Chelladurai]]
|AIADMK
|A. S. Pandian
|DMK
|22,648
|---
|[[Tiruchengode (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchengode]]
|[[T. M. Selvaganapathi]]
|AIADMK
|V. Ramasamy
|CPM
|78,659
|---
|[[Tiruchirappalli - I (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchy – I]]
|[[S. Arokiasamy]]
|AIADMK
|A. Malaramannan
|DMK
|14,935
|---
|[[Tiruchirappalli - II (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchy – II]]
|[[G. R. Mala Selvi]]
|AIADMK
|Anbil Poyyamozhi
|DMK
|20,544
|---
|[[Tirunelveli (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
|[[D. Veliah]]
|AIADMK
|A. L. Subramanian
|DMK
|30,285
|---
|[[Tiruppattur (41) (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppattur (41)]]
|[[A. K. C. Sundarvel]]
|AIADMK
|B. Sundaram
|DMK
|35,904
|---
|[[Tiruppattur (194) (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppattur (194)]]
|[[S. Kannappan]]
|AIADMK
|S. Seventhiappan
|DMK
|31,456
|---
|[[Tirupporur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirupporur]] (SC)
|[[M. Dhanapal]]
|AIADMK
|G. Chockalingam
|DMK
|30,564
|---
|[[Tiruppur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppur]]
|[[V. Palanisamy]]
|AIADMK
|C. Govindasamy
|CPM
|36,641
|---
|[[Tiruttani (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruttani]]
|[[K. Thanigai Babu]] alias Rasan babu
|AIADMK
|C. Chiranjeevulu Naidu
|JD
|22,192
|---
|[[Tiruvallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvallur]]
|[[D. Sakkubai Devaraj]]
|AIADMK
|C. Subramani
|DMK
|26,420
|---
|[[Tiruvannamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[V. Kannan]]
|INC
|K. Pitchandi
|DMK
|28,919
|---
|[[Tiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvottiyur]]
|[[K. Kuppan]]
|AIADMK
|T. K. Palanisamy
|DMK
|27,322
|---
|[[Triplicane (State Assembly Constituency)|Triplicane]]
|[[Mohammad Asif (Tamil Nadu minister)|Mohammad Asif]]
|AIADMK
|[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]]
|DMK
|12,452
|---
|[[Tuticorin (State Assembly Constituency)|Tuticorin]]
|[[V. P. R. Ramesh]]
|AIADMK
|N. Periasamy
|DMK
|41,395
|---
|[[Udagamandalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Udagamandalam]]
|[[H. M. Raju]]
|INC
|H. Nataraj
|DMK
|25,887
|---
|[[Udumalpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Udumalpet]]
|[[K. P. Manivasagam]]
|AIADMK
|R. T. Mariappan
|DMK
|30,272
|---
|[[Ulundurpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Ulundurpet]] (SC)
|[[M. Anandan]]
|AIADMK
|Pon Mayil Vahanan
|DMK
|45,285
|---
|[[Uppiliapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Uppiliapuram]] (ST)
|[[V. Ravichandran (Uppiliyapuram MLA)|V. Ravichandran]]
|AIADMK
|M. Sundaravadanam
|DMK
|37,356
|---
|[[Usilambatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Usilambatti]]
|[[R. Pandiammal]]
|AIADMK
|P. N. Vallarasu
|FBL
|3,194
|---
|[[Uthiramerur (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthiramerur]]
|[[Kanchi Panneerselvam]]
|AIADMK
|K. Sundar
|DMK
|34,094
|---
|[[Valangiman (State Assembly Constituency)|Valangiman]] (SC)
|[[K. Panchavarnam]]
|AIADMK
|S. Senthamil Chelvan
|DMK
|27,688
|---
|[[Valparai (State Assembly Constituency)|Valparai]] (SC)
|[[A. Sridharan]]
|AIADMK
|A. T. Karuppiah
|CPI
|21,184
|---
|[[Vandavasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vandavasi]] (SC)
|[[C. K. Thamizharasan]]
|AIADMK
|V. Rajagopal
|DMK
|29,494
|---
|[[Vaniyambadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vaniyambadi]]
|[[E. Sampath]]
|INC
|A. Abdul Hameed
|DMK
|19,831
|---
|[[Vanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vanur]] (SC)
|[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam|S. Arumugam]]
|AIADMK
|N. V. Jayaseelan
|DMK
|36,469
|---
|[[Varahur (State Assembly Constituency)|Varahur]] (SC)
|[[E. T. Ponnuvelu]]
|AIADMK
|C. Thiyagarajan
|DMK
|28,229
|---
|[[Vasudevanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vasudevanallur]] (SC)
|[[R. Eswaran]]
|INC
|R. Krishnan
|CPM
|20,314
|---
|[[Vedaranyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedaranyam]]
|[[P. V. Rajendran]]
|INC
|M. Meenakshi Sundaram
|DMK
|16,868
|---
|[[Vedasandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedasandur]]
|[[S. Gandhirajan]]
|AIADMK
|P. Muthusamy
|DMK
|67,090
|---
|[[Vellakoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Vellakoil]]
|[[Durai Ramasamy]]
|AIADMK
|[[Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan]]
|DMK
|29,587
|---
|[[Veerapandi (State Assembly Constituency)|Veerapandi]]
|[[K. Arjunan]]
|AIADMK
|P. Venkatachalam
|DMK
|56,274
|---
|[[Vellore (State Assembly Constituency)|Vellore]]
|[[C. Gnanasekaran]]
|INC
|A. M. Ramalingam
|DMK
|23,066
|---
|[[Vilathikulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilathikulam]]
|[[N. C. Kanagavalli]]
|AIADMK
|S. Mavelraj
|DMK
|21,709
|---
|[[Vilavancode (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilavancode]]
|[[M. Sundaradas]]
|INC
|[[D. Mony]]
|CPM
|11,309
|---
|[[Villivakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Villivakkam]]
|[[E. Kalan]]
|INC
|W. R. Varadarajan
|CPM
|46,233
|---
|[[Villupuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Villupuram]]
|[[D. Janardhanan]]
|AIADMK
|K. Deivasigamoni alias Ponmudi
|DMK
|17,440
|---
|[[Virudhunagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
|[[Sanjay Ramaswamy]]
|ICS(SCS)
|G. Veerasamy
|JD
|19,401
|---
|[[Vridachalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vridachalam]]
|[[R. D. Aranganathan]]
|AIADMK
|A. Rajendiran
|PMK
|14,297
|---
|[[Yercaud (State Assembly Constituency)|Yercaud]] (ST)
|[[C. Perumal]]
|AIADMK
|Dhanushkodi Vedan
|DMK
|45,579
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background-color:#ADD8E6"|*
|Elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
|}
{{hidden end}}

==Analysis==
The AIADMK coalition won a massive victory in this election capturing 225 of 234 seats. The DMK coalition was routed with only 7 victories. DMK itself could win only 2 seats including that of its leader [[M. Karunanidhi]]. Though Karunanidhi won from the [[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour constituency]], he resigned his seat immediately. The victory of AIADMK-Congress has been attributed mainly to the sympathy wave following the Rajiv Gandhi assassination. Other factors which helped their victory were the consolidation of the AIADMK votes under the unified AIADMK party, successful projection by Jayalalithaa as the true political heir to [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R), successful portrayal of DMK as anti-woman (by playing up the events in the Assembly on 25 March 1989) and the PMK cutting into the DMK's vote bank in the northern districts. This election saw the first electoral success of the PMK, when its candidate [[Panruti S. Ramachandran|''Panruti'' Ramachandran]] was elected from the [[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti constituency]].<ref name="Manivannan"/><ref name="Suresh"/><ref name="tnassembly2">{{cite web
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=51
| title = Member Profile : M. Karunanidhi
| work = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] Secretariat
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name="outlook1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205451
| title = The Revenge Of Draupadi
| work = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
| date = 4 May 1998
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1991 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:June 1991 events in Asia]]

1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2022-02-20T04:51:53Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Short description|Elections to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = '''1991'''
| next_election = 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = '''2001'''
| election_date = 2 May 1996
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
| turnout = 66.95%
({{increase}}3.11%)
| image1 = [[File:M._Karunanidhi_.jpg|130x130px]]
| leader1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance1 = United Front (India)
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk]]
| seats1 = 221
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}219
| popular_vote1 = 14,600,748
| percentage1 = 60.77%
| swing1 = {{increase}}30.72%
| image2 = [[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|130x130px]]
| leader2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]] ''(lost)''
| party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance2 = Congress alliance
| seats2 = 4
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}216
| popular_vote2 = 7,354,723
| percentage2 = 27.08%
| swing2 = {{decrease}}32.71%
| map_image = 1996 tamil nadu legislative election map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = 1996 election map (by constituencies)
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| before_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| majority_seats = 118
}}
The '''eleventh legislative assembly election''' of [[Tamil Nadu]] was held on 2 May 1996. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) led front won the election and its leader [[M. Karunanidhi]], became the chief minister. This was his fourth term in office. [[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]], also known as So. Balakrishnan, of [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] ( TMC ), became the Leader of the Opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/11assly/11_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904134627/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/11assly/11_01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The incumbent [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) government was defeated in a landslide with its general secretary and outgoing chief minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] losing the election from the [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur constituency]]. She became the first Incumbent Chief Minister since [[M. Bakthavatsalam]] in 1967 to lose her own constituency.

==Background==

===Anti-Jayalalithaa===
The [[J. Jayalalithaa]] led [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) government, which had been in power since 1991 was beset with corruption scandals and public discontent. A series of corruption scandals, a growing reputation for high handedness and an extravagant public wedding for Jayalalithaa's foster son Sudhakaran all combined to erode the AIADMK support base and the goodwill she had enjoyed with the electorate in the [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991 elections]].<ref name="bhagat">{{cite news | last= Bhagat| first= Rasheeda | title=Advantage Jayalalitha? | date=4 April 2001 | url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/04/04/stories/040455ju.htm| work =[[Business Line]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="outlook1">{{cite news | last= Panneerselvan| first= A. S. | title=JJ & Her Technicolor Cape | date=28 May 2001 | url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211761| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday1">{{cite news|last=Ram |first=Arun. |title=Fostering Ill-will |date=25 June 2001 |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010625/state-tn.shtml |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121122/http://india-today.com/itoday/20010625/state-tn.shtml |archive-date=11 February 2009 }}</ref>

===Formation of TMC===
The AIADMK's alliance with [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), which had helped it to win the 1991 elections ran into trouble midway through the AIADMK's term. J. Jayalalithaa terminated the alliance and Congress served as the principal opposition party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. When the 1996 elections drew closer, it was expected that the Congress would contest the elections in alliance with the DMK. However against the wishes of the Tamil Nadu state unit of the Congress, the national congress leader (and then Indian prime minister) [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] announced that the Congress would ally with the AIADMK. This led to a split in the Tamil Nadu Congress with a majority of the party workers and cadre forming the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC) led by [[G. K. Moopanar]]. The TMC contested the elections in alliance with the DMK.<ref name="fontline2">{{cite news | last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Crusading Congressman | date= 15 September 2001 | url =http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1617/16170180.htm| work =[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="palanithurai"/>

===Formation of MDMK===
In 1993, the DMK suffered a split when one of its more prominent second rung leaders, [[Vaiko]] was expelled from the party membership. The next year Vaiko floated a new party – the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK).<ref name="frontline1">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Hurdles in Tamil Nadu| date= 14 August 1999| url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| url-status= usurped| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080915160945/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm| archive-date= 15 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite news | last= Menon| first= Jaya| title= Vaiko’s MDMK formally snaps ties with UPA | date= 17 March 2007 | url =http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vaikos-mdmk-formally-snaps-ties-with-upa/25881/| work =[[Indian Express]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref>

===Coalitions===
There were four main coalitions in the 1996 elections. The DMK-TMC front which also included the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and the AIADMK-Congress front were the main political groupings in the state. Both fronts had a number of smaller parties as constituents. The [[Indian National League]] and the [[All India Forward Bloc]] were part of the DMK front, while the AIADMK front also had Muslim Leagues, Forward Block, All India Republic Party, Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi and United Communist Party. Apart from these two fronts, there was a MDMK led coalition which included the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), the [[Janata Dal]] (JD) and the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party]] (SJP). The alliance between [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]] (Tiwari Congress) led by [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy|''Vazhappady'' Ramamurthy]] was the fourth coalition that contested the elections. Initially, before the TMC was formed, the DMK put together a seven party alliance comprising itself, PMK, CPI, Tiwari Congress and a few other parties. However, this alliance fell through when the Tiwari Congress and PMK left the front after differences between Karunanidhi and Ramamurthy. After this, [[Cho Ramaswamy]] (editor of ''[[Thuglak]]'') played a vital role in bringing together the DMK-TMC coalition and obtaining actor Rajinikanth's support for it.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news | title= "Nenjukku Neethi" resumes | date= 5 May 2008 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560331000.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080508173318/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560331000.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =8 May 2008| work =[[The Hindu]]| access-date = 2010-01-21}}</ref><ref name="outlook5">{{cite news | last= Anand| first= S. | title=A Dash Of Saffron In His Broth | date=15 April 2002 | url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?215225| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref> There were a few other smaller political formations and parties contesting the election – the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) contested the elections alone; [[Subramanian Swamy]]'s [[Janata Party]] contested in alliance with the caste organisation Devendra Kula Vellar Sangam led by [[Dalit]] leader [[K. Krishnasamy]].<ref name="palanithurai">{{Cite book| last =Palanithurai| first = Ganapathy | title =Perception of grass root democracy and political performance| year = 1998| pages =169–180| ISBN= 978-81-7533-068-9| publisher = M.D. Publications | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC&pg=PA160}}</ref><ref name="hindu3">{{cite news | last= Vimalkumar| first=R.| title= It remains backward despite having scope | date= 19 April 2006 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/19/stories/2006041906110300.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060503074227/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/19/stories/2006041906110300.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =3 May 2006| work =[[The Hindu]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="tehelka">{{cite news| last= Vinoj Kumar| first= P. C| title= Will Wit’s Warhorse Win ?| date= 18 January 2010| url= http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne041506up_close.asp| work= [[Tehelka]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607050238/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne041506up_close.asp| archive-date= 7 June 2011| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="businessline2">{{cite news|last=Dorairaj |first=S |title=Can PMK convert support base into votes in TN? |date=7 April 2009 |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412065848/http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="fontline3">{{cite news| last= Subramanian| first= T. S.| title= Messages from the States| date= 21 March 1998| url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1506/15060370.htm| work= [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102051514/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1506/15060370.htm| archive-date= 2 January 2010| url-status= usurped}}</ref>

===Rajinikanth's support===
The DMK-TMC alliance enlisted the popular [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil film]] actor [[Rajinikanth]] to campaign against the AIADMK in the elections. Rajinikanth declared his support for the DMK-TMC combine and members of his numerous fan clubs campaigned for the DMK front across Tamil Nadu. In a widely watched campaign appearance broadcast in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], he declared "even God cannot save Tamil Nadu if AIADMK returns to power".Rajinikanth's support gave enormous victory to DMK<ref name="asiantribune">{{cite news | last= Ethiraj| first=Gopal| title=Sunday Celebrity: Rajini is simple, stylish, spiritual, that explains his uniqueness| date= 14 December 2009 | url =http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/12/14/sunday-celebrity-rajini-simple-stylish-spiritual-explains-his-uniqueness| work =Asian Tribune| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="outlook2">{{cite news | last= Anand| first= S. | title=Bhagwan Rajni | date=26 August 2002 | url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?216985| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref><ref name="outlook3">{{cite news | last= Panneerselvan| first= A. S. | title=Fanning Voter Passions | date=8 May 1996| url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201340| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref>

== Seat allotments ==

===AIADMK-INC Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Two
Leaves
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|167
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || [[Indian National Congress]] || style="text-align:center;"| Hand|| [[Kumari Anandan]] || style="text-align:center;"|64
|-
|. 3.
|Muslim League
|Two leaves
|Kadhar Mohideen
|. 1
|}
The,Indian Union Muslim League Contested in Periyakulam Constituency ,the candidate is Kadhar Mohideen Contested in Two Leaves Symbol.

===DMK-TMC Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Raising
Sun
| [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|176
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] || style="text-align:center;"| Cycle|| [[G.K. Moopanar]] || style="text-align:center;"|41
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || [[Communist Party of India]] || style="text-align:center;"| Corn and sickle|| R.Nallakannu || style="text-align:center;"|13
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || [[All India Forward Bloc]] || style="text-align:center;"|Lion || || style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="height: 55px;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Unregistered party, whose candidates ran under the DMK ticket
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|5. || [[Indian National League]] || style="text-align:center;"| Raising sun|| Janab || style="text-align:center;"|5
|}

===MDMK-CPI(M) Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Umbrella|| [[Vaiko]] || style="text-align:center;"|177
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || style="text-align:center;"| Hammer
With Star
| N.Sankaraiah || style="text-align:center;"|40
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || [[Janata Dal]] || style="text-align:center;"|Tyre || || style="text-align:center;"|16
|}

===PMK-Tiwari Congress Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] || style="text-align:center;"| Elephant|| [[Dr. Ramdoss]] || style="text-align:center;"|116
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Vazhappady Ramamurthy]] || style="text-align:center;"|46
|}

==Voting and Results==
Polling took place on 2 May 1996 and results were announced on 12 May. The turnout among registered voters was 66.95%. The assembly elections were held simultaneously along with the [[1996 Indian general election|Indian parliamentary elections]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf
| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>

==Constituency wise results==

=== List of winners and runners-up by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|'''Assembly Constituency'''
|'''Winner'''
|'''Party'''
|'''Runner-up'''
|'''Party'''
|'''Margin'''
|-
|[[Acharapakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Acharapakkam]] (SC)
|[[S. Mathivanan]]
|DMK
|A. Bhuvaraghamoorthy
|AIADMK
|25,371
|-
|[[Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Alandur]]
|[[C. Shanmugam]]
|DMK
|K. Purushothaman
|AIADMK
|75,994
|-
|[[Alangudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangudi]]
|[[A. Venkatachalam]]
|IND
|S. Erasasekaran
|CPI
|652
|-
|[[Alangulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangulam]]
|[[Aladi Aruna]]
|DMK
|M. S. Kamaraj
|INC
|24,336
|-
|[[Ambasamudram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambasamudram]]
|[[R. Avudaiappan]]
|DMK
|R. Murugaiah Pandian
|AIADMK
|19,689
|-
|[[Anaicut (State Assembly Constituency)|Anaicut]]
|[[C. Gopu]]
|DMK
|C. M. Suryakala
|AIADMK
|31,616
|-
|[[Andhiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Andhiyur]] (SC)
|[[P. Selvarasu]]
|DMK
|M. Subramaniam
|AIADMK
|24,994
|-
|[[Andimadam (State Assembly Constituency)|Andimadam]]
|[[Rajendiran (Andimadam MLA)|Rajendiran]]
|PMK
|Sivasubramaniyan
|DMK
|13,402
|-
|[[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]]
|[[P. Aasiyan]]
|DMK
|A. Muthiah
|AIADMK
|13,701
|-
|[[Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Anna Nagar]]
|[[Arcot N. Veerasami]]
|DMK
|R. Balasubramanian
|INC
|69,017
|-
|[[Arakkonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Arakkonam]] (SC)
|[[R. Thamizh Selvan]]
|DMK
|R. Elumalai
|PMK
|46,820
|-
|[[Arantanki (State Assembly Constituency)|Arantaki]]
|[[S. Thirunavukkarasu]]
|AIADMK
|S. Shanmugam
|DMK
|14,232
|-
|[[Aravakkurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Aravakkurichi]]
|[[S. S. Mohammad Ismail]]
|DMK
|V. K. Duraisamy
|AIADMK
|9,094
|-
|[[Arcot (State Assembly Constituency)|Arcot]]
|[[P. N. Subramani]]
|DMK
|K. V. Ramadoss
|AIADMK
|26,407
|-
|[[Ariyalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ariyalur]]
|[[D. Amaramoorthy]]
|TMC(M)
|A. Elavarasan
|AIADMK
|24,894
|-
|[[Arni (State Assembly Constituency)|Arni]]
|[[R. Sivanandam]]
|DMK
|M. Chinnakulandai
|AIADMK
|18,179
|-
|[[Aruppukottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Aruppukottai]]
|[[V. Thangapandian]]
|DMK
|K. Sundarapandian
|AIADMK
|16,365
|-
|[[Athoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Athoor]]
|[[I. Periasamy]]
|DMK
|C. Chinnamuthu
|AIADMK
|50,292
|-
|[[Attur (State Assembly Constituency)|Attur]]
|[[A. M. Ramasamy]]
|DMK
|A. K. Murugesan
|AIADMK
|22,296
|-
|[[Avanashi (State Assembly Constituency)|Avanashi]] (SC)
|[[G. Elango]]
|DMK
|M. Thiagarajan
|AIADMK
|26,457
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]
|[[E. G. Sugavanam]]
|DMK
|'''[[J. Jayalalitha]]'''
|AIADMK
|8,366
|-
|[[Bhavani (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavani]]
|[[S. N. Balasubramanian]]
|TMC(M)
|K. S. Manivannan
|AIADMK
|28,829
|-
|[[Bhavanisagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavanisagar]]
|[[V. A. Andamuthu]]
|DMK
|V. K. Chinnasamy
|AIADMK
|23,451
|-
|[[Bhuvanagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[A. V. Abdul Naser]]
|DMK
|P. D. Elangovan
|PMK
|19,345
|-
|[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
|[[A. Sudalaimuthu]]
|DMK
|S. P. Jayakumar
|AIADMK
|26,087
|-
|[[Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengalpattu]]
|[[V. Tamilmani]]
|DMK
|C. V. N. Kumarasamy
|AIADMK
|36,805
|-
|[[Chengam (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengam]] (SC)
|[[K. V. Nannan]]
|DMK
|C. K. Thamizharasan
|AIADMK
|26,633
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
|'''[[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk]]'''
|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''
|'''DMK'''
|N. S. S. Nellai Kannan
|INC
|35,784
|-
|[[Cheranmadevi (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheranmadevi]]
|[[P. Veldurai]]
|TMC(M)
|[[P. H. Pandian]]
|IND
|12,107
|-
|[[Cheyyar (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheyyar]]
|[[V. Anbalagan]]
|DMK
|P. Chandran
|AIADMK
|37,486
|-
|[[Chidambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Chidambaram]]
|[[K. S. Alagiri]]
|TMC(M)
|A. Radhakrishnan
|INC
|29,016
|-
|[[Chinnasalem (State Assembly Constituency)|Chinnasalem]]
|[[R. Mookappan]]
|DMK
|P. Mohan
|AIADMK
|31,645
|-
|[[Coimbatore East (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore East]]
|[[V. K. Lakshmanan]]
|TMC(M)
|R. S. Velan
|INC
|47,686
|-
|[[Coimbatore West (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore West]]
|[[C. T. Dhandapani]]
|DMK
|Raja Thangavel
|INC
|38,299
|-
|[[Colachel (State Assembly Constituency)|Colachel]]
|[[Era. Bernard]]
|DMK
|S. P. Kutty
|BJP
|7,426
|-
|[[Coonoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Coonoor]] (SC)
|[[N. Thangavel]]
|DMK
|S. Kuppusamy
|AIADMK
|35,515
|-
|[[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore]]
|[[E. Pugazhenthi]]
|DMK
|K. V. Rajendiran
|INC
|48,627
|-
|[[Cumbum (State Assembly Constituency)|Cumbum]]
|[[O. R. Ramachandran]]
|TMC(M)
|R. T. Gopalan
|IND
|35,740
|-
|[[Dharapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharapuram]] (SC)
|[[R. Saraswathy]]
|DMK
|P. Easwaramurthy
|AIADMK
|23,038
|-
|[[Dharmapuri (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
|[[K. Manokaran]]
|DMK
|Mase Harur
|INC
|37,022
|-
|[[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul]]
|[[R. Manimaran (Dindigul MLA)|R. Manimaran]]
|DMK
|V. Marutharaj
|AIADMK
|65,124
|-
|[[Edapadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Edapadi]]
|[[I. Ganesan]]
|PMK
|P. A. Murugesan
|DMK
|9,192
|-
|[[Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)|Egmore]] (SC)
|[[Parithi Ellam Vazhuthi]]
|DMK
|N. Lakshmi
|INC
|37,185
|-
|[[Erode (State Assembly Constituency)|Erode]]
|[[N. K. K. Periasamy]]
|DMK
|S. Muthusamy
|AIADMK
|47,837
|-
|[[Gobichettipalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
|[[G. P. Venkidu]]
|DMK
|[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
|AMDK
|14,729
|-
|[[Gingee (State Assembly Constituency)|Gingee]]
|[[T. Natarajan (politician)|T. Natarajan]]
|DMK
|T. N. Muruganandam
|INC
|25,434
|-
|[[Gudalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudalur]]
|[[B. M. Mubarak]]
|DMK
|K. R. Raju
|AIADMK
|45,905
|-
|[[Gudiyatham (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudiyatham]]
|[[V. G. Dhanapal]]
|DMK
|S. Ramgopal
|INC
|29,136
|-
|[[Gummidipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Gummidipundi]]
|[[K. Venu (Tamil Nadu)|K. Venu]]
|DMK
|R. S. Munirathinam
|AIADMK
|21,625
|-
|[[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]]
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|DMK
|Paul Earnest
|INC
|30,256
|-
|[[Harur (State Assembly Constituency)|Harur]] (SC)
|[[Vedammal]]
|DMK
|J. Natesan
|INC
|36,403
|-
|[[Hosur (State Assembly Constituency)|Hosur]]
|[[B. Venkatasamy]]
|JD
|T. Venkata Reddy
|TMC(M)
|1,737
|-
|[[Ilayangudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Ilayangudi]]
|[[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
|DMK
|V. D. Nadarajan
|AIADMK
|14,804
|-
|[[Jayankondam (State Assembly Constituency)|Jayankondam]]
|[[K. C. Ganesan]]
|DMK
|Gurunathan
|PMK
|12,490
|-
|[[Kadaladi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kadaladi]]
|[[S. P. Thangavelan]]
|DMK
|V. Sathiyamoorthy
|AIADMK
|19,970
|-
|[[Kadayanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kadayanallur]]
|[[K. Naina Mohammed]]
|DMK
|A. M. Gani
|AIADMK
|16,692
|-
|[[Kalasapakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kalasapakkam]]
|[[P. S. Thiruvengadam]]
|DMK
|M. Sundarasami
|INC
|34,530
|-
|[[Kancheepuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
|[[P. Murugesan]]
|DMK
|S. S. Thirunavukkarasu
|AIADMK
|32,629
|-
|[[Kandamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kandamangalam]] (SC)
|[[S. Alaguvelu]]
|DMK
|V. Subramaniyan
|AIADMK
|29,995
|-
|[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kangayam]]
|[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]
|DMK
|N. Ramasamy
|AIADMK
|26,009
|-
|[[Kanyakumari (State Assembly Constituency)|Kanyakumari]]
|[[N. Suresh Rajan]]
|DMK
|[[S. Thanu Pillai]]
|AIADMK
|21,863
|-
|[[Kapilamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kapilamalai]]
|[[K. K. Veerappan]]
|DMK
|R. Rajalingam
|AIADMK
|29,710
|-
|[[Karaikudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Karaikudi]]
|[[N. Sundaram]]
|TMC(M)
|M. Raju
|AIADMK
|50,384
|-
|[[Karur (State Assembly Constituency)|Karur]]
|[[Vasuki Murugesan]]
|DMK
|M. Chinnasamy
|AIADMK
|32,008
|-
|[[Katpadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Katpadi]]
|[[Durai Murugan]]
|DMK
|K. Pandurangan
|AIADMK
|41,007
|-
|[[Kattumannarkoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Kattumannarkoil]] (SC)
|[[E. Ramalingam]]
|DMK
|L. Elayaperumal
|HRPI
|9,819
|-
|[[Kaveripattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaveripattinam]]
|[[P. V. S. Venkatesan]]
|DMK
|K. P. Munusamy
|AIADMK
|35,859
|-
|[[Killiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Killiyur]]
|[[D. Kumaradas]]
|TMC(M)
|C. Santhakumar
|BJP
|10,417
|-
|[[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]
|[[M. Shanmugham]]
|DMK
|K. M. Mylswamy
|AIADMK
|13,964
|-
|[[Kolathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur]] (SC)
|[[Selvaraj|Selvaraj alias Kavithapithan]]
|DMK
|A. Karuppayee
|AIADMK
|24,156
|-
|[[Kovilpatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Kovilpatti]]
|[[L. Ayyalusamy]]
|CPI
|K. S. Radhakrishnan
|MDMK
|7,487
|-
|[[Krishnagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
|[[Kanchana Kamalanathan]]
|DMK
|K. P. Kathavarayan
|AIADMK
|35,611
|-
|[[Krishnarayapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnarayapuram]] (SC)
|[[S. Nagarathinam]]
|DMK
|A. Arivalagan
|AIADMK
|15,177
|-
|[[Kulittalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kulittalai]]
|[[R. Selvam]]
|DMK
|A. Pappa Sundaram
|AIADMK
|17,750
|-
|[[Kumbakonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kumbakonam]]
|[[K. S. Mani]]
|DMK
|Erama Eramanatham
|AIADMK
|35,310
|-
|[[Kurinjipadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kurinjipadi]]
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
|DMK
|P. Pandarinathan
|AIADMK
|39,013
|-
|[[Kuttalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kuttalam]]
|[[P. Kalayanam Kuttalam]]
|DMK
|M. Rajendiran
|AIADMK
|25,721
|-
|[[Lalgudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Lalgudi]]
|[[K. N. Nehru]]
|DMK
|J. Logambal
|INC
|59,504
|-
|[[Maduranthakam (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduranthakam]]
|[[S. K. Venkatesan]]
|DMK
|[[S. D. Ugamchand]]
|AIADMK
|10,593
|-
|[[Madurai Central (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai Central]]
|[[A. Deivanayagam]]
|TMC(M)
|V. S. Chandraleka
|JP
|17,941
|-
|[[Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai East]]
|[[V. Velusamy]]
|DMK
|T. R. Janarthanan
|AIADMK
|19,297
|-
|[[Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai West]]
|[[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
|DMK
|R. Muthusamy
|INC
|44,258
|-
|[[Manamadurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Manamadurai]] (SC)
|[[K. Thangamani]]
|CPI
|M. Gunasekaran
|AIADMK
|17,770
|-
|[[Mangalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mangalore]] (SC)
|[[S. Puratchimani]]
|TMC(M)
|V. M. S. Saravanakumar
|INC
|19,288
|-
|[[Mannargudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Mannargudi]]
|[[V. Sivapunniam]]
|CPI
|K. Kaliyaperumal
|AIADMK
|39,834
|-
|[[Marungapuri (State Assembly Constituency)|Marungapuri]]
|[[B. M. Senguttuvan]]
|DMK
|K. Solairaj
|AIADMK
|6,394
|-
|[[Mayiladuturai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuturai]]
|[[M. M. S. Abul Hassan]]
|TMC(M)
|Rama Chidambaram
|INC
|34,604
|-
|[[Melmalayanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melmalayanur]]
|[[A. Gnanasekar]]
|DMK
|Dharmarasan
|INC
|28,414
|-
|[[Melur (State Assembly Constituency)|Melur]]
|[[K. V. V. Rajamanickam]]
|TMC(M)
|C. R. Sundararajan
|INC
|44,741
|-
|[[Mettupalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettupalayam]]
|[[B. Arunkumar]]
|DMK
|K. Doraiswamy
|AIADMK
|30,752
|-
|[[Mettur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettur]]
|[[P. Gopal]]
|DMK
|R. Balakrishnan
|PMK
|20,006
|-
|[[Modakurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Modakurichi]]
|[[Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan]]
|DMK
|R. N. Kittusamy
|AIADMK
|39,540
|-
|[[Morappur (State Assembly Constituency)|Morappur]]
|[[V. Mullaivendhan]]
|DMK
|K. Singaram
|AIADMK
|28,274
|-
|[[Mudukulathur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mudukulathur]]
|[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
|TMC(M)
|V. Bose
|IND
|22,528
|-
|[[Mugaiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mugaiyur]]
|[[A. G. Sampath]]
|DMK
|T. M. Aranganathan
|AIADMK
|41,596
|-
|[[Musiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Musiri]]
|[[M. N. Jothi Kannan]]
|DMK
|C. Mallika Chinnasamy
|AIADMK
|27,768
|-
|[[Mylapore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mylapore]]
|[[N. P. Ramajayam]]
|DMK
|T. K. Sampath
|AIADMK
|51,804
|-
|[[Nagapattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
|[[G. Nizamudeen]]
|DMK
|R. Jeevananthan
|AIADMK
|19,728
|-
|[[Nagercoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|[[M. Moses]]
|TMC(M)
|S. Velpandian
|BJP
|28,478
|-
|[[Namakkal (State Assembly Constituency)|Namakkal]] (SC)
|[[K. Veisamy]]
|DMK
|S. Anbalagan
|AIADMK
|38,065
|-
|[[Nanguneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Nanguneri]]
|[[S. V. Krishnan]]
|CPI
|A. S. A. Karunakaran
|AIADMK
|3,149
|-
|[[Nannilam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nannilam]] (SC)
|[[Padma (Nannilam MLA)|Padma]]
|TMC(M)
|K. Gopal
|AIADMK
|35,973
|-
|[[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham]]
|[[M. Andi Ambalam]]
|TMC(M)
|S. Asai Alangaram
|INC
|35,636
|-
|[[Natrampalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Natrampalli]]
|R. Mahendran
|DMK
|T. Anbazhagan
|IND
|3,221
|-
|[[Nellikuppam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nellikuppam]]
|[[A. Mani]]
|DMK
|M. C. Dhamodharan
|AIADMK
|25,383
|-
|[[Nilakkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Nilakkottai]] (SC)
|[[A. S. Ponnammal]]
|TMC(M)
|A. Rasu
|INC
|32,003
|-
|[[Oddanchatram (State Assembly Constituency)|Oddanchatram]]
|[[R. Sakkarapani]]
|DMK
|K. Sellamuthu
|AIADMK
|36,823
|-
|[[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur]]
|[[R. R. Sekaran]]
|TMC(M)
|C. Krishnan
|AIADMK
|7,930
|-
|[[Orathanad (State Assembly Constituency)|Orathanad]]
|[[P. Rajamanickam]]
|DMK
|V. Suriyamoorthy
|AIADMK
|30,349
|-
|[[Pottapidaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ottapidaram]] (SC)
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
|JP
|S. Paulraj
|AIADMK
|1,148
|-
|[[Padmanabhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Padmanabhapuram]]
|[[C. Velayudhan]]
|BJP
|Bala Janathipathy
|DMK
|4,540
|-
|[[Palacode (State Assembly Constituency)|Palacode]]
|[[G. L. Venkatachalam]]
|DMK
|C. Gopal
|AIADMK
|22,073
|-
|[[Palani (State Assembly Constituency)|Palani]] (SC)
|[[T. Poovendhan]]
|DMK
|P. Karuppachamy
|AIADMK
|36,660
|-
|[[Palayamkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Palayamkottai]]
|[[Mohamed Kodar Maideen]]
|DMK
|P. Dharmalingam
|AIADMK
|44,364
|-
|[[Palladam (State Assembly Constituency)|Palladam]]
|[[S. S. Ponmudi]]
|DMK
|K. S. Duraimurugan
|AIADMK
|32,540
|-
|[[Pallipet (State Assembly Constituency)|Pallipet]]
|[[E. S. S. Raman]]
|TMC(M)
|B. Thangavel
|INC
|58,492
|-
|[[Panamarathupatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panamarathupatti]]
|[[S. R. Sivalingam]]
|DMK
|P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy
|AIADMK
|13,171
|-
|[[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti]]
|[[V. Ramaswamy]]
|DMK
|R. Rajendran
|AIADMK
|39,130
|-
|[[Papanasam (State Assembly Constituency)|Papanasam]]
|[[N. Karupanna Odayar]]
|TMC(M)
|R. Thirunavukkarasu
|IND
|38,342
|-
|[[Paramakudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Paramakudi]] (SC)
|[[U. Thisaiveeran]]
|DMK
|K. Munisamy
|IND
|18,901
|-
|[[Park Town (State Assembly Constituency)|Park Town]]
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|DMK
|S. V. Shankar
|INC
|29,479
|-
|[[Pattukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pattukkottai]]
|[[P. Balasubramanian]]
|DMK
|Seeni Baskaran
|AIADMK
|33,621
|-
|[[Pennagaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pennagaram]]
|[[G. K. Mani]]
|PMK
|M. Arumugam
|CPI
|406
|-
|[[Perambalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambalur]] (SC)
|[[M. Devarajan]]
|DMK
|S. Murugesan
|AIADMK
|23,401
|-
|[[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur]] (SC)
|[[Chengai Sivam]]
|DMK
|V. Neelakandan
|AIADMK
|58,351
|-
|[[Peravurani (State Assembly Constituency)|Peravurani]]
|[[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]]
|TMC(M)
|K. Sakthivel
|INC
|39,640
|-
|[[Periyakulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Periyakulam]]
|[[L. Mookiah]]
|DMK
|K. M. Kader Mohideen
|AIADMK
|21,907
|-
|[[Pernamallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Pernamallur]]
|[[N. Pandurangan]]
|DMK
|C. Srinivasan
|AIADMK
|27,793
|-
|[[Pernambut (State Assembly Constituency)|Pernambut]] (SC)
|[[V. Govindan]]
|DMK
|I. Thamizharasan
|AIADMK
|31,174
|-
|[[Perundurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Perundurai]]
|[[N. Periyasamy]]
|CPI
|P. Periyasamy
|AIADMK
|17,551
|-
|[[Perur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perur]]
|[[A. Natarasan]]
|DMK
|R. Thirumalaisamy
|AIADMK
|57,573
|-
|[[Pollachi (State Assembly Constituency)|Pollachi]]
|[[S. Raju]]
|DMK
|V. Jayaraman
|AIADMK
|21,814
|-
|[[Polur (State Assembly Constituency)|Polur]]
|[[A. Rajendran]]
|DMK
|Agri. S. Krishnamoorthy
|AIADMK
|24,153
|-
|[[Pongalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Pongalur]]
|[[P. Mohan Kandaswamy]]
|TMC(M)
|Thalapathy Murugesan
|INC
|21,941
|-
|[[Ponneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Ponneri]] (SC)
|[[K. Sundaram]]
|DMK
|G. Gunasekaran
|AIADMK
|45,391
|-
|[[Poombuhar (State Assembly Constituency)|Poombuhar]]
|[[G. Mohandasan]]
|DMK
|N. Vijayabalan
|AIADMK
|18,413
|-
|[[Poonamallee (State Assembly Constituency)|Poonamallee]]
|[[D. Sudarsanam]]
|TMC(M)
|P. Krishnamoorthy
|INC
|50,511
|-
|[[Pudukottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pudukottai]]
|[[A. Periannan]]
|DMK
|S. C. Swaminathan
|INC
|42,783
|-
|[[Purasawalkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Purasawalkam]]
|[[B. Ranganathan]]
|TMC(M)
|Kathipara J. Gnanam
|INC
|72,614
|-
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|[[S. P. Sarkunam]]
|DMK
|R. M. D. Raveendran
|AIADMK
|43,081
|-
|[[Radhapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Radhapuram]]
|[[M. Appavu]]
|TMC(M)
|S. K. Chandrasekaran
|INC
|28,946
|-
|[[Rajapalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rajapalayam]] (SC)
|[[V. P. Rajan]]
|DMK
|P. Prabakar
|AIADMK
|18,939
|-
|[[Ramanathapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
|[[A. Rahman Khan]]
|DMK
|S. K. G. Sekar
|AIADMK
|35,891
|-
|[[Ranipet (State Assembly Constituency)|Ranipet]]
|[[R. Gandhi]]
|DMK
|M. Masilamani
|AIADMK
|34,127
|-
|[[Rasipuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Rasipuram]]
|[[P. R. Sundaram]]
|AIADMK
|R. R. Damayandhi
|DMK
|454
|-
|[[Rishivandiyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rishivandiyam]]
|[[S. Sivaraj]]
|TMC(M)
|P. Annadurai
|AIADMK
|40,064
|-
|[[Royapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Royapuram]]
|[[R. Mathivanan]]
|DMK
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|AIADMK
|17,408
|-
|[[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]]
|[[K. Saidai Kittu]]
|DMK
|Saidai S. Duraisamy
|AIADMK
|29,853
|-
|[[Salem - I (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem – I]]
|[[K. R. G. Dhanapalan]]
|DMK
|A. T. Natarajan
|INC
|30,267
|-
|[[Salem - II (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem – II]]
|[[A. L. Thangavel]]
|DMK
|[[S. Semmalai]]
|AIADMK
|27,491
|-
|[[Samayanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Samayanallur]] (SC)
|[[S. Selvaraj]]
|DMK
|R. Raja Selvaraj
|AIADMK
|55,648
|-
|[[Sankarapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarapuram]]
|[[T. Udhayasuriyan]]
|DMK
|A. Saruvar Kasim
|AIADMK
|22,158
|-
|[[Sankarankoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarankoil]] (SC)
|[[C. Karuppasamy]]
|AIADMK
|S. Raja
|DMK
|600
|-
|[[Sankari (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankari]] (SC)
|[[V. Muthu]]
|DMK
|K. K. Ramasamy
|AIADMK
|21,336
|-
|[[Sathankulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sathankulam]]
|[[S. S. Mani Nadar]]
|TMC(M)
|B. Kasinathan
|INC
|25,236
|-
|[[Sathyamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sathyamangalam]]
|[[S. K. Rajendran]]
|DMK
|T. R. Attiannan
|AIADMK
|8,784
|-
|[[Sattur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sattur]]
|[[K. M. Vijayakumar]]
|DMK
|[[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
|AIADMK
|9,364
|-
|[[Sedapatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Sedapatti]]
|[[G. Thalapathi]]
|DMK
|[[R. Muthiah]]
|AIADMK
|10,201
|-
|[[Sendamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sendamangalam]] (ST)
|[[C. Chandrasekaran]]
|DMK
|K. Kalavathi
|AIADMK
|19,925
|-
|[[Sholavandan (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholavandan]]
|[[L. Santhanam]]
|DMK
|A. M. Paramasivan
|AIADMK
|18,808
|-
|[[Sholinghur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholinghur]]
|[[A. M. Munirathinam]]
|TMC(M)
|S. Shanmugham
|PMK
|33,930
|-
|[[Singanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Singanallur]]
|[[N. Palaniswamy]]
|DMK
|R. Duraisamy
|AIADMK
|58,412
|-
|[[Sirkazhi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
|[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Panneerselvam]]
|DMK
|V. Bharathi
|AIADMK
|29,694
|-
|[[Sivaganga (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivaganga]]
|[[Tha. Kiruttinan|Tha. Kiruttinan Pasumpon]]
|DMK
|K. R. Muruganandam
|AIADMK
|33,001
|-
|[[Sivakasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivakasi]]
|[[R. Chokkar]]
|TMC(M)
|N. Alagarsamy
|AIADMK
|18,732
|-
|[[Sriperumbudur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sriperumbudur]] (SC)
|[[E. Kothandam]]
|DMK
|K. N. Chinnandi
|INC
|36,436
|-
|[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam]]
|[[T. P. Mayavan]]
|DMK
|M. Paranjothi
|AIADMK
|29,859
|-
|[[Srivaikuntam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srivaikuntam]]
|[[S. David Selwyn]]
|DMK
|S. Danielraj
|INC
|13,209
|-
|[[Srivilliputhur (State Assembly Constituency)|Srivilliputhur]]
|[[R. Tamaraikani]]
|AIADMK
|T. Ramasamy
|CPI
|8,667
|-
|[[Talavasal (State Assembly Constituency)|Talavasal]] (SC)
|[[K. Rani]]
|TMC(M)
|K. Kaliyaperumal
|INC
|27,382
|-
|[[Tambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Tambaram]]
|[[M. A. Vaidyalingam]]
|DMK
|K. B. Madhavan
|INC
|11,395
|-
|[[Taramangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Taramangalam]]
|[[P. Govindan]]
|PMK
|P. Elavarasan
|DMK
|24,707
|-
|[[Tenkasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tenkasi]]
|[[K. Ravi Arunan]]
|TMC(M)
|Aladi Sankaraiya
|INC
|30,760
|-
|[[Thalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Thalli]]
|[[S. Raja Reddy]]
|CPI
|Venkatarama Reddi
|INC
|7,489
|-
|[[Thandarambattu (State Assembly Constituency)|Thandarambattu]]
|[[K. Manivarma]]
|TMC(M)
|A. P. Kuppusamy
|AIADMK
|39,814
|-
|[[Thanjavur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thanjavur]]
|[[S. N. M. Ubayadullah]]
|DMK
|[[S. D. Somasundaram]]
|AIADMK
|45,082
|-
|[[Theagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|T. Nagar]]
|[[A. Chellakumar]]
|TMC(M)
|S. Vijayan
|AIADMK
|48,998
|-
|[[Theni (State Assembly Constituency)|Theni]]
|[[N. R. Alagaraja]]
|TMC(M)
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|AIADMK
|49,144
|-
|[[Thirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam]]
|[[M. Muthuramalingam]]
|DMK
|[[S. Andi Thevar]]
|AIADMK
|28,925
|-
|[[Thirumayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumayam]]
|[[V. Chinniah]]
|TMC(M)
|[[S. Ragupathy]]
|AIADMK
|11,888
|-
|[[Thirunavalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirunavalur]]
|[[A. J. Manikannan]]
|DMK
|K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy
|AIADMK
|12,436
|-
|[[Thirupparankundram (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirupparankundram]]
|[[C. Ramachandran]]
|DMK
|S. V. Shanmugam
|AIADMK
|61,409
|-
|[[Thiruthuraipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruthuraipundi]] (SC)
|[[G. Palanisami]]
|CPI
|K. Gopalsami
|INC
|53,688
|-
|[[Thiruvadanai (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvadanai]]
|[[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
|TMC(M)
|D. Sakthivel
|INC
|51,400
|-
|[[Thiruvaiyaru (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|[[D. Chandrasekaran]]
|DMK
|M. Subramanian
|AIADMK
|27,011
|-
|[[Thiruvattar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvattar]]
|[[V. Alban]]
|DMK
|[[J. Hemachandran]]
|CPM
|12,354
|-
|[[Thiruvarur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarur]] (SC)
|[[A. Asohan]]
|DMK
|P. Arumuga Pandian
|AIADMK
|44,367
|-
|[[Thiruvidaimarudhur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvidaimarudhur]]
|[[S. Ramalingam]]
|DMK
|T. R. Loganathan
|INC
|41,941
|-
|[[Thiruvonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvonam]]
|[[M. Ramachandran]]
|DMK
|[[K. Thangamuthu]]
|AIADMK
|31,550
|-
|[[Thondamuthur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thondamuthur]]
|[[C. R. Ramachandran]]
|DMK
|T. Malaravan
|AIADMK
|62,137
|-
|[[Thottiam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thottiam]]
|[[K. Kannaiyan]]
|DMK
|N. Nedumaran
|AIADMK
|40,982
|-
|[[Thousand Lights (State Assembly Constituency)|Thousand Lights]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|DMK
|Zeenath Sheriffdeen
|AIADMK
|44,877
|-
|[[Tindivanam (State Assembly Constituency)|Tindivanam]]
|[[R. Sedunathan]]
|DMK
|M. Karunanidhi
|PMK
|25,380
|-
|[[Tiruchendur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchendur]]
|[[S. Jennifer Chandran]]
|DMK
|T. Dhamodharan
|AIADMK
|31,031
|-
|[[Tiruchengode (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchengode]]
|[[T. P. Arumugam]]
|DMK
|S. Chinnusamy
|AIADMK
|42,620
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli - I (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchy – I]]
|[[B. Baranikumar]]
|DMK
|Pa. Krishnan
|AIADMK
|27,510
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli - II (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchy – II]]
|[[Anbil Poyyamozhi]]
|DMK
|P. Selvaraj
|AIADMK
|44,829
|-
|[[Tirunelveli (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
|[[A. L. Subramanian]]
|DMK
|V. Karuppasamy Pandian
|AIADMK
|23,324
|-
|[[Tiruppattur (41) (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppattur (41)]]
|[[G. Shanmugam]]
|DMK
|P. G. Mani
|AIADMK
|31,658
|-
|[[Tiruppattur (194) (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppattur (194)]]
|[[R. Sivaraman]]
|DMK
|[[S. Kannappan]]
|AIADMK
|19,277
|-
|[[Tirupporur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirupporur]] (SC)
|[[G. Chockalingam]]
|DMK
|N. K. Loganathan
|AIADMK
|31,896
|-
|[[Tiruppur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruppur]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|CPI
|C. Sivasamy
|AIADMK
|41,055
|-
|[[Tiruttani (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruttani]]
|[[E. A. P. Sivaji]]
|DMK
|G. Hari
|AIADMK
|29,542
|-
|[[Tiruvallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvallur]]
|[[C. S. Mani]]
|DMK
|G. Kanagaraj
|AIADMK
|33,254
|-
|[[Tiruvannamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|DMK
|A. Arunachalam
|INC
|52,978
|-
|[[Thiruvarambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarambur]]
|[[K. Durai]]
|DMK
|T. Rathinavel
|AIADMK
|46,753
|-
|[[Tiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvottiyur]]
|[[T. C. Vijayan]]
|DMK
|B. Balraj
|AIADMK
|75,022
|-
|[[Triplicane (State Assembly Constituency)|Triplicane]]
|[[K. Nanjil Manoharan]]
|DMK
|A. Wahab
|AIADMK
|35,011
|-
|[[Tuticorin (State Assembly Constituency)|Tuticorin]]
|[[N. Periasamy]]
|DMK
|J. L. B. Bono Venture Roche
|IND
|21,371
|-
|[[Udagamandalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Udagamandalam]]
|[[T. Gundan]]
|DMK
|H. M. Raju
|INC
|47,180
|-
|[[Udumalpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Udumalpet]]
|[[D. Selvaraj (Udumalpet MLA)|D. Selvaraj]]
|DMK
|C. Shanmugavel
|AIADMK
|24,320
|-
|[[Ulundurpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Ulundurpet]] (SC)
|[[A. Mani]]
|DMK
|M. Anandan
|AIADMK
|20,975
|-
|[[Uppiliapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Uppiliapuram]] (ST)
|[[T. Karuppusami]]
|DMK
|R. Saroja
|AIADMK
|34,568
|-
|[[Usilampatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Usilampatti]]
|[[P. N. Vallarasu]]
|FBL
|P. Veluchamy
|AIADMK
|55,903
|-
|[[Uthiramerur (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthiramerur]]
|[[K. Sundar]]
|DMK
|N. K. Gnanasekaran
|AIADMK
|33,092
|-
|[[Valangiman (State Assembly Constituency)|Valangiman]] (SC)
|[[Gomathi Srinivasan]]
|TMC(M)
|V. Vivekanandan
|AIADMK
|20,511
|-
|[[Valparai (State Assembly Constituency)|Valparai]] (SC)
|[[V. P. Singaravelu]]
|DMK
|Kurichi Manimaran
|AIADMK
|25,272
|-
|[[Vandavasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vandavasi]] (SC)
|[[Bala Anandan]]
|DMK
|V. Gunaseelan
|AIADMK
|39,746
|-
|[[Vaniyambadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vaniyambadi]]
|[[M. Abdul Lathief]]
|DMK
|K. Kuppusamy
|INC
|47,253
|-
|[[Vanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vanur]] (SC)
|[[A. Marimuthu (Vanur MLA)|A. Marimuthu]]
|DMK
|S. P. Erasendiran
|AIADMK
|23,942
|-
|[[Varahur (State Assembly Constituency)|Varahur]] (SC)
|[[B. Duraisamy]]
|DMK
|A. Palanimuthu
|AIADMK
|21,151
|-
|[[Vasudevanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vasudevanallur]] (SC)
|[[R. Eswaran]]
|TMC(M)
|P. Suresh Babu
|INC
|616
|-
|[[Vedaranyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedaranyam]]
|[[S. K. Vedarathinam]]
|DMK
|P. C. V. Balasubramaniam
|INC
|22,792
|-
|[[Vedasandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedasandur]]
|[[S. V. Krishnan]]
|DMK
|S. Gandhirajan
|AIADMK
|20,769
|-
|[[Veerapandi (State Assembly Constituency)|Veerapandi]]
|[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam|S. Arumugam]]
|DMK
|K. Arjunan
|AIADMK
|21,151
|-
|[[Vellakoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Vellakoil]]
|[[M. P. Saminathan]]
|DMK
|Durai Ramaswamy
|AIADMK
|6,914
|-
|[[Vellore (State Assembly Constituency)|Vellore]]
|[[C. Gnanasekaran]]
|TMC(M)
|S. B. Bhaskaran
|INC
|60,888
|-
|[[Vilathikulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilathikulam]]
|[[K. Ravisankar]]
|DMK
|[[V. Gopalsamy]]
|MDMK
|634
|-
|[[Vilavancode (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilavancode]]
|[[D. Mony]]
|CPM
|V. Thankaraj
|DMK
|21,282
|-
|[[Villivakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Villivakkam]]
|[[J. M. Haroon Rasheed]]
|TMC(M)
|M. G. Mohan
|INC
|147,747
|-
|[[Villupuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Villupuram]]
|[[K. Ponmudy]]
|DMK
|S. S. Panneerselvam
|AIADMK
|41,586
|-
|[[Virudhunagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
|[[A. R. R. Seenivasan]]
|DMK
|G. Karikolraj
|INC
|23,487
|-
|[[Vridachalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vridachalam]]
|[[Tamizharasan]]
|DMK
|R. Govindasamy
|PMK
|6,885
|-
|[[Yercaud (State Assembly Constituency)|Yercaud]] (ST)
|[[V. Perumal]]
|DMK
|R. Gunasekaran
|AIADMK
|9,394
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#add8e6;" |*
|Elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
|}

==Impact==
AIADMK suffered a rout in the elections. Most of sitting ministers of the AIADMK government, including the chief minister Jayalalithaa lost their seats. Jayalalithaa lost to DMK's [[E. G. Sugavanam]] by a margin of 8,366 votes in the [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur constituency]]. A year after the election, the AIADMK split, when a faction led by the [[Arantanki (State Assembly Constituency)|Arantaki]] MLA [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] broke away from the party. The MDMK which was contesting its first statewide elections since its formation in 1994 drew a blank. MDMK leader Vaiko was defeated in both the [[Vilathikulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilathikulam assembly constituency]] and the [[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi parliamentary constituency]]. This election also saw the PMK electing four members to the assembly. The massive victory of the DMK-TMC-CPI combine in the assembly elections spilled over to the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1996|parliamentary elections]]. The coalition was able to win all 39 parliamentary seats in Tamil Nadu and the lone parliamentary seat in the nearby [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. This tally of 40 seats enabled the DMK-TMC combine to be part of the [[United Front (India)|United Front government]] during 1996–98.<ref name="bhagat"/><ref name="tehelka"/><ref name="businessline2"/><ref name="outlook4">{{cite news | last= Panneerselvan| first= A. S. | title=MGR's Foot-Soldiers | date=4 June 1997| url =http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203657| work =[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]| access-date = 2010-01-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1996 State Assembly elections in India]]
[[Category:May 1996 events in Asia]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian politics]]

J. Jayalalithaa

2022-02-20T04:47:17Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Indian politician and actress, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)}}
{{Indian name|Jayalalithaa|Jayaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayalalithaa
| image = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption = Jayalalithaa in August 2015
| office = 5th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2015
| term_end = 5 December 2016
| governor = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011
| term_end1 = 27 September 2014
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor1 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency1 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]}}
| predecessor2 = M. Karunanidhi
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Fathima Beevi]]|[[C. Rangarajan]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency3 = ''Did not contest''
| term_start4 = 24 June 1991
| term_end4 = 12 May 1996
| governor4 = {{ubl|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]}}
| predecessor4 = [[President's rule]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 1984
| term_end5 = 28 January 1989
| 1blankname5 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]|[[N. D. Tiwari]]|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]}}
| predecessor5 = [[Sathyavani Muthu]]
| successor5 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| constituency5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office6 = 8th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 29 May 2006
| term_end6 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor6 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor6 = [[Vijayakanth|Vijayakant]]
| constituency6 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start7 = 9 February 1989
| term_end7 = 1 December 1989
| predecessor7 = [[O. Subramanian]]
| successor7 = S. R. Eradha
| constituency7 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2015
| term_end8 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = ''Herself''
| predecessor8 = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor8 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| constituency8 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start9 = 23 May 2011
| term_end9 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = ''Herself''
| predecessor9 = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor9 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| constituency9 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start10 = 24 February 2002
| term_end10 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata10 = {{ubl|''Herself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| successor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| constituency10 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start11 = 1 July 1991
| term_end11 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = ''Herself''
| predecessor11 = K. R. Rajendran
| successor11 = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| constituency11 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| term_start12 = 6 February 1989
| term_end12 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor12 = K. S. M. Ramachandran
| successor12 = V. Panneerselvam
| constituency12 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office13 = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start13 = 9 February 1989
| term_end13 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname13 = Inaugural Holder
| 1namedata13 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor13 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| successor13 = [[V. K. Sasikala]]
| office14 = [[Ministry of propaganda|Propaganda Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 1983
| term_end14 = 1984
| 1blankname14 = Party President
| 1namedata14 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| 2blankname14 = General Secretary
| 2namedata14 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melukote]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1948|02|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Cardiac Arrest]]
| resting_place = [[MGR Memorial|Puratchi Thalaivi Jayalalithaa Ninaividam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| relatives = [[Deepa Jayakumar]] (niece)
| residence = Veda Nilayam, 81, Poes Thottam, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]] - 600086, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]|[[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Church Park Presentation Convent]]|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Film actress|writer|politician|philanthropist|singer|classical dancer}}
| awards = * [[Honorary Doctorate]] (1991)
* [[Kalaimamani]] (1972)
| signature = Jayalalithaa Signature.svg
| nickname = ''Amma'' ''Puratchi Thalaivi''
}}

'''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Shashi Tharoor]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2002 |title='Scrabble' in real life |date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |title=Chasing The Poll Stars |author=Tusha Mittal|work=Tehelka |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian politician and actress who served as the Six time [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for more than fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 9 February 1989, she was the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), a [[Dravidian party]] whose cadre revered her as their "'''{{lang|ta|Amma}}'''" (Mother) and "'''{{lang|ta|Puratchi Thalaivi}}'''" (Revolutionary leader).<ref name="puratchithalavi">{{cite news|title=PURATCHI THALAIVI JAYALALITHAA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Puratchi-Thalaivi-Jayalalithaa|access-date=18 December 2016|work=indiatimes.com|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering a [[personality cult]] and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators and ministers, who often publicly [[Prostration|prostrated]] themselves before her.<ref name="outlook20110321" />

Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa worked prolifically. She appeared in [[Jayalalithaa filmography|140 films]] between 1961 and 1980, primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actress and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "Queen of Tamil Cinema".<ref name="jjte">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Telugu stars mourn Amma's loss!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/jayalalithaa-death-telugu-stars-mourn-ammas-loss_1956451.html|access-date=18 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Among her frequent co-stars was [[M. G. Ramachandran]], popularly known as 'M.G.R', a Tamil [[cultural icon]] who leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when M.G.R was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[India's Parliament]]. After M.G.R's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by M.G.R's widow, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], emerged as the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]], she became Leader of the Opposition to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led government headed by [[M. Karunanidhi]], her ''bête noire''.

In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]], Jayalalithaa became chief minister for the first time and Tamil Nadu's youngest. She earned a reputation for centralizing state power among a coterie of bureaucrats; her [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son in 1995. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]], the [[AIADMK]] was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new [[Karunanidhi]] government filed several corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|another general election]] just a year later.

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]]. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidized {{lang|ta|"Amma"}}-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

Jayalalithaa never married and had no children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-11|title=How a leader’s companion rose in political power in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/2069955/can-deceased-indian-leaders-companion-take-her-place|access-date=2021-09-13|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> On 29 May 2020, her nephew J. Deepak and niece [[Deepa Jayakumar]] were declared as her legal heirs by [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-niece-and-nephew-declared-legal-heirs-can-claim-her-properties-125374|title=Jayalalithaa’s niece and nephew declared legal heirs, can claim her properties|date=27 May 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Early life, education and family ==
Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948 as Komalavalli, named after her grandmother, at [[Melukote]], [[Pandavapura]] taluk, [[Mandya]] district, then in [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]) to Jayaram and Vedavalli (Sandhya) in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] [[Iyengar]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/jayalalithaa-jayaram.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-j-jayalalithaa-was-buried-and-not-cremated/articleshow/55838340.cms|title=Why J Jayalalithaa was buried and not cremated|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-school-her-name-was-komalavalli-1028237|title=In school her name was Komalavalli|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=7 May 2006 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Babu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa dead at 68: How Komalavalli became the 'Iron Lady' of Tamil Nadu|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-at-68-how-komalavalli-became-the-iron-lady-of-tamil-nadu-116120500945_1.html|access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref><ref name="jjbc">{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram's Birth Chart |url=https://celebrity.astrosage.com/jayalalithaa-jayaram-birth-chart.asp |website=celebrity.astrosage |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

Her paternal grandfather, Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service of the [[Mysore kingdom]] as a surgeon and served as the court physician to Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of Mysore. Her maternal grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from [[Srirangam]] to work with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. He had one son and three daughters—Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was married to Jayaram, son of Narasimhan Rengachary. The couple Jayaram-Vedvalli had two children: a son Jayakumar and a daughter, Jayalalitha.<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite news|last1=Chandrakanth|first1=W|title=A never-say-die leader|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-never-say-die-leader/267247|access-date=11 December 2016|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her mother, her relatives and later co-stars and friends referred to her as Ammu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babu|first=Venkatesha|title=Ammu to Amma: The life and times of Jayalalithaa Jayaraman|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ammu-to-amma-the-life-and-times-of-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/story/241781.html|website=Business Today|date=6 December 2016|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> The name Jayalalithaa was adopted at the age of one for the purpose of using the name in schools and colleges. It was derived from the names of two houses where she resided in Mysore. One was "Jaya Vilas" and the other "Lalitha Vilas".

She is from the same lineage of popular figures like [[K. T. Bhashyam]] (Former minister of [[Mysore State]] and [[List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairman]] of [[Mysore Legislative Council]]) and famous lawyer L. S. Raju who made significant contribution in the history of [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jun 23|first=B. V. Shiva Shankar / TNN /|last2=2017|last3=Ist|first3=06:41|title=‘Jayalalithaa’s influence is only stronger after her death’ {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayalalithaas-influence-is-only-stronger-after-her-death/articleshow/59276414.cms|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa's father, Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family's wealth. He died when Jayalalithaa was two years old. The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's home in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] in 1950.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858|website=Outlook India |title=The Road To Ammahood |date=21 March 2011 |first=Sugata |last=Srinivasaraju|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Vedavalli learnt shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position to help support the family in 1950. Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as an air hostess. She also started acting in drama and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the insistence of Ambujavalli, Jayalalithaa's mother Vedavalli also relocated to Madras and stayed with her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. Jayalalithaa remained under the care of her mother's sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref name="thehansindia"/> While still in Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="TNgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |title=Profile |publisher= Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In later interviews, Jayalalithaa spoke emotionally about how she missed her mother growing up in a different city. She had the opportunity to visit her mother during the summer holidays.<ref name="thehansindia"/>

After her aunt Padmavalli's marriage in 1958, Jayalalithaa moved to Madras and began to live with her mother. She completed her education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent).<ref name="thehansindia"/><ref name="Ironlady">{{cite journal|last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |title=The Iron Lady of India |journal=The Contemporary Review |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 }}</ref>

She excelled at school and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.<ref name="TNgov"/> She won Gold State Award for coming first in 10th standard in the state of Tamil Nadu. She joined [[Stella Maris College (Chennai)|Stella Maris College]], [[Chennai]]; however, discontinued her studies due to pressure from her mother and became a film actress.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stella-Maris-remembers-former-CM/article16791819.ece | title=Stella Maris remembers former CM | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/so-singh-what-do-you-make-of-my-campaign-asked-jaya.html | title=So Singh, what do you make of my campaign, Jaya asked our reporter | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | work=R Bhagwan Singh | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The Poes Garden plot was bought by Jayalalithaa and her mother on 1 July 1967 at a cost of ₹ 1.32 lakh, measuring around 24,000 sq. feet (10 grounds) with a built-up area of 21,662 sq. feet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veda-nilayam-set-to-become-jayalalithaa-memorial/article31521989.ece |title=Veda Nilayam set to become Jayalalithaa memorial|website=The Hindu |date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-assets-double-secret-seems-be-real-estate-30668 |title=Jayalalithaa's assets double - the secret seems to be real estate|website=thenewsminute |date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Jayalalithaa's mother Sandhya died in November 1971 at the age of 47.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html | title=Tamil Nadu: Who's residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied | website=hindustan times | date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa herself held the ''house warming ceremony'' of her residence ''Veda Nilayam'' (named after her beloved mother Vedavalli alias Sandhya) on May 15, 1972, early in the morning, followed by [[dinner]] and a [[Veena]] recital by classical musician [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti babu]] in the evening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/27/was-Jayalalithaa-poes-garden-residence-attached-by-it-department.html | title=Is Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden residence under attachment by IT department? | website=The Week | date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Her brother's wedding took place at her Veda Nilayam home in Poes Garden in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/jayalalithaa-deepa.html | title=JAYA, MY AUNT Inheritance of loss | website=The Week | date=18 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-am-jayalalithaas-legal-heir-and-i-am-ready-fight-deepa-jayakumar-tnm-54131 |title=I am Jayalalithaa's legal heir and I am ready to fight: Deepa Jayakumar to TNM |publisher=The News Minute |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her brother Jayakumar, his wife Vijayalakshmi and their daughter [[Deepa Jayakumar]] lived in Poes Garden with Jayalalithaa till 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |title=Jayalalithaa's niece Deepa Jayakumar aims to make things tricky for Sasikala |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084533/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 }}</ref> and then moved to T.Nagar Madras at the bungalow 'Sandhya Illam' which was bought by mother of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Crowd-continues-to-swell-at-Deepa's-house/article17009933.ece |title = Crowd continues to swell at Deepa's house|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 January 2017|last1 = Jesudasan|first1 = Dennis S.}}</ref> Her brother was unhappy with adoption of Sudhakaran, a relative of Sasikala, as foster son of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news|first=Somak |last=Ghoshal |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/10/jayalithaas-niece-deepa-jayakumar-challenges-sasikala-to-claim/ |title=Jayalalithaa's Niece Deepa Jayakumar Challenges Sasikala To Claim Her Aunt's Legacy |work=Huffington Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa had adopted [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]]'s nephew Sudhakaran in 1995 and disowned him in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran|title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran?|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=22 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Her brother died in 1995 of heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|author=Julie Mariappan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Niece-I-want-to-see-Jaya-aunt-they-stopped-me-at-the-gates/articleshow/54707118.cms |title=Jayalalithaa health: Jayalalitha News: Niece – I want to see Jaya aunt, they stopped me at the gates |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

She was fluent in several languages, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and English.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 April 2007|title=Jayalalithaa to debut in Hindi for campaigns|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=IANS|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122520/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> She spoke with actress Saroja Devi in Kannada regularly as they were close friends and would talk to each other only in Kannada. She often conversed with Karnataka Chief ministers in Kannada. Basavaraj Bommai, the former irrigation minister of Karnataka said, “I was astonished by her Kannada slang and fluency.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Jayalalithaa’s deep love for Kannada will surprise you|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101411/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|archive-date=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Proud Tamilian born in Karnataka, Jayalalithaa had a long history with Kannadiga activists|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-tamilian-born-karnataka-jayalalithaa-had-long-history-kannadiga-activists-53889|access-date=2021-06-11|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

She was fond of having dogs as her pets. But after the death of Julie, a [[spitz]], in 1998 she could not bear the loss and hence discontinued keeping pet dogs at her home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Lesser-known-facets-of-Jayalalithaa/article16762804.ece1|title=Lesser known facets of Jayalalithaa|date=6 December 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{See also|Jayalalitha filmography}}

=== Early career ===

In Madras (now [[Chennai]]), Jayalalithaa was trained in [[Carnatic music]], western classical piano<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Lawyers-hail-HC%E2%80%99s-tribute-to-Jayalalithaa/article16788292.ece |title=Lawyers hail HC's tribute to Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> and various forms of classical dance, including [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathak]].<ref name=NDTV1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1294266|title=Jayalalithaa, The Amma Of Tamil Nadu Politics|last=Ghosh|first=Deepshikha|website=[[NDTV]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She learnt Bharatnatyam and dance forms under K.J.Sarasa.<ref name="sp">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=23 October 1965 |title=A New Bright Star |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n221 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=19 |pages=50–51}}</ref> She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma Bhushan Guru [[Vempati Chinna Satyam|Dr. Vempati Chinna Satyam]]. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her debut dance performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960.<ref name="BS"/> The Chief Guest at the Arangetram was [[Shivaji Ganesan]], who called her a "thanga silai" (golden statue) and expressed wish that Jayalalithaa becomes a film star in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivaji-ganesans-wish-12-year-old-jayalalithaa-ended-coming-true-45599 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's wish for 12-year-old Jayalalithaa ended up coming true |publisher=The News Minute |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/what-stars-who-worked-with-jayalalithaa-say/photostory/55848093.cms |title=What stars who worked with Jayalalithaa say! |publisher=timesofindia |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

While a child, Jayalalithaa acted in the Kannada-language film ''[[Sri Shaila Mahathme]]'' (1961), which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Jayalalitha-has-acted-in-Kannada-movies/articleshow/44752455.cms|title=Jayalilathaa has acted in Kannada|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> She had been taken to the studio by her mother as she was shooting in the same premises for a different film. While Jayalalithaa was watching the shooting, a problem arose as the child actress playing the [[Goddess Parvathy]] in a school drama scene in the film failed to show up and the producer Neerlahalli Thalikerappa and director Aroor Pattabhi asked Sandhya if Jayalalithaa could be asked to act in the dance sequence. Sandhya agreed and Jayalalithaa was swiftly dressed up as Parvathy and the scene was shot in Sri Shaila Mahatme.<ref name="Khajane">{{cite news|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Those Kannada days...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Those-Kannada-days.../article16776901.ece|access-date=9 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She played Lord [[Krishna]] in a three-minute dance sequence held on stage in the [[Hindi film]] [[Man-Mauji]] (1962) and danced with [[Kumari Naaz]] who played Radha. [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] ran the drama troupe ''United Amateur Artistes'' (UAA), which staged English and Tamil plays. Soon Jayalalithaa while a schoolgirl began acting in some plays of Parthasarathy along with her mother and aunt. She acted in small roles in plays such as Tea House of the August Moon and ''Undersecretary'' between 1960 and 1964.

Shankar Giri, the son of the former [[President of India|Indian President]] [[V. V. Giri]], saw her small role in the English play ''Tea Houses of August Moon'' and was impressed. Shankar Giri approached her mother Sandhya and told he wanted to cast her daughter in an English film called ''The Epistle''. Sandhya reluctantly agreed with the condition that shooting should be held only during weekends or school holidays.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=People's CM Jayalalithaa, an enigma in life and in death|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-cm-jayalalithaa-an-enigma-in-life-and-in-death-116120600127_1.html|access-date=9 December 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Sandhya had acted in the 1964 Tamil film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'', produced and directed by Kannada film-maker [[B. R. Panthulu]]. Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was spotted by Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite [[Kalyan Kumar]] in the Kannada movie ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]''. He promised to finish all shooting within two months in order not to interfere with her education. Since Jayalalithaa would be studying for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had declined the offer initially.<ref name=hans1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel--real-life/267246|title=A super star in reel & real life|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Sandhya agreed when that promise was made and Jayalalithaa started acting and she was paid {{INRConvert|3|k|year=1967}}. Panthulu kept his promise and completed shooting in six weeks. Jayalalithaa had forgotten all about films after acting in her Kannada debut film and had got ready to attend classes at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris]] as she had the ambition to be a [[lawyer]]. But the Kannada debut film became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] in 1964 and she became a well-known face.

Meanwhile, Jayalalithaa continued acting in Parthasarathy's plays. She played the leading role in plays such as ''Malathi'', ''The Whole Truth'', and the dance drama ''Kaveri Thanda Kalaiselvi'' between 1960 and 1966. She made her debut as the lead actress in [[Kannada]] films while still in school, age 15, in ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964).<ref name=hans1/> She also appeared in a dance sequence of a song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1964).<ref name="outlook20110321"/>

She made her debut in Tamil theatre in April 1964, when she played a sales girl in the drama named ''Undersecretary''. Parthasarathy and Sandhya were the lead characters, while Jayalalitha and [[Cho Ramaswamy]] were paired together and [[A. R. Srinivasan]] was also involved. The play was based on the lives of middle aged couple and Jayalaithaa played character of sales girl in the drama. Her performance caused Parthasarathy to make her lead heroine in a drama named ''Malathy''. Meanwhile, the films she had shot during her vacation in April–May 1964—''Chinnada Gombe'' and ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''—became blockbusters. By end of 1965, she had become popular among film producers and directors.<ref name=hans1/> She was approached by [[C. V. Sridhar]] for her Tamil film debut as well. Between 1964 and 1966 she did around 35 shows of drama named ''Malathy'' and later discontinued as she became very busy in films.<ref name="BS"/> It was during the year 1964, financial debts had increased of Sandhya and she suggested her daughter make use of the increasing film offers to come her way.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts"/>

Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was the leading role in ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965), directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]].<ref name="sp"/> She made her debut in Telugu films as lead actress in ''Manushulu Mamathalu'' opposite Akkineni Nageswara Rao. Her last Telugu release was also opposite [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in the film ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title = Did You Know?|url = http://www.telugucinema.com/Did-You-Know|website = telugucinema.com|access-date=17 October 2015|date = 20 September 2015}}</ref> She was the first heroine to appear in [[skirt]]s in Tamil films.<ref name="iron lady">{{cite web|last=Nadar|first=Ganesh|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Iron Lady |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/06espec1.htm |work=Rediff|date=6 May 2004|access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> She acted in one Hindi film called ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'', with [[Dharmendra]] as her male costar in 1968.<ref name="NDTV"/> She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M.G. Ramachandran between 1965 and 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title = Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url = http://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-483055|website = NDTV.com|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> The first with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] was B.R. Panthalu's ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' in 1965 and their last film together was ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|title=Off-screen deity, on-screen goddess|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/12/08/off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/|website=baradwajrangan.wordpress.com|access-date=9 December 2016|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa donated gold jewelleries she had to the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/no-bharat-ratna-for-jayalalithaa-madras-high-court-dismisses-pil-to-confer-late-cm-with-honour-3191124.html |title=No Bharat Ratna for Jayalalithaa? Madras High Court dismisses PIL to confer late CM with honour |work=Firstpost |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

She had 11 successful releases in Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'', for the first time her name was affixed with the phrase Kavarchi Kanni.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article8514320.ece|title=Arasa Kattalai (1967)|date=24 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Guy|first1=Randor}}</ref> In 1967 she bought her bungalow, Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for {{INRConvert|1.32|l|year=1967}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|title=Jaya assets worth Rs 113.73 cr, Rs 3.40 cr less than in 2015|work=Times Now|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142232/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] was on the lookout for a regular heroine for his production after he had fight with the actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] after the release of ''Vetaikkaran'', and he signed Jayalalithaa on in 1965. She became a regular heroine for production house Devar films from 1966.<ref>{{cite news |first=Samiksha |last=Panda |url=http://scrolltoday.com/end-inspiration-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/ |title=The End of an Inspiration : Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |work=Scroll Today |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Jaishankar]] was romantically paired with Jayalalithaa in eight Tamil films including ''[[Muthu Chippi]]'', ''[[Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Nee!]]'', ''[[Vairam]]'', ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]'', ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' (1968), ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'', whereas the films ''[[Thanga Gopuram]]'' and ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' had him play elder brother to her.

Jayalalithaa acted in twelve films as heroine opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]], in Telugu—''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1967), ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967), ''[[Tikka Sankaraiah]]'' (1968), ''[[Niluvu Dopidi]]'' (1968), ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968), ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1969), ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969), ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' (1969), ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1972), and ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973). Jayalalitha had eight films with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in Telugu—''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966), ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968), ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969), ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' (1969), ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972), ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974) and ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' (1980).

She also made a guest appearance in Telugu film ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navarthi]]'' (1966). Her films in Telugu also included two with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and one each with [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-tryst-with-Telugu-films/article16765354.ece |title=Jayalalithaa's tryst with Telugu films |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> She was given on-screen credit as Kalai Selvi in most of her Tamil films since 1967.<ref name="hans1"/>

=== Later career ===
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''List of Best Actress awards for J. Jayalalithaa '''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Award
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|{{won|5}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2016/dec/06/the-life-and-times-of-tamil-nadus-six-time-woman-chief-minister-1546011.html |title=The life and times of Tamil Nadu's six-time woman Chief Minister |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress
|{{won|8}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{won|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/deccan+chronicle-epaper-deccanch/j+jayalalithaa+the+superstar-newsid-61061490 |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 1948 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234">[[#The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|The Times of India directory and year book including who's who]], p 234</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Russian Film festival
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Madras Film Association Awards for Best Actress
|{{won|7}}<ref name="Collections394">[[#Collections|Collections]], p 394</ref>
|}

Between 1965 and 1973, Jayalalithaa starred opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in a number of successful films, including ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kavalkaran]]'', ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Engal Thangam]]'', ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'', ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]'' and ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. 101</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]] cast her in the lead role in his directorial venture ''[[Yarrukkum Vetkam Illai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-life-in-song/article16768634.ece|title=A life in song|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She acted with [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] in ten films—''Gowri Kalyanam ''(1966), ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' (1966), ''[[Naan]]'' (1967), ''[[Magaraasi|Magarasi]]'' (1967), ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' (1967), ''[[Panakkara Pillai]]'' (1968), ''[[Moondru Yezhuthu]]'' (1968), ''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' (1968), ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' and ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' (1974).<ref name="hans1"/> In 1972, she acted opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', which went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 1973.

In 1973, she acted in ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'', which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu.<ref name="TOI1984">[[#TOI|TOI 1984]], p. 305</ref> Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]''; the latter holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ |last=R.L|first=Hardgrave|title=Essays in the political sociology of South India|year=1979|publisher=Usha|page=120|isbn=9780836406054|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was paired opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 17 films. She acted in six films with [[R. Muthuraman]] as a romantic leading pair—''[[Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil]]'', ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'', ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'', ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'', ''[[Suryagandhi]]'', ''[[Anbu Thangai]]''<ref name="hans1"/> and Muthuraman played supporting roles in ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', ''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]'', ''[[En Annan]]'', [[Adi Parashakti]], ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'', ''[[Dharmam Engey]]'', ''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]'' and ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''. She made her debut in Malayalam with ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jesus: 1973|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-jesus-1973/article7043457.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 March 2015|access-date=22 February 2016|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref> Her 100th film was ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' (1974), directed by [[A. Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away-115022500852_1.html|title=Director Vincent passes away|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

She was romantically paired opposite [[Sivakumar]] in ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''. Sivakumar played supporting roles in Shakti Leelai, Yarrukum Vetkam Ilali, [[Thirumangalyam]], Annaivelakanni, Kavalkaran, Motoram Sunderapillai and Ganga Gowri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184625/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|website=Box Office India|title=Box office report of 1968|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

The heroes of her films never objected to the title of the film being conferred on the female lead played by Jayalalithaa. ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Kanni Thaai]]'', and ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' had Ramachandran as the lead male hero but the story and the title was built around the character played by Jayalalithaa. Similarly, ''Engerindo Vandhaal'', ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]'', [[Paadhukaappu]] and ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' had Sivaji Ganeshan as the male lead but the title and the story was built around her character. She did many female-centric films where the story revolved on her character, such as ''Vennira Adai'', ''[[Yaar Nee? (film)|Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Kumari Penn]]'', ''[[Nee (film)|Nee]]'', ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]], [[Magaraasi]], [[Muthu Chippi]], [[Thanga Gopuram]], [[Avalukku Ayiram Kangal]], [[Annamitta Kai]], [[Vandhaale Magaraasi]], [[Suryagandhi]], [[Thirumangalyam]], [[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]'', and ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]''.

She received the title "Nadippuku Ilakkium Vahuthavar" from then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/history-j-jayalalithaa-from-mysore-to-chennai-290110 |title=வரலாறு: ஜெ. ஜெயலலிதா மைசூர் முதல் சென்னை வரை! |work=zeenews |date=6 December 2016|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/jayalalitha-biography-tamil-248513.html |title=அதிமுக கொ.ப.செ... பொதுச்செயலாளர்... தமிழக முதல்வர்... ஜெ. அரசியல் பயணம்|work=oneindia tamil |date=9 March 2016|language=ta}}</ref> and also won Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress for her 100th film ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/jayalalithaa-from-film-star-to-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu|title=Remembering Jayalalithaa: From film star to Tamil Nadu CM |newspaper=Khaleej Times|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her last film in Tamil was ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' (1980).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-211841|publisher=NDTV|location=Chennai|date=17 May 2012|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Her last film as the heroine was ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' in Telugu,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/revisiting-top-10-movies-j-jayalalithaa-706973 |title=Revisiting the top 10 movies of J Jayalalithaa |work=IBTimes |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> which became the highest grosser of the year in Telugu.

Her successful Kannada films include ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' (1966), ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]'' (1965), ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964) and ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career—85 hits of 92 Tamil films as main female lead heroine and she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee hits.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts">[http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-lesser-known-facts-about-our-leaders-jayalalitha/index.html], behindwoods.com; accessed 23 May 2016.</ref> She was the highest-paid Indian actress from 1965 to 1980. She made guest appearances in nine films and six of her films were dubbed into Hindi. She had 119 box office hits between 1961 and 1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead. She made a brief appearance in 1992's ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-makes-brief-appearance-in-neenga-nalla-irukkanum-movie-bombs-at-box-office/1/308343.html|title=Jayalalithaa's brief appearance in Neenga nalla irukanum|magazine=India Today|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Thanga Gopuram'' in 1971, ''Raman Thediya Seethai'' in 1972, ''Suryagandhi'' in 1973, ''Thirumangalyam'' in 1974, and ''Yarukkum Vetkam Illai'' in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=6 December 2016|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> She acted in mythological films like ''Kandan Karunai'', ''Aadhi Parashakti'', ''Shri Krishna Satya'', ''Shri Krishna Vijayam'', ''Shri Rama Katha'', ''Shri Krishna Leela'', ''Shakti Leelai'', ''Ganga Gowri'', ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' and [[Jesus (1973 film)|''Jesus'']]. Her period dramas include ''Ayirathil Oruvan'', ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'', ''[[Mani Magudam]]'', ''Adimai Penn'', ''Ali Baba 40 Dongalu'', ''Arasa Katalai'', and ''Baghdad Perazhagi''.

She acquired the reputation of being a multi-faceted actor equally comfortable in fantasy and mythological genres as well as in modern social dramas<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayalalithaa, the golden girl of Tamil cinema|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=23 February 2016|date=27 September 2014}}</ref> and hence in 1969, in Tamil Conference, she was given the tag of "Kaveri Thandha Kalai Selvi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

She, [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Saroja Devi]] have been cited as the first female superstars of Tamil cinema. She did double roles in eight films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html|title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon|work=Firstpost|date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Rajanala and Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa in [[Gandikota Rahasyam]] Movie - 1969]]
She received Special Award from Filmfare for her performances in 'Chandhrodhayam', 'Adimai Penn' and 'Engirundho Vandhaal' in the years 1966, 1969 and 1970 as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] was introduced only in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Daily Report |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093529/http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> Her performance in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', [[Suryakanthi|''Suryagandhi'']] were critically acclaimed and won her consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

From 1968 to 1973, at the peak of her career she took interviews and wrote columns in the magazines like ''Bommai''. She wrote a column-"Ennangal Sila" in magazine ''[[Thuglak]]'' in the 1970s. She also wrote a short story, "Oravin Kaidhigal", for the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', "Manadhai Thotta Malargal" for ''Thaai'' magazine in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbg2eX-M320| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Nbg2eX-M320| archive-date=2021-10-27|title=TN CM Jayalalithaa service as a Journalist in Private News paper|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 December 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She wrote about her own life in a serialised memoir in the Tamil weekly magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-wrote-of-pining-for-mother-blowing-away-sivaji-ganesan-1634946|title=Jayalalithaa Wrote Of Pining For Mother, Blowing Away Sivaji Ganesan|publisher=Ndtv.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1980, she decided to voluntarily decline any new film offers. An [[Australia]]-based journalist Brian Laul took over the mantle of Piousji (‘Khaas Bhat’- The filmi gossip column) wrote an article specifying Jayalalithaa was trying for a comeback but was not being offered any roles. Jayalalithaa chose to respond to him by writing a letter, in which she mentioned that she was not struggling to make any comeback and that she turned down the offer from producer [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] to star in ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980) alongside [[Rajinikanth]]. She added she wanted to pursue other interests and was not interested in pursuing her film career any further.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/this-letter-sent-by-jayalalithaa-to-a-journalist-in-1980-shows-just-how-classy-she-was-4413621|title=This letter sent by Jayalalithaa to a journalist in 1980 shows just how classy she was |work=The Indian Express|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/jayalalithaas-stinker-to-journalist-about-turning-down-rajinikanth-film-1635086|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Stinker' To Journalist About Turning Down Rajinikanth Film |work=ndtv|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

Her closest friends from film industry included [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manorama-called-me-Ammu-Jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/49311504.cms |title=Manorama called me Ammu, Jayalalithaa says |work=The Times of India |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-a-long-time-friend-but-vocal-critic-of-Jayalalithaa/article16771674.ece |title=Cho Ramaswamy: a long-time friend but vocal critic of Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Rajasree]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]], [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Sukumari]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teluguglobal.in/jayalalithas-lunch-with-her-yester-year-film-stars-in-2012/ |title=Jayalalithaa's lunch with her yester year film stars in 2012 |publisher=Teluguglobal.in |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[S. A. Asokan]], [[Jaishankar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V.K.Ramaswamy]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[P.Susheela]], [[Sheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[R.S.Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0412883/quotes |title=Jayalalitha J – Quotes |publisher=IMDb |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She quoted on M. G. Ramachandran, "He was a very warm and caring kind of a person. And after Mother died, he replaced her in my life. He was everything to me. He was mother, father, brother, friend, philosopher, guide. Everything. He sort of took over my life." In many of her interviews she often said she entered films on being asked by her mother and entered politics on request by M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/i-dont-think-anyone-has-taken-more-criticism-than-i-have-jaya-told-simi-garewal-1546016.html |title=I don't think anyone has taken more criticism than I have: Jaya to Simi Garewal |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah with J.Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at the public meeting in 1980s]]
Jayalalithaa denied claims that M.G.R., who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in introducing her to politics.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> On 4 June 1982,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html|title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut|last=Vaasanthi|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by M.G.R.<ref name="career">{{cite news| url=http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082124/http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 February 2012 | agency=State Planning Commission | title=Political Career|access-date=10 November 2013|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Her maiden public speech,"'''{{lang|ta|Pennin Perumai}}'''" (The Greatness of a Woman), was delivered at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year at [[Cuddalore]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=M.G.R.: The original 'ladies man' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 December 2016 }}</ref> and was well received.{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 30%
| title = Filmstar MPs
| halign = center
| quote = "This lovely lass has taken her place in the centre of India's political stage and, being a Hindi-speaking Tamilian, is assured of a central role for many years to come."
| salign = right
| source = — [[Khushwant Singh]], ''Filmstar MPs'', ''Sunday'', 27 April 1985<ref>{{cite book|title=Notes on the Great Indian Circus|publisher=Penguin India|first=Khushwant|last=Singh|year=2001|isbn=978-0-14-100576-8|pages=12–14}}</ref>
}} Even the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Rajya Sabha member [[Khushwant Singh]] came to witness her speech which was widely acclaimed for its clarity of diction and elegant prose.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her seat number in [[Rajya Sabha]] was 185, which was coincidentally the same as that of what [[C. N. Annadurai]] had while he was a member in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2016|title=How Jayalalithaa Stunned Prime Minister Indira Gandhi With Her Maiden Speech In Rajya Sabha|url=http://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m/|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref> In January 1983, she became propaganda secretary for the party and campaigned extensively for the party candidate [[R. Amirtharaj]] in the by-election for the [[Tiruchendur (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchendur Assembly constituency]] in February that year.<ref name="career"/><ref name="jjgov" />

M.G.R. wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in [[English language|English]].<ref name="control">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule|work=The Sunday Guardian|title=First impressions|last=Nalpat|first=Madhav|date=25 December 2011|location=New Delhi|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Indira Gandhi lauded Jayalalithaa for the various speeches she made on issues including the one on internal security in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-cabinet-decides-to-recommend-jayalalithaas-name-for-bharat-ratna/articleshow/55914413.cms |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet decides to recommend Jayalalithaa's name for Bharat Ratna |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was elected to that body in 1984 and retained her seat until 1989.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Honourable Chief Minister |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116225438/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and M.G.R., these members influenced M.G.R. to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine. Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> She was given key responsibilities, including in the implementation of the landmark noon-meals scheme when M. G. Ramachandran was the chief minister and this taught her lessons in welfare politics. Later when M.G.R. fell ill, she campaigned extensively for the party before the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/indias-iron-lady-jayalalithaa-dead/|title=India's Iron lady Jayalalithaa is dead – Vanguard News|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai.jpg|thumb|right|Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai]]
In 1984, when M.G.R. was incapacitated due to a [[stroke]], Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to take over the position of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him from the proper execution of his duties.<ref name=outlook19980504>{{cite news| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205450 | publisher=outlookindia | title=The Life And Times of Jayalalitha |first1=Ajith |last1=Pillai |first2=A. S. |last2=Panneerselvan |date=4 May 1998|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general elections, in which the AIADMK allied with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="profile"/> Following [[M. G. Ramachandran#Illness and death|his death]] in 1987, the AIADMK split into two factions: one supported his widow, [[Janaki Ramachandran]] This faction was called AIADMK (JA) and the other favoured Jayalalithaa called AIADMK (J). Jayalalithaa faction was supported by senior leaders like [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[C. Aranganayagam|Aranganayagam]], [[Sattur Ramachandran|KKSSR Ramachandran]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar|Thirunavukarasar]]. Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96 members; due in part to irregularities by speaker [[P. H. Pandian]], who dismissed six members to ease her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] used [[S:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]] to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose [[president's rule]] on the state.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>[[#CITEREFJagmohan2007|Jagmohan 2007]], pp. 303–305</ref><ref name="CMlist"/>

At the age of 41, Jayalalithaa entered the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] successfully contesting the subsequent [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] on the basis of being M.G.R.'s political heir.<ref>{{cite news|title=I'm MGR's true heir: Jayalalithaa |url=http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225124101/http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|date= 15 February 2002|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 1989 ===
She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in 1989 as a representative of the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency. This election saw the Jayalalithaa-led faction of the AIADMK win 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the first woman to be elected [[Leader of the Opposition]] in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. On 9 February 1989, the two factions of AIADMK merged and they unanimously accepted Jayalalithaa as the general secretary of the party and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored.<ref name="BS"/>

On 25 March 1989, as claimed by the party and a section of the members present in the assembly, amidst heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members and the opposition, Jayalalithaa was attacked by the ruling DMK members in front of the assembly speaker [[M. Tamilkudimagan]] when violence broke out between DMK and AIADMK MLA's after she called Karunanidhi a criminal and when he named and shamed her. Karunanidhi fell on the floor when one of her MLAs rushed towards him.Both Karunanidhi and Jayalaithaa alleged of attacks against them.<ref name="caravantitans" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thalaivi Trailer: The truth behind Jayalalithaa's saree pulling scene in Kangana Ranaut-starrer|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/thalaivi-trailer-the-truth-behind-jayalalithaas-saree-pulling-scene-in-kangana-ranaut-starrer|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2017-02-18|title=Nothing can ‘beat’ 1989 violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-ie-photographer-recounts-how-his-iconic-photograph-helped-jayalalithaa-became-a-giant-slayer/|title=Ex-Express photographer recounts how his iconic photograph helped Jayalalithaa become a giant slayer|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalitha left the Assembly with her torn saree drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of [[Draupadi]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="caravantitans">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-revenge-of-draupadi/205451|title=The Revenge Of Draupadi|publisher=Outlook|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110519/main7.htm|title=Vow to avenge insult|newspaper=Tribune|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> At the peak of the situation, Jayalalithaa was about to leave the house, she vowed to not enter the house "until as a [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Vinod K. Jose|date=24 April 2014|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shashank Chouhan|date=23 November 2012|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129022030/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2012|title=A small, shameful history of unparliamentary behaviour|work=Reuters}}</ref> In spite of some sections of media terming it as a theatrics, it received a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public.<ref name="V86">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], pp. 86–88</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1989 ugly episode haunts the House |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192438/http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|location=Chennai|date=26 March 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="midnight">{{cite news|title=Rival's revenge in Tamil Nadu|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1416948.stm|work=BBC|date=1 July 2001|last=Jacob|first=Satish|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During the 1989 general elections, the AIADMK allied with the Congress party and was handed a significant victory. The AIADMK, under her leadership, also won the by-elections in [[Marungapuri (state assembly constituency)|Marungapuri]], [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]] and [[Peranamallur (state assembly constituency)|Peranamallur]] assembly constituencies.<ref name="profile"/>

=== First term as Chief Minister, 1991 ===
[[File:Ms. J. Jayalalithaa presenting an award to Shashank - World Tamil Conference, Tanjore, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa presenting award in [[World Tamil Conference]],1993]]
In 1991, following the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] days before the elections, her alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition victory.<ref>[[#Das|Das 2005]], p. 45</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. xxxiv</ref> The AIADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won all 39 constituencies in the centre.<ref name="profile"/> Re-elected to the assembly, she became the state's youngest chief minister, and the first woman to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12 May 1996.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="CMlist"/> In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of [[female infanticide]] and the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |title=TN: Cradle Baby Scheme In Districts With Low Sex Ratio |date=24 July 2011 |magazine=Outlook India |location=Chennai |agency=PTI |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225093403/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> Her party had 226 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections.<ref>[[#Vanitha|Vanitha 2007]], p. 158</ref> She began to be referred as Thanga Gopuram'','' ''Thanga Silai'' and ''Thanga Tharagai'' ('Golden Maiden') by her followers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anwesha Madhukalya|title=10 Videos Of Jayalalithaa's Dance Performances That Explain Why She Was Called The 'golden Maiden'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/10-videos-of-jayalalithaas-dance-performances-that-explain-why/|access-date=8 December 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref>

In July 1993, She observed fast for 80 hours(four days) near the [[MGR Memorial]] on the [[Marina beach]], demanding that [[Karnataka]] release [[Kaveri]] water for the [[kuruvai]] crop. She ended her fast only after Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao sent his Cabinet colleague and Union Water Resources Minister [[Vidya Charan Shukla|V.C. Shukla]] to Chennai to assure her that the centre would set up two committees to ensure implementation of the 1991-interim award of the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Tribunal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=1993-08-15|title=Jayalalitha exploits Tamil insecurity|language=en-IN|work=indiatoday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930815-jayalalitha-exploits-tamil-insecurity-811413-1993-08-15|access-date=2013-07-24}}</ref><ref name="jjc">{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2016-12-06|title=An aggressive campaigner for Tamil Nadu's water rights|language=en-IN|work=thehindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece}}</ref>

In 1993, the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes Bill, 1993 was passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] (Act 45 of 1994).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2014-11-06|title=69% quota: SC notice to Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Bill was sent to the President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] for his approval. J Jayalalithaa's [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government led a cross-party committee of Tamil Nadu politicians to Delhi to meet with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] led [[Government of India|Central government]] and stepped up pressure on the centre to bring in a [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional amendment]] to include the Tamil Nadu Act in the Ninth Schedule, ensuring that its validity cannot be challenged in any court. By the end of August 1994, the Act became a part of the Ninth Schedule by the presidential accent, confirming "'''the 69 percent reservation'''" exclusive for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994|language=en-IN|website= india.gov.in|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-sixth-amendment-act-1994|access-date=2021-05-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The development fetched her the title of ‘Samooga Neethi Kaatha Veeranganai’ (The leader who upheld [[Social justice]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics|language=en-IN|website=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The woman behind the 69% quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=நான் "சமூக நீதி காத்த வீராங்கனை" ஆனது எப்படி?-ஜெ விளக்கம் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2010/07/23/protected-69-reservation-tn-jayalalithaa.html | work= Oneindia tamil | language=ta|access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

On 20 January 1994, [[Mother Teresa]] Called on Chief Minister Jayalalithaa at her poes garden residence in chennai and lauded her welfare projects for girls, destitute women and the aged. Mother Teresa reportedly said that she and Jayalalithaa, India's then only female chief minister, were "working for and fulfilling the same noble cause". Mother Teresa said she would pray daily for Jayalalithaa, whose projects included the Cradle Baby Scheme (CBS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOTHER TERESA´S PRAISE FOR CHIEF MINISTER´S GIRLS´ SCHEME CONTROVERSIAL|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1994/02/18/mother-teresas-praise-for-chief-ministers-girls-scheme-controversial&post_id=44776 | work= ucanews |date=17 February 1994}}</ref> Mother Teresa was also present at the State function on the [[International Women's Day]] On 9 March 1994 at Madras which Jayalalithaa later recalled as “memorable event in my life”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa will continue to inspire many more, says Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-Teresa-will-continue-to-inspire-many-more-says-Jayalalithaa/article14622049.ece | work= thehindu | access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

She first invited [[Ford Motor Company]] to establish business in Tamil Nadu in 1995. This was followed by numerous companies setting up factories here especially from automobiles sector which included [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor]], [[BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Renault]], [[Nissan]], [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], [[Wrightbus|Wright]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]. Due to this, Madras (now [[Chennai]]) began to be called as the [[Detroit]] of India under her first term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/nzgFbwcO2BgdW4x6dVBCCN/How-Jayalalithaa-made-Chennai-the-Detroit-of-India.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made Chennai the Detroit of India |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] made significant expansion in Tamil Nadu and apart from [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE]] and [[TVS Motor Company|TVS Motors]] became key players in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa catalysed industrial growth in TN|language=en-IN|website=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/jayalalithaa-catalysed-industrial-growth-in-tn/article9412047.ece|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

=== Loss of power, 1996 ===
The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that they contested.<ref name="front1996"/> Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate in [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]] constituency. The outcome has been attributed to an [[anti-incumbency]] sentiment and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="front1996">{{cite journal|title=No respite|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1425/14250410.htm|journal=Frontline|volume=14|issue=25|date=26 December 1997|last=T.S.|first=Subramanian|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The wedding event of her foster son Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor [[Shivaji Ganesan]], was held on 7 September 1995 at Madras and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event holds two [[Guinness World Records]]: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for being the largest wedding banquet.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/largest-wedding-banquetreception/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|title=Largest wedding banquet/reception|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Most wedding guests|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/most-wedding-guests/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special court than the entire {{INRConvert|6|c|year=1995}} expenses associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722012032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |first=Anil |last=Kumar |date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=My foster son's Rs6 cr. wedding expense not paid by me |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref>

Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of then Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[Indian general election, 1999 (Tamil Nadu)|another general election]] just a year later.

There were several corruption cases filed against her by the ruling DMK government headed by Karunanidhi. Jayalalithaa was arrested on 7 December 1996 and was remanded to 30-day judicial custody in connection with the [[Colour TV scam]], which charged her with receiving kickbacks to the tune of {{INRConvert|10.13|c|year=1995}}. The investigation alleged that the amount through the TV dealers were routed in the form of cheques to a relative of Sasikala, who had quoted Jayalalithaa's residence as hers. She earlier filed an anticipatory bail in the trial court, which was rejected on 7 December 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Booty queen|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-arrest-reveals-systematic-loot-of-public-money-puts-political-future-at-risk/1/282843.html|date=31 December 1998|access-date=3 November 2015|magazine=India Today|last1=Menon|first1=Amarnath K.|last2=G.C.|first2=Shekar}}</ref> She was acquitted in the case on 30 May 2000 by the trial court and the High Court upheld the order of the lower court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colour TV scam: High Court upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/colour-tv-scam-high-court-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalithaa/article6955.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Madras HC upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa in TV scam|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/madras-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalitha-in-tv-scam_557310.html|date=22 August 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

Though Sudhakaran was adopted by Jayalalithaa as her foster son in 1995, when she became aware that Sudhakaran began to interfere in her financial affairs and that he took money without intending to repay, she disowned him in 1996 within one year of adoption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran? |work=Asianetnews.tv |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

When questioned on her views on Sasikala, Jayalalithaa quoted in 1996 "Sasikala never functioned as extra constitutional power centre. Calling her de facto chief minister is nonsense. She is not interested in politics and I have no intention to bring her into politics." It annoyed her when people said Sasikala was behind many of her political decisions and termed such news as rubbish and insult to her position as chief minister.<ref>{{cite work|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/story/sasikala-jayalalithaa-aiadmk-panneerselvam-ops-poes-garden/1/878479.html |title=The post-truth takeover |work=India Today |access-date=3 May 2017}} {{dead link|date=May 2017}}</ref>

=== Second term as Chief Minister, 2001 ===
Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she was found guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated agency called [[TANSI land acquisition case|TANSI]]. Although she appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], having been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the matter was not resolved at the time of the elections.<ref name="disqual">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |journal=Frontline |title=The disqualification debate |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian |date=21 May 2001 |volume=18 |issue=10 |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091130/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref> Despite this, the AIADMK won a majority and she was installed as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the state assembly on 14 May 2001.<ref name="CMlist"/> She was also convicted in [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]] on 3 February 2000 by a trial court to one-year imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was acquitted in both the TANSI and Pleasant Stay Hotel cases on 4 December 2001 and the Supreme Court upheld the order of the High Court on 24 November 2003.<ref name=Andi>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha files nomination papers from Andipatti constituency|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409233844/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2006|access-date=31 October 2015|location=New Delhi|via=HighBeam Research|work=Newswire|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite news|title=SC acquits Jaya in Tansi land deal case|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24sc.htm|last=Singh|first=Onkar|date=24 November 2003|publisher=Rediff|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office, and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]].

=== Third term as Chief Minister, 2002 ===
Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she could not hold it whilst convicted of criminal acts.<ref name="disqual"/> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have been [[puppet government|puppeted]] and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.<ref name="CMlist">{{cite web|title=List of Chief Ministers in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012821/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2006 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panneerselvam govt only a temporary arrangement |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118030707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2013 |date=22 September 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>

Subsequently, in March 2002, Jayalalithaa assumed the position of Chief Minister once more, having been acquitted of some charges by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/end-of-7year-lean-phase-for-aiadmk/article2019520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu | title=End of 7-year lean phase for AIADMK |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=15 May 2011 |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> This cleared the way for her to contest a mid-term poll to the [[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]] constituency, after the sitting MLA for the seat, gave up his membership, which she won by a handsome margin.

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]]]

India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm|title=Indian women join elite police|publisher=BBC | first=Charles|last=Haviland|date=10 June 2003|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to a special task force headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar|K. Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{cite work|first=K. Vijay |last=Kumar |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html |title=The CM, Veerappan and I |work=The Week |date=18 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> to conduct a secret operation to capture and kill the bandit [[Veerappan]] by entering Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lite/story/jayalalithaa-dead-biggest-achievements-cm/1/781452.html |title=I am legend: Jayalalithaa's top 10 achievements |work=India Today |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2004 she declared eliminating Veerappan as biggest achievement of her government and quoted ""My only brief to them was capture Veerappan dead or alive. After that I never interfered. I left them to work out their own strategies and this paid off."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/veerappans-killing-is-my-governments-greatest-achievement-amma/256427 |title= Veerappan's killing is my government's greatest achievement: Amma |work= Outlook India |date= 19 October 2004 |access-date= 3 May 2017}}</ref> She began to be referred as 'People's CM' (Makallin Mudhalvar) and Iron Lady of India by end of this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/j-jayalalithaa-the-iron-lady-of-indian-politics/52692 |title=The Iron Lady of Indian Politics |work=Times Now |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In this term she launched Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) scheme in 2001 to rejuvenate water sources and this improved ground water levels in the parched southern state and this idea was replicated by various states and even by the centre. She also started the Veeranam project to deliver water to the dry metropolis of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|last=Babu|date=6 December 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> Doctor Manmohan Singh frequently praised Jayalalithaa for her administrative skills, mid-day meal schemes and efforts for gender empowerment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-kolkata/20161207/281767038848843 |title=Hindustan Times |publisher=PressReader.com |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

Her administrative abilities were notable in her handling of events following the tsunami that hit Tamil Nadu on 26 December 2004. Jayalalithaa announced a Rs 153.37 crore relief package, divided into a general package and a separate one for fishermen. She announced that affected families would get Rs 1 lakh as compensation for every member lost, along with one dhoti, one sari, two bedsheets, 60 kg of rice, three litres of kerosene, and Rs 1,000 in cash for groceries and that furthermore, Rs 1,000 was to be given for purchase of utensils, Rs 2,000 so they could put up accommodation. Per family, and there were about one lakh families in all, the package would cost about Rs 5,000. The fishermen also received an extra Rs 65 crore meant to cover gill nets and boats. It was only a matter of hours before Nagapattinam had its power supply back. With the state working on disaster management for over seven years, response time had been reduced significantly; mobile cranes and ambulances were on patrol. The government entrusted district administration with rehabilitation of affected families, and when they were found to be incompetent, she reshuffled or sacked officers immediately. Jayalalithaa even extended help to the Sri Lankan government by instating officers to guide the island nation in the process of rehabilitation. Her administrative style was uncompromising, whether it was banning the sale of gutkha, or mandatory installation of rainwater harvesting systems, but, she got things done on time without any ifs or buts, as was seen with the tsunami relief, ensuring people remembered not the ruthlessness of her tenure, but the help it gave them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/how-jayalalithas-administrative-skills-helped-tamil-nadu-recover-from-tsunami-nightmare-3142354.html |title=How Jayalalitha's administrative skills helped Tamil Nadu recover from tsunami nightmare |work=First Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2012 |agency=PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-hands-over-houses-to-tsunami-hit-1668246 |title=Jayalalithaa hands over houses to tsunami-hit |work=DNA India |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 2006 ===
AIADMK fared poorly in May [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], with Her party winning just 61 seats out of total 234 in the state elections in 2006. She won in [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]. Though her main opposition, DMK did not win a single party majority (96/234), DMK coalition had 162/234 seats and formed the cabinet until 2011 which she referred to as "Minority DMK government".<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dmk-to-form-minority-govt-in-tamil-nadu/384201 |title=DMK to form minority govt in Tamil Nadu |work=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 August 2009 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/AIADMK-attacks-Karuna-for-Mrs-Jaya-remark-54549-2009-08-17 |title=AIADMK attacks Karuna for 'Mrs Jaya' remark |work=India Today|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

On 29 May 2006, Jayalalithaa was unanimously elected as Leader of the Opposition by AIADMK MLAs replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]] soon after two days, she single-handedly took on the ruling DMK in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|house]] in the wake of the suspension of all 60 AIADMK legislators for the entire session.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 May 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-elected-leader-of-oppn-in-tn-assembly/articleshow/1587371.cms |title=Jayalalithaa elected Leader of Oppn in TN assembly |work=timesofindia|access-date=29 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 May 2006 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/27/jaya-lone-aiadmk-attendee-in-house-as-60-mlas-stay-suspended-1148724380.html |title=Jaya lone AIADMK attendee in House|work=oneindia|access-date=27 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aiadmk-mlas-suspended-for-rest-of-the-session/story-AfrdybCVAIcSdMlWrfsAdM.html |title=AIADMK MLAs suspended for rest of the session|work=hindustantimes|access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref>

====Srilankan Tamil Issue====
In August 2008, Jayalalithaa moved the Supreme Court to nullify the [[Katchatheevu]] agreements of 1974 and 1976. She had raised the retrieval of the islet in her maiden Independence Day address in August 1991. In 1991, Jayalalithaa led Tamil Nadu Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the retrieval of Katchatheevu. During the civil war and with northern borders under the control of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], the fishermen had easy access into the fishing grounds.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/jayalalitha-moves-court-to-retrieve-island-from-sri-lanka-28116-2008-08-07 |title=Jayalalitha moves court to retrieve island from Sri Lanka|work=indiatoday|access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa undertook a day-long fast in March 2009, a couple of months before the [[2009 Indian general election|Parliamentary elections]] demanding an immediate ceasefire. She accused then Chief Minister Karunanidhi led DMK government in the State and the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government at the Centre of “criminal neglect in failing to provide relief and succour to the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]”.<ref name="JJLanka" />

After she returned to power in May 2011, the Assembly had adopted several resolutions, seeking an international probe into the alleged war crimes and genocide in the final phase of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. She also demanded an [[Economic sanctions|economic embargo]] on srilanka. She expressed her opposition not only to the presence of Sri Lankan military personnel receiving training anywhere in India but also to that of srilankan sportspersons.<ref name="JJLanka" />

As for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees living in Tamil Nadu, She had changed her position. Originally, she justified the refugees taking shelter in the State “as long as the genocide continues” in the srilanka. But, after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991, she had branded the refugee camps as “breeding grounds” for LTTE militants. However, she turned sympathetic again to the refugees in 2011. She not only enhanced allowance for them but also announced a special scheme for building “durable houses" for rehabilitation.<ref name="JJLanka">{{cite news|date=8 December 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/On-Sri-Lanka-Jayalalithaa-took-a-strong-line/article16774662.ece |title=On Sri Lanka, Jayalalithaa took a strong line|work=thehindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Fourth term as Chief Minister, 2011 ===
After another period (2006–11) in the opposition, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]] in a [[Landslide victory|landslide]] and stromed back to power. She won in [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised "Amma"-branded goods such as (Amma canteens, Amma bottled water, Amma salt, Amma medical shops, Amma cement and Amma baby care kit).

In April 2011, the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance that won the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|14th state assembly elections]]. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the fourth time on 16 May 2011, having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece| title=Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister | newspaper=The Hindu| date=16 May 2011| access-date=16 May 2011| location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Clinton and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Javalaithaa Shake Hands.jpg|thumb|The then [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] met Jayalalithaa in July 2011]]

On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close aide [[V. K. Sasikala]] and 13 others from the AIADMK after she became aware that Sasikala and her family were working against her.Most of the party members welcomed her decision,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> The matter was resolved by 31 March when Sasikala was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Sasikala in her written apology mentioned that she had no ambitions either in the party or in the government and wanted to serve Jayalalithaa and added that she became aware of misdeeds done by her family members when Jayalalithaa was in power. Only after Sasikala promised to be not in touch with her family members, Jayalalithaa allowed Sasikala back to her house.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-natarajan-friend-shadow-sister-and-now-jayalalithaa-s-political-heir-54953 |title=Sasikala Natarajan: Friend, shadow, sister and now Jayalalithaa's political heir |work=The News Minute |date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

In this term, she announced the Pension Scheme for Destitute Transgender by which those above ages of 40 could get a monthly pension of Rs.1,000. Her government ensured members of the [[transgender]] community could enrol for education and job.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Transgenders-to-get-Rs-1000-monthly-pension/articleshow/15322613.cms |title=Transgenders to get Rs 1,000 monthly pension |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Beginning from 2011, every year her government gave free laptops to students who clear tenth and twelfth standard to impart digital education to rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |title=Free laptop Scheme Tamil Nadu |publisher=Startupindiascheme |date=14 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517173254/http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her government in 2011 decided to give four goats and a cow to each family below poverty line — mixer and grinders and fans for households, 3 sets of free uniforms, school, bags, notebooks, geometry boxes for all children in government schools, and cycles and laptops for Class 11 and 12 students.<ref>{{cite news|last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/explained/the-jayalalithaa-model-works-power-to-the-people-and-freebies-for-the-poor-2808796/lite/ |title=The Jayalalithaa model works: Power to the people and freebies for the poor |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In 2011 she launched the marriage assistance scheme wherein the female students received 4 gram gold free for use as [[Mangala sutra|Thirumangalyam]] for their marriage and cash assistance up to Rs.50,000 for undergraduate or diploma holding females.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revised-marriage-aid-scheme-launched/article2082606.ece |title=Revised marriage aid scheme launched |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> There were rampant power cut issues between 2006 and 2011 while AIADMK was in opposition wherein for 10 to 15 hours there was no supply of electricity. However, after she regained power, between 2011 and 2015, her state government corrected all the discrepancies of previous [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime such that the Central Electricity Authority in 2016 said the state is expected to have 11,649 million units of surplus power.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/there-is-no-magic-in-tamil-nadu-being-a-power-surplus-state-jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/53522226.cms|title=There is no magic in Tamil Nadu being a power surplus state, Jayalalithaa says |work=timesofindia |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became among the power surplus states while she was chief minister in this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=Tamil Nadu on verge of becoming power surplus state: CM Jayalalithaa |work=economictimes |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=TN govt seek PM’s help for evacuation of surplus wind power |work=indianexpress |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> In this term her government ensured the wrongfully usurped property by land grabbing during 2006 to 2011 in the previous DMK regime, had been retrieved and handed over to rightful owners between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-05-13/Jayalalithaas-achievements-over-the-last-few-years/227896 |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements over the last few years |work=Thehansindia.com |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari being received by the Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri K. Rosaiah and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport on December 21, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Then Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] being received by Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport in December 2012.]]
She announced in 2012, the Vision 2023 document which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development which included raising the per capita income of residents to $10,000 per annum, matching Human Development Index to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the State, making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India. This project had three components — Overall Vision Document, Compilation of Project Profile and Road Map. The work on this continued under her supervision until her death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece |title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She inaugurated 'Amma health insurance scheme' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-ministers-comprehensive-health-insurance-scheme-launched/article2793090.ece |title=Chief Minister's comprehensive health insurance scheme launched |work=The Hindu |date=2012-01-11}}</ref>

====Amma Branded Schemes====
In February 2013, Jayalalithaa Government inaugurated the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state-run]] [[Subsidy|Subsidised food programme]] called [[Amma Unavagam]] (Amma Canteen), which was later praised by economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] in his book ''An Uncertain Glory – India and its Contradictions'' and inspired by many [[State governments of India|states]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[Jean Drèze]]|first=[[Amartya Sen]]|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/An_Uncertain_Glory/ZiyW6YafTn4C?hl=en|title=An Uncertain Glory India and Its Contradictions|date=11 August 2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/government/in-lockdown-tamil-nadus-amma-canteens-rise-to-the-occasion |title=In Lockdown, Tamil Nadu's Amma Canteens Rise to the Occasion |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-laissez-faire/article5018479.ece |title=Amma canteens and Amartya Sen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pHvjY4PHykVOy7irb8H2cO/Tamil-Nadus-Amma-canteen-concept-catches-on-in-other-states.html |title=Tamil Nadu’s Amma canteen concept catches on in other states|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The Scheme was also lauded by [[Egypt]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/egypt-comes-calling-at-amma-canteen/article6070505.ece |title=Egypt comes calling at Amma Canteen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fame-of-amma-canteens-head-to-egypt-37507.html|title=Fame of Amma canteens head to Egypt |work=[[India TV]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref> which was followed by the plenty of populist schemes such as [[Amma Kudineer]] (bottled mineral water),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taste-amma-mineral-water-at-rs-10-in-chennai/article5101642.ece?ref=relatedNews |work=The Hindu|title=Taste Amma mineral water at Rs. 10 in Chennai| date=2013-09-07}}</ref> 'Amma' Salt,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-comes-amma-salt/article6102093.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Now comes 'Amma Salt'| date=2014-06-11}}</ref> 'Amma' Medical Shops,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-launches-amma-medical-shops/846640 |publisher=Outlook |title=Jaya Launches 'Amma' Medical Shops| date=2014-06-26}}</ref> and 'Amma' Cement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-govt-launches-amma-cement/article20951112.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Tamil Nadu govt launches 'Amma Cement'| access-date=2015-01-05}}</ref>

In 2015, She also launched 'Amma baby care kit' scheme where every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16 types of products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tn-cm-launches-amma-baby-care-kit-scheme-115090800485_1.html |publisher=Business standard|title=TN CM launches 'Amma baby care Kit' scheme| date=2015-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/the-many-things-amma-was-list-of-schemes-implemented-by-jayalalithaa/the-cradle-baby-scheme/slideshow/55831907.cms|publisher=Business standard|title=The many things Amma was: List of schemes implemented by Jayalalithaa| date=2016-12-06}}</ref>

====Verdicts on Tamil Nadu water rows====

Jayalalithaa had intiated a case in the Supreme Court to uphold the state's rights on [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]] In 2006. As a result, In May 2014, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] verdict allowed the Tamil Nadu State to increase the storage level in the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] from to 142 feet from 136 ft and striked down the unconstitutional law enacted by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2006 restricting the storage level to 136 ft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece|work=The Hindu|title=SC quashes Kerala dam law| access-date=2014-05-08}}</ref> This Supreme Court Verdict sustained the livelihood of the farmers and people in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu |work=deccanchronicle|title=Jayalalithaa dedicates historic victory to people of Tamil Nadu| date=2014-05-08}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Union Government notified the final award of [[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery Water Disputes]] Tribunal (CWDT) on the directions of the Supreme Court. Then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa termed it as a “tremendous achievement” of her government after 22 long years of legal battle, the State had got Due justice.<ref name="jjc" /> Then Jayalalithaa said that It was the happiest day of her life and the happiest day for the farmers in Tamil Nadu, she recalled her famous fast-unto-death at [[Marina beach]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece|work=The Hindu|title=CM's power play: the hits and misses| access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Jayalalithaa takes credit for Centre finally notifying Cauvery Tribunal's award in gazette| date=2013-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580|work=dnaindia|title=Jayalalithaa observes fast on Cauvery issue; flays Centre, TN govt| date=2007-03-18}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case, 2014 ===
[[File:Jayalalithaa Car.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's car [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]]]]
{{See also|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}

Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2014}} by the Special Court in Bengaluru. She was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by [[Janata Party]] President [[Subramanian Swamy]] (now a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) on 20 August 1996 on the basis of an Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close aide Sasikala, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2014}} each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets to the tune of {{INRConvert|66.65|c|year=1996}} (which includes {{Cvt|2000|acre}} of land, {{convert|30|kg}} of gold and 12,000 [[sari]]s) disproportionate to her known sources of income during 1991–96 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict was delivered by a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of Jayalalithaa and the other accused.

She was [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India|automatically disqualified]] from the post of chief minister and the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu, and thus became the first sitting Indian chief minister to be disqualified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092353/http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2014 |title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4-year Jail, Fined Rs 100 Cr|work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, succeeded her as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/o-panneerselvam-sworn-is-as-tamil-nadu-cm-20433.html | title=O Panneerselvam sworn-in as Tamil Nadu CM | date=29 September 2014}}</ref> On 17 October 2014, the Supreme Court granted her two months' bail and suspended her sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29655666|work=BBC|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> On 18 October 2014, Jayalalithaa returned to [[Chennai]] after spending 21 days in [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bangalore jail]]. Despite heavy rain that day, AIADMK cadres assembled outside her residence and welcomed her.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Jayalalithaa returns to Chennai after spending 21 days in Bangalore jail|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-aiadmk-bangalore-jail-chennai-airport-tamil-nadu-223704-2014-10-18|newspaper = IndiaToday|date = 18 October 2014|access-date= 18 October 2014}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, a special Bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]] set aside her conviction on appeal. That court acquitted her and the alleged associates—, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and Jayalalithaa's disowned foster son Sudhakaran.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Live: Jayalalithaa acquitted in DA case|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-jayalalithaa-disproportionate-assets-case-appeal-hearing/article7190579.ece?homepage=true|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

On 14 February 2017 (subsequent to her death) the [[Supreme Court of India]] over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years of imprisonment, as well as being fined 10 crores each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died and hence can't defend herself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Fifth term as Chief Minister, 2015 ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on August 07, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]]]
The acquittal allowed her once again to hold office and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn in<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-is-tamil-nadu-cm-again/article7238526.ece?homepage=true|title=Jayalalithaa is CM again|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2015}}</ref> as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fifth time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-cm-aiadmk-swearing-in-254318-2015-05-23|title=Jayalalithaa returns as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister for fifth term, AIADMK completes 4 years in power|date=23 May 2015|website=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref> She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88 per cent votes of the 74.4 per cent turnout, winning by a margin of over 150,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=LIVE: Jayalalithaa wins in RK Nagar with a margin of over 1.5 lakh votes, Congress takes Aruvikkara|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/results-of-aruvikkara-rk-nagar-bypolls-today/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2015|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, she introduced Amma Master Health checkup plan where in people could get various treatments done at a low fee in government hospitals and rolled out Amma Arogya plan wherein at primary health care centre in Tamil Nadu, certain tests can be done by public twice a week. This was done to help the sections of society who cannot afford the fares asked for by private hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-rolls-out-master-health-plan-for-the-poor/article7580914.ece |title=TN rolls out master health plan for the poor |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Later in February 2016 she started the free bus ride scheme for senior citizens above age of 60 wherein person could travel free of cost for 10 times a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Jayalalithaa-announces-free-bus-ride-scheme-for-senior-citizens/articleshow/51038681.cms |title=Jayalalithaa announces free bus ride scheme for senior citizens |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her government initiated Global Investors Summit in 2015 which saw over Rs 2.43 lakh crore worth of investments being committed to the state. Jayalalithaa's term, all of them together, saw some big-ticket investments in the state and over $20 billion FDI.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu |work=The Business Standard |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The department of industrial policy and promotion data disclosed that Tamil Nadu saw foreign direct investment inflows of $7.3 billion from April 2000 to March 2011; however, this went up to $13.94 billion from April 2011 to December 2015, under her government, which at as per conversion rate {{as of|2016|lc=y}} equals Rs 83,766 crore. Between April 2015 and December 2015, the State attracted $4.3 billion in FDI.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/ | title=Jaya Propelled States Business Prospects | Latest Information on Breaking News & Updates on Chennai at News Today| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725112337/https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/| archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2015, [[Pakistan]]i news channels [[Samaa TV]] and [[Geo News]] aired a news and applauded Jayalalithaa for her government's scheme which was introduced in 2013, of supplying free rice to [[mosque]]s during [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramzan]] and suggested the scheme should be implemented in Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-offers-free-rice-to-mosques-during-ramzan/articleshow/20935527.cms |title=Jayalalithaa offers free rice to mosques during Ramzan |work=timesofindia |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pakistani-tv-channel-lauds-jayalalithaas-free-rice-scheme-mosques-during-ramzan-636372 |title=Pakistani TV Channel Lauds Jayalalithaa's Free Rice Scheme for Mosques During Ramzan |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayas-rice-scheme-for-mosques-lauded-by-pakistan-tv-channel-aiadmk/articleshow/47724153.cms?from=mdr |title=Jaya's rice scheme for mosques lauded by Pakistan TV channel: AIADMK |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://jayanewslive.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu_37876.html |title=உலக இஸ்லாமியர்களை நெகிழச் செய்த முதலமைச்சர் ஜெயலலிதாவின் ரமலான் நோன்பு கஞ்சிக்கான அரிசி திட்டம் - தமிழகத்தை பின்பற்றி பாகிஸ்தானிலும் செயல்படுத்த வேண்டும் என அந்நாட்டு பிரதான தொலைக்காட்சிகள் செய்தி வெளியீடு|work=Jaya Plus |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Sixth consecutive term as Chief Minister, 2016 ===
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa and the Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing %26 Urban Poverty Alleviation and Information %26 Broadcasting, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa with [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in foundation stone laying ceremony]]
In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R. in 1984 to be voted back into power. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest.

BJP President [[Amit Shah]] accused the Jayalalithaa government of being the “most corrupt” in the country and asked the people to oust it in the May 16 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2016-04-13|title=Jayalalithaa government ‘most corrupt’: Amit Shah|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/jayalalithaa-government-most-corrupt-amit-shah/article8471784.ece|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On that Election,
Jayalalithaa's Campaign Slogan was “I'm of the people, and I'm for the people.” ({{lang|ta|Makkalal naan; Makkalukkaga naan}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnival-atmosphere-reigns-at-cms-rally/article8456679.ece|title=Carnival atmosphere reigns at CM’s rally|date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/unforgettable-makkalal-naan-makkalukkaga-naan-270530.html|title="மக்களால் நான்.. மக்களுக்காக நான்"... இனி இக்குரலை எப்போதும் கேட்க முடியாது.. பிளாஷ்பேக் 2016!|language=tamil|work=Oneindia Tamil|date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was again elected as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in the May 2016 elections. She retained the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] constituency with a margin of 39,545 votes over her DMK rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-counting-of-votes-begin/259300/|title=Tamil Nadu elections 2016: Jayalalithaa's AIADMK scripts 'history', DMK rues big loss; 5.55 lakh opt for NOTA|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She became the first leader in Tamil Nadu to serve consecutive terms as Chief Minister since the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roychowdhury|first1=Adrija|title=After MGR, Jayalalithaa the first to retain power in Tamil Nadu|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/jayalalitha-aiadmk-mrg-2808669/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In her victory speech, she commented, "Even when 10 parties allied themselves against me, I did not have a coalition and I placed my faith in God and built an alliance with the people. It is clear that the people have faith in me and I have total faith in the people."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/I-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-Jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-Tamil-Nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms|title=I built an alliance with the people: Jayalalithaa on her victory in the Tamil Nadu elections|last=Balasubramanian|first=Shyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

Her government within 100 days of resuming power in May 2016, wrote off the outstanding crop loans given by cooperative banks to over 16.94 lakh farmers, gave free power to households to extent of first 100 units and gave free power to handloom weavers to extent of 200 units, gave 750 units of power to power loom weavers, implemented closure of 500 liquor shops and reduction of working hours of liquor outlets emergence of power surplus states. The establishment of first 1,000 MW nuclear power plant at Kudankulam is also regarded as one of her achievements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-in-office-116083100288_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office|date=31 August 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> She increased the freedom fighters monthly pension to Rs 12,000, family pension and increased special pension to Rs 6,000.<ref>{{cite news|agency=IANS |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-office.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office |work=The Week |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> On 21 September 2016 she inaugurated two [[Chennai Metro]] rail lines by way of video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa inaugurates 2nd elevated corridor of Chennai Metro |work=India Live Today |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155328/http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was her last public appearance before being admitted to hospital on 22 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/a-timeline-of-events-since-jayalalithaa-was-hospitalised/amma-was-admitted-on-sept-22/slideshow/55807418.cms|title= Jayalalithaa – Economic Times|website=Economic Times|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Personality cult ===
Followers of Jayalalithaa often worshiped her as a divine being. She stimulated a cult following, and adoring supporters often termed her "[[Adi Parashakti]]" (the eternal mighty goddess).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|title=Jayalalitha: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics|last=Tilak|first=Sudha G.|date=5 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> Several experts say that over the years the cult called 'Amma' has been carefully crafted. Others claim that the emotional outburst is just a spontaneous display of loyalist support. C Lakshmanan of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Development Institute studies]], who has studied personality cult in the politics of Tamil Nadu, said posters were installed around the state portraying Jayalalithaa as a goddess back then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cult-personality-or-cultivated-loyalty-what-explains-outpouring-of-grief-for-the-jailed-jayalalithaa/articleshow/44785277.cms|title=Cult personality or cultivated loyalty: What explains outpouring of grief for the jailed Jayalalithaa?|last=Shanker|first=V. Prem|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> She was worshiped by the party cadre as "Amma" (Mother). She made sure the respect and loyalty of the functionaries of the party was there for everyone to see. The entire Cabinet would fall in line and bow in front of the helicopter in which it was flying. Members of the party, at all levels never found it difficult to prostrate before her in full view of the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many of her worshipping followers are known to profess their loyalty through acts such as walking on hot coals or drawing her portrait with their blood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2009-03-30|title=Profile: Jayaram Jayalalitha|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> S Kirubakaran who is a Journalist-turned-advocate, wrote a book on Jayalalitha titled, 'Ammavin Kathai,' said that when M.G.R. was a Chief Minister, he carefully chose MLAs and Ministers for the first time after going through their knowledge and experience. But Jayalalithaa had begun to assign those who praised her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/3-years-after-jayas-death-aiadmk-seems-out-of-servitude-and-subjugation/|title=3 years after Jaya's death, AIADMK seems out of servitude, subjugation|last=Chandrajit Mitra|date=5 December 2019|website=The Federal|language=en-US|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Even after her death, the AIADMK leaders continued to prostrate themselves before her [[MGR Memorial|burial ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/for-all-her-political-success-it-s-time-to-admit-jayalalithaa-was-no-amma/story-Mq9FelI5zqxD8z4WljrtbO.html|title=For all her political success, it's time to admit Jayalalithaa was no Amma|date=17 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/opinion-post-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-politics-amma-legacy|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Tainted' Legacy and Where AIADMK Goes From Here|last=Sudhir|first=T. S.|date=4 December 2017|website=TheQuint|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== 1999 Attempted murder case ===
A case of murder attempt were registered against Jayalalithaa, her close associate Sasikala, and Sasikala's nephew V Mahadivan has been recorded by the Chennai police on following a complaint by former Jayalalithaa's auditor, Rajasekaran, who alleged that he was summoned to the Poes Garden bungalow and violently assaulted by Jayalalithaa, Sasikala and Mahadevan with a stick and high-heeled shoes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|title=Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> Rajasekaran also stated that he had been forced by Jayalalithaa and Sasikala to sign two letters and a promissory note in respect of ₹50 lakhs. Jayalalithaa, however, denied the charges in a statement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=16 March 1999|title=In the Hands Of India Star, A Spike Heel Could Hurt|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/16/world/in-the-hands-of-india-star-a-spike-heel-could-hurt.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: TN defies Centre in assault case against Jaya|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/20aiadmk.htm|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Corruption cases ==
=== 1996 colour TV case ===
{{Main|Colour TV case}}
In the [[Colour TV case|colour TV corruption case]] involving the purchase of TV sets to villagers, Jayalalithaa was charged and arrested. The TV sets were provided in the framework of a government education and entertainment plan for the village population. Officials said the TVs were purchased at inflated prices and claimed that some of the money paid for TV stations was returned as kickbacks to government officials.<ref>{{Cite news|last=BSCAL|date=15 May 1998|title=Jaya Charged In Rs 10crore Colour Tv Scam|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/jaya-charged-in-rs-10crore-colour-tv-scam-198051501011_1.html|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Later, she was acquitted as the accusation against them were not proven beyond doubt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha acquitted in colour TV scam|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|publisher=The Indian Express|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=9 February 2021|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217192259/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|archive-date=17 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Detained in 1996, the media reported that 21.28 kg of [[Gold jewellery|gold jewels]] worth Rs 3.5 crore, 10,500 [[sari]]s, 91 [[Luxury watch|designer watches]], 750 pairs of shoes, 1,250 kg of silver objects worth 3.12 crores, diamonds worth 2 crores, a silver sword and 19 vehicles were among the priceless treasures found at her house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shivashankar|first=BV|title=J Jayalalithaa: Jayalalithaa's 10,500 saris, 750 slippers, 500 wine glasses in court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/J-Jayalalithaas-seized-wealth-is-under-24-hour-vigil-in-Karnatakas-courts/articleshow/55886301.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 1995 Foster son and luxury wedding corruption ===
In 1995, Jayalalithaa's assistant Sasikala's nephew Sudhakaran was engaged to the youngest daughter of Sivaji Ganesan. Jayalalithaa was a chief minister of state by this time. Jaya declared that Sudhakaran would be adopted as her foster son and said that she would be performing his marriage as his mother.<ref name="tnmfoster">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-jayalalithaas-favoured-foster-son-sudhakaran-now-refused-entry-apollo-50968|title=Once Jayalalithaa's favoured foster son, Sudhakaran now refused entry into Apollo|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The wedding occupied a 2-km long lighted baraat pathway, ten dining halls each accommodating 25,000 people, and a 75,000 square foot pandal. Tons of plywood, plaster of paris and paint were used to erect cut-outs of Jayalalitha, arches, several hundred papier-mache statues, elaborate facades of palaces and gateways. The VIP invitations included a silver plate enclosed in a container, a silk saree and a silk dhoti, each worth ₹20,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19950930-jayalalithas-foster-son-married-off-amid-extravagance-and-controversy-808220-1995-09-30|title=Jayalalitha's foster son married off amid extravagance and controversy|last=SHEKHAR|first=G. C.|date=30 September 1995|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The marriage hosted more than 1,000 VIPs. More than 40,000 guests were granted accommodation in the hotel. A legion of elephants and chefs brought in from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-lied-she-spent-3-crores-on-foster-sons-wedding-says-court-674500|title=Jayalalithaa Lied, She Spent 3 Crores on Foster Son's Wedding, Says Court|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The incident, hailed as "the mother of all marriages". People's anger mounted against her as the crores were lavished at the wedding, and Jayalalithaa and Sasikala became symbols of corruption. She was accused of using government money to celebrate the grand marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38441705|title=Sasikala: The 'new mother' of Tamil Nadu politics|date=29 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> The marriage may have triggered the AIADMK to lose all 39 Lok Sabha seats in the [[1996 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Disowned-foster-son-joins-Jaya-in-prison/articleshow/43760402.cms|title=Disowned foster son joins Jaya in prison {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India|last=TNN|date=29 September 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She was later sentenced for 4 years in jail in 2014 for corruption related to the marriage and the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|Disproportionate assets case]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-sentenced-to-4-years-in-jail-clashes-in-tamil-nadu/story-oVofwzwZZrOVwJNaA97xRP.html|title=Jayalalithaa sentenced to 4 years in jail; clashes in Tamil Nadu|date=27 September 2014|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa owns a [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for conducting the luxury wedding. The record shows that over 1,5000 guests have been invited. The Income-Tax Dept estimated the cost of the wedding at ₹10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-j-jayalalithaa/guinness-book-of-world-records-for-sons-wedding/slideshow/55815874.cms|title=5 facts you didn't know about J Jayalalithaa – Unknown facts about Amma|website=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa later disowned Sudhakaran as her foster son.<ref name="tnmfoster" />

=== 1998 TANSI land deal case ===
{{Main|TANSI land acquisition case}}
The TANSI land deal case refers to the purchase of land by Jaya Publications, which included Jayalalithaa and her friend Sasikala, from the State Small Industry Company, Tansi, [[Guindy]]. Justice P Anbhazhagan delivered the judgment, and said that the evidence stated in the prosecution sheet, and that the sale deed of the prime land in Guindy had been carried out on 29 May 1992, in the unequivocal aim of cheating against the government. The Supreme Court disqualified her in September 2001, resulting in her stepping down and which made [[O Panneerselvam|O. Panneerselvam]] as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. The Madras High Court acquitted her and other 5 accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=23-year-old TANSI case has finally ended for Jayalalithaa: A look back|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/23-year-old-tansi-case-has-finally-ended-jayalalithaa-look-back-21350|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Subramani|first1=A.|last2=2015|title=23 years on, HC brings curtains down on TANSI case against Jaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/23-years-on-HC-brings-curtains-down-on-TANSI-case-against-Jaya/articleshow/46472629.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case ===
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}Jayalalithaa was initially convicted of misusing her office during her tenure in 1991–1996. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was the main petitioner. Some of the accusations concerned expenditure on her foster son's luxurious marriage in 1996 and acquiring properties worth more than 66.65 crore, as well as jewelry, bank deposits, investment and a convoy of luxury vehicles. The trial lasted for 18 years. Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]], in a detailed judgement, showed that the entire asset belonged to the accused and no one else.<ref name="FL">{{cite web |title=From trial court verdict by John Michael D'Cunha |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/from-trial-court-verdict-by-john-michael-dcunha/article7247470.ece |website=Frontline |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> On 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was absolved of all charges by the [[High Court of Karnataka]]. On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India overruled the High Court of Karnataka. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years in prison, as well as to a fine of ₹10 crore each.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaas-court-appearance-over-heads-back-to-chennai-565662|title=Jayalalithaa's court appearance over, heads back to Chennai|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala news: Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=14 February 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000 Pleasant Stay hotel case ===
{{Main|Pleasant Stay hotel case}}{{See also|2000 Dharmapuri bus burning}}
Pleasant Stay hotel case is the construction of the seven-story hotel "Pleasant stay" in Kodaikanal, which was in breach of the rules for the construction of the seven-story building in a blue ville in the tourist resort town in Kodaikanal. Jayalalithaa, Selvaganapathy and Pandey granted a permission to create a seven-story structure at the hotel. The case was related to Jayalalithaa's supposed clearance by violating government rules to the development of a hotel in [[ecological]]ly significant [[Kodaikanal]]. Jayalalithaa was sentenced in February 2000 to one year's strict imprisonment, with the penalty fined Rs.1000 for conspiracy and criminal misconduct as a public employee. After the court's decision, AIADMK cadres started to riot and arson which burned alive three female students in the [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning|Dharmapuri bus burning]] and many were killed and injured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Our Special|date=3 February 2000|title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/hotel-case-verdict-aiadmk-volunteers-go-berserk/article27999900.ece|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Madras high court later acquitted her on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayalalithaa's blast from the past – convictions and imprisonments|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-blast-past-%E2%80%93-convictions-and-imprisonments-22478|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

== Illness, death and reactions ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee paying tributes to the mortal remains of Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai on December 06, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The then [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] paying tribute to Jayalalithaa in [[Rajaji Hall]]]]
On 22 September 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai, as she was suffering from an infection and acute [[dehydration]]. Her official duties were handed over to her aide [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 12 October 2016, though she continued to remain as the chief minister of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/o-panneerselvam-to-hold-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaas-portfolios/articleshow/54799672.cms|title=Panneerselvam to hold CM's portfolios|date=12 October 2016|publisher=Economic time|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> She was also said to be suffering from a severe pulmonary infection and [[septicaemia]], which were cured. On 4 December 2016, she was re-admitted to the intensive care unit after suffering a cardiac arrest around 16:45.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38167021 |title=India's Jayaram Jayalalitha still 'critical' after heart attack |newspaper=BBC |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The hospital released a press statement stating that her condition was "very critical" and that she was on life support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayalalithaas-health-status-live-cm-in-grave-situation-says-apollo-hospitals-md-3139806.html |title=CM in grave situation, says Apollo Hospitals MD |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> On 5 December 2016, the hospital announced her death and she became the first female chief minister to die in office in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-body|title=Jayalalitha passes away|newspaper=Indian Express|date=5 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Government of India]] declared a one-day [[National day of mourning|national mourning]] with the national flag in all government buildings flying at half-mast.<ref name="jjuabh">{{cite news|last1=Ankita|first1=Bhandari|title=Central govt announces one-day mourning after Jayalalithaa's death|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/central-govt-announces-one-day-mourning-after-jayalalithaas-death_1956239.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="jjuk">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa no more: Centre declares one-day mourning as mark of respect|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/jayalalithaa-no-more-centre-declares-one-day-mourning-as-mark-of-respect/|access-date=23 August 2017|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> While a seven-day mourning from 6 to 12 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="natmotn">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Centre declares one-day national mourning for Amma, Tricolour to fly at half mast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-dead-centre-declares-one-day-national-mourning-for-amma-4412903/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> also three day state mourning from 6 to 8 December 2016 were observed by [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="jker">{{cite news|title=Three-day official mourning declared in Kerala after Jayalalithaa's demise|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/06/three-day-official-mourning-declared-in-kerala-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1546234.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref> and the [[Government of Puducherry]].<ref name="jjpy">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Pondicherry announces 3-day state mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-pondicherry-announces-3-day-state-mourning-4413260/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2016|location=[[Pondicherry|Puducherry]]}}</ref> [[File:Amma memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's Memorial at [[Marina Beach]]]] One day state mourning on 6 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Karnataka]],<ref name="jjka">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Karnataka declares a day of mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-karnataka-declares-a-day-of-mourning-4413070/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref>[[Government of Bihar]],<ref name="jjbih">{{cite news|title=All of Bihar is mourning Jayalalithaa's demise: Nitish Kumar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-bihar-jayalalithaa-death-4413207/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Patna]]}}</ref>[[Government of West Bengal]],<ref name="jjwb">{{cite news|title=West Bengal declares state mourning on Jayalalithaa's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-declares-state-mourning-on-Jayalalithaas-death/articleshow/55842062.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]],<ref name="jjpunj">{{cite news|title=One day's state mourning in Punjab on Jayalalithaa's|url=http://www.uniindia.com/one-day-s-state-mourning-in-punjab-on-jayalalithaa-s/states/news/709156.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[United News of India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>[[Government of Uttarakhand]]<ref name="jjuk" /> and [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="jjgoa">{{cite news|title=Goa govt mourns death of Jayalalithaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/state-govt-mourns-death-of-jayalalithaa/articleshow/55846817.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 December 2016|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref> [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], Union Ministers, Several State Chief Ministers, Political leaders and Film fraternity Condoled her demise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa remembered as dynamic, popular leader|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jayalalithaa-remembered-as-dynamic-popular-leader-116120600378_1.html|work=business-standard|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tweeple-send-social-media-into-a-tizzy/article9413138.ece|title=Tweeple send social media into a tizzy|work=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her body was kept [[in state]] at her residence Veda Nilayam in Poes Garden and later at [[Rajaji Hall]] for public to pay their tribute. Her last rites were performed on the evening of 6 December 2016 and she was [[Burial|buried]] at the northern end of the [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai in a sandalwood casket engraved with "Puratchi Thalaivi Selvi J Jayalalithaa", near the grave of her mentor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] at the [[MGR Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-chennai-to-pay-homage-to-jayalalithaa-10-points-1634456?pfrom=home-lateststories|title=Jayalalithaa To Be Buried In Sandalwood Casket Next To Mentor M.G.R.|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-laid-to-rest/articleshow/55837086.cms |title=Jayalalitha last rites: Amma's Death: Jayalalithaa buried with full state honours |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements were discussed by Manmohan, Pranab |access-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122191824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |archive-date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>

The US and several other countries sent condolences. [[United States|American]] Ambassador [[Richard Verma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/statement-by-ambassador-richard-r-verma/|title=Statement by Ambassador Richard R. Verma on the Death of the Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa|website=usembassy.gov|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[France|French]] Ambassador [[Alexandre Ziegler]], [[Canada|Canadian]] High Commissioner to India Nadir Patel, [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] [[Maithripala Sirisena]], [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Prime Minister]] [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Former Sri Lankan president [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], [[Singapore]] Foreign Affairs Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]] and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] Party Mourned her death. Then [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Najib Razak]] also sent his condolences.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Mohd Najib Tun Razak |user=NajibRazak|number=806105922816733184 |title=My condolences to the people of India on the passing of the late J. Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.|language=english |url=https://twitter.com/najibrazak/status/806105922816733184 |date=6 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wwj">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sri-lanka-prez-leaders-from-singapore-malaysia-condole-jayalalithaas-death/article9413414.ece|title=Sri Lanka Prez, leaders from Singapore, Malaysia condole Jayalalithaa’s death|website=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-demise-condolences-pour-in-from-countries-4414044/|title=Jayalalithaa demise: Condolences pour in from countries|website=indianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/condolences-pour-in-from-sri-lanka-to-us-on-ammas-demise-1546296.html|title=Condolences pour in from Sri Lanka to US on Amma's demise|website=newindianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[C. Sreenivaasan]] of AIADMK courted controversy by saying that V. K. Sasikala's family was responsible for Jayalalithaa's death. Sreenivasan said that he had to lie about the late chief minister's death because of pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-maa-death-sreenivasan-dhinakaran-apollo-hospital-1050830-2017-09-23|title=How did J Jayalalithaa die? A year later, AIADMK leader says was forced to lie about Amma's death|website=India Today}}</ref>

On 12 September 2017, Late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] at the AIADMK general council .<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Death Probe by Justice Arumugaswamy commission===
Among the Public, Jayalalithaa's 75-day hospitalisation and her demise, remained unclear and shrouded in secrecy. DMK and other opposition parties sought a probe into her death. The one-man Commission by retired Justice A Arumughaswamy was announced in August 2017 by then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] to investigate the death of J Jayalalithaa. On 23 July 2021,the last time extension granted for the commission to submit its report is being extended by the state government, This is the 11th extension since its formation. the Commission probed with hundreds of people including expert doctors, medical staff, ministers and then state health secretary of Tamil Nadu. London-based doctor Dr. Richard Beale was also summoned in front of the Commission in 2019 since he was closely involved with the selection of treatment provided to then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/07/23233646/11th-Extension-Tamil-Nadu-Government-orders-Arumugasami.vpf|title=11-வது முறையாக நீட்டிப்பு: ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையத்துக்கு மேலும் 6 மாதம் கால அவகாசம் தமிழக அரசு உத்தரவு|website=dailythanthi|date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-death-probe-arumughaswamy-commission-gets-eighth-extension-127315|title=Jayalalithaa death probe: Arumughaswamy Commission gets eighth extension|website=thenewsminute|date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/over-year-after-jaya-s-death-mystery-deepens-gaps-narrative-emerge-84278|title=Over a year after Jaya’s death, mystery deepens as gaps in narrative emerge|website=thenewsminute|date=6 July 2018}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India stayed the functions of the commission based on the plea of the hospital in April 2019.<ref name="jjprobe">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-death-probe-apollo-hospital-tells-sc-that-it-will-not-appear-before-arumughaswamy-commission-1489808|title=Jayalalithaa Death Probe: Apollo Hospital Tells SC That It Will Not Appear Before Arumughaswamy Commission|website=abplive|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>

On 27 July 2021, The Newly Elected [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] led Tamil Nadu Government sought permission from the Supreme Court to restart the inquiry into her death, as the inquiry into the mystery surrounding Jayalalithaa's death was one of the poll promises made by DMK in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 State Assembly Election]].<ref name="jjprobe" />

==In popular culture==
In [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), the character of Kalpana portrayed by [[Aishwarya Rai]], was inspired by Jayalalithaa and her professional and personal relationship with [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/07/how-mani-ratnams-iruvar-put-the-spotlight-on-jaya-1546363.html|title=How Mani Ratnam's Iruvar put the spotlight on Jaya|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/071216/throwback-when-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-played-jayalalithaa-on-the-big-screen.html|title=Throwback: When Aishwarya played Jayalalithaa on the big-screen|date=7 December 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/12/06/aishwarya-rai-played-jayalalithaa-iruvar-mani-ratnam-mgr-mohanlal-karunanidhi-tamil-film-prakash-raj|title=Aishwarya Rai as Jayalalithaa: When the Big Screen Proved Small|website=The Quint|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[Faisal Saif]] completed work on major portions of a film titled ''[[Amma (2018 film)|Amma]]'' between 2014 and 2016, but was forced to shelve it following threats from members of Jayalalithaa's political party. The makers denied that the film was a biopic, but stated that actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] portrayed a role resembling the politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-reel-and-real-life-inspires-amma-208217-2014-10-01|title=Jayalalithaa's reel and real life inspires Amma|first1=Aravind Gowda|last1=October 1|first2=2014UPDATED|last2=October 1|first3=2014 12:31|last3=Ist|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260618/political-biopics-face-threats-cuts.html|title=Why Jayalalithaa biopic was shelved, ones on Indira Gandhi, Shastri remain uncertain|first=Uma|last=Ramasubramanian|date=26 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Since Jayalalithaa's death, several filmmakers have announced biopics on the politician, with six currently in production. In January 2017, Telugu filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] registered the title ''Amma'' and began preparing for a biopic on the politician. The film was being planned with [[Anushka Shetty]] in the lead role, but Rao's death in May 2017 effectively ended the project, despite indications that [[Mohan Babu]] may revive it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amma-jayalalithaa-biopic-dasari-narayana-rao-ramya-krishnan-952959-2017-01-03|title=Jayalalithaa's life on film: Dasari Narayana Rao to direct biopic?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dasari-had-planned-jayalalithaa-biopic-with-anushka-shetty/story-AfNc34kCGEnFkzSwSDC2eN.html|title=Dasari Narayana Rao had planned Jayalalithaa biopic with Anushka Shetty|date=31 May 2017|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> Producer Adithya Bharadwaj announced that his team were over a year into pre-production work for a proposed biopic of Jayalalithaa, during December 2017. Titled ''Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'', he revealed that it would predominantly be a fictionalised retelling of her story with some real life footage also included. Bharadwaj suggested that he had briefly touched upon the possibility of a biopic with Jayalalithaa when she was alive, but the script had to be reworked following her death. Despite his suggestions that the film would begin production in January 2018, the project did not take off.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa/articleshow/62253802.cms|title=A biopic on J Jayalalithaa |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/863002/jayalalithaa-biopic-in-the-works-titled-thaai-puratchi-thalaivi|title=Jayalalithaa biopic in the works, titled 'Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Soon after news emerged about Vijay's and Priyadarshini's biopics in August 2018, Adithya reconfirmed that [[Bharathiraja]] had been signed to be the director of the film. He added that the team were considering either Aishwarya Rai or Anushka Shetty for the role of Jayalalithaa, and either [[Kamal Haasan]] or [[Mohanlal]] for the role of M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bharathirajaa-to-direct-a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa-1318856-2018-08-20|title=Three Jayalalithaa biopics in a week: Bharathirajaa wants Aishwarya as Amma?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

In August 2018, producer Vishnu Vardhan Induri of Vibri Media announced that he was working on a biopic of Jayalalithaa, and that [[A. L. Vijay]] would direct the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-biopic-announced-with-al-vijay-as-director-details-here-1315657-2018-08-16|title=Jayalalithaa biopic announced with AL Vijay as director. Details here|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> The team announced that pre-production work and research was ongoing and that the film would focus on the personal life of the politician, showing her vulnerable side. Actresses including [[Nayanthara]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were initially approached by Vijay to star in the lead role, while [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the supporting role of [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Titled ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), the film began its shoot after a long pre-production phase in November 2019 with [[Kangana Ranaut]] signed to play the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/sai-pallavi-may-play-sasikala-in-al-vijays-jayalalithaa-biopic/|title=Sai Pallavi May Play Sasikala In AL Vijay's Jayalalithaa Biopic|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 28|last3=2018|date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anushka-shetty-aishwarya-rai-vidya-balan-in-talks-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-upcoming-biopic-all-you-need-to-know-5046851.html|title=Anushka Shetty, Aishwarya Rai, Vidya Balan in talks to play Jayalalithaa in upcoming biopic: All you need to know- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=26 August 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="vijay">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/one-more-biopic-planned-on-former-cm-jayalalithaa/article24710436.ece|title=One more biopic planned on former CM Jayalalithaa|first=Udhav|last=Naig|date=17 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The Movie ''{{lang|ta|Thalaivii}}'' was released on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-thalaivi-sort-issues-film-to-release-as-scheduled/articleshow/85890663.cms|title=Makers of 'Thalaivi' sort issues; film to release as scheduled|date=3 September 2021|website=timesofindia}}</ref> Within a day of Induri's announcement of making a film, director Priyadarshini announced that she had also been working for four months on the pre-production of a biopic, which would be launched in September 2018. Priyadarshini suggested that she had four scripts ready, with each focusing on different aspects of Jayalalithaa's life, and that the narration would be balanced by showing both her positive and negative sides.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/another-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-announced-1316129-2018-08-16|title=Another biopic on Jayalalithaa announced!|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name="vijay"/> Titled ''The Iron Lady'', [[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the lead role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a supporting role for the character of Sasikala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nithya-menen-on-her-signing-spree-working-with-mysskin-in-psycho-and-playing-jayalalitha-in-priyadarshinis-biopic-5570381.html|title=Nithya Menen on her signing spree, working with Mysskin in Psycho and playing Jayalalitha in Priyadarshini's biopic- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=18 November 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/the-iron-lady-nithya-menen-as-jayalalithaa-varalakshmi-to-play-sasikala-news-tamil-sjwkTsdjjgajj.html|title=The Iron Lady: Nithya Menen as Jayalalithaa, Varalakshmi to play Sasikala?|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/the-iron-lady-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-to-go-on-floors-february-2019/|title='The Iron Lady' Biopic On Jayalalithaa To Go On Floors February 2019|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=October 31|last3=2018|date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

On 14 December 2019, Another biopic named [[Queen (web series)|Queen]] has been released as a web-series by [[Gautham Menon]] became the fourth such announcement of a related project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196|title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa|date=30 August 2018|website=mid-day}}</ref> Production on the series progressed quietly throughout late 2018, with [[Ramya Krishnan]] selected to play Jayalalithaa, and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] and [[Vamsi Krishna]] portraying M. G. Ramchandran and [[Sobhan Babu]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic!|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/|title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 22|last3=2018|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Sasikala's nephew Jeyanandh Dhivakaran announced a further biopic on Jayalalithaa, which would focus more on her relationship with Sasikala and M. Natarajan. Director [[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]] was signed on to the project, and began pre-production work by meeting close aides and politicians of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/lingusamy-to-direct-jayalalitha-biopic/|title=Lingusamy To Direct Jayalalithaa Biopic|last1=V|first2=hana On|last2=October 24|last3=2018|date=24 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2019, director Jegadeswara Reddy announced that he was set to make a film titled ''[[Sasilalithaa]]'', which would showcase the relationship between Jayalalithaa and Sasikala. A first look poster was launched, with Reddy announcing that he would enter talks with [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sasilalitha-another-biopic-on-former-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-announced-1496905-2019-04-08 | title=Sasilalitha: Another biopic on former Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa announced |date=8 April 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa also appeared in an episode of ''[[Rendezvous with Simi Garewal]]'', an informal [[chat-show]] hosted by Indian actress [[Simi Garewal]], where she talked about her personal life and acting/political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228014446/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk| archive-date=2019-12-28|publisher=Simi Garewal |date=Feb 11, 2017}}</ref>

== Elections contested and positions held ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative elections ===
{|
|- style="background:#adc;"
! width="160" |Elections
! width="100" |Constituency
! width="70" |Party
! width="70" |Result
! width="70" |Vote percentage
! width="150" |Opposition Candidate
! width="70" |Opposition Party
! width="70" |Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||54.41||Muthu Manoharan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.27
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| rowspan = "2" bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||65.18||[[T. Rajendar]]||[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]||29.34
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaangayam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||63.44||[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||32.85
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Lost||43.54||[[E. G. Sugavanam]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||50.71
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.22||Vaigai Sekar||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.64
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.04||Seeman||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||36.29
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarangam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.99||N. Anand||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||35.55
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2015 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2015 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||88.43||C. Mahendran||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]||5.35
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.87||Shimla Muthuchozhan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||33.14
|}

===Posts in Parliament of India===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1984 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1984]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] || 3 April 1984 || 28 January 1989
|}

===Posts in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 9 February 1989 || 30 November 1989
|-
| 1989 || Bodinayakkanur || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 1 December 1989 || 30 January 1991
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 24 June 1991 || 12 May 1996
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || Not Contested || Chief Minister || 14 May 2001 || 21 September 2001
|-
| [[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002]] || [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]] || Chief Minister || 2 March 2002 || 12 May 2006
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || Aandippatti || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 19 May 2006 || 28 May 2006
|-
| 2006 || Aandippatti || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 29 May 2006 || 14 May 2011
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvarangam]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 16 May 2011 || 27 September 2014
|-
| 2015 || [[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] || Chief Minister || 23 May 2015 || 22 May 2016
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar || Chief Minister || 23 May 2016 || 5 December 2016
|}

== Awards and honors ==
* In 1972, J. Jayalalithaa was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="degrees"/>
* [[Honorary doctorate]] received from [[University of Madras]] in 1991.<ref name="degrees">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911085023/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2009 |title=Awards and Special Degrees |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=37&ID=6852&AlbumType=PG| title=Awards| publisher=NDTV|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] in 1992.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 1993.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, She was invited by the [[House of Lords]], [[London]] to receive the "Woman Politician of the Decade Award" from the Asian Guild Awards.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, The "Golden Star of Honor and Dignity Award" was conferred upon her by the [[Ukraine]]-based International Human Rights Defense Committee recognizing her services in protecting the weaker section of society and in the field of gender equality in Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name="degrees"/> Then [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]], [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Iceland Prime Minister]] [[Davíð Oddsson|David oddson]] were the only three previous recipients of the award<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jayalalithaa-to-be-awarded-soon/articleshow/878290.cms?from=mdr |title=Jayalalithaa to be awarded soon|date=8 October 2004|work=Economic Times}}</ref>
* In 2005, Honoured with '[[Paul Harris (Rotary)|Paul Harris]] Fellow Recognition' & 'Lifetime achievement Award' by [[Rotary International]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4399075 |title=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa, receiving the 'Paul Harris Fellow recognition' and the 'Lifetime Achievement award' from the Rotary International District 3230 Governor, Benjamin Cherian (ext left), at a function in Chennai on February 23, 2005.|date=23 February 2005|work=thehindu}}</ref><ref name="jjgov" />
* In 2011, a resolution was passed by the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] to appreciate her exemplary excellence and dedication as a leader and in service to the people of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Fisheries University'' after her as [[Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University]].
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu named three Kalaimamani award after her as Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award.
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University'' after her as [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University]].
* In 2020, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education Campus after her as Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa statue to be installed at State Council for Higher Education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayalalithaa-statue-to-be-installed-at-state-council-for-higher-education/article31157434.ece |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* On 31 July 2020, ''CMBT Metro Station'' in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[CMBT metro station|Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa CMBT Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honor her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Works==
Jayalalithaa wrote 4 full-fledged Novels, Columns for Bommai, Thuglak in 1970s, Short Stories for Kalki, Thai in 1980s. She had an insatiable desire in her mind to write her [[autobiography]], But it was not fulfilled until the last.<ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjw.in" />

===Novels and Series===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''Uravin Kaidigal (Prisoners of a relationship)'' - The Tamil version of an English novel which she wrote for Eve's Weekly, a woman's magazine published from [[Mumbai]]. Kalki Rajendran had made a fervent appeal to Jayalalithaa to write the same in Tamil. Then It was published as a serial in [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] in 1980 and attracted both strong criticism and praise.<ref name="jj.in">{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017 |title=Jayalalitha’s tryst with writing|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/jayalalithas-tryst-with-writing/50123.html|access-date=31 March 2017 |website=moneylife}}</ref><ref name="jjv.in">{{Cite web|date=30 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=’எழுத்தாளர்’ ஜெயலலிதாவின் நிறைவேறாமல் போன சுயசரிதை ஆசை!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/76350-jayalalithaas-unfulfilled-wish|access-date=30 Dec 2016 |website=vikatan}}</ref><ref name="jjd.in">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |language=tamil|title=மனதை தொட்ட மலர்கள் - எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயலலிதா|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1664101|website=dinamalar}}</ref><ref name="jjh.in">{{Cite web|date=8 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் எழுத்துப் பயணம்!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/india/93225--~XPageIDX~.html|website=hindutamil}}</ref><ref name="jjg.in">{{Cite web|date=7 Oct 2016 |language=tamil|title=வாசிப்பும், யோசிப்பும் 201: ஜெயலலிதா என்னும் எழுத்தாளர் பற்றி......|url=https://geotamil.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3589:-201-&catid=28:2011-03-07-22-20-27|website=geotamil}}</ref><ref name="jjw.in">{{Cite web|date=22 January 1984 |title=She writes to conquer|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-writes-to-conquer.html|website=theweek}}</ref>
* ''Oruthikhey Sondham (Belong to one)'' - Jayalalithaa's First Tamil 95-paged Novel Published in June 1980 by [[Kumudam]]'s monthly, Malai Mathi Magazine.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nenjile Oru Kanal (A fire in my heart)'' - Written in [[Kumudam]] Weekly Magazine, which she said was partly autobiographical.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Ennangal Sila (Some of the thoughts)'' - Published as Series in [[Thuglak]] Weekly Magazine for nearly 7 years, which was written anonymously by Jayalalithaa, Eventually Her identity was disclosed by the editor [[Cho Ramaswamy]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nee indri Nanillai (I am not without you)'' - Novel Published in [[Valampuri John]]'s Kavithabanu Publications.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
{{col-end}}

===Books===
*''Manadhai Thotta Malargal (Flowers that touch the mind)'' - The Collective version of 45 Columns written as ''Enakku Pidithavai'' in [https://thaaii.com/ Thai] weekly magazine.<ref name="jjd.in" /> In this book, She wrote about her favourites (Place, Flower, Animal, Song, Writer, Journalist, Philosophist, Teacher, Painter [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Novel [[David Copperfield]])<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

===Short Stories and Columns===
Jayalalithaa also carved many Short stories and Columns in Tamil and English. She had written an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] critic article in 'Thuglak' magazine which focused on the [[Sexual harassment|harassment]] of a woman under the police custody somewhere in [[North India]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

== Other interests ==

===Countries visited===

Jayalalithaa has travelled to countries such as [[United States]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Thailand]], [[Japan]], [[Nepal]] etc.,<ref name="jjd.in" />

===Leisure Interests===

Jayalalithaa also interested in [[Reading]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020 |title=Inside Jayalalithaa’s library: 8,376 books, Tirukkural to Discovery of India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalitha-residence-library-tirukkural-discovery-of-india-6531733/|website=indianexpress}}</ref> [[Classical music]], [[Western music (North America)|Western Music]], [[Piano]], [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], [[Cricket]], [[Tennis]], [[Basketball|Basket Ball]], [[Chess]], [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] and [[Equestrianism|Horse-riding]].<ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjgov">{{cite news|title=Government of Tamil Nadu- Chief Minister |url=http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230313/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 Sep 2009|date= 10 August 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=27 Sep 2021}}</ref> As a school girl, she had a huge crush on former Indian [[Captain (cricket)|skipper]] Nari Contractor. In an interview with [[Simi Garewal]] in 1990s, Jayalalitha had revealed her fondness for the cricketer and she had followed his game closely during the 1960s. In Kumudam Magazine, She had written that She used to watch test matches. When She found difficult in booking last-minute tickets for special enclosure, She decided to become the Member of ''Tamil Nadu Cricket Association'' through which She Could receive tickets automatically for all [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and [[Ranji Trophy]]. On her request, Then Famous Cricket Commentator and The General Manager of [https://www.dasaprakash.in/ Das prakash Group of Hotels] P. Ananda Rao who had influence on TNCA, represented her case on his board meeting. Hence, Jayalalithaa became the first Independent and patron women member of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] in the period of 1973–74.<ref>{{Cite web|language=tamil|date=2 December 2017 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நினைவு தினம் : தமிழ்நாடு கிரிக்கெட் அசோசியேசன் முதல் பெண் உறுப்பினர்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-memorial-day-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-is-the-first-female-member/|website=indianexpress}}</ref>

{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 100%
| title = Jayalalithaa on the chat show - 'Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'
| halign = center
| quote = " Yes indeed (I had crushes). I remember having a great crush on [[Nari Contractor]], the cricketer. I used to go to Test matches just to watch him. And I had another crush on [[Shammi Kapoor]] (laughed heartily). One of my favourite films even today is [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee
(1961)]] and the Yahoo! song."
| salign = right
| source = — Jayalalithaa, ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'', April 1999<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa on Simi Garewal show: 15 quotes that show her strong character, leadership and human side|url=https://www.india.com/viral/jayalalithaa-on-simi-garewal-show-15-quotes-that-show-her-strong-character-leadership-and-human-side-watch-videos-1693264/|website=india.com}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[First Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Second Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry]]

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey From Movie Star To Political Queen|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Juggernaut|year=2016|isbn=978-8193284148}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=jayalalitha+saree+pulled+in+assembly&pg=PA88|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306312-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA101 |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=Ramaswamy}}
* {{cite book|title=M.G. Ramachandran: Jewel of the Masses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIX11WBlVGAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA1986|last=Swaminathan|first=Roopa|publisher=Rupa Publications|page=1986|year=2002|isbn=9788171678976|ref=Swaminathan}}
* {{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA93|page=93|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|ref=Velayutham}}
* {{cite book|title=Love's Rite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trQj0GrKuPoC&q=jayalalitha+%2B+women+police+stations&pg=PA158|last=Vanitha|first=Rose|ref=Vanitha|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2005|isbn=978-0-14-400059-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Refugee Management: Sri Lankan Refugges in Tamil Nadu, 1983–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eDh7Y7wYXgC&q=jayalalitha+1991+rajiv|year=2005|last=Das|first=Sumita|publisher=Mittal publications|isbn=9788183240666|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book|title=My Frozen Turbulence In Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpVhCICrRb4C&q=janaki+ramachandran+chief+minister|last=Jagmohan|year=2007|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788181242174}}
* {{cite book|title=Jayalalithaa: A Journey|last=Sen Sri Raman|first=Papri|publisher=Vitasta Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-9382711865|location=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa| b=no | n=no | q=Jayalalithaa | s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=J. Jayalalithaa}}

*[https://www.scribd.com/document/339287469/Full-text-SC-order-convicting-Sasikala-in-DA-case#fullscreen&from_embed/ In The Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227154244/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/549 Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1850717.stm BBC News article – ''Jayalalitha returns to power'' (dated 2 March 2002)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm BBC – Controversial life of Jayalalitha]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tamil/jaya_thapar.ram BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)]
* {{IMDb name|0412883|J.Jayalalitha}}
*[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-life-and-times-of-jayalalitha/205450 The Life And Times Of Jayalalitha | Outlook India Magazine]

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Darbar (film)

2022-02-20T04:45:41Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|2020 action film directed by A. R. Murugadoss}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Darbar
| image = Darbar release poster.jpg
| caption = Darbar Poster
| director = [[AR Murugadoss]]
| producer = [[Allirajah Subaskaran]]
| screenplay = [[AR Murugadoss]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Nayanthara]]|[[Nivetha Thomas]]|[[Suniel Shetty]]|[[Yogi Babu]]}}
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]]
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|01|09}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/darbar-2019 |title=Darbar (2019) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Plainlist|
* {{INR}}1.9{{ndash}}2 billion{{efn|''[[Firstpost]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INR|1.9 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-pulls-in-rs-220-cr-pre-release-business-globally-sarileru-neekevvaru-and-ala-vaikunthapurramulo-fetch-career-best-figures-for-mahesh-babu-and-allu-arjun-7882281.html |title=Darbar pulls in Rs 220 cr pre-release business globally; Sarileru Neekevvaru and Ala Vaikunthapurramulo fetch career-best figures for Mahesh Babu and Allu Arjun |website=Firstpost |date=9 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> ''[[Republic TV|Republic World]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INR|2 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/others/rajinikanths-mega-budget-darbar-all-set-to-hit-7000-screens-worldwide.html |title=Rajinikanth's Mega-budget Darbar All Set To Hit 7,000 Screens Worldwide, Pre-dawn in Some |website=Republic World |date=8 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>}}
}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|2.5 billion|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/others/rajinikanth-to-be-approached-by-darbar-distributors-for-a-refund.html |title=Rajinikanth To Be Approached By 'Darbar' Distributors for a Refund As The Film Tanks |website=Republic World |date=31 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-box-office-film-ends-up-as-a-colossal-flop-distributors-plan-to-approach-rajinikanth/story-j7miLvAkLvmFHhqd59cuLM.html |title=Darbar box office: Film ends up as a colossal flop, distributors plan to approach Rajinikanth |website=Hindustan Times |date=31 January 2020|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''''Darbar''''' ({{Translation|Court}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss]], and produced by [[Allirajah Subaskaran]] under [[Lyca Productions]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Nivetha Thomas]] and [[Suniel Shetty]]. The music was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] while cinematography and editing are performed by [[Santosh Sivan]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]], respectively. It marks Rajinikanth playing the role of a police officer in the film after 27 years; his last police role was featured in ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandiyan]]'' (1992).<ref name=":3" />

It follows Aaditya Arunasalam (Rajinikanth), the commissioner of Mumbai Police, who sets out to curb rampant [[drug-trafficking]] and prostitution in the city. However, when he uncovers a deeper controversy linked to an international drug lord, he tries to fulfill his secret agenda. Earlier known under the working title ''Thalaivar 167'', the film's title ''Darbar'' was officially announced on 9 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-09|title=Rajinikanth movie Darbar first look unveiled: Highlights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-thalaivar-167-first-look-live-updates-5666010/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Principal photography of the film commenced in April 2019, with film being primarily shot in [[Mumbai]], and was completed in October 2019.

The film was released theatrically in India on 9 January 2020, coinciding with [[Thai Pongal]]. It met with mixed reviews upon release, and although the film grossed {{Indian Rupee|250}} crore at the worldwide box office,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Darbar box office: Film ends up as a colossal flop, distributors plan to approach Rajinikanth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-box-office-film-ends-up-as-a-colossal-flop-distributors-plan-to-approach-rajinikanth/story-j7miLvAkLvmFHhqd59cuLM.html|access-date=28 August 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rajinikanth's Darbar is AR Murugadoss' failure |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/rajinikanth-darbar-is-ar-murugadoss-failure-6208719/|access-date=28 August 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> making it one of Rajinikanth's highest-grossing films<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-21|title=Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, fifth Rajinikanth film to achieve feat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> it was considered a poor performer, which caused distributors to threaten hunger strikes, demanding that Rajinikanth recoup their losses.<ref name="Subhakeerthana 2020">{{cite web | last=Subhakeerthana | first=S | title=Will Rajinikanth compensate for Darbar's box office loss? | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-02-04 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-darbar-box-office-loss-compensation-6250959/ | access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2020}} 
Aditya Arunachalam, the Commissioner of [[Mumbai Police]], is seen killing numerous gangsters across [[Mumbai]] in police encounters. His reckless behavior has become the target for widespread criticism and condemnation. His actions finally prompt the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] to take action against him.

In a flashback, Aditya is assigned to take charge as the Commissioner of Police of Mumbai, in a bid by the police department to curb rampant [[drug-trafficking]] and prostitution in the city. He arrives in Mumbai with his daughter Valli to assume his new position. Upon arrival, he rescues three women, one of whom is the daughter of the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]. He immediately initiates a major campaign to curb drugs and prostitution, using the situation of the kidnapped women as a catalyst. In the process, he apprehends Ajay Malhotra, who is responsible for the abduction and abuse of minors under the influence of drugs. Ajay is the son of Vinod Malhotra, an influential industrialist, who becomes enraged at his son's arrest.

Later, under Aditya's directive, the police go to the prison where Ajay is incarcerated, in order to take video evidence of his imprisonment. However, when the video is shown to Aditya, a proxy is seen in his place. Having foreseen this, Aditya requests the Central Government to investigate, which is denied. He then requests the State High court to intervene. The State high court forms a special team of higher officials, who also certify that Ajay is inside the prison. Through a covert investigation, Aditya learns that Ajay is hiding in [[Thailand]]. He has the [[Royal Thai Police]] arrest Ajay on the charges of illegally entering Thailand under a fake passport and begins the formal diplomatic process to have him [[repatriated]]. Ajay is arrested in [[Bangkok]] by Thai police. Adhitya tells Vinod to use the Indian government's diplomacy to free Ajay, and Ajay is released. As per the plan, Adhitya visits [[Nasik]] the same day, and kills Ajay's proxy under the pretext of self-defense and declares that "Ajay's" body will be revealed to the public in 4 hours. Desperate to avoid public shame and prison, with no other alternative, the corrupt officials have Ajay brought to the prison and promptly executed, much to Vinod's helplessness. At Ajay's funeral, Vinod reveals that Ajay is not his biological son, but of Hariharan 'Hari' Chopra, a notorious mafia boss and international drug lord, infamously known for killing 15 policemen in a brutal massacre 27 years prior.

Hari is informed of his son's death. He enters India via the [[India-Bangladesh border]] and traces Ajay's murder to Aditya. Seeking retribution, he plots to kill them. In anticipation, Vinod tries to warn Aditya through Valli, but is unable to do so. He is later murdered by Hari for failing to protect Ajay. Hari attacks Aditya and Valli by orchestrating a gruesome [[car accident]]. Aditya barely escapes with his life, sustaining minor injuries. However, Valli is diagnosed with [[Head injury|terminal hemorrhage]] sustained as a consequence of the accident, and is informed that she will die before Adhitya awakes. Crestfallen, she makes a self-recording for Aaditya to see and passes away. Grief-stricken and enraged, Aditya decides to kill Vinod, only to discover about his death. Driven to the verge of insanity, he turns extremely violent and begins a rampage of murdering gangsters, which brings the film back to the present.

Hari organizes an ambush to kill Aditya and his team. He escapes, but several of his subordinates are injured. He is suspended from the police force as a consequence. He approaches the High court again, and gets 1 week to prove mental and physical fitness. Adhitya aces the test and is reinstated. Perplexed about the connection between the murders of Ajay, Vinod, and Valli, he discovers Valli's video clip, which reveals a third person with a strong connection to the case. With the assistance of police records, Aditya traces the case back to Hari. He also learns about the true link between Hari, Ajay, and Vinod - Hari had handed over Ajay to Vinod to keep him safe, before fleeing India. With assistance from a prison's inmates, Aditya traces Vinod's location to the old office complex of ''Mumbai Media'', a [[media franchise]] owned by [[media baron]] Pramod Gupta, one of Hari's associates.

With the help of numerous policemen, Aditya launches a raid on the complex. He manages to capture Gupta and kill Hari's goons but fails to capture Hari himself. Hari retreats to the police station where he had orchestrated his brutal massacre and takes several people hostage. Aditya arrives at the police station and fights Hari, eventually emerging victorious. He manages to incapacitate Hari and stabs him to death, thus avenging Valli's death and instilling peace in Mumbai.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Aaditya Arunachalam IPS, commissioner of the Mumbai police, Valli's father
* [[Nayanthara]] as Dr Lilly
* [[Nivetha Thomas]] as Vallikkannu (daughter of Aaditya)<ref>{{cite news |title='He's MY appa, Aaditya Arunasalam': Nivetha Thomas on playing Rajinikanth's daughter in 'Darbar' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/18/hes-my-appa-aaditya-Arunasalam-nivetha-thomas-on-playing-rajinikanths-daughter-in-darbar-2049597.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Suniel Shetty]] as Hariharan "Hari" Chopra, Ajay's father
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Kaushik, Aaditya's friend
* [[Prateik Babbar]] as Ajay Chopra/Ajay Malhotra
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Vinod Malhotra/Vinod Prathap
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Lilly's cousin
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Union Home Secretary
* [[Yograj Singh]] as the head of the gangsters
* [[Jatin Sarna]] as a gangster
* Anil Pawar as Ajay's proxy
* [[Shamata Anchan]] as a police inspector
* Raneesh Thyagarajan as a police inspector
* Shreya Gupta as Minister's daughter
* Sanjay Raghavan as a police inspector
* Soundariya Nanjundan as Lilly's cousin
* [[Manasvi Kottachi]] as Lilly's niece
* Rajesh Chintu as a police inspector
* Adithya Shivpink as an impersonator
* [[Anitha Sampath]] as a newsreader
* Yusuf Hussain as Doctor
* [[C. Ranganathan]] as Lilly's father (special appearance in the song "Dumm Dumm")
* Jeeva Subramanian as a dancer in the song "Kannula Thimiru"
{{Colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"|style="text-align: left;"
|"Every one of us grew up with [Mr. Rajini] and even professionally, he just has a different vibe. Whenever do you see Rajini on-screen doesn't it remind you of your childhood? I made this movie and wrote the script as a fan, how I enjoyed him on-screen. I didn't put the same sequences but with an updated concept. He plays a heroic cop from Mumbai. We even have a similar sequence in the film like the one that took place in the recent [[Hyderabad]] vet rape case. I had written a similar sequence in the film where the criminal is punished in the same place he committed the crime. We were surprised to see something like that happen in reality."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | – AR Murugadoss about ''Darbar'' and Rajinikanth to ''[[Times of India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ar-murugadoss-talks-about-darbar-rajinikanth-and-more/articleshow/73097334.cms |title=AR Murugadoss talks about 'Darbar', Rajinikanth and more – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}
In March 2015, [[Rajinikanth]] was reported to sign his next film with [[A. R. Murugadoss]] and backed by [[Venu Ravichandran]] of [[Aascar Films]]; the project was reported to be put on hold until his issue with the distributors over the financial losses of his film ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014), being sorted out.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth Roped in For AR Murugadoss Next? - NDTV Movies|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/rajinikanth-roped-in-for-ar-murugadoss-next-746584|access-date=2020-12-31|website=NDTVMovies.com|language=en}}</ref> However, the project failed to materialize, citing Ravichandran's bankruptcy. On 25 September 2018, reports were surfaced that Rajinikanth will collaborate with Murugadoss, for his next project,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ratda|first=Khushboo|title=Rajinikanth in A.R. Murugadoss' next? Read to know|url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/tamil/news/rajinikanth-r-murugadoss-next-read-know/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Pinkvilla|language=en-US}}</ref> and will be bankrolled by [[Sun Pictures]], who also produced the latter's ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018), and the former's ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|title=AR Murugadoss's next with Superstar Rajinikanth - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-murugadosss-next-with-superstar-rajinikanth/articleshow/65950913.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However, on 25 November 2018, [[Lyca Productions]] announced that they would collaborate with [[Rajinikanth]] again after their previous collaboration [[2.0 (film)|''2.0'']] (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 25, 2018|title=Rajinikanth-AR Murugdoss film to be backed by Lyca Productions?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-ar-murugdoss-s-film-to-be-backed-by-lyca-productions-1395877-2018-11-25|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> At an awards ceremony held in December 2018, Murugadoss refuted the claims of the film's title as ''Narkaali'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-08|title=AR Murugadoss' next with Rajinikanth is not titled Narkaali|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ar-murugadoss-next-with-rajinikanth-is-not-titled-narkaali.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and further stated that "the film is not a political genre as of my previous hits, but it will be a commercial mass entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-17|title=AR Murugadoss is the front-runner to direct Rajinikanth's next film; says he also has a script ready for Ajith - Entertainment News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-murugadoss-is-the-front-runner-to-direct-rajinikanths-next-film-says-he-also-has-a-script-ready-for-ajith-5743391.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=My next film with Rajinikanth will not be a political film: AR Murugadoss|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/18/my-next-film-with-rajinikanth-will-not-be-a-political-film-ar-murugadoss-1913179.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Production of the film began with the working title ''Thalaivar 167.'' Music director [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]], openly confirmed their presence in the film. On 29 March 2019, Murugadoss offered a visit to the Pazhani Murugan temple, to perform a special pooja (prayer ceremony) for the success of the film,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-29|title=Rajinikanth and AR.Murugadoss Thalaivar 167 release date, heroine and title|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-and-armurugadoss-thalaivar-167-release-date-heroine-and-title.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and also announced the title and release date of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-03-30|title=Rajinikanth and Nayanthara's next movie Thalaivar 167 release date fixed|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-nayantharas-next-movie-thalaivar-167-release-date-fixed-794907|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> On 9 April 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-04-03|title=Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 167 first look release date is here|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-thalaivar-167-first-look-release-date-here-795178|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=Rajinikanth - AR Murugadoss' next film Thalaivar 167 first look on April 9.|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-next-film-thalaivar-167-first-look-on-april-9.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> the film's first look poster were released by [[Lyca Productions]] on the social media platforms,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmsbit.com/2019/04/rajinikanths-darbar-first-look-poster.html |title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' first look poster out! |website=www.filmsbit.com |publisher=Filmsbit News Network|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051426/http://www.filmsbit.com/2019/04/rajinikanths-darbar-first-look-poster.html|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> which revealed the title of the film as ''Darbar''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 9, 2019|title=Thalaivar 167 is Darbar. Rajinikanth turns IPS officer to wear khaki in AR Murugadoss film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalaivar-167-is-darbar-rajinikanth-turns-ips-officer-to-wear-khaki-in-ar-murugadoss-film-1497289-2019-04-09|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The first look of Rajinikanth had him surrounded by police dogs, belts, badges and handcuffs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rajinikanth-starts-shooting-his-much-awaited-film-darbar-mumbai-view-photos-446245 |title=Rajinikanth starts shooting for his much awaited film Darbar in Mumbai |date=11 April 2019 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> It marks Rajinikanth playing the role of a police officer in the film after 27 years, whose last police role being featured in ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandiyan]]'' (1992).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/rajini-s-darbar-releases-to-a-full-house-792979.html |title=Rajini's 'Darbar' releases to a full house |date=9 January 2020 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In an interview, director Murugadoss stated the film is about a tough cop like Alex Pandiyan, a character from the film ''[[Moondru Mugam]]'' (1982).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-murugadoss-reveals-how-darbar-with-rajinikanth-happened-1610370-2019-10-17 |title=AR Murugadoss reveals how Darbar with Rajinikanth happened |website=India Today}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Nayanthara]] was confirmed to play the female lead in the film,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=Nayanthara teams up with Rajinikanth in AR Murugadoss's film|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nayanthara-teams-up-with-rajinikanth-in-ar-murugadoss-s-film/story-O9p4UeHCP66opll1jWCONK.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> collaborating with Rajinikanth for the third time,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nayanthara confirmed as the female lead of Rajinikanth's next|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/apr/08/nayanthara-confirmed-as-the-female-lead-of-rajinikanths-next-1961813.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> after ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), despite playing a cameo in the latter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-08|title=It's official! Nayanthara will team up with Rajinikanth in AR Murugadoss's film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-s-official-nayanthara-will-team-rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-s-film-99674|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> It was earlier reported that Bollywood actor [[Prateik Babbar]] was the main antagonist in ''Darbar''.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2019-04-17|title=Prateik Babbar to play antagonist in Rajinikanth's 'Darbar'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prateik-babbar-to-play-antagonist-in-rajinikanths-darbar/article26862091.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, later reports showed that [[Suniel Shetty]] was cast as the lead antagonist, marking his return to Tamil cinema after ''[[12B]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/why-darbar-is-a-big-deal-for-rajinikanth-fans-1.68900871 |title=Why 'Darbar' is a big deal for Rajinikanth fans |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> Shetty agreed to play the antagonist despite declining previous offers to play the antagonist in other Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-in-cinema-because-of-rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasan-suniel-shetty/articleshow/63095642.cms |title=I'm in cinema because of Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan: Suniel Shetty |author=Sharanya CR |date=28 February 2018 |work=Times of India}}</ref> Murugadoss approached Shetty while he was filming for ''[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham|Marakkar]]'' for which Shetty grew his hair long.<ref>{{cite web |author=K Janani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-update-not-prateik-babbar-suniel-shetty-is-main-villain-in-new-rajinikanth-film-1532501-2019-05-23 |title=Darbar update: Not Prateik Babbar, Suniel Shetty is main villain in new Rajinikanth film – Movies News |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904160521/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-update-not-prateik-babbar-suniel-shetty-is-main-villain-in-new-rajinikanth-film-1532501-2019-05-23 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Murugadoss wanted to do something special with Shetty's long hair. Shetty showed Murugadoss the look of his [[man bun]], which was ultimately used for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-suniel-shetty-on-his-man-bun-for-darbar-i-am-one-of-the-few-heroes-with-hair-left-on-my-head/articleshow/72750398.cms |title=Exclusive! Suniel Shetty on his man bun for 'Darbar': I am one of the few heroes with hair left on my head! – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-deliberately-did-not-reveal-darbars-plot-in-the-trailer/articleshow/73156978.cms |title='I deliberately did not reveal Darbar's plot in the trailer' – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/suniel-shetty-talks-about-his-look-from-darbar-says-he-is-proud |title=Suniel Shetty talks about his look from Darbar, says he is proud of his hair |first=Republic |last=World |website=Republic World}}</ref> In an interview, Shetty revealed how ''Darbar'' is his first "meaty" role in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI7cEbZtAoA |title=Darbar Climax Fight Scene Making – Suniel Shetty Reveals Unheard Secrets! Super Exclusive Interview |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Yogi Babu makes his collaboration with Rajinikanth for the first time, through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2019|title=Darbar: Yogi Babu joins Rajinikanth in Mumbai for AR Murugadoss film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-yogi-babu-joins-rajinikanth-in-mumbai-for-ar-murugadoss-film-1498442-2019-04-10|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On 4 April, a photoshoot featuring Rajinikanth was held at the popular studio in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth's photoshoot stills of 'Thalaivar 167' leaked! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-photoshoot-stills-of-thalaivar-167-leaked/articleshow/68735867.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> with renowned photographer [[Venket Ram]], and costumes designed by Niharika Bhasin Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-04-05|title=Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 167 picture leaked: The superstar plays this role in Murugadoss' film|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-thalaivar-167-leaked-pictures-reveal-role-that-he-playing-murugadoss-creation-795305|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> The stills which were unofficially leaked into the internet, featured the actor in a cop avatar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-05|title=Rajinikanth's Look in 'Thalaivar 167' Leaked Online|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/rajinikanth-thalaivar-167-photo-leaked-online|access-date=2020-12-31|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the film began on 10 April 2019 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/rajinikanth-starts-darbar-shoot-in-mumbai-ar-murugadoss-5668255/ |title=Rajinikanth starts Darbar shoot in Mumbai |date=10 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410070128/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/rajinikanth-starts-darbar-shoot-in-mumbai-ar-murugadoss-5668255/ |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Darbar' stills leaked again, team upset|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/darbar-stills-leaked-again-team-upset-imagegallery-kollywood-te1n0Ncjaejbi.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> Few stills featuring Rajinikanth, Nivetha Thomas and Yogi Babu were leaked into the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-25|title=Darbar leaked picture shows Rajinikanth with Nivetha Thomas and Yogi Babu|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-leaked-picture-shows-rajinikanth-with-nivetha-thomas-and-yogi-babu/story-k0JiKNKhUFOxSVkIYFbCIK.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-26|title=Rajinikanth, Nayanthara shoot for Darbar in Mumbai|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/rajinikanth-darbar-leaked-photos-nayanthara-5694847/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 3 May 2019, the shoot of the film has been put on hold, following reports of friction with college students at a campus where the movie was being filmed, which were resumed later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Superstar Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' crew attacked with stones by Mumbai college students: Reports|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/may/03/superstar-rajinikanths-darbar-crew-attacked-with-stones-by-mumbai-college-students-reports-1971893.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film's first schedule was completed on 15 May.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth wraps up the first schedule of Darbar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-darbar/articleshow/69341732.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth completes the first schedule of Darbar|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/15/rajinikanth-completes-first-schedule-of-darbar-11606.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=It's a schedule wrap for Rajinikanth's Darbar!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/23135/its-a-schedule-wrap-for-rajinikanths-darbar|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>

The second schedule of the film was resumed on 29 May and wrapped up within 30 June.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-19|title=Rajini's 'Darbar' second schedule to commence from May 29|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinis-darbar-second-schedule-commence-may-29-102035|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-12|title=Superstar Rajinikanth starrer Darbar's second schedule to be wrapped on June 30|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/superstar-rajinikanth-starrer-darbars-second-schedule-to-be-wrapped-on-june-30.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Suniel Shetty joined the film's second schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suniel Shetty to join the second schedule of Darbar!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/suniel-shetty-to-join-the-second-schedule-of-darbar-news-tamil-tf2lcnjagddec.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> On 5 June 2019, a video from the shooting spot unofficially made its way through the internet, despite high security in the sets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-05|title=Video of Darbar shooting scenes leaked on social media|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/06/05225216/1141054/Video-of-Darbar-shooting-scenes-leaked-on-social-media.vpf|access-date=2020-12-31|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref> The filmmakers reported a similar incident during the film's shoot on the last week of June 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-28|title=A mass still of Rajini from Darbar leaked again?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280619/a-mass-still-of-rajini-from-darbar-leaked-again.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> The team shifted the location from Mumbai to [[Delhi]], citing heavy rains.<ref name=":2" /> It was reported that the film will be wrapped up in the end of August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-13|title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' to be wrapped up by the end of August|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinikanth-s-darbar-be-wrapped-end-august-103565|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

After completing, the second schedule of the film, the makers took a 10-day long break, to resume the shoot from 10 July 2019. On 25 July, Murugadoss shared a few stills from the film, featuring Rajinikanth holds a sword in his hand and can be seen walking through a cloud of dust in a policeman's uniform in the first still, and in the other image sees him happier in a light blue suit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-25|title=Darbar: AR Murugadoss shares new stills of Rajinikanth from upcoming cop drama - Entertainment News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-ar-murugadoss-shares-new-stills-of-rajinikanth-from-upcoming-cop-drama-7057561.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 25, 2019|title=AR Murugadoss has interesting work for Rajinikanth fans. Hint: Darbar posters|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-murugadoss-has-interesting-work-for-rajinikanth-fans-hint-darbar-posters-1573573-2019-07-25|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

The final schedule of the film took place on 19 August 2019 in [[Jaipur]], where a couple of action sequences will be shot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Darbar final schedule begins in Jaipur, Rajinikanth and Nayanthara join the team|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-final-schedule-begins-in-jaipur-rajinikanth-and-nayanthara-join-the-team/story-pgF0jjMxEzXC7yefCGgvXL.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-29|title=Rajinikanth and Nayanthara Starrer Darbar's Mumbai Shooting Stills Leaked|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rajinikanth-and-nayanthara-starrer-darbars-mumbai-shooting-stills-leaked-2288891.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> On 11 October 2019, the makers announced that they have completed the shooting of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-06|title=Rajinikanth wraps up Darbar shoot, Pongal 2020 release confirmed|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajinikanth-wraps-up-darbar-shoot-pongal-2020-release-confirmed/story-EMOd6aHjhcEqmQhAtJccPJ.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
On 7 November 2019, Rajinikanth started dubbing for the film in Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar's dubbing kicks off today - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darbars-dubbing-kicks-off-today/articleshow/72051698.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and completed within two days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Rajinikanth completes dubbing for Darbar in record time, see pic|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajinikanth-completes-dubbing-for-darbar-in-record-time-see-pic/story-wkXOXend5pKfDHm52XtoAO.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-18|title=Rajinikanth completes dubbing for Darbar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-completes-dubbing-for-darbar-6126102/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Darbar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 7 December 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:43
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Lyca Productions]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]
| prev_year = 2019
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Dharala Prabhu]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Darbar
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Chumma Kizhi
| single1date = 27 November 2019
}}
}}
The film's soundtrack and score was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], marking his second collaboration with actor [[Rajinikanth]] after [[Petta (film)|''Petta'']] (2019) and also with director [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]] after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014). An instrumental theme song for the film titled "Thalaivar Theme",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh Ravichander treats fans to Darbar update on his birthday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/16/anirudh-ravichander-treats-fans-to-darbar-update-on-his-birthday-2048471.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> that accompanied with the motion poster was released on 7 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar Update: Anirudh Ravichander makes a special announcement about Rajinikanth starrer on his birthday|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/darbar-update-anirudh-ravichander-makes-special-announcement-about-rajinikanth-starrer-his-birthday-480036|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref> The film's first single, "Chumma Kizhi",<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 24, 2019|title=Darbar: Chumma Kizhi single from Rajinikanth film to release on November 27|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-chumma-kizhi-single-from-rajinikanth-film-to-release-on-november-27-1622214-2019-11-24|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> with lyrics by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], was released on 27 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Darbar' first single 'Chumma Kizhi' on November 27 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/darbar-first-single-chumma-kizhi-on-november-27/articleshow/72219621.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It was also released in Telugu as "Dhummu Dhooli", and in Hindi as "Napde Killi" with S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, and Nakash Aziz rendering the vocals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desk|first=The Hindu Net|date=2019-11-27|title='Chumma Kizhi' from Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' released|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chumma-kizhi-from-rajinikanths-darbar-released/article30097260.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film's album was launched on 7 December 2019 at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 4, 2019|title=Rajinikanth's Darbar audio launch to take place in a Chennai stadium on December 7|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-s-darbar-audio-launch-to-take-place-in-a-chennai-stadium-on-december-7-1625154-2019-12-04|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> in the presence of the film's cast and crew in attendance,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arm-directed-thalaivar-rajinikanths-darbar-audio-launch-on-7-december-details-here.html |title=ARM directed Thalaivar Rajinikanth's Darbar Audio launch on 7 December Details here |website=behindwoods.com |date=5 December 2019|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205102318/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arm-directed-thalaivar-rajinikanths-darbar-audio-launch-on-7-december-details-here.html|archive-date=5 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-08|title=Darbar audio launch: Highlights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-dardar-audio-launch-live-updates-6154800/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and was simultaneously made available to stream through the online music streaming platform [[Gaana.com|Gaana]], on the same day itself.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=divomovies |number=1203362939941470209 |date=8 December 2019 |title=Listen to the full album of #Darbar exclusively on @gaana}}</ref>

Post the album release, the film's soundtrack has an [[Hidden track|unreleased hidden song]], titled "Kannula Thimiru", which were recorded by three transwomen singers - Chandramukhi, Rachana and Priya Murthi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three trans women sing for Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/three-trans-women-sing-for-rajinikanths-darbar/articleshow/72380653.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> performed live on the film's audio launch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-11|title=Meet the three trans women who've become a rage after singing in Rajinikanth's 'Darbar'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-three-trans-women-whove-become-rage-after-singing-rajinikanths-darbar-113873|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The song was not included in the album, as Anirudh had to release the song with the tune phrase from the theme song of ''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-14|title=Anirudh reveals his most memorable recording session! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/this-is-the-most-memorable-recording-of-anirudh-tamil-news-249522|access-date=2020-12-31|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> For the song, Anirudh roped in veteran composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], to conduct the brass section of the tune; a making video of the song was released in mid-January 2020, went viral on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh composes Darbar background music with Deva - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-composes-darbar-background-music-with-deva/articleshow/73225158.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudh Ravichander releases BTS video of Rajinikanth starrer's theme song with veteran musician Deva|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anirudh-ravichander-releases-bts-video-rajinikanth-starrers-theme-song-veteran-musician-deva-499448|access-date=2020-12-31|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref>

Reviewing for the soundtrack album, ''Behindwoods'' gave 3 out of 5 statings, "Anirudh packs interesting tunes for every ‘Rajini’ mode, expect the visuals to add more punch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-11|title=Darbar (aka) Dharbar songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/darbar/darbar-songs-review.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'', gave the same rating and stated "An album which gets you tapping your feet endlessly".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/darbar-songs-review-tamil-movie-22722|access-date=2020-12-31|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''Sify'' stated "the soundtrack album is quite disappointing as compared to Rajinikanth's earlier film ''Petta'', due to the unimpressive lyrics but it touches the listener's soul and enables them to sing along".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar- Audio review|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/darbar--audio-review-news-tamil-tmjjkMddcgcgj.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Anirudh tunes are hardly memorable and the album has no catchy or repeat worthy tracks."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar Songs - Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/25275/darbar-songs---music-review|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chumma Kizhi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Dumm Dumm
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Thalaivar Theme
| extra3 = Instrumental
| length3 = 0:43
| title4 = Thani Vazhi
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Yogi B]]
| length4 = 3:26
| title5 = Tharam Maara Single
| extra5 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Arjun Chandy]]
| length5 = 3:48
| title6 = Villain Theme
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 1:05
| title7 = Kannula Thimiru
| extra7 = Chandramukhi, Rachana, Priya Murthi
| length7 = 3:12
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| all_lyrics = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], except "Thani Vazhi" which had lyrics by [[Yogi B]], Senthuzhan and Syan
}}

==Release==
On the announcement of the first look release, the makers also planned to schedule the release, coinciding with the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-04-09|title=Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 167 title revealed: Darbar is the name of AR Murugadoss' film [First Look Poster]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-thalaivar-167-first-look-cast-title-ar-murugadoss-film-be-out-today-795532|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> The film was scheduled to release on 11 January 2020, due to avoid clash with Ala vaikunthapurramuloo in November 2019, the makers announced a new release date of 9 January 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confirmed: Rajinikanth starrer 'Darbar' to release on THIS date - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-rajinikanth-starrer-darbar-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/72122756.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> to get the benefits of the extended holiday weekend, as Pongal falls on 15 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-30|title=Rajinikanth starrer Darbar to hit screens on January 9|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/darbar-release-date-january-9-6190522/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The film was also scheduled for a pan-Indian release in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi languages.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.weportal.in/the-title-and-first-look-of-thalaivar167-released/ |title=The title and first look of #Thalaivar167 released! |language=en-US|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410092755/https://www.weportal.in/the-title-and-first-look-of-thalaivar167-released/|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamilnews.wetalkiess.com/darbar-first-look-released/ |title=தர்பார் படத்தின் ஃபஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் – இதையெல்லாம் கவனித்தீர்களா? |language=en-GB|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409202248/https://tamilnews.wetalkiess.com/darbar-first-look-released/|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened in 7,000 screens worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Our|title=Darbar to release in 7,000 screens worldwide, including 4,000 in India on January 9|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/darbar-to-release-in-7000-screens-worldwide-including-4000-in-india/article30493910.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> with 4,000 screens across India.<ref>{{Cite news|author= Reporter|date=2020-01-07|title=Rajini's Darbar to release in 4,000 screens across India|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rajinis-darbar-to-release-in-4000-screens-across-india/article30498061.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 7 January 2020, the High Court restrained the film's release in Malaysia after its producer failed to pay {{Indian Rupee|23}} crore deficit to its distributor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Madras HC restrains release of Rajinikanth-starrer 'Darbar' in Malaysia after producer failed to pay Rs 23 cr to distributor|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madras-hc-restrains-release-of-rajinikanth-starrer-darbar-in-malaysia-after-producer-failed-to-pay-rs-23-cr-to-distributor/articleshow/73140147.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' not to release in Malaysia without bank guarantee: Madras HC|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinikanths-darbar-not-release-malaysia-without-bank-guarantee-madras-hc-115554|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> However, later revoked the claims, after Lyca Productions, had showed a bank guarantee of ₹4.9 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2020-01-08|title=HC clears decks for release of Rajinikanth-starrer 'Darbar'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-clears-decks-for-release-of-rajinikanth-starrer-darbar/article30507424.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
Dheeraj Enterprises bought the distribution rights of the film in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-29|title=Dheeraj Enterprises bags the Karnataka theatrical rights of Rajinikanth's Darbar|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dheeraj-enterprises-bags-the-karnataka-theatrical-rights-of-rajinikanths-darbar.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film's North Indian theatrical rights, were sold to [[Reliance Entertainment]], and released the film in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu languages in the North Indian circuits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Entertainment to release 'Darbar' in North India!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/reliance-entertainment-to-release-darbar-in-north-india-news-tamil-tmqkl3hedhiif.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> Prime Media acquired the US rights, and released the film earlier on 8 January, a day before the Indian release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Rajinikanth and AR Murugadoss' Darbar USA theatres list|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rajinikanth-and-ar-murugadoss-darbar-usa-theatres-list.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The motion poster of the film was released on 7 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 7, 2019|title=Darbar motion poster out: Rajinikanth is a kickass cop in new AR Murugadoss film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-motion-poster-out-rajinikanth-is-a-kickass-cop-in-new-ar-murugadoss-film-1616737-2019-11-07|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Mohanlal]] and [[Salman Khan]], released the poster in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-07|title=Rajinikanth's 'Darbar' motion poster released|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajinikanths-darbar-motion-poster-released/article29910423.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film's trailer was released at a launch event in held in Mumbai on 16 December,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=Darbar trailer review - Superstar Rajinikanth kills it as the Bad Cop - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/darbar-trailer-review-superstar-rajinikanth-nayanthara-a-r-murgadoss-tamil-news-249671|access-date=2020-12-31|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> with Rajinikanth, Suniel Shetty and Murugadoss being present.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar: Rajinikanth and Suniel Shetty lead the team at trailer launch event in Mumbai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/darbar-rajinikanth-and-suniel-shetty-lead-the-team-at-trailer-launch-event-in-mumbai-1628900-2019-12-17|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=Darbar trailer launch Live Updates: Superstar Rajinikanth is a 'bad cop' in Murugadoss film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/darbar-traier-launch-live-updates-rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-6169454/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The pre-release event of the Telugu dubbed version took place in Hyderabad on 3 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-05|title=Inside Darbar pre-release event in Hyderabad|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/darbar-telugu-pre-release-event-rajinikanth-ar-murugadoss-nivetha-thomas-6199019/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

To make the film's promotion more unique, the makers wrapped a SpiceJet airline with ''Darbar'' Rajini livery on its flights.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-02|title='Darbar' promos reach the skies, Spicejet flies aircraft with Rajini image|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/darbar-promos-reach-skies-spicejet-flies-aircraft-rajini-image-115203|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The outside branding on the aircraft bearing an image of [[Rajinikanth]] in police uniform from the movie Darbar was displayed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marketingmind.in/crazy-marketing-strategy-of-rajnikants-darbaar-is-catching-attention/ |title=Crazy Marketing Strategy Of Rajnikanth's Darbar Is Catching Attention |website=marketingmind.in}}</ref> This is the second time, a passenger jet had been wrapped for advertising an Indian film, after [[AirAsia India]] for ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajinikanth takes the promotions of Darbar to another level with a customised airplane|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/rajinikanth-gets-a-customised-airplane.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Republic World}}</ref>

Speaking to [[The Hindu]], R. Kannan, COO, [[Lyca Productions]] said, "The film will release in 7,000 screens across the world. We are planning to release it in a few islands to reach out to the maximum number of people". Mr. Kannan said that around 15 brands such as [[SpiceJet]], Cadbury's, BookMyShow and [[Airtel]] have tied up with the film. "We are spending ₹7–80 million to promote the film. The marketing investment for this film is one of the highest in Tamil cinema," he said, adding that the trade is expecting a super hit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rajinis-darbar-to-release-in-4000-screens-across-india/article30498061.ece |title=Rajini's Darbar to release in 4,000 screens across India |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film was made available to stream on [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] on 24 February 2020. The satellite rights of the film was sold to Sun TV.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amazon-prime-february-2020-releases-darbar-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-hunters-and-more/article30733956.ece |title=Amazon Prime February 2020 releases: 'Darbar', 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood', 'Hunters' and more |date=4 February 2020 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun TV acquires the satellite rights of Rajinikanth and AR Murugadoss' Darbar |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sun-tv-acquires-the-satellite-rights-of-rajinikanth-and-ar-murugadoss-darbar.html |date=18 December 2019 |website=Behindwoods|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Darbar has two scenes where characters speak of prison inmates being allowed to go out and shop. The dialogues are not mouthed by [[Rajinikanth]] in either scene, though the actor is present in the shot in the movie. [[Lyca Productions]] announced that it would be removing controversial dialogues in the film, deemed to be a reference to [[V. K. Sasikala]], the jailed aide of former Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. [[Lyca Productions]] released a statement on [[Twitter]] that read: “In Darbar, particular words and dialogues having references to prisoners or inmates going out of jail or prison during their imprisonment was only included with an intention of providing entertainment to the audience and not intended to refer to any specific individual or to offend anyone. However, since some of those words seemed to have hurt some people, we have hereby decided to remove the same from the film."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/controversial-scenes-to-be-removed-from-rajinis-darbar/article30538841.ece |title=Controversial scenes to be removed from Rajini's Darbar |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Talking about the same, ''Sam Daniel'' from [[NDTV]] wrote, "Fans watching superstar Rajinikanth's ''Darbar'' will miss his dialogues on irregularities inside prisons which many felt were a tacit dig at jailed Sasikala, close friend of late Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/rajinikanths-darbar-to-remove-tacit-reference-to-sasikala-in-jail-2162206 |title=Rajinikanth's "Darbar" To Remove Tacit Reference To Sasikala in Jail |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{over-quotation|date=January 2020}}
The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-eyes-on-festival-films/article30622503.ece |title=After 'Darbar' and 'Pattas', Kollywood is looking at festival films |date=22 January 2020 |work=The Hindu|access-date=23 April 2020 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/02/06/darbar-director-murugadoss-seeks-police-protection-from-distributors.html |title='Darbar' director Murugadoss seeks police protection from distributors |website=The Week |language=en|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote "Rajini's Darbar has the substance perfectly laced with Superstar's style and mass" and gave 2.75 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/darbar/darbar-review.html |title=Darbar (aka) Dharbar review |date=9 January 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Film critic Sreedhar Pillai, writing in an article for ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2.75 out of 5 stars and stated "The first half of Darbar is enjoyable mainly due to Rajinikanth’s style and swagger."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-movie-review-yet-another-ode-to-superstar-rajinikanth-and-a-celebratory-film-for-his-fans-7882571.html |title=Darbar movie review: Yet another ode to superstar Rajinikanth and a celebratory film for his fans – Entertainment News, Firstpost |date=9 January 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV 24x7|NDTV]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Darbar is targeted fair and square at Rajinikanth fans, but it does nothing to give masala cinema a fresh shot of energy".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/darbar-movie-review-the-film-is-disappointing-rajinikanth-isnt-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2161837 |title=Darbar Movie Review: The Film Is Disappointing, Rajinikanth Isn't |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', M Suganth gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated "Darbar is an engaging commercial cocktail of action and drama."<ref>{{Citation|title=Darbar Movie Review {3/5}: An engaging commercial cocktail of action and drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/darbar/movie-review/73165150.cms|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta, editor-in-chief of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Darbar remains a Rajinikanth film which bows at each step to the continuing myth of the one and only Thalaivar."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-10|title=Darbar movie review: An out-and-out Rajinikanth film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/darbar-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-6207993/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Despite A.R. Murugadoss offering very little substance for him to work with, the superstar just about manages to carry this film on his aging shoulders."<ref>{{Cite news|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=2020-01-09|title='Darbar' movie review: A charismatic Rajinikanth shoulders an okayish masala movie|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/darbar-movie-review-a-charismatic-rajinikanth-shoulders-an-okayish-masala-movie/article30521045.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated,"''Darbar'' is an average cop action entertainer packed to satisfy the appetite of the die-hard fans of Thalaivar."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbar review: Strictly for Rajini fans!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/darbar-review-strictly-for-rajini-fans-review-tamil-ubjj07hiajfce.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "AR Murugadoss plays on Rajinikanth’s strength and swag, but everything else in this film gets a lackadaisical treatment."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title=Darbar movie review: Quintessential Rajinikanth movie with its highs and lows|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-movie-review-quintessential-rajinikanth-movie-with-its-highs-and-lows/story-0nrkugKXrITyLRwkGzaHZJ.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of the [[Film Companion]], stated "The film falls in a no-man’s land, where the drama and the action is neither powerful nor punchy enough."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2020-01-09|title=Darbar Movie Review: AR Murugadoss and Rajinikanth unite for a barely okay action-drama|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/darbar-movie-review-ar-murugadoss-rajinikanth-nayanthara-baradwaj-rangan/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Barring a clichéd and predictable storyline, Darbar is strictly a film by a Rajinikanth fan for Thalaivar’s fans."<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 9, 2020|first=Janani|last= K.|title=Darbar Movie Review: Rajinikanth's film is by a Thalaivar fan for Thalaivar fans|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-movie-review-rajinikanth-s-film-is-by-a-thalaivar-fan-for-thalaivar-fans-1635182-2020-01-09|access-date=2020-12-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Despite being a stale and predictable cop film, it's Rajinikanth's trademark swag that keeps the scenes alive."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title='Darbar' review: Rajinikanth is thoroughly entertaining in a stale cop film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/darbar-review-rajinikanth-thoroughly-entertaining-stale-cop-film-115768|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Darbar is a terrific entertainer that has its shortcomings and dull moments, but Rajinikanth fans won't be disappointed."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-10|title=Darbar Movie Review: Despite Shortcomings, Rajinikanth Makes it a Terrific Entertainer|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/darbar-movie-review-rajinikanth-is-a-good-hearted-bad-policeman-in-terrific-entertainer-2452321.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

== Economics ==

=== Pre-release revenue ===
The film's pre-release rights were sold for {{INRConvert|220|c|lk=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title=Darbar pulls in Rs 220 cr pre-release business globally; Sarileru Neekevvaru and Ala Vaikunthapurramulo fetch career-best figures for Mahesh Babu and Allu Arjun - Entertainment News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darbar-pulls-in-rs-220-cr-pre-release-business-globally-sarileru-neekevvaru-and-ala-vaikunthapurramulo-fetch-career-best-figures-for-mahesh-babu-and-allu-arjun-7882281.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Darbar' pre-release business: Rajinikanth starrer crosses 200 crore mark? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-pre-release-business-rajinikanth-starrer-crosses-200-crore-mark/articleshow/73133998.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2020-01-09|title=Rajinikanth's Darbar earns this amount before its theatrical release|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanths-darbar-earns-this-amount-before-its-theatrical-release-811467|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|60|c|lk=}},<ref name=":4" /> Karnataka theatrical rights were sold for {{INRConvert|9|c|lk=}},<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Darbar Pre-release Business: Rajinikanth's film earns Rs. 220 cr even before release|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/25495/darbar-worldwide-pre-release-business-rajinikanth-film-earns-rs-220-cr|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> rights in Kerala were sold for {{INRConvert|6|c|lk=}},<ref name=":4" /> and Andhra Pradesh and Telangana theatrical rights were sold for more than {{INRConvert|15|c|lk=}}.<ref name=":5" /> North India rights of the film, which included the Hindi dubbing satellite, digital and theatrical rights were sold up to {{INRConvert|40|c|lk=}}.<ref name=":5" /> The film minted more than {{INRConvert|37|c|lk=}} on overseas rights.<ref name=":5" /> The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|50|c|lk=}},<ref name=":5" /> while other rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=}}.<ref name=":5" />

=== Box office ===
==== Domestic ====
The film reportedly minted Rs 180 million in Tamil Nadu alone on its first day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/darbar-box-office-collection-day-9-rajinikanth-film-earns-over-rs-10-crore-us/story/394118.html |title=Darbar Box Office Collection Day 10: Rajinikanth's film earns over Rs 10 crore in the US |website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> and it has approximately grossed over Rs 110 crore in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-vijays-bigil-amazon-prime-acquires-rajinikanths-darbar-812398 |title=After Vijay's Bigil, Amazon Prime acquires Rajinikanth's Darbar |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=28 January 2020 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Chennai city has been particularly good for ''Darbar,'' where it grossed Rs 14.67 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-psycho-displaces-rajinikanths-darbar-top-position-chennai-812329 |title=Box office collection: Psycho displaces Rajinikanth's Darbar from top position in Chennai |last=Johnson |first=David |date=27 January 2020 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> while in Kerala and Karnataka it has collected Rs 8 crore and Rs 24 crore respectively. It has collected around Rs 23 crore from Telugu states and around Rs 15 crore from the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html |title=Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, third Rajinikanth film to achieve feat |date=21 January 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> The film has grossed ₹1.35 billion in domestic box office in 11 days.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html |title=Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, fifth Rajinikanth film to achieve feat |date=21 January 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>

==== Worldwide ====
Darbar has grossed over {{INR}}2 billion worldwide in 11 days since its release.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-box-office-collection-superstar-rajinikanths-starrer-enters-200-crore-club-in-11-days/articleshow/73514596.cms |title='Darbar' box office collection: Superstar Rajinikanth's starrer enters 200 crore club in 11 days – Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> The film grossed $400,000 (USD) on its opening day in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-usa-box-office-rajinikanths-film-sets-a-new-record-on-a-working-day/articleshow/73172424.cms |title='Darbar' USA Box Office: Rajinikanth's film sets a new record on a working day – Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Just over the opening weekend, Darbar has comfortably raked in $1 million ({{INR}}7.09 crore) in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/darbar-box-office-collection-day-3-1636115-2020-01-12 |title=Darbar box office collection: Day 3 |website=India Today}}</ref> Till 19 January 2020, the film crossed $1.6 million ({{INR}}11.36 crore) in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/others/darbar-sarileru-nikkevvaru-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-box-office |title=Rajinikanth's Darbar and Mahesh Babu's Sarileru Nikkevvaru's box office collection update |last=World |first=Republic |website=Republic World|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> Darbar has collected approximately {{INR}}70 crore in overseas market in 11 days.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdbtitle|tt9635540}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/darbar/ ''Darbar''] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{AR Murugadoss}}
{{Lyca Productions}}

[[Category:2020s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films directed by AR Murugadoss]]
[[Category:2020 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about child abduction in India]]
[[Category:Indian films]]

Cho Ramaswamy

2022-02-20T04:44:53Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{COI|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = {{Start date|1999|11|16|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|2005|11|15|df=yes}}
| constituency = Nominated
| president = {{Unbulleted_list|[[K. R. Narayanan]] (1997 – 2002)|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (2002 – 2007)}}
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]

| office1 = Founder & Author of ''[[Thuglak]]''
| term_start1 = {{Start date|1970|01|14|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2016|12|07|df=yes}}
| successor1 = [[Swaminathan Gurumurthy]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cho Ramaswamy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Srinivasa Iyer Ramaswamy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|10|05}}
| birth_place = [[Mylapore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|12|07|1934|10|05}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Political satirist|Journalist|Lawyer|Editor|Director|Screen writer}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Soundaramba Ramaswamy|1966}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Ramya Krishnan]] (niece)
| credits = ''[[Thuglak]]''
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2017)
}}

'''Srinivasa Iyer Ramaswamy''', better known as '''Cho Ramaswamy''' (5 October 1934 – 7 December 2016), was an Indian actor, comedian, character actor, editor, political satirist, playwright, dialogue writer, film director and lawyer from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a popular comedian in the 1960s and 70s, and had acted with all the top stars in that period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/cho_ramaswamy-profile-100-22.htm|title=Cho Ramaswamy|website=veethi.com|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

== Family ==
The elder son of R. Srinivasa Iyer and Rajammal, Cho had a younger brother, who was also an actor. Cho died on 7 December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|author=Geetha Venkataramanan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/Actor-Neelu-on-his-60-year-old-bond-with-Cho/article16778091.ece|title=Actor Neelu on his 60-year old bond with Cho|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2016|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>
He has two children Sriram Ramaswamy and Sindhuja. He did his schooling from P.S. High School. His niece is actress [[Ramya Krishnan]]. The name 'Cho' was the name of the character he played in a Tamil play written by Bhageerathan titled ''Thenmozhiyaal''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/cho-ramaswamy-dead-jayalalithaa-narendra-modi-thuglak-356154-2016-12-07|title=Jayalalithaa's friend, Modi's 'Rajguru': Who was Cho Ramaswamy?|date=7 December 2016|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>

== Film Career ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2018}}

=== Films ===
Cho made his debut in 1963 with ''Paar Magale Paar'' as a comedian. From 1963 to 2005 he acted in 180 Tamil films and directed 5 films. He also wrote and directed 20 plays.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karthika Raveendran|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/rajinikanth-sivakumar-suriya-karthi-pay-homage-to-late-journalist-actor-cho-ramaswamy|title=Rajinikanth, Sivakumar, Suriya, Karthi pay homage to late Journalist-actor Cho Ramaswamy|date=7 December 2016|publisher=Bollywoodlife.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

He also wrote and acted in 27 Television serials. He wrote 10 books. Apart from being an actor, he was both the screenplay and story writer of films such as ''Thenmazhai'', ''Ninaivil Nindraval'', ''Bommalattam'', ''Aayiram Poi'' and ''Panam Paththum Seyyum'', all of which proved to be box office hits.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Cho played the role of a bike mechanic in the play ''Petralthan Pillaiya'', written by Pattu of the United Amateur Artistes (UAA), which became a huge success. When the play was later adapted into a film by director [[A. Bhimsingh]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]] persuaded Cho to play the same role in the film too, leading to Cho's entry into the film world.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Cho and Jayalalithaa have worked together in 19 films and also had been part of the same drama troupe.

==== Frequent collaborations ====
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2019}}
Cho as an actor has been pitted against other actors across generations. His comic timing against T.S. Balaiah in ''Manam Oru Kurangu'', or with M.R. Radha, or many times with actors like V.K. Ramaswamy, Nagesh, Manorama and Sachu in many films brought out the best in him.

Cho and Manorama were paired together in 20 films, which included ''Malligaip poo, Annaiyum pithavum, Dharisanam, Anbait thedi, Ninaivil Nindraval, Nirai Kudam, Therottam, Aayiram Poi, Mohammed Bin Tughlaq, Bommalattam, Pugundha Veedu, Vilayaattu Pillai, Kanavan, Rojavin Raja'' and ''Velum Mayilum Thunai'' and were pitted in a non-couple role in ''Suryagandhi'', ''Delhi Mappilai'' and ''Naadagame Ulagam''.

Cho acted alongside Nagesh in ''Thenmazhai'', ''Ninaivil Nindraval'', ''Ulagam Ivvalavudhaan'' and ''Bommalattam'' among others. He was paired opposite Sachu in films like ''Deva Sankalpam'', ''Galaataa Kalyanam'' and ''Delhi Mappilai''.

Cho has acted with the MGR–Jayalalitha combo in films like ''Oli Villaku, Kanavan, Kumarikottam, Mattukara Velan, Aadimai Penn, Engal Thangam, Thedi Vantha Mapillai, En Annan'' and ''Neerum Nerupum''. Cho has acted with MGR in many films like ''Petralthaan Pillaiya, Sangey Muzhangu, Rickshawkaaran'' and ''Thalaivan''. Cho has acted with Jayalalitha in other films like ''Bommalaattam, Galaattaak kalyanam, Suryagandhi, Vandhaale Maharaasi'' and ''Anbai Thedi''.

Cho has acted with Sivakumar in films like ''Shanmugapriya, Onne Onnu Kanne Kannu, Thaip Paasam, Uravu Solla Oruvan, Aan Pillai Singam, Yaarukkum Vetkamillai, Chinna Kuyil Padudhu, Sattai Illatha Pambaram'' and ''Kanna Thorakiran Samy''. Among these, ''Yaarukkum Vetkamillai'' was directed by Cho in 1976.

== Journalism ==
He was the founder and editor of the Tamil magazine ''[[Thuglak]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thuglak.com/thuglak/onlinestore.php|title=Thuglak|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>
Politicians such as [[J. B. Kripalani]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Karunanidhi]], [[Chandra Shekhar]], [[G. K. Moopanar]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Jayalalithaa]], [[Ramakrishna Hegde]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and [[L. K. Advani]], [[Sonia Gandhi]], [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[P. Chidambaram]] were targets of his editorial attacks. In his last years, he predicted that [[Narendra Modi]] would "win laurels for India" in the future,<ref>{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi will win laurels for India in the future – Shri Cho Ramaswamy|website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYQ7I5x0ceI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/QYQ7I5x0ceI |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|date=1 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and also praised [[Jayalalithaa]] for her administration of Tamil Nadu.

Cho enjoyed challenging [[MG Ramachandran]] (MGR) and his politics, while Karunanidhi stayed his target. The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), in his opinion, was populist and lacked ideology. When Jayalalithaa got into power and followed in MGR's path, however, the absence of ideology of the party was no longer an issue for him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cho-ramaswamy-articulated-the-anxieties-of-conservative-middle-class-brahmins/articleshow/55915938.cms|title = Cho Ramaswamy articulated the anxieties of conservative, middle-class Brahmins|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

When [[Prashant Bhushan]], a former supporter, released documents alleging that Cho was a director in many of Jayalalithaa's reportedly sponsored shell companies and distilleries while she was separated from her companion [[VK Sasikala]], his credibility as a neutral critic plummeted.<ref name=":1" />

On 25 January 2017, the Government of India announced the [[Padma Bhushan]] award for his contribution towards Literature & Education – Journalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|title=PadmaAwards-2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231739/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Cho's nationalism was frequently used in the disguise of Hindu supremacy. Cho believed that democracy produced unfavourable outcomes, so democracy itself was suspect. According to him, reservations undermined merit, human rights questioned the state, feminism questioned women's traditional roles and the Hindu [[caste system]] maintained peace. Cho has been described as a right-wing public intellectual in tributes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cho-ramaswamy-articulated-the-anxieties-of-conservative-middle-class-brahmins/articleshow/55915938.cms|title = Cho Ramaswamy articulated the anxieties of conservative, middle-class Brahmins|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

Cho was publicly opposed to Sri Lankan Tamil militants, particularly the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)]], at a time when Sri lanka's ethnic crisis was at its peak and almost all political parties in Tamil Nadu highlighted the issue of the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]].<ref name=":0" />

The rise of the BJP and [[Hindutva]] forces made Cho as their sympathiser. He started involving in direct politics as mediator.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-07|title=Cho Ramaswamy: Remembering the C(onservative) H(indutva) O(racle)|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cho-ramaswamy-remembering-the-conservative-hindutva-oracle-1320489.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> In 1999, he was instrumental in bringing the DMK together in an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Veeraraghav|first=T. M.|date=2019-11-30|title=Art of Political Alliance: How Men Like Cho Ramaswamy Mastered It|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/bjp-political-alliance-cho-ramaswamy-tamil-nadu|access-date=2021-12-08|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> He was successful in bringing G.K. Moopanar ([[Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar)|Tamil Manila Congress]]) and Karunanidhi together in the 1996 elections, and getting Rajnikanth to publicly support the alliance to defeat Jayalalithaa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Post 2004, he became soft towards Jayalalithaa and spent all his energy in opposing the DMK and promoting the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name=":1" /> Later on, in 2011 he convinced [[DMDK]] [[Vijayakanth]] to partner with the AIADMK.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy, the Statesman-Satirist Who Knew No Fear|url=https://thewire.in/politics/cho-ramaswamy|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Wire}}</ref> Cho was an ardent supporter of Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-07|title=Cho Ramaswamy, a prolific writer who spared neither friend nor foe - An obituary|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cho-ramaswamy-prolific-writer-who-spared-neither-friend-nor-foe-obituary-53953|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Cho had campaigned for Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during [[2014 Indian general election]]. Modi described Ramaswamy as "Rajguru", and called himself his "fan".<ref>{{Cite web|last=December 7|first=India Today Web Desk|title=Jayalalithaa's friend, Modi's 'Rajguru': Who was Cho Ramaswamy?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/cho-ramaswamy-dead-jayalalithaa-narendra-modi-thuglak-356154-2016-12-07|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-08|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

He was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by the [[President of India]], [[K. R. Narayanan]]. In the Rajya Sabha 12 [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] are nominated by the President of India from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art or social service. He served as a Rajya Sabha [[Member of Parliament|MP]] from November 1999 to November 2005.<ref>[http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=224 Biodata]; accessed 28 January 2018.{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514124124/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=224|date=14 May 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/he-introduced-me-as-merchant-of-death-pm-modi-on-cho-ramaswamy-1634964|title=He Introduced Me As 'Merchant of Death': PM Modi on Cho Ramaswamy|publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

He remained the [[Sangh Parivar]]’s political man in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Geetha|first=V.|title=Cho Ramaswamy (1934-2016): Writer and editor who was a relentless critic of power and its misdeeds|url=http://scroll.in/article/813251/cho-ramaswamy-1934-2016-writer-and-editor-who-was-a-relentless-critic-of-power-and-its-misdeeds|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Partial filmography ==
=== As Actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|rowspan="1" |1963 || ''[[Paar Magaley Paar]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="2" |1966 || ''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa?]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Thenmazhai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="4" |1967 || ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Manam Oru Kurangu]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Penn Endraal Penn]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Naan Yaar Theriyuma]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="9" |1968 || ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]''|| ''as Vittal'' ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Neelagiri Express (1968 film)|''Neelagiri Express'']]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kuzhanthaikkaaga]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' || Chinna Thambi||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Oli Vilakku]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kanavan]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="8" |1969 || ''[[Nirai Kudam]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Poi]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Ulagam Ivvalavuthaan]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Adimai Penn]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Aindhu Latcham]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kanni penn]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Magizham Poo]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Annaiyum Pithavum]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="7" |1970 || ''[[En Annan]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Maattukara Velan]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Engal Thangam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Dharisanam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Nadu Iravil]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Vilayattu Pillai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="9" |1971 || ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Therottam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kumari Kottam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Arunodhayam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Soodhattam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Yanai Valartha Vanambadi Magan]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="6" |1972 || ''[[Thavapudhalavan]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Mr.Sampath]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Thaaikku Oru Pillai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sange Muzhangu]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Deiva Sankalpam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="15" |1973 || ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Suryakanthi]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Pon Vanndu]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Vakkuruthi]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Ganga Gowri (1973 film)|Ganga Gowri]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Manitharil Maanikkam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kasi Yathirai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Ponnunjal]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Shanmugapriya]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Vayadi]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Veettukku Vandha Marumagal]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Malligai Poo]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[School Master (1973 film)|School Master]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Anbu Sagodharargal]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="12" |1974 || ''[[Thanga Pathakkam]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Orey Saatchi]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Idhayam Parkkirathu]]'' ||''(Guest role)'' ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Roshakkaari]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Devi Sri Karmariamman]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Onne Onnu Kanne Kannu]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Pillai Selvam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Thai Pasam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Puguntha Veedu]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Magalukkaga]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="11" |1975 || ''[[Aan Pillai Singam]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sonthankal Vaazhga]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Andharangam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Cinema Paithiyam]]'' ||''(Guest role)'' ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Unga Veettu Kalyaanam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Thai Veettu Seethanam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Uravu Solla Oruvan]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Yarukkum Vetkamillai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Pinchu Manam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]'' || ''(Guest actor)'' ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="5" |1976 || ''[[Unmaye Un Vilai Enna]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Mayor Meenakshi]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Rojavin Raja]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]'' ||''(Guest role)'' ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Perum Pugazhum]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="3" |1977 || ''[[Thanikudithanam]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Balappareetchai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Unnai Sutrum Ulagam]]'' || ''(Guest actor)'' ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1978 || ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="3" |1979 || ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Nadagame Ulagam]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Velum Mayilum Thunai]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1981 || ''[[Kadavulin Theerppu]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1983 || ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="2" |1984 || ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Saattai Illatha Pambaram]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="2" |1985 || ''[[Navgraha Nayagi]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerpu]]'' || ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1986 || ''[[Kanna Thorakkanum Saami]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="4" |1987 || ''[[Chinna Kuyil Paaduthu]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|''Manithan'']]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Anand (1987 film)|''Anand'']]'' || ||Tamil
|-
| ''[[Paruva Ragam]]'' || || Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1988 || ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|''Guru Sishyan'']]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1990 || ''[[Adhisaya Piravi]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1990 || ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''|| ||Tamil
|-
|rowspan="1" |1998 || ''[[Kadhala Kadhala]]''|| ||Tamil
|}

=== Direction ===
# ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]''
# ''[[Unmaiye Un Vilai Enna]]''
# ''[[Mr. Sampath (1972 film)|Mr. Sampath]]''
# ''[[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]''
# ''Sambo Siva Samboo''

=== Screenplay ===
# [[Neelagiri Express (1968 film)|''Neelagiri Express'']]
# ''[[Aayiram Poi]]''
# ''[[Nirai Kudam]]''
# ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]''
# ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''

== Other works ==
=== Plays ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Play !! Role !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Kalyani''|| || debut drama
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Wait and See''|| ||directed by KB
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Why Not''|| ||directed by KB
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''What For''|| ||directed by KB
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Muhammad bin Tughluq''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Yaarukkum Vetkamillai''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Saathiram Sonnadhillai''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Nermai Urangum Neram''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Iraivan Irandhuvittana?''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Enru Thaniyum Inda Sudandira Thaagam?''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Judgement Reserved''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Quo Vadis''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Unmayae Unn Villai Ennae?''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Saraswathiyin Selvan''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Unmai Urangum Neram''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Madras by Night''|| ||
|}

=== Bibliography ===
# ''Hindu Maha Samudram'' Vol – I, II, III, IV, V, and VI (Latest)
# ''Mahabaratham Pesugirathu''
# ''Valmiki Ramayanam''
# ''Verukathagada Bramaniyam''
# ''Nane Raja''

=== Television ===
# ''[[Engey Brahmanan]]''?
# ''Verukatthakkatha Brahmaneeyam''?
# ''[[Sambavami Yuge Yuge]]''
# ''Vande Mataram''
# ''Ivargalai Therindhu Kollungal''
# ''Washington Il Nallathambi''
# ''Sarakar Pugunda Veedu''
# ''Koovam Nadikaraiyinile''
# ''Adhigaprasangam''
# ''Yaro Ivar Yaro''?
# ''[[Saadhal Ellaiyel Kaadhal]]''
# ''Mydear BrahmaDeva''
# ''India Enge Pogiradhu''?
# ''Kamarajarai Sandhitthen''
# ''Puratchi Geethai''
# ''Sattam Thalai Guniyattum''
# ''Enge Pogirai''?
# ''Embak Kana Onru Kandaen''
# ''Saraswathiyin Selvan''
# ''Manam Oru Kurangu''
# ''En Koodathu''?
# ''Eravil Chennai''
# ''Uravugal Ellaiyadi Pappa''
# ''Edarkaga''?
# ''Thiraiyulagathai Thirumbi Parkiraen''
# ''Unmayae Unn Villai Ennae''?
# ''[[Janatha Nagar Colony]]''

== Satire ==
Following [[Sanjay Gandhi]]'s death in an air crash, Cho released stamps in memory of Capt. Subhash Saxena, the pilot of the aircraft, who also died in the air crash. The postal departments failed to realise that these stamps were not official and mistakenly delivered mail that had them affixed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-satires-doughty-donkey/302647|title=Cho's 'Thuglak' -- 50 Years of Poking Fun at Power, Donkey Style | Outlook Magazine}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
Cho was hospitalized in January 2015 and was in and out of hospital due to illness. He died of a cardiac arrest at 3:58 AM on 7 December 2016, aged 82, at [[Apollo Hospital]] in [[Chennai]], where he was receiving treatment for respiratory problems. He was survived by his wife, Soundaramba Ramaswamy,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Srinivasa-Iyer-Ramaswamy-passes-away-aged-82/articleshow/55845380.cms|title=Srinivasa Iyer Ramaswamy passes away, aged 82|last=Ramaswamy|first=Srinivasa Iyer|work=News Paper|access-date=7 December 2016|via=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> son Rajivakshan alias Sriram, and daughter Sindhu.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-passes-away/article16771236.ece?homepage=true Obituary], thehindu.com; accessed 28 January 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/cho-ramaswamy-watched-jayalalithaas-final-journey-before-he-breathed-his-last-3143632.html|title=Cho Ramaswamy watched Jayalalithaa's final journey before he breathed his last — Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/cho-ramaswamy-watched-jayalalithaas-final-journey-before-he-breathed-his-last-3143632.html|title=Cho Ramaswamy watched Jayalalithaa's final journey before he breathed his last|date=7 December 2016|publisher=Firstpost.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-passes-away/article16771236.ece|title=Cho Ramaswamy passes away|last=Ramaswamy|first=Cho|date=7 December 2016|website=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu India|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

His death happened a day after [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] had died. [[Rajinikanth]] disclosed later that Jayalalithaa had always wished that Cho should live as long as she lived. He quoted: "As it turns out, he was alive till then and even few hours after that."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/modi-pays-tributes-to-cho-ramaswamy/article17040268.ece|title=Modi pays tributes to 'Cho' Ramaswamy|first=Dennis S.|last=Jesudasan|date=14 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[K. Veeramani]], leader of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and a self-confessed atheist, in his tributes to Cho, said he was a unique journalist with independent views.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/cho-ramaswamy-fearless-critic-who-was-a-friend-to-all/article9416277.ece|title = Cho Ramaswamy: Fearless critic who was a friend to all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=1167164}}
* [https://archive.org/details/BadriSeshadriChoRamaswamyonIndianPresidentialcandidate_andnowthePresident_Mrs.Pratibh/ Audio of Cho Ramaswamy on Mrs Pratibha Patil, prior to the Indian Presidential elections where Mrs Patil was a candidate] (in Tamil), 13 July 2007.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040804035143/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/02/stories/2004060200430100.htm Profile], thehindu.com, 2 June 2004.
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040711/spectrum/main2.htm Profile], TribuneIndia.com, 11 July 2004.
* [http://www.rediff.com/freedom/18cho.htm Profile], Rediff.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927143629/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=954 Virtual Page], HarmonyIndia.org; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov22/nation.htm#14 Profile], tribuneindia.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-modi-meets-ailing-journalist-cho-ramaswamy/ PM Visit], indianexpress.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-calls-on-cho-ramaswamy/article7587022.ece CM Visit], thehindu.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Srinivasa-Iyer-Ramaswamy-passes-away-aged-82/articleshow/55845380.cms Obituary], indiatimes.com; accessed 28 January 2018.

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, Cho}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

J. Jayalalithaa

2022-02-20T04:42:06Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Fourth term as Chief Minister, 2011 */

{{short description|Indian politician and actress, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)}}
{{Indian name|Jayalalithaa|Jayaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayalalithaa
| image = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption = Jayalalithaa in August 2015
| office = 5th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2015
| term_end = 5 December 2016
| governor = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011
| term_end1 = 27 September 2014
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor1 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency1 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]}}
| predecessor2 = M. Karunanidhi
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Fathima Beevi]]|[[C. Rangarajan]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency3 = ''Did not contest''
| term_start4 = 24 June 1991
| term_end4 = 12 May 1996
| governor4 = {{ubl|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]}}
| predecessor4 = [[President's rule]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 1984
| term_end5 = 28 January 1989
| 1blankname5 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]|[[N. D. Tiwari]]|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]}}
| predecessor5 = [[Sathyavani Muthu]]
| successor5 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| constituency5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office6 = 8th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 29 May 2006
| term_end6 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor6 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor6 = [[Vijayakanth|Vijayakant]]
| constituency6 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start7 = 9 February 1989
| term_end7 = 1 December 1989
| predecessor7 = [[O. Subramanian]]
| successor7 = S. R. Eradha
| constituency7 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2015
| term_end8 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = ''Herself''
| predecessor8 = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor8 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| constituency8 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start9 = 23 May 2011
| term_end9 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = ''Herself''
| predecessor9 = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor9 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| constituency9 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start10 = 24 February 2002
| term_end10 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata10 = {{ubl|''Herself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| successor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| constituency10 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start11 = 1 July 1991
| term_end11 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = ''Herself''
| predecessor11 = K. R. Rajendran
| successor11 = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| constituency11 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| term_start12 = 6 February 1989
| term_end12 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor12 = K. S. M. Ramachandran
| successor12 = V. Panneerselvam
| constituency12 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office13 = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start13 = 9 February 1989
| term_end13 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname13 = Inaugural Holder
| 1namedata13 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor13 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| successor13 = [[V. K. Sasikala]]
| office14 = [[Ministry of propaganda|Propaganda Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 1983
| term_end14 = 1984
| 1blankname14 = Party President
| 1namedata14 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| 2blankname14 = General Secretary
| 2namedata14 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melukote]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1948|02|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Cardiac Arrest]]
| resting_place = [[MGR Memorial|Puratchi Thalaivi Jayalalithaa Ninaividam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| relatives = [[Deepa Jayakumar]] (niece)
| residence = Veda Nilayam, 81, Poes Thottam, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]] - 600086, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]|[[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Church Park Presentation Convent]]|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Film actress|writer|politician|philanthropist|singer|classical dancer}}
| awards = * [[Honorary Doctorate]] (1991)
* [[Kalaimamani]] (1972)
| signature = Jayalalithaa Signature.svg
| nickname = ''Amma'' ''Puratchi Thalaivi''
}}

'''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Shashi Tharoor]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2002 |title='Scrabble' in real life |date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |title=Chasing The Poll Stars |author=Tusha Mittal|work=Tehelka |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian politician and actress who served as the Six time [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for more than fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 9 February 1989, she was the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), a [[Dravidian party]] whose cadre revered her as their "'''{{lang|ta|Amma}}'''" (Mother) and "'''{{lang|ta|Puratchi Thalaivi}}'''" (Revolutionary leader).<ref name="puratchithalavi">{{cite news|title=PURATCHI THALAIVI JAYALALITHAA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Puratchi-Thalaivi-Jayalalithaa|access-date=18 December 2016|work=indiatimes.com|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering a [[personality cult]] and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators and ministers, who often publicly [[Prostration|prostrated]] themselves before her.<ref name="outlook20110321" />

Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa worked prolifically. She appeared in [[Jayalalithaa filmography|140 films]] between 1961 and 1980, primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actress and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "Queen of Tamil Cinema".<ref name="jjte">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Telugu stars mourn Amma's loss!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/jayalalithaa-death-telugu-stars-mourn-ammas-loss_1956451.html|access-date=18 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Among her frequent co-stars was [[M. G. Ramachandran]], popularly known as 'M.G.R', a Tamil [[cultural icon]] who leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when M.G.R was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[India's Parliament]]. After M.G.R's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by M.G.R's widow, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], emerged as the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]], she became Leader of the Opposition to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led government headed by [[M. Karunanidhi]], her ''bête noire''.

In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]], Jayalalithaa became chief minister for the first time and Tamil Nadu's youngest. She earned a reputation for centralizing state power among a coterie of bureaucrats; her [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son in 1995. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]], the [[AIADMK]] was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new [[Karunanidhi]] government filed several corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|another general election]] just a year later.

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]]. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidized {{lang|ta|"Amma"}}-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

Jayalalithaa never married and had no children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-11|title=How a leader’s companion rose in political power in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/2069955/can-deceased-indian-leaders-companion-take-her-place|access-date=2021-09-13|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> On 29 May 2020, her nephew J. Deepak and niece [[Deepa Jayakumar]] were declared as her legal heirs by [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-niece-and-nephew-declared-legal-heirs-can-claim-her-properties-125374|title=Jayalalithaa’s niece and nephew declared legal heirs, can claim her properties|date=27 May 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Early life, education and family ==
Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948 as Komalavalli, named after her grandmother, at [[Melukote]], [[Pandavapura]] taluk, [[Mandya]] district, then in [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]) to Jayaram and Vedavalli (Sandhya) in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] [[Iyengar]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/jayalalithaa-jayaram.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-j-jayalalithaa-was-buried-and-not-cremated/articleshow/55838340.cms|title=Why J Jayalalithaa was buried and not cremated|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-school-her-name-was-komalavalli-1028237|title=In school her name was Komalavalli|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=7 May 2006 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Babu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa dead at 68: How Komalavalli became the 'Iron Lady' of Tamil Nadu|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-at-68-how-komalavalli-became-the-iron-lady-of-tamil-nadu-116120500945_1.html|access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref><ref name="jjbc">{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram's Birth Chart |url=https://celebrity.astrosage.com/jayalalithaa-jayaram-birth-chart.asp |website=celebrity.astrosage |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

Her paternal grandfather, Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service of the [[Mysore kingdom]] as a surgeon and served as the court physician to Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of Mysore. Her maternal grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from [[Srirangam]] to work with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. He had one son and three daughters—Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was married to Jayaram, son of Narasimhan Rengachary. The couple Jayaram-Vedvalli had two children: a son Jayakumar and a daughter, Jayalalitha.<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite news|last1=Chandrakanth|first1=W|title=A never-say-die leader|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-never-say-die-leader/267247|access-date=11 December 2016|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her mother, her relatives and later co-stars and friends referred to her as Ammu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babu|first=Venkatesha|title=Ammu to Amma: The life and times of Jayalalithaa Jayaraman|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ammu-to-amma-the-life-and-times-of-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/story/241781.html|website=Business Today|date=6 December 2016|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> The name Jayalalithaa was adopted at the age of one for the purpose of using the name in schools and colleges. It was derived from the names of two houses where she resided in Mysore. One was "Jaya Vilas" and the other "Lalitha Vilas".

She is from the same lineage of popular figures like [[K. T. Bhashyam]] (Former minister of [[Mysore State]] and [[List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairman]] of [[Mysore Legislative Council]]) and famous lawyer L. S. Raju who made significant contribution in the history of [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jun 23|first=B. V. Shiva Shankar / TNN /|last2=2017|last3=Ist|first3=06:41|title=‘Jayalalithaa’s influence is only stronger after her death’ {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayalalithaas-influence-is-only-stronger-after-her-death/articleshow/59276414.cms|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa's father, Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family's wealth. He died when Jayalalithaa was two years old. The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's home in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] in 1950.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858|website=Outlook India |title=The Road To Ammahood |date=21 March 2011 |first=Sugata |last=Srinivasaraju|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Vedavalli learnt shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position to help support the family in 1950. Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as an air hostess. She also started acting in drama and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the insistence of Ambujavalli, Jayalalithaa's mother Vedavalli also relocated to Madras and stayed with her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. Jayalalithaa remained under the care of her mother's sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref name="thehansindia"/> While still in Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="TNgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |title=Profile |publisher= Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In later interviews, Jayalalithaa spoke emotionally about how she missed her mother growing up in a different city. She had the opportunity to visit her mother during the summer holidays.<ref name="thehansindia"/>

After her aunt Padmavalli's marriage in 1958, Jayalalithaa moved to Madras and began to live with her mother. She completed her education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent).<ref name="thehansindia"/><ref name="Ironlady">{{cite journal|last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |title=The Iron Lady of India |journal=The Contemporary Review |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 }}</ref>

She excelled at school and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.<ref name="TNgov"/> She won Gold State Award for coming first in 10th standard in the state of Tamil Nadu. She joined [[Stella Maris College (Chennai)|Stella Maris College]], [[Chennai]]; however, discontinued her studies due to pressure from her mother and became a film actress.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stella-Maris-remembers-former-CM/article16791819.ece | title=Stella Maris remembers former CM | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/so-singh-what-do-you-make-of-my-campaign-asked-jaya.html | title=So Singh, what do you make of my campaign, Jaya asked our reporter | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | work=R Bhagwan Singh | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The Poes Garden plot was bought by Jayalalithaa and her mother on 1 July 1967 at a cost of ₹ 1.32 lakh, measuring around 24,000 sq. feet (10 grounds) with a built-up area of 21,662 sq. feet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veda-nilayam-set-to-become-jayalalithaa-memorial/article31521989.ece |title=Veda Nilayam set to become Jayalalithaa memorial|website=The Hindu |date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-assets-double-secret-seems-be-real-estate-30668 |title=Jayalalithaa's assets double - the secret seems to be real estate|website=thenewsminute |date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Jayalalithaa's mother Sandhya died in November 1971 at the age of 47.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html | title=Tamil Nadu: Who's residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied | website=hindustan times | date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa herself held the ''house warming ceremony'' of her residence ''Veda Nilayam'' (named after her beloved mother Vedavalli alias Sandhya) on May 15, 1972, early in the morning, followed by [[dinner]] and a [[Veena]] recital by classical musician [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti babu]] in the evening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/27/was-Jayalalithaa-poes-garden-residence-attached-by-it-department.html | title=Is Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden residence under attachment by IT department? | website=The Week | date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Her brother's wedding took place at her Veda Nilayam home in Poes Garden in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/jayalalithaa-deepa.html | title=JAYA, MY AUNT Inheritance of loss | website=The Week | date=18 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-am-jayalalithaas-legal-heir-and-i-am-ready-fight-deepa-jayakumar-tnm-54131 |title=I am Jayalalithaa's legal heir and I am ready to fight: Deepa Jayakumar to TNM |publisher=The News Minute |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her brother Jayakumar, his wife Vijayalakshmi and their daughter [[Deepa Jayakumar]] lived in Poes Garden with Jayalalithaa till 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |title=Jayalalithaa's niece Deepa Jayakumar aims to make things tricky for Sasikala |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084533/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 }}</ref> and then moved to T.Nagar Madras at the bungalow 'Sandhya Illam' which was bought by mother of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Crowd-continues-to-swell-at-Deepa's-house/article17009933.ece |title = Crowd continues to swell at Deepa's house|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 January 2017|last1 = Jesudasan|first1 = Dennis S.}}</ref> Her brother was unhappy with adoption of Sudhakaran, a relative of Sasikala, as foster son of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news|first=Somak |last=Ghoshal |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/10/jayalithaas-niece-deepa-jayakumar-challenges-sasikala-to-claim/ |title=Jayalalithaa's Niece Deepa Jayakumar Challenges Sasikala To Claim Her Aunt's Legacy |work=Huffington Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa had adopted [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]]'s nephew Sudhakaran in 1995 and disowned him in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran|title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran?|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=22 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Her brother died in 1995 of heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|author=Julie Mariappan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Niece-I-want-to-see-Jaya-aunt-they-stopped-me-at-the-gates/articleshow/54707118.cms |title=Jayalalithaa health: Jayalalitha News: Niece – I want to see Jaya aunt, they stopped me at the gates |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

She was fluent in several languages, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and English.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 April 2007|title=Jayalalithaa to debut in Hindi for campaigns|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=IANS|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122520/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> She spoke with actress Saroja Devi in Kannada regularly as they were close friends and would talk to each other only in Kannada. She often conversed with Karnataka Chief ministers in Kannada. Basavaraj Bommai, the former irrigation minister of Karnataka said, “I was astonished by her Kannada slang and fluency.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Jayalalithaa’s deep love for Kannada will surprise you|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101411/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|archive-date=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Proud Tamilian born in Karnataka, Jayalalithaa had a long history with Kannadiga activists|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-tamilian-born-karnataka-jayalalithaa-had-long-history-kannadiga-activists-53889|access-date=2021-06-11|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

She was fond of having dogs as her pets. But after the death of Julie, a [[spitz]], in 1998 she could not bear the loss and hence discontinued keeping pet dogs at her home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Lesser-known-facets-of-Jayalalithaa/article16762804.ece1|title=Lesser known facets of Jayalalithaa|date=6 December 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{See also|Jayalalitha filmography}}

=== Early career ===

In Madras (now [[Chennai]]), Jayalalithaa was trained in [[Carnatic music]], western classical piano<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Lawyers-hail-HC%E2%80%99s-tribute-to-Jayalalithaa/article16788292.ece |title=Lawyers hail HC's tribute to Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> and various forms of classical dance, including [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathak]].<ref name=NDTV1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1294266|title=Jayalalithaa, The Amma Of Tamil Nadu Politics|last=Ghosh|first=Deepshikha|website=[[NDTV]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She learnt Bharatnatyam and dance forms under K.J.Sarasa.<ref name="sp">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=23 October 1965 |title=A New Bright Star |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n221 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=19 |pages=50–51}}</ref> She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma Bhushan Guru [[Vempati Chinna Satyam|Dr. Vempati Chinna Satyam]]. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her debut dance performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960.<ref name="BS"/> The Chief Guest at the Arangetram was [[Shivaji Ganesan]], who called her a "thanga silai" (golden statue) and expressed wish that Jayalalithaa becomes a film star in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivaji-ganesans-wish-12-year-old-jayalalithaa-ended-coming-true-45599 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's wish for 12-year-old Jayalalithaa ended up coming true |publisher=The News Minute |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/what-stars-who-worked-with-jayalalithaa-say/photostory/55848093.cms |title=What stars who worked with Jayalalithaa say! |publisher=timesofindia |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

While a child, Jayalalithaa acted in the Kannada-language film ''[[Sri Shaila Mahathme]]'' (1961), which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Jayalalitha-has-acted-in-Kannada-movies/articleshow/44752455.cms|title=Jayalilathaa has acted in Kannada|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> She had been taken to the studio by her mother as she was shooting in the same premises for a different film. While Jayalalithaa was watching the shooting, a problem arose as the child actress playing the [[Goddess Parvathy]] in a school drama scene in the film failed to show up and the producer Neerlahalli Thalikerappa and director Aroor Pattabhi asked Sandhya if Jayalalithaa could be asked to act in the dance sequence. Sandhya agreed and Jayalalithaa was swiftly dressed up as Parvathy and the scene was shot in Sri Shaila Mahatme.<ref name="Khajane">{{cite news|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Those Kannada days...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Those-Kannada-days.../article16776901.ece|access-date=9 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She played Lord [[Krishna]] in a three-minute dance sequence held on stage in the [[Hindi film]] [[Man-Mauji]] (1962) and danced with [[Kumari Naaz]] who played Radha. [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] ran the drama troupe ''United Amateur Artistes'' (UAA), which staged English and Tamil plays. Soon Jayalalithaa while a schoolgirl began acting in some plays of Parthasarathy along with her mother and aunt. She acted in small roles in plays such as Tea House of the August Moon and ''Undersecretary'' between 1960 and 1964.

Shankar Giri, the son of the former [[President of India|Indian President]] [[V. V. Giri]], saw her small role in the English play ''Tea Houses of August Moon'' and was impressed. Shankar Giri approached her mother Sandhya and told he wanted to cast her daughter in an English film called ''The Epistle''. Sandhya reluctantly agreed with the condition that shooting should be held only during weekends or school holidays.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=People's CM Jayalalithaa, an enigma in life and in death|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-cm-jayalalithaa-an-enigma-in-life-and-in-death-116120600127_1.html|access-date=9 December 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Sandhya had acted in the 1964 Tamil film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'', produced and directed by Kannada film-maker [[B. R. Panthulu]]. Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was spotted by Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite [[Kalyan Kumar]] in the Kannada movie ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]''. He promised to finish all shooting within two months in order not to interfere with her education. Since Jayalalithaa would be studying for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had declined the offer initially.<ref name=hans1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel--real-life/267246|title=A super star in reel & real life|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Sandhya agreed when that promise was made and Jayalalithaa started acting and she was paid {{INRConvert|3|k|year=1967}}. Panthulu kept his promise and completed shooting in six weeks. Jayalalithaa had forgotten all about films after acting in her Kannada debut film and had got ready to attend classes at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris]] as she had the ambition to be a [[lawyer]]. But the Kannada debut film became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] in 1964 and she became a well-known face.

Meanwhile, Jayalalithaa continued acting in Parthasarathy's plays. She played the leading role in plays such as ''Malathi'', ''The Whole Truth'', and the dance drama ''Kaveri Thanda Kalaiselvi'' between 1960 and 1966. She made her debut as the lead actress in [[Kannada]] films while still in school, age 15, in ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964).<ref name=hans1/> She also appeared in a dance sequence of a song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1964).<ref name="outlook20110321"/>

She made her debut in Tamil theatre in April 1964, when she played a sales girl in the drama named ''Undersecretary''. Parthasarathy and Sandhya were the lead characters, while Jayalalitha and [[Cho Ramaswamy]] were paired together and [[A. R. Srinivasan]] was also involved. The play was based on the lives of middle aged couple and Jayalaithaa played character of sales girl in the drama. Her performance caused Parthasarathy to make her lead heroine in a drama named ''Malathy''. Meanwhile, the films she had shot during her vacation in April–May 1964—''Chinnada Gombe'' and ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''—became blockbusters. By end of 1965, she had become popular among film producers and directors.<ref name=hans1/> She was approached by [[C. V. Sridhar]] for her Tamil film debut as well. Between 1964 and 1966 she did around 35 shows of drama named ''Malathy'' and later discontinued as she became very busy in films.<ref name="BS"/> It was during the year 1964, financial debts had increased of Sandhya and she suggested her daughter make use of the increasing film offers to come her way.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts"/>

Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was the leading role in ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965), directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]].<ref name="sp"/> She made her debut in Telugu films as lead actress in ''Manushulu Mamathalu'' opposite Akkineni Nageswara Rao. Her last Telugu release was also opposite [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in the film ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title = Did You Know?|url = http://www.telugucinema.com/Did-You-Know|website = telugucinema.com|access-date=17 October 2015|date = 20 September 2015}}</ref> She was the first heroine to appear in [[skirt]]s in Tamil films.<ref name="iron lady">{{cite web|last=Nadar|first=Ganesh|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Iron Lady |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/06espec1.htm |work=Rediff|date=6 May 2004|access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> She acted in one Hindi film called ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'', with [[Dharmendra]] as her male costar in 1968.<ref name="NDTV"/> She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M.G. Ramachandran between 1965 and 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title = Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url = http://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-483055|website = NDTV.com|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> The first with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] was B.R. Panthalu's ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' in 1965 and their last film together was ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|title=Off-screen deity, on-screen goddess|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/12/08/off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/|website=baradwajrangan.wordpress.com|access-date=9 December 2016|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa donated gold jewelleries she had to the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/no-bharat-ratna-for-jayalalithaa-madras-high-court-dismisses-pil-to-confer-late-cm-with-honour-3191124.html |title=No Bharat Ratna for Jayalalithaa? Madras High Court dismisses PIL to confer late CM with honour |work=Firstpost |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

She had 11 successful releases in Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'', for the first time her name was affixed with the phrase Kavarchi Kanni.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article8514320.ece|title=Arasa Kattalai (1967)|date=24 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Guy|first1=Randor}}</ref> In 1967 she bought her bungalow, Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for {{INRConvert|1.32|l|year=1967}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|title=Jaya assets worth Rs 113.73 cr, Rs 3.40 cr less than in 2015|work=Times Now|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142232/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] was on the lookout for a regular heroine for his production after he had fight with the actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] after the release of ''Vetaikkaran'', and he signed Jayalalithaa on in 1965. She became a regular heroine for production house Devar films from 1966.<ref>{{cite news |first=Samiksha |last=Panda |url=http://scrolltoday.com/end-inspiration-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/ |title=The End of an Inspiration : Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |work=Scroll Today |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Jaishankar]] was romantically paired with Jayalalithaa in eight Tamil films including ''[[Muthu Chippi]]'', ''[[Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Nee!]]'', ''[[Vairam]]'', ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]'', ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' (1968), ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'', whereas the films ''[[Thanga Gopuram]]'' and ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' had him play elder brother to her.

Jayalalithaa acted in twelve films as heroine opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]], in Telugu—''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1967), ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967), ''[[Tikka Sankaraiah]]'' (1968), ''[[Niluvu Dopidi]]'' (1968), ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968), ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1969), ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969), ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' (1969), ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1972), and ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973). Jayalalitha had eight films with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in Telugu—''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966), ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968), ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969), ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' (1969), ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972), ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974) and ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' (1980).

She also made a guest appearance in Telugu film ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navarthi]]'' (1966). Her films in Telugu also included two with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and one each with [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-tryst-with-Telugu-films/article16765354.ece |title=Jayalalithaa's tryst with Telugu films |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> She was given on-screen credit as Kalai Selvi in most of her Tamil films since 1967.<ref name="hans1"/>

=== Later career ===
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''List of Best Actress awards for J. Jayalalithaa '''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Award
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|{{won|5}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2016/dec/06/the-life-and-times-of-tamil-nadus-six-time-woman-chief-minister-1546011.html |title=The life and times of Tamil Nadu's six-time woman Chief Minister |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress
|{{won|8}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{won|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/deccan+chronicle-epaper-deccanch/j+jayalalithaa+the+superstar-newsid-61061490 |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 1948 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234">[[#The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|The Times of India directory and year book including who's who]], p 234</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Russian Film festival
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Madras Film Association Awards for Best Actress
|{{won|7}}<ref name="Collections394">[[#Collections|Collections]], p 394</ref>
|}

Between 1965 and 1973, Jayalalithaa starred opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in a number of successful films, including ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kavalkaran]]'', ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Engal Thangam]]'', ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'', ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]'' and ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. 101</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]] cast her in the lead role in his directorial venture ''[[Yarrukkum Vetkam Illai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-life-in-song/article16768634.ece|title=A life in song|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She acted with [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] in ten films—''Gowri Kalyanam ''(1966), ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' (1966), ''[[Naan]]'' (1967), ''[[Magaraasi|Magarasi]]'' (1967), ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' (1967), ''[[Panakkara Pillai]]'' (1968), ''[[Moondru Yezhuthu]]'' (1968), ''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' (1968), ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' and ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' (1974).<ref name="hans1"/> In 1972, she acted opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', which went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 1973.

In 1973, she acted in ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'', which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu.<ref name="TOI1984">[[#TOI|TOI 1984]], p. 305</ref> Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]''; the latter holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ |last=R.L|first=Hardgrave|title=Essays in the political sociology of South India|year=1979|publisher=Usha|page=120|isbn=9780836406054|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was paired opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 17 films. She acted in six films with [[R. Muthuraman]] as a romantic leading pair—''[[Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil]]'', ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'', ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'', ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'', ''[[Suryagandhi]]'', ''[[Anbu Thangai]]''<ref name="hans1"/> and Muthuraman played supporting roles in ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', ''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]'', ''[[En Annan]]'', [[Adi Parashakti]], ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'', ''[[Dharmam Engey]]'', ''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]'' and ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''. She made her debut in Malayalam with ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jesus: 1973|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-jesus-1973/article7043457.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 March 2015|access-date=22 February 2016|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref> Her 100th film was ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' (1974), directed by [[A. Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away-115022500852_1.html|title=Director Vincent passes away|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

She was romantically paired opposite [[Sivakumar]] in ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''. Sivakumar played supporting roles in Shakti Leelai, Yarrukum Vetkam Ilali, [[Thirumangalyam]], Annaivelakanni, Kavalkaran, Motoram Sunderapillai and Ganga Gowri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184625/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|website=Box Office India|title=Box office report of 1968|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

The heroes of her films never objected to the title of the film being conferred on the female lead played by Jayalalithaa. ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Kanni Thaai]]'', and ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' had Ramachandran as the lead male hero but the story and the title was built around the character played by Jayalalithaa. Similarly, ''Engerindo Vandhaal'', ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]'', [[Paadhukaappu]] and ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' had Sivaji Ganeshan as the male lead but the title and the story was built around her character. She did many female-centric films where the story revolved on her character, such as ''Vennira Adai'', ''[[Yaar Nee? (film)|Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Kumari Penn]]'', ''[[Nee (film)|Nee]]'', ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]], [[Magaraasi]], [[Muthu Chippi]], [[Thanga Gopuram]], [[Avalukku Ayiram Kangal]], [[Annamitta Kai]], [[Vandhaale Magaraasi]], [[Suryagandhi]], [[Thirumangalyam]], [[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]'', and ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]''.

She received the title "Nadippuku Ilakkium Vahuthavar" from then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/history-j-jayalalithaa-from-mysore-to-chennai-290110 |title=வரலாறு: ஜெ. ஜெயலலிதா மைசூர் முதல் சென்னை வரை! |work=zeenews |date=6 December 2016|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/jayalalitha-biography-tamil-248513.html |title=அதிமுக கொ.ப.செ... பொதுச்செயலாளர்... தமிழக முதல்வர்... ஜெ. அரசியல் பயணம்|work=oneindia tamil |date=9 March 2016|language=ta}}</ref> and also won Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress for her 100th film ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/jayalalithaa-from-film-star-to-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu|title=Remembering Jayalalithaa: From film star to Tamil Nadu CM |newspaper=Khaleej Times|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her last film in Tamil was ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' (1980).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-211841|publisher=NDTV|location=Chennai|date=17 May 2012|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Her last film as the heroine was ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' in Telugu,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/revisiting-top-10-movies-j-jayalalithaa-706973 |title=Revisiting the top 10 movies of J Jayalalithaa |work=IBTimes |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> which became the highest grosser of the year in Telugu.

Her successful Kannada films include ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' (1966), ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]'' (1965), ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964) and ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career—85 hits of 92 Tamil films as main female lead heroine and she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee hits.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts">[http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-lesser-known-facts-about-our-leaders-jayalalitha/index.html], behindwoods.com; accessed 23 May 2016.</ref> She was the highest-paid Indian actress from 1965 to 1980. She made guest appearances in nine films and six of her films were dubbed into Hindi. She had 119 box office hits between 1961 and 1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead. She made a brief appearance in 1992's ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-makes-brief-appearance-in-neenga-nalla-irukkanum-movie-bombs-at-box-office/1/308343.html|title=Jayalalithaa's brief appearance in Neenga nalla irukanum|magazine=India Today|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Thanga Gopuram'' in 1971, ''Raman Thediya Seethai'' in 1972, ''Suryagandhi'' in 1973, ''Thirumangalyam'' in 1974, and ''Yarukkum Vetkam Illai'' in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=6 December 2016|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> She acted in mythological films like ''Kandan Karunai'', ''Aadhi Parashakti'', ''Shri Krishna Satya'', ''Shri Krishna Vijayam'', ''Shri Rama Katha'', ''Shri Krishna Leela'', ''Shakti Leelai'', ''Ganga Gowri'', ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' and [[Jesus (1973 film)|''Jesus'']]. Her period dramas include ''Ayirathil Oruvan'', ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'', ''[[Mani Magudam]]'', ''Adimai Penn'', ''Ali Baba 40 Dongalu'', ''Arasa Katalai'', and ''Baghdad Perazhagi''.

She acquired the reputation of being a multi-faceted actor equally comfortable in fantasy and mythological genres as well as in modern social dramas<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayalalithaa, the golden girl of Tamil cinema|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=23 February 2016|date=27 September 2014}}</ref> and hence in 1969, in Tamil Conference, she was given the tag of "Kaveri Thandha Kalai Selvi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

She, [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Saroja Devi]] have been cited as the first female superstars of Tamil cinema. She did double roles in eight films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html|title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon|work=Firstpost|date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Rajanala and Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa in [[Gandikota Rahasyam]] Movie - 1969]]
She received Special Award from Filmfare for her performances in 'Chandhrodhayam', 'Adimai Penn' and 'Engirundho Vandhaal' in the years 1966, 1969 and 1970 as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] was introduced only in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Daily Report |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093529/http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> Her performance in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', [[Suryakanthi|''Suryagandhi'']] were critically acclaimed and won her consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

From 1968 to 1973, at the peak of her career she took interviews and wrote columns in the magazines like ''Bommai''. She wrote a column-"Ennangal Sila" in magazine ''[[Thuglak]]'' in the 1970s. She also wrote a short story, "Oravin Kaidhigal", for the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', "Manadhai Thotta Malargal" for ''Thaai'' magazine in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbg2eX-M320| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Nbg2eX-M320| archive-date=2021-10-27|title=TN CM Jayalalithaa service as a Journalist in Private News paper|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 December 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She wrote about her own life in a serialised memoir in the Tamil weekly magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-wrote-of-pining-for-mother-blowing-away-sivaji-ganesan-1634946|title=Jayalalithaa Wrote Of Pining For Mother, Blowing Away Sivaji Ganesan|publisher=Ndtv.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1980, she decided to voluntarily decline any new film offers. An [[Australia]]-based journalist Brian Laul took over the mantle of Piousji (‘Khaas Bhat’- The filmi gossip column) wrote an article specifying Jayalalithaa was trying for a comeback but was not being offered any roles. Jayalalithaa chose to respond to him by writing a letter, in which she mentioned that she was not struggling to make any comeback and that she turned down the offer from producer [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] to star in ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980) alongside [[Rajinikanth]]. She added she wanted to pursue other interests and was not interested in pursuing her film career any further.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/this-letter-sent-by-jayalalithaa-to-a-journalist-in-1980-shows-just-how-classy-she-was-4413621|title=This letter sent by Jayalalithaa to a journalist in 1980 shows just how classy she was |work=The Indian Express|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/jayalalithaas-stinker-to-journalist-about-turning-down-rajinikanth-film-1635086|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Stinker' To Journalist About Turning Down Rajinikanth Film |work=ndtv|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

Her closest friends from film industry included [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manorama-called-me-Ammu-Jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/49311504.cms |title=Manorama called me Ammu, Jayalalithaa says |work=The Times of India |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-a-long-time-friend-but-vocal-critic-of-Jayalalithaa/article16771674.ece |title=Cho Ramaswamy: a long-time friend but vocal critic of Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Rajasree]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]], [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Sukumari]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teluguglobal.in/jayalalithas-lunch-with-her-yester-year-film-stars-in-2012/ |title=Jayalalithaa's lunch with her yester year film stars in 2012 |publisher=Teluguglobal.in |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[S. A. Asokan]], [[Jaishankar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V.K.Ramaswamy]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[P.Susheela]], [[Sheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[R.S.Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0412883/quotes |title=Jayalalitha J – Quotes |publisher=IMDb |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She quoted on M. G. Ramachandran, "He was a very warm and caring kind of a person. And after Mother died, he replaced her in my life. He was everything to me. He was mother, father, brother, friend, philosopher, guide. Everything. He sort of took over my life." In many of her interviews she often said she entered films on being asked by her mother and entered politics on request by M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/i-dont-think-anyone-has-taken-more-criticism-than-i-have-jaya-told-simi-garewal-1546016.html |title=I don't think anyone has taken more criticism than I have: Jaya to Simi Garewal |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah with J.Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at the public meeting in 1980s]]
Jayalalithaa denied claims that M.G.R., who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in introducing her to politics.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> On 4 June 1982,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html|title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut|last=Vaasanthi|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by M.G.R.<ref name="career">{{cite news| url=http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082124/http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 February 2012 | agency=State Planning Commission | title=Political Career|access-date=10 November 2013|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Her maiden public speech,"'''{{lang|ta|Pennin Perumai}}'''" (The Greatness of a Woman), was delivered at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year at [[Cuddalore]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=M.G.R.: The original 'ladies man' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 December 2016 }}</ref> and was well received.{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 30%
| title = Filmstar MPs
| halign = center
| quote = "This lovely lass has taken her place in the centre of India's political stage and, being a Hindi-speaking Tamilian, is assured of a central role for many years to come."
| salign = right
| source = — [[Khushwant Singh]], ''Filmstar MPs'', ''Sunday'', 27 April 1985<ref>{{cite book|title=Notes on the Great Indian Circus|publisher=Penguin India|first=Khushwant|last=Singh|year=2001|isbn=978-0-14-100576-8|pages=12–14}}</ref>
}} Even the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Rajya Sabha member [[Khushwant Singh]] came to witness her speech which was widely acclaimed for its clarity of diction and elegant prose.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her seat number in [[Rajya Sabha]] was 185, which was coincidentally the same as that of what [[C. N. Annadurai]] had while he was a member in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2016|title=How Jayalalithaa Stunned Prime Minister Indira Gandhi With Her Maiden Speech In Rajya Sabha|url=http://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m/|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref> In January 1983, she became propaganda secretary for the party and campaigned extensively for the party candidate [[R. Amirtharaj]] in the by-election for the [[Tiruchendur (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchendur Assembly constituency]] in February that year.<ref name="career"/><ref name="jjgov" />

M.G.R. wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in [[English language|English]].<ref name="control">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule|work=The Sunday Guardian|title=First impressions|last=Nalpat|first=Madhav|date=25 December 2011|location=New Delhi|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Indira Gandhi lauded Jayalalithaa for the various speeches she made on issues including the one on internal security in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-cabinet-decides-to-recommend-jayalalithaas-name-for-bharat-ratna/articleshow/55914413.cms |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet decides to recommend Jayalalithaa's name for Bharat Ratna |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was elected to that body in 1984 and retained her seat until 1989.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Honourable Chief Minister |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116225438/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and M.G.R., these members influenced M.G.R. to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine. Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> She was given key responsibilities, including in the implementation of the landmark noon-meals scheme when M. G. Ramachandran was the chief minister and this taught her lessons in welfare politics. Later when M.G.R. fell ill, she campaigned extensively for the party before the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/indias-iron-lady-jayalalithaa-dead/|title=India's Iron lady Jayalalithaa is dead – Vanguard News|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai.jpg|thumb|right|Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai]]
In 1984, when M.G.R. was incapacitated due to a [[stroke]], Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to take over the position of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him from the proper execution of his duties.<ref name=outlook19980504>{{cite news| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205450 | publisher=outlookindia | title=The Life And Times of Jayalalitha |first1=Ajith |last1=Pillai |first2=A. S. |last2=Panneerselvan |date=4 May 1998|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general elections, in which the AIADMK allied with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="profile"/> Following [[M. G. Ramachandran#Illness and death|his death]] in 1987, the AIADMK split into two factions: one supported his widow, [[Janaki Ramachandran]] This faction was called AIADMK (JA) and the other favoured Jayalalithaa called AIADMK (J). Jayalalithaa faction was supported by senior leaders like [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[C. Aranganayagam|Aranganayagam]], [[Sattur Ramachandran|KKSSR Ramachandran]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar|Thirunavukarasar]]. Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96 members; due in part to irregularities by speaker [[P. H. Pandian]], who dismissed six members to ease her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] used [[S:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]] to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose [[president's rule]] on the state.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>[[#CITEREFJagmohan2007|Jagmohan 2007]], pp. 303–305</ref><ref name="CMlist"/>

At the age of 41, Jayalalithaa entered the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] successfully contesting the subsequent [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] on the basis of being M.G.R.'s political heir.<ref>{{cite news|title=I'm MGR's true heir: Jayalalithaa |url=http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225124101/http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|date= 15 February 2002|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 1989 ===
She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in 1989 as a representative of the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency. This election saw the Jayalalithaa-led faction of the AIADMK win 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the first woman to be elected [[Leader of the Opposition]] in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. On 9 February 1989, the two factions of AIADMK merged and they unanimously accepted Jayalalithaa as the general secretary of the party and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored.<ref name="BS"/>

On 25 March 1989, as claimed by the party and a section of the members present in the assembly, amidst heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members and the opposition, Jayalalithaa was attacked by the ruling DMK members in front of the assembly speaker [[M. Tamilkudimagan]] when violence broke out between DMK and AIADMK MLA's after she called Karunanidhi a criminal and when he named and shamed her. Karunanidhi fell on the floor when one of her MLAs rushed towards him.Both Karunanidhi and Jayalaithaa alleged of attacks against them.<ref name="caravantitans" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thalaivi Trailer: The truth behind Jayalalithaa's saree pulling scene in Kangana Ranaut-starrer|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/thalaivi-trailer-the-truth-behind-jayalalithaas-saree-pulling-scene-in-kangana-ranaut-starrer|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2017-02-18|title=Nothing can ‘beat’ 1989 violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-ie-photographer-recounts-how-his-iconic-photograph-helped-jayalalithaa-became-a-giant-slayer/|title=Ex-Express photographer recounts how his iconic photograph helped Jayalalithaa become a giant slayer|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalitha left the Assembly with her torn saree drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of [[Draupadi]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="caravantitans">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-revenge-of-draupadi/205451|title=The Revenge Of Draupadi|publisher=Outlook|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110519/main7.htm|title=Vow to avenge insult|newspaper=Tribune|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> At the peak of the situation, Jayalalithaa was about to leave the house, she vowed to not enter the house "until as a [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Vinod K. Jose|date=24 April 2014|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shashank Chouhan|date=23 November 2012|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129022030/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2012|title=A small, shameful history of unparliamentary behaviour|work=Reuters}}</ref> In spite of some sections of media terming it as a theatrics, it received a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public.<ref name="V86">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], pp. 86–88</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1989 ugly episode haunts the House |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192438/http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|location=Chennai|date=26 March 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="midnight">{{cite news|title=Rival's revenge in Tamil Nadu|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1416948.stm|work=BBC|date=1 July 2001|last=Jacob|first=Satish|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During the 1989 general elections, the AIADMK allied with the Congress party and was handed a significant victory. The AIADMK, under her leadership, also won the by-elections in [[Marungapuri (state assembly constituency)|Marungapuri]], [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]] and [[Peranamallur (state assembly constituency)|Peranamallur]] assembly constituencies.<ref name="profile"/>

=== First term as Chief Minister, 1991 ===
[[File:Ms. J. Jayalalithaa presenting an award to Shashank - World Tamil Conference, Tanjore, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa presenting award in [[World Tamil Conference]],1993]]
In 1991, following the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] days before the elections, her alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition victory.<ref>[[#Das|Das 2005]], p. 45</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. xxxiv</ref> The AIADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won all 39 constituencies in the centre.<ref name="profile"/> Re-elected to the assembly, she became the state's youngest chief minister, and the first woman to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12 May 1996.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="CMlist"/> In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of [[female infanticide]] and the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |title=TN: Cradle Baby Scheme In Districts With Low Sex Ratio |date=24 July 2011 |magazine=Outlook India |location=Chennai |agency=PTI |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225093403/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> Her party had 226 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections.<ref>[[#Vanitha|Vanitha 2007]], p. 158</ref> She began to be referred as Thanga Gopuram'','' ''Thanga Silai'' and ''Thanga Tharagai'' ('Golden Maiden') by her followers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anwesha Madhukalya|title=10 Videos Of Jayalalithaa's Dance Performances That Explain Why She Was Called The 'golden Maiden'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/10-videos-of-jayalalithaas-dance-performances-that-explain-why/|access-date=8 December 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref>

In July 1993, She observed fast for 80 hours(four days) near the [[MGR Memorial]] on the [[Marina beach]], demanding that [[Karnataka]] release [[Kaveri]] water for the [[kuruvai]] crop. She ended her fast only after Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao sent his Cabinet colleague and Union Water Resources Minister [[Vidya Charan Shukla|V.C. Shukla]] to Chennai to assure her that the centre would set up two committees to ensure implementation of the 1991-interim award of the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Tribunal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=1993-08-15|title=Jayalalitha exploits Tamil insecurity|language=en-IN|work=indiatoday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930815-jayalalitha-exploits-tamil-insecurity-811413-1993-08-15|access-date=2013-07-24}}</ref><ref name="jjc">{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2016-12-06|title=An aggressive campaigner for Tamil Nadu's water rights|language=en-IN|work=thehindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece}}</ref>

In 1993, the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes Bill, 1993 was passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] (Act 45 of 1994).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2014-11-06|title=69% quota: SC notice to Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Bill was sent to the President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] for his approval. J Jayalalithaa's [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government led a cross-party committee of Tamil Nadu politicians to Delhi to meet with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] led [[Government of India|Central government]] and stepped up pressure on the centre to bring in a [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional amendment]] to include the Tamil Nadu Act in the Ninth Schedule, ensuring that its validity cannot be challenged in any court. By the end of August 1994, the Act became a part of the Ninth Schedule by the presidential accent, confirming "'''the 69 percent reservation'''" exclusive for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994|language=en-IN|website= india.gov.in|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-sixth-amendment-act-1994|access-date=2021-05-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The development fetched her the title of ‘Samooga Neethi Kaatha Veeranganai’ (The leader who upheld [[Social justice]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics|language=en-IN|website=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The woman behind the 69% quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=நான் "சமூக நீதி காத்த வீராங்கனை" ஆனது எப்படி?-ஜெ விளக்கம் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2010/07/23/protected-69-reservation-tn-jayalalithaa.html | work= Oneindia tamil | language=ta|access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

On 20 January 1994, [[Mother Teresa]] Called on Chief Minister Jayalalithaa at her poes garden residence in chennai and lauded her welfare projects for girls, destitute women and the aged. Mother Teresa reportedly said that she and Jayalalithaa, India's then only female chief minister, were "working for and fulfilling the same noble cause". Mother Teresa said she would pray daily for Jayalalithaa, whose projects included the Cradle Baby Scheme (CBS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOTHER TERESA´S PRAISE FOR CHIEF MINISTER´S GIRLS´ SCHEME CONTROVERSIAL|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1994/02/18/mother-teresas-praise-for-chief-ministers-girls-scheme-controversial&post_id=44776 | work= ucanews |date=17 February 1994}}</ref> Mother Teresa was also present at the State function on the [[International Women's Day]] On 9 March 1994 at Madras which Jayalalithaa later recalled as “memorable event in my life”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa will continue to inspire many more, says Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-Teresa-will-continue-to-inspire-many-more-says-Jayalalithaa/article14622049.ece | work= thehindu | access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

She first invited [[Ford Motor Company]] to establish business in Tamil Nadu in 1995. This was followed by numerous companies setting up factories here especially from automobiles sector which included [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor]], [[BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Renault]], [[Nissan]], [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], [[Wrightbus|Wright]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]. Due to this, Madras (now [[Chennai]]) began to be called as the [[Detroit]] of India under her first term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/nzgFbwcO2BgdW4x6dVBCCN/How-Jayalalithaa-made-Chennai-the-Detroit-of-India.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made Chennai the Detroit of India |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] made significant expansion in Tamil Nadu and apart from [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE]] and [[TVS Motor Company|TVS Motors]] became key players in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa catalysed industrial growth in TN|language=en-IN|website=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/jayalalithaa-catalysed-industrial-growth-in-tn/article9412047.ece|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

=== Loss of power, 1996 ===
The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that they contested.<ref name="front1996"/> Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate in [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]] constituency. The outcome has been attributed to an [[anti-incumbency]] sentiment and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="front1996">{{cite journal|title=No respite|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1425/14250410.htm|journal=Frontline|volume=14|issue=25|date=26 December 1997|last=T.S.|first=Subramanian|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The wedding event of her foster son Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor [[Shivaji Ganesan]], was held on 7 September 1995 at Madras and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event holds two [[Guinness World Records]]: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for being the largest wedding banquet.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/largest-wedding-banquetreception/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|title=Largest wedding banquet/reception|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Most wedding guests|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/most-wedding-guests/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special court than the entire {{INRConvert|6|c|year=1995}} expenses associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722012032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |first=Anil |last=Kumar |date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=My foster son's Rs6 cr. wedding expense not paid by me |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref>

Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of then Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[Indian general election, 1999 (Tamil Nadu)|another general election]] just a year later.

There were several corruption cases filed against her by the ruling DMK government headed by Karunanidhi. Jayalalithaa was arrested on 7 December 1996 and was remanded to 30-day judicial custody in connection with the [[Colour TV scam]], which charged her with receiving kickbacks to the tune of {{INRConvert|10.13|c|year=1995}}. The investigation alleged that the amount through the TV dealers were routed in the form of cheques to a relative of Sasikala, who had quoted Jayalalithaa's residence as hers. She earlier filed an anticipatory bail in the trial court, which was rejected on 7 December 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Booty queen|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-arrest-reveals-systematic-loot-of-public-money-puts-political-future-at-risk/1/282843.html|date=31 December 1998|access-date=3 November 2015|magazine=India Today|last1=Menon|first1=Amarnath K.|last2=G.C.|first2=Shekar}}</ref> She was acquitted in the case on 30 May 2000 by the trial court and the High Court upheld the order of the lower court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colour TV scam: High Court upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/colour-tv-scam-high-court-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalithaa/article6955.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Madras HC upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa in TV scam|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/madras-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalitha-in-tv-scam_557310.html|date=22 August 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

Though Sudhakaran was adopted by Jayalalithaa as her foster son in 1995, when she became aware that Sudhakaran began to interfere in her financial affairs and that he took money without intending to repay, she disowned him in 1996 within one year of adoption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran? |work=Asianetnews.tv |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

When questioned on her views on Sasikala, Jayalalithaa quoted in 1996 "Sasikala never functioned as extra constitutional power centre. Calling her de facto chief minister is nonsense. She is not interested in politics and I have no intention to bring her into politics." It annoyed her when people said Sasikala was behind many of her political decisions and termed such news as rubbish and insult to her position as chief minister.<ref>{{cite work|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/story/sasikala-jayalalithaa-aiadmk-panneerselvam-ops-poes-garden/1/878479.html |title=The post-truth takeover |work=India Today |access-date=3 May 2017}} {{dead link|date=May 2017}}</ref>

=== Second term as Chief Minister, 2001 ===
Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she was found guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated agency called [[TANSI land acquisition case|TANSI]]. Although she appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], having been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the matter was not resolved at the time of the elections.<ref name="disqual">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |journal=Frontline |title=The disqualification debate |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian |date=21 May 2001 |volume=18 |issue=10 |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091130/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref> Despite this, the AIADMK won a majority and she was installed as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the state assembly on 14 May 2001.<ref name="CMlist"/> She was also convicted in [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]] on 3 February 2000 by a trial court to one-year imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was acquitted in both the TANSI and Pleasant Stay Hotel cases on 4 December 2001 and the Supreme Court upheld the order of the High Court on 24 November 2003.<ref name=Andi>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha files nomination papers from Andipatti constituency|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409233844/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2006|access-date=31 October 2015|location=New Delhi|via=HighBeam Research|work=Newswire|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite news|title=SC acquits Jaya in Tansi land deal case|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24sc.htm|last=Singh|first=Onkar|date=24 November 2003|publisher=Rediff|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office, and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]].

=== Third term as Chief Minister, 2002 ===
Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she could not hold it whilst convicted of criminal acts.<ref name="disqual"/> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have been [[puppet government|puppeted]] and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.<ref name="CMlist">{{cite web|title=List of Chief Ministers in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012821/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2006 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panneerselvam govt only a temporary arrangement |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118030707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2013 |date=22 September 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>

Subsequently, in March 2002, Jayalalithaa assumed the position of Chief Minister once more, having been acquitted of some charges by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/end-of-7year-lean-phase-for-aiadmk/article2019520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu | title=End of 7-year lean phase for AIADMK |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=15 May 2011 |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> This cleared the way for her to contest a mid-term poll to the [[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]] constituency, after the sitting MLA for the seat, gave up his membership, which she won by a handsome margin.

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]]]

India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm|title=Indian women join elite police|publisher=BBC | first=Charles|last=Haviland|date=10 June 2003|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to a special task force headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar|K. Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{cite work|first=K. Vijay |last=Kumar |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html |title=The CM, Veerappan and I |work=The Week |date=18 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> to conduct a secret operation to capture and kill the bandit [[Veerappan]] by entering Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lite/story/jayalalithaa-dead-biggest-achievements-cm/1/781452.html |title=I am legend: Jayalalithaa's top 10 achievements |work=India Today |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2004 she declared eliminating Veerappan as biggest achievement of her government and quoted ""My only brief to them was capture Veerappan dead or alive. After that I never interfered. I left them to work out their own strategies and this paid off."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/veerappans-killing-is-my-governments-greatest-achievement-amma/256427 |title= Veerappan's killing is my government's greatest achievement: Amma |work= Outlook India |date= 19 October 2004 |access-date= 3 May 2017}}</ref> She began to be referred as 'People's CM' (Makallin Mudhalvar) and Iron Lady of India by end of this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/j-jayalalithaa-the-iron-lady-of-indian-politics/52692 |title=The Iron Lady of Indian Politics |work=Times Now |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In this term she launched Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) scheme in 2001 to rejuvenate water sources and this improved ground water levels in the parched southern state and this idea was replicated by various states and even by the centre. She also started the Veeranam project to deliver water to the dry metropolis of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|last=Babu|date=6 December 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> Doctor Manmohan Singh frequently praised Jayalalithaa for her administrative skills, mid-day meal schemes and efforts for gender empowerment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-kolkata/20161207/281767038848843 |title=Hindustan Times |publisher=PressReader.com |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

Her administrative abilities were notable in her handling of events following the tsunami that hit Tamil Nadu on 26 December 2004. Jayalalithaa announced a Rs 153.37 crore relief package, divided into a general package and a separate one for fishermen. She announced that affected families would get Rs 1 lakh as compensation for every member lost, along with one dhoti, one sari, two bedsheets, 60 kg of rice, three litres of kerosene, and Rs 1,000 in cash for groceries and that furthermore, Rs 1,000 was to be given for purchase of utensils, Rs 2,000 so they could put up accommodation. Per family, and there were about one lakh families in all, the package would cost about Rs 5,000. The fishermen also received an extra Rs 65 crore meant to cover gill nets and boats. It was only a matter of hours before Nagapattinam had its power supply back. With the state working on disaster management for over seven years, response time had been reduced significantly; mobile cranes and ambulances were on patrol. The government entrusted district administration with rehabilitation of affected families, and when they were found to be incompetent, she reshuffled or sacked officers immediately. Jayalalithaa even extended help to the Sri Lankan government by instating officers to guide the island nation in the process of rehabilitation. Her administrative style was uncompromising, whether it was banning the sale of gutkha, or mandatory installation of rainwater harvesting systems, but, she got things done on time without any ifs or buts, as was seen with the tsunami relief, ensuring people remembered not the ruthlessness of her tenure, but the help it gave them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/how-jayalalithas-administrative-skills-helped-tamil-nadu-recover-from-tsunami-nightmare-3142354.html |title=How Jayalalitha's administrative skills helped Tamil Nadu recover from tsunami nightmare |work=First Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2012 |agency=PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-hands-over-houses-to-tsunami-hit-1668246 |title=Jayalalithaa hands over houses to tsunami-hit |work=DNA India |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 2006 ===
AIADMK fared poorly in May [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], with Her party winning just 61 seats out of total 234 in the state elections in 2006. She won in [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]. Though her main opposition, DMK did not win a single party majority (96/234), DMK coalition had 162/234 seats and formed the cabinet until 2011 which she referred to as "Minority DMK government".<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dmk-to-form-minority-govt-in-tamil-nadu/384201 |title=DMK to form minority govt in Tamil Nadu |work=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 August 2009 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/AIADMK-attacks-Karuna-for-Mrs-Jaya-remark-54549-2009-08-17 |title=AIADMK attacks Karuna for 'Mrs Jaya' remark |work=India Today|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

On 29 May 2006, Jayalalithaa was unanimously elected as Leader of the Opposition by AIADMK MLAs replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]] soon after two days, she single-handedly took on the ruling DMK in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|house]] in the wake of the suspension of all 60 AIADMK legislators for the entire session.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 May 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-elected-leader-of-oppn-in-tn-assembly/articleshow/1587371.cms |title=Jayalalithaa elected Leader of Oppn in TN assembly |work=timesofindia|access-date=29 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 May 2006 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/27/jaya-lone-aiadmk-attendee-in-house-as-60-mlas-stay-suspended-1148724380.html |title=Jaya lone AIADMK attendee in House|work=oneindia|access-date=27 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aiadmk-mlas-suspended-for-rest-of-the-session/story-AfrdybCVAIcSdMlWrfsAdM.html |title=AIADMK MLAs suspended for rest of the session|work=hindustantimes|access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref>

====Srilankan Tamil Issue====
In August 2008, Jayalalithaa moved the Supreme Court to nullify the [[Katchatheevu]] agreements of 1974 and 1976. She had raised the retrieval of the islet in her maiden Independence Day address in August 1991. In 1991, Jayalalithaa led Tamil Nadu Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the retrieval of Katchatheevu. During the civil war and with northern borders under the control of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], the fishermen had easy access into the fishing grounds.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/jayalalitha-moves-court-to-retrieve-island-from-sri-lanka-28116-2008-08-07 |title=Jayalalitha moves court to retrieve island from Sri Lanka|work=indiatoday|access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa undertook a day-long fast in March 2009, a couple of months before the [[2009 Indian general election|Parliamentary elections]] demanding an immediate ceasefire. She accused then Chief Minister Karunanidhi led DMK government in the State and the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government at the Centre of “criminal neglect in failing to provide relief and succour to the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]”.<ref name="JJLanka" />

After she returned to power in May 2011, the Assembly had adopted several resolutions, seeking an international probe into the alleged war crimes and genocide in the final phase of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. She also demanded an [[Economic sanctions|economic embargo]] on srilanka. She expressed her opposition not only to the presence of Sri Lankan military personnel receiving training anywhere in India but also to that of srilankan sportspersons.<ref name="JJLanka" />

As for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees living in Tamil Nadu, She had changed her position. Originally, she justified the refugees taking shelter in the State “as long as the genocide continues” in the srilanka. But, after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991, she had branded the refugee camps as “breeding grounds” for LTTE militants. However, she turned sympathetic again to the refugees in 2011. She not only enhanced allowance for them but also announced a special scheme for building “durable houses" for rehabilitation.<ref name="JJLanka">{{cite news|date=8 December 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/On-Sri-Lanka-Jayalalithaa-took-a-strong-line/article16774662.ece |title=On Sri Lanka, Jayalalithaa took a strong line|work=thehindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Fourth term as Chief Minister, 2011 ===
After another period (2006–11) in the opposition, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]] in a [[Landslide victory|landslide]] and stromed back to power. She won in [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised "Amma"-branded goods such as (Amma canteens, Amma bottled water, Amma salt, Amma medical shops, Amma cement and Amma baby care kit).

In April 2011, the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance that won the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|14th state assembly elections]]. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the fourth time on 16 May 2011, having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece| title=Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister | newspaper=The Hindu| date=16 May 2011| access-date=16 May 2011| location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Clinton and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Javalaithaa Shake Hands.jpg|thumb|The then [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] met Jayalalithaa in July 2011]]

On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close aide [[V. K. Sasikala]] and 13 others from the AIADMK after she became aware that Sasikala and her family were working against her.Most of the party members welcomed her decision,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> The matter was resolved by 31 March when Sasikala was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Sasikala in her written apology mentioned that she had no ambitions either in the party or in the government and wanted to serve Jayalalithaa and added that she became aware of misdeeds done by her family members when Jayalalithaa was in power. Only after Sasikala promised to be not in touch with her family members, Jayalalithaa allowed Sasikala back to her house.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-natarajan-friend-shadow-sister-and-now-jayalalithaa-s-political-heir-54953 |title=Sasikala Natarajan: Friend, shadow, sister and now Jayalalithaa's political heir |work=The News Minute |date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

In this term, she announced the Pension Scheme for Destitute Transgender by which those above ages of 40 could get a monthly pension of Rs.1,000. Her government ensured members of the [[transgender]] community could enrol for education and job.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Transgenders-to-get-Rs-1000-monthly-pension/articleshow/15322613.cms |title=Transgenders to get Rs 1,000 monthly pension |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Beginning from 2011, every year her government gave free laptops to students who clear tenth and twelfth standard to impart digital education to rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |title=Free laptop Scheme Tamil Nadu |publisher=Startupindiascheme |date=14 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517173254/http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her government in 2011 decided to give four goats and a cow to each family below poverty line — mixer and grinders and fans for households, 3 sets of free uniforms, school, bags, notebooks, geometry boxes for all children in government schools, and cycles and laptops for Class 11 and 12 students.<ref>{{cite news|last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/explained/the-jayalalithaa-model-works-power-to-the-people-and-freebies-for-the-poor-2808796/lite/ |title=The Jayalalithaa model works: Power to the people and freebies for the poor |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In 2011 she launched the marriage assistance scheme wherein the female students received 4 gram gold free for use as [[Mangala sutra|Thirumangalyam]] for their marriage and cash assistance up to Rs.50,000 for undergraduate or diploma holding females.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revised-marriage-aid-scheme-launched/article2082606.ece |title=Revised marriage aid scheme launched |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> There were rampant power cut issues between 2006 and 2011 while AIADMK was in opposition wherein for 10 to 15 hours there was no supply of electricity. However, after she regained power, between 2011 and 2015, her state government corrected all the discrepancies of previous [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime such that the Central Electricity Authority in 2016 said the state is expected to have 11,649 million units of surplus power.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/there-is-no-magic-in-tamil-nadu-being-a-power-surplus-state-jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/53522226.cms|title=There is no magic in Tamil Nadu being a power surplus state, Jayalalithaa says |work=timesofindia |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became among the power surplus states while she was chief minister in this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=Tamil Nadu on verge of becoming power surplus state: CM Jayalalithaa |work=economictimes |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=TN govt seek PM’s help for evacuation of surplus wind power |work=indianexpress |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> In this term her government ensured the wrongfully usurped property by land grabbing during 2006 to 2011 in the previous DMK regime, had been retrieved and handed over to rightful owners between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-05-13/Jayalalithaas-achievements-over-the-last-few-years/227896 |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements over the last few years |work=Thehansindia.com |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari being received by the Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri K. Rosaiah and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport on December 21, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Then Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] being received by Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport in December 2012.]]
She announced in 2012, the Vision 2023 document which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development which included raising the per capita income of residents to $10,000 per annum, matching Human Development Index to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the State, making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India. This project had three components — Overall Vision Document, Compilation of Project Profile and Road Map. The work on this continued under her supervision until her death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece |title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She inaugurated 'Amma health insurance scheme' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-ministers-comprehensive-health-insurance-scheme-launched/article2793090.ece |title=Chief Minister's comprehensive health insurance scheme launched |work=The Hindu |date=2012-01-11}}</ref>

====Amma Branded Schemes====
In February 2013, Jayalalithaa Government inaugurated the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state-run]] [[Subsidy|Subsidised food programme]] called [[Amma Unavagam]] (Amma Canteen), which was later praised by economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] in his book ''An Uncertain Glory – India and its Contradictions'' and inspired by many [[State governments of India|states]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[Jean Drèze]]|first=[[Amartya Sen]]|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/An_Uncertain_Glory/ZiyW6YafTn4C?hl=en|title=An Uncertain Glory India and Its Contradictions|date=11 August 2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/government/in-lockdown-tamil-nadus-amma-canteens-rise-to-the-occasion |title=In Lockdown, Tamil Nadu's Amma Canteens Rise to the Occasion |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-laissez-faire/article5018479.ece |title=Amma canteens and Amartya Sen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pHvjY4PHykVOy7irb8H2cO/Tamil-Nadus-Amma-canteen-concept-catches-on-in-other-states.html |title=Tamil Nadu’s Amma canteen concept catches on in other states|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The Scheme was also lauded by [[Egypt]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/egypt-comes-calling-at-amma-canteen/article6070505.ece |title=Egypt comes calling at Amma Canteen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fame-of-amma-canteens-head-to-egypt-37507.html|title=Fame of Amma canteens head to Egypt |work=[[India TV]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref> which was followed by the plenty of populist schemes such as [[Amma Kudineer]] (bottled mineral water),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taste-amma-mineral-water-at-rs-10-in-chennai/article5101642.ece?ref=relatedNews |work=The Hindu|title=Taste Amma mineral water at Rs. 10 in Chennai| date=2013-09-07}}</ref> 'Amma' Salt,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-comes-amma-salt/article6102093.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Now comes 'Amma Salt'| date=2014-06-11}}</ref> 'Amma' Medical Shops,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-launches-amma-medical-shops/846640 |publisher=Outlook |title=Jaya Launches 'Amma' Medical Shops| date=2014-06-26}}</ref> and 'Amma' Cement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-govt-launches-amma-cement/article20951112.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Tamil Nadu govt launches 'Amma Cement'| access-date=2015-01-05}}</ref>

In 2015, She also launched 'Amma baby care kit' scheme where every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16 types of products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tn-cm-launches-amma-baby-care-kit-scheme-115090800485_1.html |publisher=Business standard|title=TN CM launches 'Amma baby care Kit' scheme| date=2015-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/the-many-things-amma-was-list-of-schemes-implemented-by-jayalalithaa/the-cradle-baby-scheme/slideshow/55831907.cms|publisher=Business standard|title=The many things Amma was: List of schemes implemented by Jayalalithaa| date=2016-12-06}}</ref>

====Verdicts on Tamil Nadu water rows====

Jayalalithaa had intiated a case in the Supreme Court to uphold the state's rights on [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]] In 2006. As a result, In May 2014, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] verdict allowed the Tamil Nadu State to increase the storage level in the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] from to 142 feet from 136 ft and striked down the unconstitutional law enacted by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2006 restricting the storage level to 136 ft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece|work=The Hindu|title=SC quashes Kerala dam law| access-date=2014-05-08}}</ref> This Supreme Court Verdict sustained the livelihood of the farmers and people in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu |work=deccanchronicle|title=Jayalalithaa dedicates historic victory to people of Tamil Nadu| date=2014-05-08}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Union Government notified the final award of [[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery Water Disputes]] Tribunal (CWDT) on the directions of the Supreme Court. Then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa termed it as a “tremendous achievement” of her government after 22 long years of legal battle, the State had got Due justice.<ref name="jjc" /> Then Jayalalithaa said that It was the happiest day of her life and the happiest day for the farmers in Tamil Nadu, she recalled her famous fast-unto-death at [[Marina beach]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece|work=The Hindu|title=CM's power play: the hits and misses| access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Jayalalithaa takes credit for Centre finally notifying Cauvery Tribunal's award in gazette| date=2013-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580|work=dnaindia|title=Jayalalithaa observes fast on Cauvery issue; flays Centre, TN govt| date=2007-03-18}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case, 2014 ===
[[File:Jayalalithaa Car.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's car [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]]]]
{{See also|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}

Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2014}} by the Special Court in Bengaluru. She was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by [[Janata Party]] President [[Subramanian Swamy]] (now a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) on 20 August 1996 on the basis of an Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close aide Sasikala, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2014}} each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets to the tune of {{INRConvert|66.65|c|year=1996}} (which includes {{Cvt|2000|acre}} of land, {{convert|30|kg}} of gold and 12,000 [[sari]]s) disproportionate to her known sources of income during 1991–96 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict was delivered by a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of Jayalalithaa and the other accused.

She was [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India|automatically disqualified]] from the post of chief minister and the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu, and thus became the first sitting Indian chief minister to be disqualified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092353/http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2014 |title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4-year Jail, Fined Rs 100 Cr|work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, succeeded her as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/o-panneerselvam-sworn-is-as-tamil-nadu-cm-20433.html | title=O Panneerselvam sworn-in as Tamil Nadu CM | date=29 September 2014}}</ref> On 17 October 2014, the Supreme Court granted her two months' bail and suspended her sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29655666|work=BBC|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> On 18 October 2014, Jayalalithaa returned to [[Chennai]] after spending 21 days in [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bangalore jail]]. Despite heavy rain that day, AIADMK cadres assembled outside her residence and welcomed her.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Jayalalithaa returns to Chennai after spending 21 days in Bangalore jail|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-aiadmk-bangalore-jail-chennai-airport-tamil-nadu-223704-2014-10-18|newspaper = IndiaToday|date = 18 October 2014|access-date= 18 October 2014}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, a special Bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]] set aside her conviction on appeal. That court acquitted her and the alleged associates—Sasikala Natarajan, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and Jayalalithaa's disowned foster son Sudhakaran.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Live: Jayalalithaa acquitted in DA case|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-jayalalithaa-disproportionate-assets-case-appeal-hearing/article7190579.ece?homepage=true|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

On 14 February 2017 (subsequent to her death) the [[Supreme Court of India]] over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years of imprisonment, as well as being fined 10 crores each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died and hence can't defend herself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Fifth term as Chief Minister, 2015 ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on August 07, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]]]
The acquittal allowed her once again to hold office and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn in<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-is-tamil-nadu-cm-again/article7238526.ece?homepage=true|title=Jayalalithaa is CM again|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2015}}</ref> as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fifth time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-cm-aiadmk-swearing-in-254318-2015-05-23|title=Jayalalithaa returns as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister for fifth term, AIADMK completes 4 years in power|date=23 May 2015|website=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref> She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88 per cent votes of the 74.4 per cent turnout, winning by a margin of over 150,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=LIVE: Jayalalithaa wins in RK Nagar with a margin of over 1.5 lakh votes, Congress takes Aruvikkara|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/results-of-aruvikkara-rk-nagar-bypolls-today/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2015|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, she introduced Amma Master Health checkup plan where in people could get various treatments done at a low fee in government hospitals and rolled out Amma Arogya plan wherein at primary health care centre in Tamil Nadu, certain tests can be done by public twice a week. This was done to help the sections of society who cannot afford the fares asked for by private hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-rolls-out-master-health-plan-for-the-poor/article7580914.ece |title=TN rolls out master health plan for the poor |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Later in February 2016 she started the free bus ride scheme for senior citizens above age of 60 wherein person could travel free of cost for 10 times a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Jayalalithaa-announces-free-bus-ride-scheme-for-senior-citizens/articleshow/51038681.cms |title=Jayalalithaa announces free bus ride scheme for senior citizens |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her government initiated Global Investors Summit in 2015 which saw over Rs 2.43 lakh crore worth of investments being committed to the state. Jayalalithaa's term, all of them together, saw some big-ticket investments in the state and over $20 billion FDI.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu |work=The Business Standard |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The department of industrial policy and promotion data disclosed that Tamil Nadu saw foreign direct investment inflows of $7.3 billion from April 2000 to March 2011; however, this went up to $13.94 billion from April 2011 to December 2015, under her government, which at as per conversion rate {{as of|2016|lc=y}} equals Rs 83,766 crore. Between April 2015 and December 2015, the State attracted $4.3 billion in FDI.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/ | title=Jaya Propelled States Business Prospects | Latest Information on Breaking News & Updates on Chennai at News Today| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725112337/https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/| archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2015, [[Pakistan]]i news channels [[Samaa TV]] and [[Geo News]] aired a news and applauded Jayalalithaa for her government's scheme which was introduced in 2013, of supplying free rice to [[mosque]]s during [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramzan]] and suggested the scheme should be implemented in Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-offers-free-rice-to-mosques-during-ramzan/articleshow/20935527.cms |title=Jayalalithaa offers free rice to mosques during Ramzan |work=timesofindia |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pakistani-tv-channel-lauds-jayalalithaas-free-rice-scheme-mosques-during-ramzan-636372 |title=Pakistani TV Channel Lauds Jayalalithaa's Free Rice Scheme for Mosques During Ramzan |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayas-rice-scheme-for-mosques-lauded-by-pakistan-tv-channel-aiadmk/articleshow/47724153.cms?from=mdr |title=Jaya's rice scheme for mosques lauded by Pakistan TV channel: AIADMK |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://jayanewslive.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu_37876.html |title=உலக இஸ்லாமியர்களை நெகிழச் செய்த முதலமைச்சர் ஜெயலலிதாவின் ரமலான் நோன்பு கஞ்சிக்கான அரிசி திட்டம் - தமிழகத்தை பின்பற்றி பாகிஸ்தானிலும் செயல்படுத்த வேண்டும் என அந்நாட்டு பிரதான தொலைக்காட்சிகள் செய்தி வெளியீடு|work=Jaya Plus |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Sixth consecutive term as Chief Minister, 2016 ===
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa and the Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing %26 Urban Poverty Alleviation and Information %26 Broadcasting, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa with [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in foundation stone laying ceremony]]
In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R. in 1984 to be voted back into power. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest.

BJP President [[Amit Shah]] accused the Jayalalithaa government of being the “most corrupt” in the country and asked the people to oust it in the May 16 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2016-04-13|title=Jayalalithaa government ‘most corrupt’: Amit Shah|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/jayalalithaa-government-most-corrupt-amit-shah/article8471784.ece|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On that Election,
Jayalalithaa's Campaign Slogan was “I'm of the people, and I'm for the people.” ({{lang|ta|Makkalal naan; Makkalukkaga naan}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnival-atmosphere-reigns-at-cms-rally/article8456679.ece|title=Carnival atmosphere reigns at CM’s rally|date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/unforgettable-makkalal-naan-makkalukkaga-naan-270530.html|title="மக்களால் நான்.. மக்களுக்காக நான்"... இனி இக்குரலை எப்போதும் கேட்க முடியாது.. பிளாஷ்பேக் 2016!|language=tamil|work=Oneindia Tamil|date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was again elected as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in the May 2016 elections. She retained the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] constituency with a margin of 39,545 votes over her DMK rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-counting-of-votes-begin/259300/|title=Tamil Nadu elections 2016: Jayalalithaa's AIADMK scripts 'history', DMK rues big loss; 5.55 lakh opt for NOTA|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She became the first leader in Tamil Nadu to serve consecutive terms as Chief Minister since the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roychowdhury|first1=Adrija|title=After MGR, Jayalalithaa the first to retain power in Tamil Nadu|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/jayalalitha-aiadmk-mrg-2808669/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In her victory speech, she commented, "Even when 10 parties allied themselves against me, I did not have a coalition and I placed my faith in God and built an alliance with the people. It is clear that the people have faith in me and I have total faith in the people."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/I-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-Jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-Tamil-Nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms|title=I built an alliance with the people: Jayalalithaa on her victory in the Tamil Nadu elections|last=Balasubramanian|first=Shyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

Her government within 100 days of resuming power in May 2016, wrote off the outstanding crop loans given by cooperative banks to over 16.94 lakh farmers, gave free power to households to extent of first 100 units and gave free power to handloom weavers to extent of 200 units, gave 750 units of power to power loom weavers, implemented closure of 500 liquor shops and reduction of working hours of liquor outlets emergence of power surplus states. The establishment of first 1,000 MW nuclear power plant at Kudankulam is also regarded as one of her achievements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-in-office-116083100288_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office|date=31 August 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> She increased the freedom fighters monthly pension to Rs 12,000, family pension and increased special pension to Rs 6,000.<ref>{{cite news|agency=IANS |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-office.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office |work=The Week |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> On 21 September 2016 she inaugurated two [[Chennai Metro]] rail lines by way of video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa inaugurates 2nd elevated corridor of Chennai Metro |work=India Live Today |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155328/http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was her last public appearance before being admitted to hospital on 22 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/a-timeline-of-events-since-jayalalithaa-was-hospitalised/amma-was-admitted-on-sept-22/slideshow/55807418.cms|title= Jayalalithaa – Economic Times|website=Economic Times|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Personality cult ===
Followers of Jayalalithaa often worshiped her as a divine being. She stimulated a cult following, and adoring supporters often termed her "[[Adi Parashakti]]" (the eternal mighty goddess).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|title=Jayalalitha: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics|last=Tilak|first=Sudha G.|date=5 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> Several experts say that over the years the cult called 'Amma' has been carefully crafted. Others claim that the emotional outburst is just a spontaneous display of loyalist support. C Lakshmanan of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Development Institute studies]], who has studied personality cult in the politics of Tamil Nadu, said posters were installed around the state portraying Jayalalithaa as a goddess back then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cult-personality-or-cultivated-loyalty-what-explains-outpouring-of-grief-for-the-jailed-jayalalithaa/articleshow/44785277.cms|title=Cult personality or cultivated loyalty: What explains outpouring of grief for the jailed Jayalalithaa?|last=Shanker|first=V. Prem|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> She was worshiped by the party cadre as "Amma" (Mother). She made sure the respect and loyalty of the functionaries of the party was there for everyone to see. The entire Cabinet would fall in line and bow in front of the helicopter in which it was flying. Members of the party, at all levels never found it difficult to prostrate before her in full view of the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many of her worshipping followers are known to profess their loyalty through acts such as walking on hot coals or drawing her portrait with their blood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2009-03-30|title=Profile: Jayaram Jayalalitha|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> S Kirubakaran who is a Journalist-turned-advocate, wrote a book on Jayalalitha titled, 'Ammavin Kathai,' said that when M.G.R. was a Chief Minister, he carefully chose MLAs and Ministers for the first time after going through their knowledge and experience. But Jayalalithaa had begun to assign those who praised her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/3-years-after-jayas-death-aiadmk-seems-out-of-servitude-and-subjugation/|title=3 years after Jaya's death, AIADMK seems out of servitude, subjugation|last=Chandrajit Mitra|date=5 December 2019|website=The Federal|language=en-US|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Even after her death, the AIADMK leaders continued to prostrate themselves before her [[MGR Memorial|burial ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/for-all-her-political-success-it-s-time-to-admit-jayalalithaa-was-no-amma/story-Mq9FelI5zqxD8z4WljrtbO.html|title=For all her political success, it's time to admit Jayalalithaa was no Amma|date=17 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/opinion-post-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-politics-amma-legacy|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Tainted' Legacy and Where AIADMK Goes From Here|last=Sudhir|first=T. S.|date=4 December 2017|website=TheQuint|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== 1999 Attempted murder case ===
A case of murder attempt were registered against Jayalalithaa, her close associate Sasikala, and Sasikala's nephew V Mahadivan has been recorded by the Chennai police on following a complaint by former Jayalalithaa's auditor, Rajasekaran, who alleged that he was summoned to the Poes Garden bungalow and violently assaulted by Jayalalithaa, Sasikala and Mahadevan with a stick and high-heeled shoes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|title=Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> Rajasekaran also stated that he had been forced by Jayalalithaa and Sasikala to sign two letters and a promissory note in respect of ₹50 lakhs. Jayalalithaa, however, denied the charges in a statement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=16 March 1999|title=In the Hands Of India Star, A Spike Heel Could Hurt|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/16/world/in-the-hands-of-india-star-a-spike-heel-could-hurt.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: TN defies Centre in assault case against Jaya|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/20aiadmk.htm|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Corruption cases ==
=== 1996 colour TV case ===
{{Main|Colour TV case}}
In the [[Colour TV case|colour TV corruption case]] involving the purchase of TV sets to villagers, Jayalalithaa was charged and arrested. The TV sets were provided in the framework of a government education and entertainment plan for the village population. Officials said the TVs were purchased at inflated prices and claimed that some of the money paid for TV stations was returned as kickbacks to government officials.<ref>{{Cite news|last=BSCAL|date=15 May 1998|title=Jaya Charged In Rs 10crore Colour Tv Scam|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/jaya-charged-in-rs-10crore-colour-tv-scam-198051501011_1.html|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Later, she was acquitted as the accusation against them were not proven beyond doubt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha acquitted in colour TV scam|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|publisher=The Indian Express|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=9 February 2021|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217192259/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|archive-date=17 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Detained in 1996, the media reported that 21.28 kg of [[Gold jewellery|gold jewels]] worth Rs 3.5 crore, 10,500 [[sari]]s, 91 [[Luxury watch|designer watches]], 750 pairs of shoes, 1,250 kg of silver objects worth 3.12 crores, diamonds worth 2 crores, a silver sword and 19 vehicles were among the priceless treasures found at her house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shivashankar|first=BV|title=J Jayalalithaa: Jayalalithaa's 10,500 saris, 750 slippers, 500 wine glasses in court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/J-Jayalalithaas-seized-wealth-is-under-24-hour-vigil-in-Karnatakas-courts/articleshow/55886301.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 1995 Foster son and luxury wedding corruption ===
In 1995, Jayalalithaa's assistant Sasikala's nephew Sudhakaran was engaged to the youngest daughter of Sivaji Ganesan. Jayalalithaa was a chief minister of state by this time. Jaya declared that Sudhakaran would be adopted as her foster son and said that she would be performing his marriage as his mother.<ref name="tnmfoster">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-jayalalithaas-favoured-foster-son-sudhakaran-now-refused-entry-apollo-50968|title=Once Jayalalithaa's favoured foster son, Sudhakaran now refused entry into Apollo|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The wedding occupied a 2-km long lighted baraat pathway, ten dining halls each accommodating 25,000 people, and a 75,000 square foot pandal. Tons of plywood, plaster of paris and paint were used to erect cut-outs of Jayalalitha, arches, several hundred papier-mache statues, elaborate facades of palaces and gateways. The VIP invitations included a silver plate enclosed in a container, a silk saree and a silk dhoti, each worth ₹20,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19950930-jayalalithas-foster-son-married-off-amid-extravagance-and-controversy-808220-1995-09-30|title=Jayalalitha's foster son married off amid extravagance and controversy|last=SHEKHAR|first=G. C.|date=30 September 1995|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The marriage hosted more than 1,000 VIPs. More than 40,000 guests were granted accommodation in the hotel. A legion of elephants and chefs brought in from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-lied-she-spent-3-crores-on-foster-sons-wedding-says-court-674500|title=Jayalalithaa Lied, She Spent 3 Crores on Foster Son's Wedding, Says Court|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The incident, hailed as "the mother of all marriages". People's anger mounted against her as the crores were lavished at the wedding, and Jayalalithaa and Sasikala became symbols of corruption. She was accused of using government money to celebrate the grand marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38441705|title=Sasikala: The 'new mother' of Tamil Nadu politics|date=29 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> The marriage may have triggered the AIADMK to lose all 39 Lok Sabha seats in the [[1996 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Disowned-foster-son-joins-Jaya-in-prison/articleshow/43760402.cms|title=Disowned foster son joins Jaya in prison {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India|last=TNN|date=29 September 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She was later sentenced for 4 years in jail in 2014 for corruption related to the marriage and the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|Disproportionate assets case]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-sentenced-to-4-years-in-jail-clashes-in-tamil-nadu/story-oVofwzwZZrOVwJNaA97xRP.html|title=Jayalalithaa sentenced to 4 years in jail; clashes in Tamil Nadu|date=27 September 2014|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa owns a [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for conducting the luxury wedding. The record shows that over 1,5000 guests have been invited. The Income-Tax Dept estimated the cost of the wedding at ₹10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-j-jayalalithaa/guinness-book-of-world-records-for-sons-wedding/slideshow/55815874.cms|title=5 facts you didn't know about J Jayalalithaa – Unknown facts about Amma|website=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa later disowned Sudhakaran as her foster son.<ref name="tnmfoster" />

=== 1998 TANSI land deal case ===
{{Main|TANSI land acquisition case}}
The TANSI land deal case refers to the purchase of land by Jaya Publications, which included Jayalalithaa and her friend Sasikala, from the State Small Industry Company, Tansi, [[Guindy]]. Justice P Anbhazhagan delivered the judgment, and said that the evidence stated in the prosecution sheet, and that the sale deed of the prime land in Guindy had been carried out on 29 May 1992, in the unequivocal aim of cheating against the government. The Supreme Court disqualified her in September 2001, resulting in her stepping down and which made [[O Panneerselvam|O. Panneerselvam]] as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. The Madras High Court acquitted her and other 5 accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=23-year-old TANSI case has finally ended for Jayalalithaa: A look back|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/23-year-old-tansi-case-has-finally-ended-jayalalithaa-look-back-21350|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Subramani|first1=A.|last2=2015|title=23 years on, HC brings curtains down on TANSI case against Jaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/23-years-on-HC-brings-curtains-down-on-TANSI-case-against-Jaya/articleshow/46472629.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case ===
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}Jayalalithaa was initially convicted of misusing her office during her tenure in 1991–1996. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was the main petitioner. Some of the accusations concerned expenditure on her foster son's luxurious marriage in 1996 and acquiring properties worth more than 66.65 crore, as well as jewelry, bank deposits, investment and a convoy of luxury vehicles. The trial lasted for 18 years. Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]], in a detailed judgement, showed that the entire asset belonged to the accused and no one else.<ref name="FL">{{cite web |title=From trial court verdict by John Michael D'Cunha |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/from-trial-court-verdict-by-john-michael-dcunha/article7247470.ece |website=Frontline |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> On 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was absolved of all charges by the [[High Court of Karnataka]]. On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India overruled the High Court of Karnataka. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years in prison, as well as to a fine of ₹10 crore each.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaas-court-appearance-over-heads-back-to-chennai-565662|title=Jayalalithaa's court appearance over, heads back to Chennai|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala news: Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=14 February 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000 Pleasant Stay hotel case ===
{{Main|Pleasant Stay hotel case}}{{See also|2000 Dharmapuri bus burning}}
Pleasant Stay hotel case is the construction of the seven-story hotel "Pleasant stay" in Kodaikanal, which was in breach of the rules for the construction of the seven-story building in a blue ville in the tourist resort town in Kodaikanal. Jayalalithaa, Selvaganapathy and Pandey granted a permission to create a seven-story structure at the hotel. The case was related to Jayalalithaa's supposed clearance by violating government rules to the development of a hotel in [[ecological]]ly significant [[Kodaikanal]]. Jayalalithaa was sentenced in February 2000 to one year's strict imprisonment, with the penalty fined Rs.1000 for conspiracy and criminal misconduct as a public employee. After the court's decision, AIADMK cadres started to riot and arson which burned alive three female students in the [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning|Dharmapuri bus burning]] and many were killed and injured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Our Special|date=3 February 2000|title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/hotel-case-verdict-aiadmk-volunteers-go-berserk/article27999900.ece|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Madras high court later acquitted her on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayalalithaa's blast from the past – convictions and imprisonments|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-blast-past-%E2%80%93-convictions-and-imprisonments-22478|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

== Illness, death and reactions ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee paying tributes to the mortal remains of Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai on December 06, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The then [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] paying tribute to Jayalalithaa in [[Rajaji Hall]]]]
On 22 September 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai, as she was suffering from an infection and acute [[dehydration]]. Her official duties were handed over to her aide [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 12 October 2016, though she continued to remain as the chief minister of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/o-panneerselvam-to-hold-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaas-portfolios/articleshow/54799672.cms|title=Panneerselvam to hold CM's portfolios|date=12 October 2016|publisher=Economic time|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> She was also said to be suffering from a severe pulmonary infection and [[septicaemia]], which were cured. On 4 December 2016, she was re-admitted to the intensive care unit after suffering a cardiac arrest around 16:45.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38167021 |title=India's Jayaram Jayalalitha still 'critical' after heart attack |newspaper=BBC |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The hospital released a press statement stating that her condition was "very critical" and that she was on life support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayalalithaas-health-status-live-cm-in-grave-situation-says-apollo-hospitals-md-3139806.html |title=CM in grave situation, says Apollo Hospitals MD |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> On 5 December 2016, the hospital announced her death and she became the first female chief minister to die in office in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-body|title=Jayalalitha passes away|newspaper=Indian Express|date=5 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Government of India]] declared a one-day [[National day of mourning|national mourning]] with the national flag in all government buildings flying at half-mast.<ref name="jjuabh">{{cite news|last1=Ankita|first1=Bhandari|title=Central govt announces one-day mourning after Jayalalithaa's death|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/central-govt-announces-one-day-mourning-after-jayalalithaas-death_1956239.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="jjuk">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa no more: Centre declares one-day mourning as mark of respect|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/jayalalithaa-no-more-centre-declares-one-day-mourning-as-mark-of-respect/|access-date=23 August 2017|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> While a seven-day mourning from 6 to 12 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="natmotn">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Centre declares one-day national mourning for Amma, Tricolour to fly at half mast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-dead-centre-declares-one-day-national-mourning-for-amma-4412903/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> also three day state mourning from 6 to 8 December 2016 were observed by [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="jker">{{cite news|title=Three-day official mourning declared in Kerala after Jayalalithaa's demise|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/06/three-day-official-mourning-declared-in-kerala-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1546234.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref> and the [[Government of Puducherry]].<ref name="jjpy">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Pondicherry announces 3-day state mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-pondicherry-announces-3-day-state-mourning-4413260/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2016|location=[[Pondicherry|Puducherry]]}}</ref> [[File:Amma memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's Memorial at [[Marina Beach]]]] One day state mourning on 6 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Karnataka]],<ref name="jjka">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Karnataka declares a day of mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-karnataka-declares-a-day-of-mourning-4413070/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref>[[Government of Bihar]],<ref name="jjbih">{{cite news|title=All of Bihar is mourning Jayalalithaa's demise: Nitish Kumar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-bihar-jayalalithaa-death-4413207/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Patna]]}}</ref>[[Government of West Bengal]],<ref name="jjwb">{{cite news|title=West Bengal declares state mourning on Jayalalithaa's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-declares-state-mourning-on-Jayalalithaas-death/articleshow/55842062.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]],<ref name="jjpunj">{{cite news|title=One day's state mourning in Punjab on Jayalalithaa's|url=http://www.uniindia.com/one-day-s-state-mourning-in-punjab-on-jayalalithaa-s/states/news/709156.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[United News of India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>[[Government of Uttarakhand]]<ref name="jjuk" /> and [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="jjgoa">{{cite news|title=Goa govt mourns death of Jayalalithaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/state-govt-mourns-death-of-jayalalithaa/articleshow/55846817.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 December 2016|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref> [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], Union Ministers, Several State Chief Ministers, Political leaders and Film fraternity Condoled her demise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa remembered as dynamic, popular leader|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jayalalithaa-remembered-as-dynamic-popular-leader-116120600378_1.html|work=business-standard|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tweeple-send-social-media-into-a-tizzy/article9413138.ece|title=Tweeple send social media into a tizzy|work=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her body was kept [[in state]] at her residence Veda Nilayam in Poes Garden and later at [[Rajaji Hall]] for public to pay their tribute. Her last rites were performed on the evening of 6 December 2016 and she was [[Burial|buried]] at the northern end of the [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai in a sandalwood casket engraved with "Puratchi Thalaivi Selvi J Jayalalithaa", near the grave of her mentor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] at the [[MGR Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-chennai-to-pay-homage-to-jayalalithaa-10-points-1634456?pfrom=home-lateststories|title=Jayalalithaa To Be Buried In Sandalwood Casket Next To Mentor M.G.R.|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-laid-to-rest/articleshow/55837086.cms |title=Jayalalitha last rites: Amma's Death: Jayalalithaa buried with full state honours |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements were discussed by Manmohan, Pranab |access-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122191824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |archive-date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>

The US and several other countries sent condolences. [[United States|American]] Ambassador [[Richard Verma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/statement-by-ambassador-richard-r-verma/|title=Statement by Ambassador Richard R. Verma on the Death of the Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa|website=usembassy.gov|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[France|French]] Ambassador [[Alexandre Ziegler]], [[Canada|Canadian]] High Commissioner to India Nadir Patel, [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] [[Maithripala Sirisena]], [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Prime Minister]] [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Former Sri Lankan president [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], [[Singapore]] Foreign Affairs Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]] and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] Party Mourned her death. Then [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Najib Razak]] also sent his condolences.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Mohd Najib Tun Razak |user=NajibRazak|number=806105922816733184 |title=My condolences to the people of India on the passing of the late J. Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.|language=english |url=https://twitter.com/najibrazak/status/806105922816733184 |date=6 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wwj">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sri-lanka-prez-leaders-from-singapore-malaysia-condole-jayalalithaas-death/article9413414.ece|title=Sri Lanka Prez, leaders from Singapore, Malaysia condole Jayalalithaa’s death|website=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-demise-condolences-pour-in-from-countries-4414044/|title=Jayalalithaa demise: Condolences pour in from countries|website=indianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/condolences-pour-in-from-sri-lanka-to-us-on-ammas-demise-1546296.html|title=Condolences pour in from Sri Lanka to US on Amma's demise|website=newindianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[C. Sreenivaasan]] of AIADMK courted controversy by saying that V. K. Sasikala's family was responsible for Jayalalithaa's death. Sreenivasan said that he had to lie about the late chief minister's death because of pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-maa-death-sreenivasan-dhinakaran-apollo-hospital-1050830-2017-09-23|title=How did J Jayalalithaa die? A year later, AIADMK leader says was forced to lie about Amma's death|website=India Today}}</ref>

On 12 September 2017, Late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] at the AIADMK general council .<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Death Probe by Justice Arumugaswamy commission===
Among the Public, Jayalalithaa's 75-day hospitalisation and her demise, remained unclear and shrouded in secrecy. DMK and other opposition parties sought a probe into her death. The one-man Commission by retired Justice A Arumughaswamy was announced in August 2017 by then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] to investigate the death of J Jayalalithaa. On 23 July 2021,the last time extension granted for the commission to submit its report is being extended by the state government, This is the 11th extension since its formation. the Commission probed with hundreds of people including expert doctors, medical staff, ministers and then state health secretary of Tamil Nadu. London-based doctor Dr. Richard Beale was also summoned in front of the Commission in 2019 since he was closely involved with the selection of treatment provided to then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/07/23233646/11th-Extension-Tamil-Nadu-Government-orders-Arumugasami.vpf|title=11-வது முறையாக நீட்டிப்பு: ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையத்துக்கு மேலும் 6 மாதம் கால அவகாசம் தமிழக அரசு உத்தரவு|website=dailythanthi|date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-death-probe-arumughaswamy-commission-gets-eighth-extension-127315|title=Jayalalithaa death probe: Arumughaswamy Commission gets eighth extension|website=thenewsminute|date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/over-year-after-jaya-s-death-mystery-deepens-gaps-narrative-emerge-84278|title=Over a year after Jaya’s death, mystery deepens as gaps in narrative emerge|website=thenewsminute|date=6 July 2018}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India stayed the functions of the commission based on the plea of the hospital in April 2019.<ref name="jjprobe">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-death-probe-apollo-hospital-tells-sc-that-it-will-not-appear-before-arumughaswamy-commission-1489808|title=Jayalalithaa Death Probe: Apollo Hospital Tells SC That It Will Not Appear Before Arumughaswamy Commission|website=abplive|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>

On 27 July 2021, The Newly Elected [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] led Tamil Nadu Government sought permission from the Supreme Court to restart the inquiry into her death, as the inquiry into the mystery surrounding Jayalalithaa's death was one of the poll promises made by DMK in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 State Assembly Election]].<ref name="jjprobe" />

==In popular culture==
In [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), the character of Kalpana portrayed by [[Aishwarya Rai]], was inspired by Jayalalithaa and her professional and personal relationship with [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/07/how-mani-ratnams-iruvar-put-the-spotlight-on-jaya-1546363.html|title=How Mani Ratnam's Iruvar put the spotlight on Jaya|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/071216/throwback-when-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-played-jayalalithaa-on-the-big-screen.html|title=Throwback: When Aishwarya played Jayalalithaa on the big-screen|date=7 December 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/12/06/aishwarya-rai-played-jayalalithaa-iruvar-mani-ratnam-mgr-mohanlal-karunanidhi-tamil-film-prakash-raj|title=Aishwarya Rai as Jayalalithaa: When the Big Screen Proved Small|website=The Quint|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[Faisal Saif]] completed work on major portions of a film titled ''[[Amma (2018 film)|Amma]]'' between 2014 and 2016, but was forced to shelve it following threats from members of Jayalalithaa's political party. The makers denied that the film was a biopic, but stated that actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] portrayed a role resembling the politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-reel-and-real-life-inspires-amma-208217-2014-10-01|title=Jayalalithaa's reel and real life inspires Amma|first1=Aravind Gowda|last1=October 1|first2=2014UPDATED|last2=October 1|first3=2014 12:31|last3=Ist|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260618/political-biopics-face-threats-cuts.html|title=Why Jayalalithaa biopic was shelved, ones on Indira Gandhi, Shastri remain uncertain|first=Uma|last=Ramasubramanian|date=26 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Since Jayalalithaa's death, several filmmakers have announced biopics on the politician, with six currently in production. In January 2017, Telugu filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] registered the title ''Amma'' and began preparing for a biopic on the politician. The film was being planned with [[Anushka Shetty]] in the lead role, but Rao's death in May 2017 effectively ended the project, despite indications that [[Mohan Babu]] may revive it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amma-jayalalithaa-biopic-dasari-narayana-rao-ramya-krishnan-952959-2017-01-03|title=Jayalalithaa's life on film: Dasari Narayana Rao to direct biopic?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dasari-had-planned-jayalalithaa-biopic-with-anushka-shetty/story-AfNc34kCGEnFkzSwSDC2eN.html|title=Dasari Narayana Rao had planned Jayalalithaa biopic with Anushka Shetty|date=31 May 2017|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> Producer Adithya Bharadwaj announced that his team were over a year into pre-production work for a proposed biopic of Jayalalithaa, during December 2017. Titled ''Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'', he revealed that it would predominantly be a fictionalised retelling of her story with some real life footage also included. Bharadwaj suggested that he had briefly touched upon the possibility of a biopic with Jayalalithaa when she was alive, but the script had to be reworked following her death. Despite his suggestions that the film would begin production in January 2018, the project did not take off.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa/articleshow/62253802.cms|title=A biopic on J Jayalalithaa |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/863002/jayalalithaa-biopic-in-the-works-titled-thaai-puratchi-thalaivi|title=Jayalalithaa biopic in the works, titled 'Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Soon after news emerged about Vijay's and Priyadarshini's biopics in August 2018, Adithya reconfirmed that [[Bharathiraja]] had been signed to be the director of the film. He added that the team were considering either Aishwarya Rai or Anushka Shetty for the role of Jayalalithaa, and either [[Kamal Haasan]] or [[Mohanlal]] for the role of M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bharathirajaa-to-direct-a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa-1318856-2018-08-20|title=Three Jayalalithaa biopics in a week: Bharathirajaa wants Aishwarya as Amma?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

In August 2018, producer Vishnu Vardhan Induri of Vibri Media announced that he was working on a biopic of Jayalalithaa, and that [[A. L. Vijay]] would direct the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-biopic-announced-with-al-vijay-as-director-details-here-1315657-2018-08-16|title=Jayalalithaa biopic announced with AL Vijay as director. Details here|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> The team announced that pre-production work and research was ongoing and that the film would focus on the personal life of the politician, showing her vulnerable side. Actresses including [[Nayanthara]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were initially approached by Vijay to star in the lead role, while [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the supporting role of [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Titled ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), the film began its shoot after a long pre-production phase in November 2019 with [[Kangana Ranaut]] signed to play the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/sai-pallavi-may-play-sasikala-in-al-vijays-jayalalithaa-biopic/|title=Sai Pallavi May Play Sasikala In AL Vijay's Jayalalithaa Biopic|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 28|last3=2018|date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anushka-shetty-aishwarya-rai-vidya-balan-in-talks-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-upcoming-biopic-all-you-need-to-know-5046851.html|title=Anushka Shetty, Aishwarya Rai, Vidya Balan in talks to play Jayalalithaa in upcoming biopic: All you need to know- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=26 August 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="vijay">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/one-more-biopic-planned-on-former-cm-jayalalithaa/article24710436.ece|title=One more biopic planned on former CM Jayalalithaa|first=Udhav|last=Naig|date=17 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The Movie ''{{lang|ta|Thalaivii}}'' was released on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-thalaivi-sort-issues-film-to-release-as-scheduled/articleshow/85890663.cms|title=Makers of 'Thalaivi' sort issues; film to release as scheduled|date=3 September 2021|website=timesofindia}}</ref> Within a day of Induri's announcement of making a film, director Priyadarshini announced that she had also been working for four months on the pre-production of a biopic, which would be launched in September 2018. Priyadarshini suggested that she had four scripts ready, with each focusing on different aspects of Jayalalithaa's life, and that the narration would be balanced by showing both her positive and negative sides.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/another-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-announced-1316129-2018-08-16|title=Another biopic on Jayalalithaa announced!|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name="vijay"/> Titled ''The Iron Lady'', [[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the lead role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a supporting role for the character of Sasikala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nithya-menen-on-her-signing-spree-working-with-mysskin-in-psycho-and-playing-jayalalitha-in-priyadarshinis-biopic-5570381.html|title=Nithya Menen on her signing spree, working with Mysskin in Psycho and playing Jayalalitha in Priyadarshini's biopic- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=18 November 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/the-iron-lady-nithya-menen-as-jayalalithaa-varalakshmi-to-play-sasikala-news-tamil-sjwkTsdjjgajj.html|title=The Iron Lady: Nithya Menen as Jayalalithaa, Varalakshmi to play Sasikala?|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/the-iron-lady-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-to-go-on-floors-february-2019/|title='The Iron Lady' Biopic On Jayalalithaa To Go On Floors February 2019|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=October 31|last3=2018|date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

On 14 December 2019, Another biopic named [[Queen (web series)|Queen]] has been released as a web-series by [[Gautham Menon]] became the fourth such announcement of a related project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196|title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa|date=30 August 2018|website=mid-day}}</ref> Production on the series progressed quietly throughout late 2018, with [[Ramya Krishnan]] selected to play Jayalalithaa, and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] and [[Vamsi Krishna]] portraying M. G. Ramchandran and [[Sobhan Babu]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic!|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/|title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 22|last3=2018|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Sasikala's nephew Jeyanandh Dhivakaran announced a further biopic on Jayalalithaa, which would focus more on her relationship with Sasikala and M. Natarajan. Director [[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]] was signed on to the project, and began pre-production work by meeting close aides and politicians of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/lingusamy-to-direct-jayalalitha-biopic/|title=Lingusamy To Direct Jayalalithaa Biopic|last1=V|first2=hana On|last2=October 24|last3=2018|date=24 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2019, director Jegadeswara Reddy announced that he was set to make a film titled ''[[Sasilalithaa]]'', which would showcase the relationship between Jayalalithaa and Sasikala. A first look poster was launched, with Reddy announcing that he would enter talks with [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sasilalitha-another-biopic-on-former-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-announced-1496905-2019-04-08 | title=Sasilalitha: Another biopic on former Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa announced |date=8 April 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa also appeared in an episode of ''[[Rendezvous with Simi Garewal]]'', an informal [[chat-show]] hosted by Indian actress [[Simi Garewal]], where she talked about her personal life and acting/political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228014446/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk| archive-date=2019-12-28|publisher=Simi Garewal |date=Feb 11, 2017}}</ref>

== Elections contested and positions held ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative elections ===
{|
|- style="background:#adc;"
! width="160" |Elections
! width="100" |Constituency
! width="70" |Party
! width="70" |Result
! width="70" |Vote percentage
! width="150" |Opposition Candidate
! width="70" |Opposition Party
! width="70" |Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||54.41||Muthu Manoharan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.27
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| rowspan = "2" bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||65.18||[[T. Rajendar]]||[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]||29.34
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaangayam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||63.44||[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||32.85
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Lost||43.54||[[E. G. Sugavanam]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||50.71
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.22||Vaigai Sekar||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.64
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.04||Seeman||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||36.29
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarangam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.99||N. Anand||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||35.55
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2015 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2015 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||88.43||C. Mahendran||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]||5.35
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.87||Shimla Muthuchozhan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||33.14
|}

===Posts in Parliament of India===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1984 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1984]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] || 3 April 1984 || 28 January 1989
|}

===Posts in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 9 February 1989 || 30 November 1989
|-
| 1989 || Bodinayakkanur || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 1 December 1989 || 30 January 1991
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 24 June 1991 || 12 May 1996
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || Not Contested || Chief Minister || 14 May 2001 || 21 September 2001
|-
| [[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002]] || [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]] || Chief Minister || 2 March 2002 || 12 May 2006
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || Aandippatti || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 19 May 2006 || 28 May 2006
|-
| 2006 || Aandippatti || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 29 May 2006 || 14 May 2011
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvarangam]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 16 May 2011 || 27 September 2014
|-
| 2015 || [[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] || Chief Minister || 23 May 2015 || 22 May 2016
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar || Chief Minister || 23 May 2016 || 5 December 2016
|}

== Awards and honors ==
* In 1972, J. Jayalalithaa was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="degrees"/>
* [[Honorary doctorate]] received from [[University of Madras]] in 1991.<ref name="degrees">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911085023/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2009 |title=Awards and Special Degrees |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=37&ID=6852&AlbumType=PG| title=Awards| publisher=NDTV|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] in 1992.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 1993.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, She was invited by the [[House of Lords]], [[London]] to receive the "Woman Politician of the Decade Award" from the Asian Guild Awards.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, The "Golden Star of Honor and Dignity Award" was conferred upon her by the [[Ukraine]]-based International Human Rights Defense Committee recognizing her services in protecting the weaker section of society and in the field of gender equality in Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name="degrees"/> Then [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]], [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Iceland Prime Minister]] [[Davíð Oddsson|David oddson]] were the only three previous recipients of the award<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jayalalithaa-to-be-awarded-soon/articleshow/878290.cms?from=mdr |title=Jayalalithaa to be awarded soon|date=8 October 2004|work=Economic Times}}</ref>
* In 2005, Honoured with '[[Paul Harris (Rotary)|Paul Harris]] Fellow Recognition' & 'Lifetime achievement Award' by [[Rotary International]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4399075 |title=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa, receiving the 'Paul Harris Fellow recognition' and the 'Lifetime Achievement award' from the Rotary International District 3230 Governor, Benjamin Cherian (ext left), at a function in Chennai on February 23, 2005.|date=23 February 2005|work=thehindu}}</ref><ref name="jjgov" />
* In 2011, a resolution was passed by the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] to appreciate her exemplary excellence and dedication as a leader and in service to the people of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Fisheries University'' after her as [[Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University]].
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu named three Kalaimamani award after her as Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award.
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University'' after her as [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University]].
* In 2020, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education Campus after her as Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa statue to be installed at State Council for Higher Education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayalalithaa-statue-to-be-installed-at-state-council-for-higher-education/article31157434.ece |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* On 31 July 2020, ''CMBT Metro Station'' in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[CMBT metro station|Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa CMBT Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honor her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Works==
Jayalalithaa wrote 4 full-fledged Novels, Columns for Bommai, Thuglak in 1970s, Short Stories for Kalki, Thai in 1980s. She had an insatiable desire in her mind to write her [[autobiography]], But it was not fulfilled until the last.<ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjw.in" />

===Novels and Series===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''Uravin Kaidigal (Prisoners of a relationship)'' - The Tamil version of an English novel which she wrote for Eve's Weekly, a woman's magazine published from [[Mumbai]]. Kalki Rajendran had made a fervent appeal to Jayalalithaa to write the same in Tamil. Then It was published as a serial in [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] in 1980 and attracted both strong criticism and praise.<ref name="jj.in">{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017 |title=Jayalalitha’s tryst with writing|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/jayalalithas-tryst-with-writing/50123.html|access-date=31 March 2017 |website=moneylife}}</ref><ref name="jjv.in">{{Cite web|date=30 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=’எழுத்தாளர்’ ஜெயலலிதாவின் நிறைவேறாமல் போன சுயசரிதை ஆசை!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/76350-jayalalithaas-unfulfilled-wish|access-date=30 Dec 2016 |website=vikatan}}</ref><ref name="jjd.in">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |language=tamil|title=மனதை தொட்ட மலர்கள் - எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயலலிதா|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1664101|website=dinamalar}}</ref><ref name="jjh.in">{{Cite web|date=8 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் எழுத்துப் பயணம்!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/india/93225--~XPageIDX~.html|website=hindutamil}}</ref><ref name="jjg.in">{{Cite web|date=7 Oct 2016 |language=tamil|title=வாசிப்பும், யோசிப்பும் 201: ஜெயலலிதா என்னும் எழுத்தாளர் பற்றி......|url=https://geotamil.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3589:-201-&catid=28:2011-03-07-22-20-27|website=geotamil}}</ref><ref name="jjw.in">{{Cite web|date=22 January 1984 |title=She writes to conquer|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-writes-to-conquer.html|website=theweek}}</ref>
* ''Oruthikhey Sondham (Belong to one)'' - Jayalalithaa's First Tamil 95-paged Novel Published in June 1980 by [[Kumudam]]'s monthly, Malai Mathi Magazine.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nenjile Oru Kanal (A fire in my heart)'' - Written in [[Kumudam]] Weekly Magazine, which she said was partly autobiographical.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Ennangal Sila (Some of the thoughts)'' - Published as Series in [[Thuglak]] Weekly Magazine for nearly 7 years, which was written anonymously by Jayalalithaa, Eventually Her identity was disclosed by the editor [[Cho Ramaswamy]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nee indri Nanillai (I am not without you)'' - Novel Published in [[Valampuri John]]'s Kavithabanu Publications.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
{{col-end}}

===Books===
*''Manadhai Thotta Malargal (Flowers that touch the mind)'' - The Collective version of 45 Columns written as ''Enakku Pidithavai'' in [https://thaaii.com/ Thai] weekly magazine.<ref name="jjd.in" /> In this book, She wrote about her favourites (Place, Flower, Animal, Song, Writer, Journalist, Philosophist, Teacher, Painter [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Novel [[David Copperfield]])<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

===Short Stories and Columns===
Jayalalithaa also carved many Short stories and Columns in Tamil and English. She had written an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] critic article in 'Thuglak' magazine which focused on the [[Sexual harassment|harassment]] of a woman under the police custody somewhere in [[North India]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

== Other interests ==

===Countries visited===

Jayalalithaa has travelled to countries such as [[United States]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Thailand]], [[Japan]], [[Nepal]] etc.,<ref name="jjd.in" />

===Leisure Interests===

Jayalalithaa also interested in [[Reading]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020 |title=Inside Jayalalithaa’s library: 8,376 books, Tirukkural to Discovery of India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalitha-residence-library-tirukkural-discovery-of-india-6531733/|website=indianexpress}}</ref> [[Classical music]], [[Western music (North America)|Western Music]], [[Piano]], [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], [[Cricket]], [[Tennis]], [[Basketball|Basket Ball]], [[Chess]], [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] and [[Equestrianism|Horse-riding]].<ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjgov">{{cite news|title=Government of Tamil Nadu- Chief Minister |url=http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230313/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 Sep 2009|date= 10 August 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=27 Sep 2021}}</ref> As a school girl, she had a huge crush on former Indian [[Captain (cricket)|skipper]] Nari Contractor. In an interview with [[Simi Garewal]] in 1990s, Jayalalitha had revealed her fondness for the cricketer and she had followed his game closely during the 1960s. In Kumudam Magazine, She had written that She used to watch test matches. When She found difficult in booking last-minute tickets for special enclosure, She decided to become the Member of ''Tamil Nadu Cricket Association'' through which She Could receive tickets automatically for all [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and [[Ranji Trophy]]. On her request, Then Famous Cricket Commentator and The General Manager of [https://www.dasaprakash.in/ Das prakash Group of Hotels] P. Ananda Rao who had influence on TNCA, represented her case on his board meeting. Hence, Jayalalithaa became the first Independent and patron women member of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] in the period of 1973–74.<ref>{{Cite web|language=tamil|date=2 December 2017 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நினைவு தினம் : தமிழ்நாடு கிரிக்கெட் அசோசியேசன் முதல் பெண் உறுப்பினர்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-memorial-day-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-is-the-first-female-member/|website=indianexpress}}</ref>

{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 100%
| title = Jayalalithaa on the chat show - 'Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'
| halign = center
| quote = " Yes indeed (I had crushes). I remember having a great crush on [[Nari Contractor]], the cricketer. I used to go to Test matches just to watch him. And I had another crush on [[Shammi Kapoor]] (laughed heartily). One of my favourite films even today is [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee
(1961)]] and the Yahoo! song."
| salign = right
| source = — Jayalalithaa, ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'', April 1999<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa on Simi Garewal show: 15 quotes that show her strong character, leadership and human side|url=https://www.india.com/viral/jayalalithaa-on-simi-garewal-show-15-quotes-that-show-her-strong-character-leadership-and-human-side-watch-videos-1693264/|website=india.com}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[First Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Second Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry]]

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey From Movie Star To Political Queen|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Juggernaut|year=2016|isbn=978-8193284148}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=jayalalitha+saree+pulled+in+assembly&pg=PA88|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306312-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA101 |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=Ramaswamy}}
* {{cite book|title=M.G. Ramachandran: Jewel of the Masses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIX11WBlVGAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA1986|last=Swaminathan|first=Roopa|publisher=Rupa Publications|page=1986|year=2002|isbn=9788171678976|ref=Swaminathan}}
* {{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA93|page=93|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|ref=Velayutham}}
* {{cite book|title=Love's Rite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trQj0GrKuPoC&q=jayalalitha+%2B+women+police+stations&pg=PA158|last=Vanitha|first=Rose|ref=Vanitha|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2005|isbn=978-0-14-400059-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Refugee Management: Sri Lankan Refugges in Tamil Nadu, 1983–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eDh7Y7wYXgC&q=jayalalitha+1991+rajiv|year=2005|last=Das|first=Sumita|publisher=Mittal publications|isbn=9788183240666|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book|title=My Frozen Turbulence In Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpVhCICrRb4C&q=janaki+ramachandran+chief+minister|last=Jagmohan|year=2007|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788181242174}}
* {{cite book|title=Jayalalithaa: A Journey|last=Sen Sri Raman|first=Papri|publisher=Vitasta Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-9382711865|location=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa| b=no | n=no | q=Jayalalithaa | s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=J. Jayalalithaa}}

*[https://www.scribd.com/document/339287469/Full-text-SC-order-convicting-Sasikala-in-DA-case#fullscreen&from_embed/ In The Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227154244/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/549 Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1850717.stm BBC News article – ''Jayalalitha returns to power'' (dated 2 March 2002)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm BBC – Controversial life of Jayalalitha]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tamil/jaya_thapar.ram BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)]
* {{IMDb name|0412883|J.Jayalalitha}}
*[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-life-and-times-of-jayalalitha/205450 The Life And Times Of Jayalalitha | Outlook India Magazine]

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{{Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaram, Jayalalithaa}}
[[Category:Jayalalithaa]]
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J. Jayalalithaa

2022-02-20T04:37:43Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Early political career */

{{short description|Indian politician and actress, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)}}
{{Indian name|Jayalalithaa|Jayaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayalalithaa
| image = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption = Jayalalithaa in August 2015
| office = 5th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2015
| term_end = 5 December 2016
| governor = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011
| term_end1 = 27 September 2014
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor1 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency1 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]}}
| predecessor2 = M. Karunanidhi
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Fathima Beevi]]|[[C. Rangarajan]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency3 = ''Did not contest''
| term_start4 = 24 June 1991
| term_end4 = 12 May 1996
| governor4 = {{ubl|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]}}
| predecessor4 = [[President's rule]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 1984
| term_end5 = 28 January 1989
| 1blankname5 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]|[[N. D. Tiwari]]|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]}}
| predecessor5 = [[Sathyavani Muthu]]
| successor5 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| constituency5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office6 = 8th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 29 May 2006
| term_end6 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor6 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor6 = [[Vijayakanth|Vijayakant]]
| constituency6 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start7 = 9 February 1989
| term_end7 = 1 December 1989
| predecessor7 = [[O. Subramanian]]
| successor7 = S. R. Eradha
| constituency7 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2015
| term_end8 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = ''Herself''
| predecessor8 = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor8 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| constituency8 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start9 = 23 May 2011
| term_end9 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = ''Herself''
| predecessor9 = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor9 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| constituency9 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start10 = 24 February 2002
| term_end10 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata10 = {{ubl|''Herself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| successor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| constituency10 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start11 = 1 July 1991
| term_end11 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = ''Herself''
| predecessor11 = K. R. Rajendran
| successor11 = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| constituency11 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| term_start12 = 6 February 1989
| term_end12 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor12 = K. S. M. Ramachandran
| successor12 = V. Panneerselvam
| constituency12 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office13 = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start13 = 9 February 1989
| term_end13 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname13 = Inaugural Holder
| 1namedata13 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor13 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| successor13 = [[V. K. Sasikala]]
| office14 = [[Ministry of propaganda|Propaganda Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 1983
| term_end14 = 1984
| 1blankname14 = Party President
| 1namedata14 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| 2blankname14 = General Secretary
| 2namedata14 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melukote]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1948|02|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Cardiac Arrest]]
| resting_place = [[MGR Memorial|Puratchi Thalaivi Jayalalithaa Ninaividam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| relatives = [[Deepa Jayakumar]] (niece)
| residence = Veda Nilayam, 81, Poes Thottam, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]] - 600086, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]|[[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Church Park Presentation Convent]]|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Film actress|writer|politician|philanthropist|singer|classical dancer}}
| awards = * [[Honorary Doctorate]] (1991)
* [[Kalaimamani]] (1972)
| signature = Jayalalithaa Signature.svg
| nickname = ''Amma'' ''Puratchi Thalaivi''
}}

'''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Shashi Tharoor]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2002 |title='Scrabble' in real life |date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |title=Chasing The Poll Stars |author=Tusha Mittal|work=Tehelka |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian politician and actress who served as the Six time [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for more than fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 9 February 1989, she was the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), a [[Dravidian party]] whose cadre revered her as their "'''{{lang|ta|Amma}}'''" (Mother) and "'''{{lang|ta|Puratchi Thalaivi}}'''" (Revolutionary leader).<ref name="puratchithalavi">{{cite news|title=PURATCHI THALAIVI JAYALALITHAA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Puratchi-Thalaivi-Jayalalithaa|access-date=18 December 2016|work=indiatimes.com|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering a [[personality cult]] and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators and ministers, who often publicly [[Prostration|prostrated]] themselves before her.<ref name="outlook20110321" />

Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa worked prolifically. She appeared in [[Jayalalithaa filmography|140 films]] between 1961 and 1980, primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actress and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "Queen of Tamil Cinema".<ref name="jjte">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Telugu stars mourn Amma's loss!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/jayalalithaa-death-telugu-stars-mourn-ammas-loss_1956451.html|access-date=18 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Among her frequent co-stars was [[M. G. Ramachandran]], popularly known as 'M.G.R', a Tamil [[cultural icon]] who leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when M.G.R was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[India's Parliament]]. After M.G.R's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by M.G.R's widow, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], emerged as the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]], she became Leader of the Opposition to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led government headed by [[M. Karunanidhi]], her ''bête noire''.

In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]], Jayalalithaa became chief minister for the first time and Tamil Nadu's youngest. She earned a reputation for centralizing state power among a coterie of bureaucrats; her [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son in 1995. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]], the [[AIADMK]] was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new [[Karunanidhi]] government filed several corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|another general election]] just a year later.

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]]. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidized {{lang|ta|"Amma"}}-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

Jayalalithaa never married and had no children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-11|title=How a leader’s companion rose in political power in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/2069955/can-deceased-indian-leaders-companion-take-her-place|access-date=2021-09-13|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> On 29 May 2020, her nephew J. Deepak and niece [[Deepa Jayakumar]] were declared as her legal heirs by [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-niece-and-nephew-declared-legal-heirs-can-claim-her-properties-125374|title=Jayalalithaa’s niece and nephew declared legal heirs, can claim her properties|date=27 May 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Early life, education and family ==
Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948 as Komalavalli, named after her grandmother, at [[Melukote]], [[Pandavapura]] taluk, [[Mandya]] district, then in [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]) to Jayaram and Vedavalli (Sandhya) in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] [[Iyengar]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/jayalalithaa-jayaram.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-j-jayalalithaa-was-buried-and-not-cremated/articleshow/55838340.cms|title=Why J Jayalalithaa was buried and not cremated|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-school-her-name-was-komalavalli-1028237|title=In school her name was Komalavalli|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=7 May 2006 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Babu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa dead at 68: How Komalavalli became the 'Iron Lady' of Tamil Nadu|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-at-68-how-komalavalli-became-the-iron-lady-of-tamil-nadu-116120500945_1.html|access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref><ref name="jjbc">{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram's Birth Chart |url=https://celebrity.astrosage.com/jayalalithaa-jayaram-birth-chart.asp |website=celebrity.astrosage |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

Her paternal grandfather, Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service of the [[Mysore kingdom]] as a surgeon and served as the court physician to Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of Mysore. Her maternal grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from [[Srirangam]] to work with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. He had one son and three daughters—Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was married to Jayaram, son of Narasimhan Rengachary. The couple Jayaram-Vedvalli had two children: a son Jayakumar and a daughter, Jayalalitha.<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite news|last1=Chandrakanth|first1=W|title=A never-say-die leader|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-never-say-die-leader/267247|access-date=11 December 2016|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her mother, her relatives and later co-stars and friends referred to her as Ammu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babu|first=Venkatesha|title=Ammu to Amma: The life and times of Jayalalithaa Jayaraman|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ammu-to-amma-the-life-and-times-of-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/story/241781.html|website=Business Today|date=6 December 2016|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> The name Jayalalithaa was adopted at the age of one for the purpose of using the name in schools and colleges. It was derived from the names of two houses where she resided in Mysore. One was "Jaya Vilas" and the other "Lalitha Vilas".

She is from the same lineage of popular figures like [[K. T. Bhashyam]] (Former minister of [[Mysore State]] and [[List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairman]] of [[Mysore Legislative Council]]) and famous lawyer L. S. Raju who made significant contribution in the history of [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jun 23|first=B. V. Shiva Shankar / TNN /|last2=2017|last3=Ist|first3=06:41|title=‘Jayalalithaa’s influence is only stronger after her death’ {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayalalithaas-influence-is-only-stronger-after-her-death/articleshow/59276414.cms|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa's father, Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family's wealth. He died when Jayalalithaa was two years old. The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's home in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] in 1950.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858|website=Outlook India |title=The Road To Ammahood |date=21 March 2011 |first=Sugata |last=Srinivasaraju|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Vedavalli learnt shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position to help support the family in 1950. Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as an air hostess. She also started acting in drama and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the insistence of Ambujavalli, Jayalalithaa's mother Vedavalli also relocated to Madras and stayed with her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. Jayalalithaa remained under the care of her mother's sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref name="thehansindia"/> While still in Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="TNgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |title=Profile |publisher= Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In later interviews, Jayalalithaa spoke emotionally about how she missed her mother growing up in a different city. She had the opportunity to visit her mother during the summer holidays.<ref name="thehansindia"/>

After her aunt Padmavalli's marriage in 1958, Jayalalithaa moved to Madras and began to live with her mother. She completed her education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent).<ref name="thehansindia"/><ref name="Ironlady">{{cite journal|last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |title=The Iron Lady of India |journal=The Contemporary Review |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 }}</ref>

She excelled at school and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.<ref name="TNgov"/> She won Gold State Award for coming first in 10th standard in the state of Tamil Nadu. She joined [[Stella Maris College (Chennai)|Stella Maris College]], [[Chennai]]; however, discontinued her studies due to pressure from her mother and became a film actress.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stella-Maris-remembers-former-CM/article16791819.ece | title=Stella Maris remembers former CM | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/so-singh-what-do-you-make-of-my-campaign-asked-jaya.html | title=So Singh, what do you make of my campaign, Jaya asked our reporter | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | work=R Bhagwan Singh | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The Poes Garden plot was bought by Jayalalithaa and her mother on 1 July 1967 at a cost of ₹ 1.32 lakh, measuring around 24,000 sq. feet (10 grounds) with a built-up area of 21,662 sq. feet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veda-nilayam-set-to-become-jayalalithaa-memorial/article31521989.ece |title=Veda Nilayam set to become Jayalalithaa memorial|website=The Hindu |date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-assets-double-secret-seems-be-real-estate-30668 |title=Jayalalithaa's assets double - the secret seems to be real estate|website=thenewsminute |date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Jayalalithaa's mother Sandhya died in November 1971 at the age of 47.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html | title=Tamil Nadu: Who's residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied | website=hindustan times | date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa herself held the ''house warming ceremony'' of her residence ''Veda Nilayam'' (named after her beloved mother Vedavalli alias Sandhya) on May 15, 1972, early in the morning, followed by [[dinner]] and a [[Veena]] recital by classical musician [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti babu]] in the evening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/27/was-Jayalalithaa-poes-garden-residence-attached-by-it-department.html | title=Is Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden residence under attachment by IT department? | website=The Week | date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Her brother's wedding took place at her Veda Nilayam home in Poes Garden in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/jayalalithaa-deepa.html | title=JAYA, MY AUNT Inheritance of loss | website=The Week | date=18 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-am-jayalalithaas-legal-heir-and-i-am-ready-fight-deepa-jayakumar-tnm-54131 |title=I am Jayalalithaa's legal heir and I am ready to fight: Deepa Jayakumar to TNM |publisher=The News Minute |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her brother Jayakumar, his wife Vijayalakshmi and their daughter [[Deepa Jayakumar]] lived in Poes Garden with Jayalalithaa till 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |title=Jayalalithaa's niece Deepa Jayakumar aims to make things tricky for Sasikala |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084533/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 }}</ref> and then moved to T.Nagar Madras at the bungalow 'Sandhya Illam' which was bought by mother of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Crowd-continues-to-swell-at-Deepa's-house/article17009933.ece |title = Crowd continues to swell at Deepa's house|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 January 2017|last1 = Jesudasan|first1 = Dennis S.}}</ref> Her brother was unhappy with adoption of Sudhakaran, a relative of Sasikala, as foster son of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news|first=Somak |last=Ghoshal |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/10/jayalithaas-niece-deepa-jayakumar-challenges-sasikala-to-claim/ |title=Jayalalithaa's Niece Deepa Jayakumar Challenges Sasikala To Claim Her Aunt's Legacy |work=Huffington Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa had adopted [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]]'s nephew Sudhakaran in 1995 and disowned him in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran|title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran?|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=22 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Her brother died in 1995 of heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|author=Julie Mariappan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Niece-I-want-to-see-Jaya-aunt-they-stopped-me-at-the-gates/articleshow/54707118.cms |title=Jayalalithaa health: Jayalalitha News: Niece – I want to see Jaya aunt, they stopped me at the gates |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

She was fluent in several languages, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and English.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 April 2007|title=Jayalalithaa to debut in Hindi for campaigns|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=IANS|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122520/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> She spoke with actress Saroja Devi in Kannada regularly as they were close friends and would talk to each other only in Kannada. She often conversed with Karnataka Chief ministers in Kannada. Basavaraj Bommai, the former irrigation minister of Karnataka said, “I was astonished by her Kannada slang and fluency.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Jayalalithaa’s deep love for Kannada will surprise you|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101411/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|archive-date=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Proud Tamilian born in Karnataka, Jayalalithaa had a long history with Kannadiga activists|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-tamilian-born-karnataka-jayalalithaa-had-long-history-kannadiga-activists-53889|access-date=2021-06-11|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

She was fond of having dogs as her pets. But after the death of Julie, a [[spitz]], in 1998 she could not bear the loss and hence discontinued keeping pet dogs at her home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Lesser-known-facets-of-Jayalalithaa/article16762804.ece1|title=Lesser known facets of Jayalalithaa|date=6 December 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{See also|Jayalalitha filmography}}

=== Early career ===

In Madras (now [[Chennai]]), Jayalalithaa was trained in [[Carnatic music]], western classical piano<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Lawyers-hail-HC%E2%80%99s-tribute-to-Jayalalithaa/article16788292.ece |title=Lawyers hail HC's tribute to Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> and various forms of classical dance, including [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathak]].<ref name=NDTV1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1294266|title=Jayalalithaa, The Amma Of Tamil Nadu Politics|last=Ghosh|first=Deepshikha|website=[[NDTV]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She learnt Bharatnatyam and dance forms under K.J.Sarasa.<ref name="sp">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=23 October 1965 |title=A New Bright Star |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n221 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=19 |pages=50–51}}</ref> She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma Bhushan Guru [[Vempati Chinna Satyam|Dr. Vempati Chinna Satyam]]. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her debut dance performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960.<ref name="BS"/> The Chief Guest at the Arangetram was [[Shivaji Ganesan]], who called her a "thanga silai" (golden statue) and expressed wish that Jayalalithaa becomes a film star in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivaji-ganesans-wish-12-year-old-jayalalithaa-ended-coming-true-45599 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's wish for 12-year-old Jayalalithaa ended up coming true |publisher=The News Minute |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/what-stars-who-worked-with-jayalalithaa-say/photostory/55848093.cms |title=What stars who worked with Jayalalithaa say! |publisher=timesofindia |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

While a child, Jayalalithaa acted in the Kannada-language film ''[[Sri Shaila Mahathme]]'' (1961), which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Jayalalitha-has-acted-in-Kannada-movies/articleshow/44752455.cms|title=Jayalilathaa has acted in Kannada|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> She had been taken to the studio by her mother as she was shooting in the same premises for a different film. While Jayalalithaa was watching the shooting, a problem arose as the child actress playing the [[Goddess Parvathy]] in a school drama scene in the film failed to show up and the producer Neerlahalli Thalikerappa and director Aroor Pattabhi asked Sandhya if Jayalalithaa could be asked to act in the dance sequence. Sandhya agreed and Jayalalithaa was swiftly dressed up as Parvathy and the scene was shot in Sri Shaila Mahatme.<ref name="Khajane">{{cite news|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Those Kannada days...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Those-Kannada-days.../article16776901.ece|access-date=9 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She played Lord [[Krishna]] in a three-minute dance sequence held on stage in the [[Hindi film]] [[Man-Mauji]] (1962) and danced with [[Kumari Naaz]] who played Radha. [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] ran the drama troupe ''United Amateur Artistes'' (UAA), which staged English and Tamil plays. Soon Jayalalithaa while a schoolgirl began acting in some plays of Parthasarathy along with her mother and aunt. She acted in small roles in plays such as Tea House of the August Moon and ''Undersecretary'' between 1960 and 1964.

Shankar Giri, the son of the former [[President of India|Indian President]] [[V. V. Giri]], saw her small role in the English play ''Tea Houses of August Moon'' and was impressed. Shankar Giri approached her mother Sandhya and told he wanted to cast her daughter in an English film called ''The Epistle''. Sandhya reluctantly agreed with the condition that shooting should be held only during weekends or school holidays.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=People's CM Jayalalithaa, an enigma in life and in death|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-cm-jayalalithaa-an-enigma-in-life-and-in-death-116120600127_1.html|access-date=9 December 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Sandhya had acted in the 1964 Tamil film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'', produced and directed by Kannada film-maker [[B. R. Panthulu]]. Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was spotted by Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite [[Kalyan Kumar]] in the Kannada movie ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]''. He promised to finish all shooting within two months in order not to interfere with her education. Since Jayalalithaa would be studying for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had declined the offer initially.<ref name=hans1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel--real-life/267246|title=A super star in reel & real life|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Sandhya agreed when that promise was made and Jayalalithaa started acting and she was paid {{INRConvert|3|k|year=1967}}. Panthulu kept his promise and completed shooting in six weeks. Jayalalithaa had forgotten all about films after acting in her Kannada debut film and had got ready to attend classes at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris]] as she had the ambition to be a [[lawyer]]. But the Kannada debut film became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] in 1964 and she became a well-known face.

Meanwhile, Jayalalithaa continued acting in Parthasarathy's plays. She played the leading role in plays such as ''Malathi'', ''The Whole Truth'', and the dance drama ''Kaveri Thanda Kalaiselvi'' between 1960 and 1966. She made her debut as the lead actress in [[Kannada]] films while still in school, age 15, in ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964).<ref name=hans1/> She also appeared in a dance sequence of a song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1964).<ref name="outlook20110321"/>

She made her debut in Tamil theatre in April 1964, when she played a sales girl in the drama named ''Undersecretary''. Parthasarathy and Sandhya were the lead characters, while Jayalalitha and [[Cho Ramaswamy]] were paired together and [[A. R. Srinivasan]] was also involved. The play was based on the lives of middle aged couple and Jayalaithaa played character of sales girl in the drama. Her performance caused Parthasarathy to make her lead heroine in a drama named ''Malathy''. Meanwhile, the films she had shot during her vacation in April–May 1964—''Chinnada Gombe'' and ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''—became blockbusters. By end of 1965, she had become popular among film producers and directors.<ref name=hans1/> She was approached by [[C. V. Sridhar]] for her Tamil film debut as well. Between 1964 and 1966 she did around 35 shows of drama named ''Malathy'' and later discontinued as she became very busy in films.<ref name="BS"/> It was during the year 1964, financial debts had increased of Sandhya and she suggested her daughter make use of the increasing film offers to come her way.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts"/>

Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was the leading role in ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965), directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]].<ref name="sp"/> She made her debut in Telugu films as lead actress in ''Manushulu Mamathalu'' opposite Akkineni Nageswara Rao. Her last Telugu release was also opposite [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in the film ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title = Did You Know?|url = http://www.telugucinema.com/Did-You-Know|website = telugucinema.com|access-date=17 October 2015|date = 20 September 2015}}</ref> She was the first heroine to appear in [[skirt]]s in Tamil films.<ref name="iron lady">{{cite web|last=Nadar|first=Ganesh|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Iron Lady |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/06espec1.htm |work=Rediff|date=6 May 2004|access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> She acted in one Hindi film called ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'', with [[Dharmendra]] as her male costar in 1968.<ref name="NDTV"/> She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M.G. Ramachandran between 1965 and 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title = Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url = http://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-483055|website = NDTV.com|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> The first with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] was B.R. Panthalu's ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' in 1965 and their last film together was ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|title=Off-screen deity, on-screen goddess|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/12/08/off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/|website=baradwajrangan.wordpress.com|access-date=9 December 2016|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa donated gold jewelleries she had to the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/no-bharat-ratna-for-jayalalithaa-madras-high-court-dismisses-pil-to-confer-late-cm-with-honour-3191124.html |title=No Bharat Ratna for Jayalalithaa? Madras High Court dismisses PIL to confer late CM with honour |work=Firstpost |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

She had 11 successful releases in Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'', for the first time her name was affixed with the phrase Kavarchi Kanni.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article8514320.ece|title=Arasa Kattalai (1967)|date=24 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Guy|first1=Randor}}</ref> In 1967 she bought her bungalow, Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for {{INRConvert|1.32|l|year=1967}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|title=Jaya assets worth Rs 113.73 cr, Rs 3.40 cr less than in 2015|work=Times Now|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142232/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] was on the lookout for a regular heroine for his production after he had fight with the actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] after the release of ''Vetaikkaran'', and he signed Jayalalithaa on in 1965. She became a regular heroine for production house Devar films from 1966.<ref>{{cite news |first=Samiksha |last=Panda |url=http://scrolltoday.com/end-inspiration-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/ |title=The End of an Inspiration : Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |work=Scroll Today |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Jaishankar]] was romantically paired with Jayalalithaa in eight Tamil films including ''[[Muthu Chippi]]'', ''[[Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Nee!]]'', ''[[Vairam]]'', ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]'', ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' (1968), ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'', whereas the films ''[[Thanga Gopuram]]'' and ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' had him play elder brother to her.

Jayalalithaa acted in twelve films as heroine opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]], in Telugu—''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1967), ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967), ''[[Tikka Sankaraiah]]'' (1968), ''[[Niluvu Dopidi]]'' (1968), ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968), ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1969), ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969), ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' (1969), ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1972), and ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973). Jayalalitha had eight films with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in Telugu—''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966), ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968), ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969), ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' (1969), ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972), ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974) and ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' (1980).

She also made a guest appearance in Telugu film ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navarthi]]'' (1966). Her films in Telugu also included two with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and one each with [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-tryst-with-Telugu-films/article16765354.ece |title=Jayalalithaa's tryst with Telugu films |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> She was given on-screen credit as Kalai Selvi in most of her Tamil films since 1967.<ref name="hans1"/>

=== Later career ===
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''List of Best Actress awards for J. Jayalalithaa '''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Award
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|{{won|5}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2016/dec/06/the-life-and-times-of-tamil-nadus-six-time-woman-chief-minister-1546011.html |title=The life and times of Tamil Nadu's six-time woman Chief Minister |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress
|{{won|8}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{won|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/deccan+chronicle-epaper-deccanch/j+jayalalithaa+the+superstar-newsid-61061490 |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 1948 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234">[[#The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|The Times of India directory and year book including who's who]], p 234</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Russian Film festival
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Madras Film Association Awards for Best Actress
|{{won|7}}<ref name="Collections394">[[#Collections|Collections]], p 394</ref>
|}

Between 1965 and 1973, Jayalalithaa starred opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in a number of successful films, including ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kavalkaran]]'', ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Engal Thangam]]'', ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'', ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]'' and ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. 101</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]] cast her in the lead role in his directorial venture ''[[Yarrukkum Vetkam Illai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-life-in-song/article16768634.ece|title=A life in song|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She acted with [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] in ten films—''Gowri Kalyanam ''(1966), ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' (1966), ''[[Naan]]'' (1967), ''[[Magaraasi|Magarasi]]'' (1967), ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' (1967), ''[[Panakkara Pillai]]'' (1968), ''[[Moondru Yezhuthu]]'' (1968), ''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' (1968), ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' and ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' (1974).<ref name="hans1"/> In 1972, she acted opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', which went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 1973.

In 1973, she acted in ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'', which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu.<ref name="TOI1984">[[#TOI|TOI 1984]], p. 305</ref> Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]''; the latter holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ |last=R.L|first=Hardgrave|title=Essays in the political sociology of South India|year=1979|publisher=Usha|page=120|isbn=9780836406054|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was paired opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 17 films. She acted in six films with [[R. Muthuraman]] as a romantic leading pair—''[[Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil]]'', ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'', ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'', ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'', ''[[Suryagandhi]]'', ''[[Anbu Thangai]]''<ref name="hans1"/> and Muthuraman played supporting roles in ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', ''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]'', ''[[En Annan]]'', [[Adi Parashakti]], ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'', ''[[Dharmam Engey]]'', ''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]'' and ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''. She made her debut in Malayalam with ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jesus: 1973|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-jesus-1973/article7043457.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 March 2015|access-date=22 February 2016|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref> Her 100th film was ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' (1974), directed by [[A. Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away-115022500852_1.html|title=Director Vincent passes away|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

She was romantically paired opposite [[Sivakumar]] in ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''. Sivakumar played supporting roles in Shakti Leelai, Yarrukum Vetkam Ilali, [[Thirumangalyam]], Annaivelakanni, Kavalkaran, Motoram Sunderapillai and Ganga Gowri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184625/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|website=Box Office India|title=Box office report of 1968|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

The heroes of her films never objected to the title of the film being conferred on the female lead played by Jayalalithaa. ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Kanni Thaai]]'', and ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' had Ramachandran as the lead male hero but the story and the title was built around the character played by Jayalalithaa. Similarly, ''Engerindo Vandhaal'', ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]'', [[Paadhukaappu]] and ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' had Sivaji Ganeshan as the male lead but the title and the story was built around her character. She did many female-centric films where the story revolved on her character, such as ''Vennira Adai'', ''[[Yaar Nee? (film)|Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Kumari Penn]]'', ''[[Nee (film)|Nee]]'', ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]], [[Magaraasi]], [[Muthu Chippi]], [[Thanga Gopuram]], [[Avalukku Ayiram Kangal]], [[Annamitta Kai]], [[Vandhaale Magaraasi]], [[Suryagandhi]], [[Thirumangalyam]], [[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]'', and ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]''.

She received the title "Nadippuku Ilakkium Vahuthavar" from then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/history-j-jayalalithaa-from-mysore-to-chennai-290110 |title=வரலாறு: ஜெ. ஜெயலலிதா மைசூர் முதல் சென்னை வரை! |work=zeenews |date=6 December 2016|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/jayalalitha-biography-tamil-248513.html |title=அதிமுக கொ.ப.செ... பொதுச்செயலாளர்... தமிழக முதல்வர்... ஜெ. அரசியல் பயணம்|work=oneindia tamil |date=9 March 2016|language=ta}}</ref> and also won Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress for her 100th film ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/jayalalithaa-from-film-star-to-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu|title=Remembering Jayalalithaa: From film star to Tamil Nadu CM |newspaper=Khaleej Times|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her last film in Tamil was ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' (1980).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-211841|publisher=NDTV|location=Chennai|date=17 May 2012|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Her last film as the heroine was ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' in Telugu,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/revisiting-top-10-movies-j-jayalalithaa-706973 |title=Revisiting the top 10 movies of J Jayalalithaa |work=IBTimes |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> which became the highest grosser of the year in Telugu.

Her successful Kannada films include ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' (1966), ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]'' (1965), ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964) and ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career—85 hits of 92 Tamil films as main female lead heroine and she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee hits.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts">[http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-lesser-known-facts-about-our-leaders-jayalalitha/index.html], behindwoods.com; accessed 23 May 2016.</ref> She was the highest-paid Indian actress from 1965 to 1980. She made guest appearances in nine films and six of her films were dubbed into Hindi. She had 119 box office hits between 1961 and 1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead. She made a brief appearance in 1992's ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-makes-brief-appearance-in-neenga-nalla-irukkanum-movie-bombs-at-box-office/1/308343.html|title=Jayalalithaa's brief appearance in Neenga nalla irukanum|magazine=India Today|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Thanga Gopuram'' in 1971, ''Raman Thediya Seethai'' in 1972, ''Suryagandhi'' in 1973, ''Thirumangalyam'' in 1974, and ''Yarukkum Vetkam Illai'' in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=6 December 2016|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> She acted in mythological films like ''Kandan Karunai'', ''Aadhi Parashakti'', ''Shri Krishna Satya'', ''Shri Krishna Vijayam'', ''Shri Rama Katha'', ''Shri Krishna Leela'', ''Shakti Leelai'', ''Ganga Gowri'', ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' and [[Jesus (1973 film)|''Jesus'']]. Her period dramas include ''Ayirathil Oruvan'', ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'', ''[[Mani Magudam]]'', ''Adimai Penn'', ''Ali Baba 40 Dongalu'', ''Arasa Katalai'', and ''Baghdad Perazhagi''.

She acquired the reputation of being a multi-faceted actor equally comfortable in fantasy and mythological genres as well as in modern social dramas<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayalalithaa, the golden girl of Tamil cinema|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=23 February 2016|date=27 September 2014}}</ref> and hence in 1969, in Tamil Conference, she was given the tag of "Kaveri Thandha Kalai Selvi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

She, [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Saroja Devi]] have been cited as the first female superstars of Tamil cinema. She did double roles in eight films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html|title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon|work=Firstpost|date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Rajanala and Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa in [[Gandikota Rahasyam]] Movie - 1969]]
She received Special Award from Filmfare for her performances in 'Chandhrodhayam', 'Adimai Penn' and 'Engirundho Vandhaal' in the years 1966, 1969 and 1970 as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] was introduced only in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Daily Report |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093529/http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> Her performance in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', [[Suryakanthi|''Suryagandhi'']] were critically acclaimed and won her consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

From 1968 to 1973, at the peak of her career she took interviews and wrote columns in the magazines like ''Bommai''. She wrote a column-"Ennangal Sila" in magazine ''[[Thuglak]]'' in the 1970s. She also wrote a short story, "Oravin Kaidhigal", for the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', "Manadhai Thotta Malargal" for ''Thaai'' magazine in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbg2eX-M320| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Nbg2eX-M320| archive-date=2021-10-27|title=TN CM Jayalalithaa service as a Journalist in Private News paper|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 December 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She wrote about her own life in a serialised memoir in the Tamil weekly magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-wrote-of-pining-for-mother-blowing-away-sivaji-ganesan-1634946|title=Jayalalithaa Wrote Of Pining For Mother, Blowing Away Sivaji Ganesan|publisher=Ndtv.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1980, she decided to voluntarily decline any new film offers. An [[Australia]]-based journalist Brian Laul took over the mantle of Piousji (‘Khaas Bhat’- The filmi gossip column) wrote an article specifying Jayalalithaa was trying for a comeback but was not being offered any roles. Jayalalithaa chose to respond to him by writing a letter, in which she mentioned that she was not struggling to make any comeback and that she turned down the offer from producer [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] to star in ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980) alongside [[Rajinikanth]]. She added she wanted to pursue other interests and was not interested in pursuing her film career any further.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/this-letter-sent-by-jayalalithaa-to-a-journalist-in-1980-shows-just-how-classy-she-was-4413621|title=This letter sent by Jayalalithaa to a journalist in 1980 shows just how classy she was |work=The Indian Express|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/jayalalithaas-stinker-to-journalist-about-turning-down-rajinikanth-film-1635086|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Stinker' To Journalist About Turning Down Rajinikanth Film |work=ndtv|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

Her closest friends from film industry included [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manorama-called-me-Ammu-Jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/49311504.cms |title=Manorama called me Ammu, Jayalalithaa says |work=The Times of India |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-a-long-time-friend-but-vocal-critic-of-Jayalalithaa/article16771674.ece |title=Cho Ramaswamy: a long-time friend but vocal critic of Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Rajasree]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]], [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Sukumari]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teluguglobal.in/jayalalithas-lunch-with-her-yester-year-film-stars-in-2012/ |title=Jayalalithaa's lunch with her yester year film stars in 2012 |publisher=Teluguglobal.in |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[S. A. Asokan]], [[Jaishankar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V.K.Ramaswamy]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[P.Susheela]], [[Sheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[R.S.Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0412883/quotes |title=Jayalalitha J – Quotes |publisher=IMDb |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She quoted on M. G. Ramachandran, "He was a very warm and caring kind of a person. And after Mother died, he replaced her in my life. He was everything to me. He was mother, father, brother, friend, philosopher, guide. Everything. He sort of took over my life." In many of her interviews she often said she entered films on being asked by her mother and entered politics on request by M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/i-dont-think-anyone-has-taken-more-criticism-than-i-have-jaya-told-simi-garewal-1546016.html |title=I don't think anyone has taken more criticism than I have: Jaya to Simi Garewal |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah with J.Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at the public meeting in 1980s]]
Jayalalithaa denied claims that M.G.R., who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in introducing her to politics.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> On 4 June 1982,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html|title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut|last=Vaasanthi|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by M.G.R.<ref name="career">{{cite news| url=http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082124/http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 February 2012 | agency=State Planning Commission | title=Political Career|access-date=10 November 2013|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Her maiden public speech,"'''{{lang|ta|Pennin Perumai}}'''" (The Greatness of a Woman), was delivered at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year at [[Cuddalore]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=M.G.R.: The original 'ladies man' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 December 2016 }}</ref> and was well received.{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 30%
| title = Filmstar MPs
| halign = center
| quote = "This lovely lass has taken her place in the centre of India's political stage and, being a Hindi-speaking Tamilian, is assured of a central role for many years to come."
| salign = right
| source = — [[Khushwant Singh]], ''Filmstar MPs'', ''Sunday'', 27 April 1985<ref>{{cite book|title=Notes on the Great Indian Circus|publisher=Penguin India|first=Khushwant|last=Singh|year=2001|isbn=978-0-14-100576-8|pages=12–14}}</ref>
}} Even the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Rajya Sabha member [[Khushwant Singh]] came to witness her speech which was widely acclaimed for its clarity of diction and elegant prose.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her seat number in [[Rajya Sabha]] was 185, which was coincidentally the same as that of what [[C. N. Annadurai]] had while he was a member in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2016|title=How Jayalalithaa Stunned Prime Minister Indira Gandhi With Her Maiden Speech In Rajya Sabha|url=http://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m/|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref> In January 1983, she became propaganda secretary for the party and campaigned extensively for the party candidate [[R. Amirtharaj]] in the by-election for the [[Tiruchendur (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchendur Assembly constituency]] in February that year.<ref name="career"/><ref name="jjgov" />

M.G.R. wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in [[English language|English]].<ref name="control">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule|work=The Sunday Guardian|title=First impressions|last=Nalpat|first=Madhav|date=25 December 2011|location=New Delhi|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Indira Gandhi lauded Jayalalithaa for the various speeches she made on issues including the one on internal security in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-cabinet-decides-to-recommend-jayalalithaas-name-for-bharat-ratna/articleshow/55914413.cms |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet decides to recommend Jayalalithaa's name for Bharat Ratna |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was elected to that body in 1984 and retained her seat until 1989.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Honourable Chief Minister |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116225438/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and M.G.R., these members influenced M.G.R. to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine. Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> She was given key responsibilities, including in the implementation of the landmark noon-meals scheme when M. G. Ramachandran was the chief minister and this taught her lessons in welfare politics. Later when M.G.R. fell ill, she campaigned extensively for the party before the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/indias-iron-lady-jayalalithaa-dead/|title=India's Iron lady Jayalalithaa is dead – Vanguard News|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai.jpg|thumb|right|Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai]]
In 1984, when M.G.R. was incapacitated due to a [[stroke]], Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to take over the position of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him from the proper execution of his duties.<ref name=outlook19980504>{{cite news| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205450 | publisher=outlookindia | title=The Life And Times of Jayalalitha |first1=Ajith |last1=Pillai |first2=A. S. |last2=Panneerselvan |date=4 May 1998|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general elections, in which the AIADMK allied with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="profile"/> Following [[M. G. Ramachandran#Illness and death|his death]] in 1987, the AIADMK split into two factions: one supported his widow, [[Janaki Ramachandran]] This faction was called AIADMK (JA) and the other favoured Jayalalithaa called AIADMK (J). Jayalalithaa faction was supported by senior leaders like [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[C. Aranganayagam|Aranganayagam]], [[Sattur Ramachandran|KKSSR Ramachandran]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar|Thirunavukarasar]]. Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96 members; due in part to irregularities by speaker [[P. H. Pandian]], who dismissed six members to ease her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] used [[S:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]] to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose [[president's rule]] on the state.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>[[#CITEREFJagmohan2007|Jagmohan 2007]], pp. 303–305</ref><ref name="CMlist"/>

At the age of 41, Jayalalithaa entered the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] successfully contesting the subsequent [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] on the basis of being M.G.R.'s political heir.<ref>{{cite news|title=I'm MGR's true heir: Jayalalithaa |url=http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225124101/http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|date= 15 February 2002|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 1989 ===
She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in 1989 as a representative of the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency. This election saw the Jayalalithaa-led faction of the AIADMK win 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the first woman to be elected [[Leader of the Opposition]] in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. On 9 February 1989, the two factions of AIADMK merged and they unanimously accepted Jayalalithaa as the general secretary of the party and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored.<ref name="BS"/>

On 25 March 1989, as claimed by the party and a section of the members present in the assembly, amidst heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members and the opposition, Jayalalithaa was attacked by the ruling DMK members in front of the assembly speaker [[M. Tamilkudimagan]] when violence broke out between DMK and AIADMK MLA's after she called Karunanidhi a criminal and when he named and shamed her. Karunanidhi fell on the floor when one of her MLAs rushed towards him.Both Karunanidhi and Jayalaithaa alleged of attacks against them.<ref name="caravantitans" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thalaivi Trailer: The truth behind Jayalalithaa's saree pulling scene in Kangana Ranaut-starrer|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/thalaivi-trailer-the-truth-behind-jayalalithaas-saree-pulling-scene-in-kangana-ranaut-starrer|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2017-02-18|title=Nothing can ‘beat’ 1989 violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-ie-photographer-recounts-how-his-iconic-photograph-helped-jayalalithaa-became-a-giant-slayer/|title=Ex-Express photographer recounts how his iconic photograph helped Jayalalithaa become a giant slayer|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalitha left the Assembly with her torn saree drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of [[Draupadi]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="caravantitans">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-revenge-of-draupadi/205451|title=The Revenge Of Draupadi|publisher=Outlook|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110519/main7.htm|title=Vow to avenge insult|newspaper=Tribune|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> At the peak of the situation, Jayalalithaa was about to leave the house, she vowed to not enter the house "until as a [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Vinod K. Jose|date=24 April 2014|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shashank Chouhan|date=23 November 2012|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129022030/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2012|title=A small, shameful history of unparliamentary behaviour|work=Reuters}}</ref> In spite of some sections of media terming it as a theatrics, it received a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public.<ref name="V86">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], pp. 86–88</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1989 ugly episode haunts the House |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192438/http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|location=Chennai|date=26 March 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="midnight">{{cite news|title=Rival's revenge in Tamil Nadu|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1416948.stm|work=BBC|date=1 July 2001|last=Jacob|first=Satish|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During the 1989 general elections, the AIADMK allied with the Congress party and was handed a significant victory. The AIADMK, under her leadership, also won the by-elections in [[Marungapuri (state assembly constituency)|Marungapuri]], [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]] and [[Peranamallur (state assembly constituency)|Peranamallur]] assembly constituencies.<ref name="profile"/>

=== First term as Chief Minister, 1991 ===
[[File:Ms. J. Jayalalithaa presenting an award to Shashank - World Tamil Conference, Tanjore, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa presenting award in [[World Tamil Conference]],1993]]
In 1991, following the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] days before the elections, her alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition victory.<ref>[[#Das|Das 2005]], p. 45</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. xxxiv</ref> The AIADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won all 39 constituencies in the centre.<ref name="profile"/> Re-elected to the assembly, she became the state's youngest chief minister, and the first woman to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12 May 1996.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="CMlist"/> In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of [[female infanticide]] and the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |title=TN: Cradle Baby Scheme In Districts With Low Sex Ratio |date=24 July 2011 |magazine=Outlook India |location=Chennai |agency=PTI |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225093403/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> Her party had 226 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections.<ref>[[#Vanitha|Vanitha 2007]], p. 158</ref> She began to be referred as Thanga Gopuram'','' ''Thanga Silai'' and ''Thanga Tharagai'' ('Golden Maiden') by her followers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anwesha Madhukalya|title=10 Videos Of Jayalalithaa's Dance Performances That Explain Why She Was Called The 'golden Maiden'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/10-videos-of-jayalalithaas-dance-performances-that-explain-why/|access-date=8 December 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref>

In July 1993, She observed fast for 80 hours(four days) near the [[MGR Memorial]] on the [[Marina beach]], demanding that [[Karnataka]] release [[Kaveri]] water for the [[kuruvai]] crop. She ended her fast only after Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao sent his Cabinet colleague and Union Water Resources Minister [[Vidya Charan Shukla|V.C. Shukla]] to Chennai to assure her that the centre would set up two committees to ensure implementation of the 1991-interim award of the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Tribunal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=1993-08-15|title=Jayalalitha exploits Tamil insecurity|language=en-IN|work=indiatoday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930815-jayalalitha-exploits-tamil-insecurity-811413-1993-08-15|access-date=2013-07-24}}</ref><ref name="jjc">{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2016-12-06|title=An aggressive campaigner for Tamil Nadu's water rights|language=en-IN|work=thehindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece}}</ref>

In 1993, the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes Bill, 1993 was passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] (Act 45 of 1994).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2014-11-06|title=69% quota: SC notice to Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Bill was sent to the President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] for his approval. J Jayalalithaa's [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government led a cross-party committee of Tamil Nadu politicians to Delhi to meet with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] led [[Government of India|Central government]] and stepped up pressure on the centre to bring in a [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional amendment]] to include the Tamil Nadu Act in the Ninth Schedule, ensuring that its validity cannot be challenged in any court. By the end of August 1994, the Act became a part of the Ninth Schedule by the presidential accent, confirming "'''the 69 percent reservation'''" exclusive for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994|language=en-IN|website= india.gov.in|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-sixth-amendment-act-1994|access-date=2021-05-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The development fetched her the title of ‘Samooga Neethi Kaatha Veeranganai’ (The leader who upheld [[Social justice]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics|language=en-IN|website=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The woman behind the 69% quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=நான் "சமூக நீதி காத்த வீராங்கனை" ஆனது எப்படி?-ஜெ விளக்கம் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2010/07/23/protected-69-reservation-tn-jayalalithaa.html | work= Oneindia tamil | language=ta|access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

On 20 January 1994, [[Mother Teresa]] Called on Chief Minister Jayalalithaa at her poes garden residence in chennai and lauded her welfare projects for girls, destitute women and the aged. Mother Teresa reportedly said that she and Jayalalithaa, India's then only female chief minister, were "working for and fulfilling the same noble cause". Mother Teresa said she would pray daily for Jayalalithaa, whose projects included the Cradle Baby Scheme (CBS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOTHER TERESA´S PRAISE FOR CHIEF MINISTER´S GIRLS´ SCHEME CONTROVERSIAL|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1994/02/18/mother-teresas-praise-for-chief-ministers-girls-scheme-controversial&post_id=44776 | work= ucanews |date=17 February 1994}}</ref> Mother Teresa was also present at the State function on the [[International Women's Day]] On 9 March 1994 at Madras which Jayalalithaa later recalled as “memorable event in my life”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa will continue to inspire many more, says Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-Teresa-will-continue-to-inspire-many-more-says-Jayalalithaa/article14622049.ece | work= thehindu | access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

She first invited [[Ford Motor Company]] to establish business in Tamil Nadu in 1995. This was followed by numerous companies setting up factories here especially from automobiles sector which included [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor]], [[BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Renault]], [[Nissan]], [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], [[Wrightbus|Wright]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]. Due to this, Madras (now [[Chennai]]) began to be called as the [[Detroit]] of India under her first term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/nzgFbwcO2BgdW4x6dVBCCN/How-Jayalalithaa-made-Chennai-the-Detroit-of-India.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made Chennai the Detroit of India |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] made significant expansion in Tamil Nadu and apart from [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE]] and [[TVS Motor Company|TVS Motors]] became key players in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa catalysed industrial growth in TN|language=en-IN|website=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/jayalalithaa-catalysed-industrial-growth-in-tn/article9412047.ece|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

=== Loss of power, 1996 ===
The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that they contested.<ref name="front1996"/> Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate in [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]] constituency. The outcome has been attributed to an [[anti-incumbency]] sentiment and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="front1996">{{cite journal|title=No respite|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1425/14250410.htm|journal=Frontline|volume=14|issue=25|date=26 December 1997|last=T.S.|first=Subramanian|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The wedding event of her foster son Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor [[Shivaji Ganesan]], was held on 7 September 1995 at Madras and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event holds two [[Guinness World Records]]: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for being the largest wedding banquet.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/largest-wedding-banquetreception/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|title=Largest wedding banquet/reception|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Most wedding guests|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/most-wedding-guests/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special court than the entire {{INRConvert|6|c|year=1995}} expenses associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722012032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |first=Anil |last=Kumar |date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=My foster son's Rs6 cr. wedding expense not paid by me |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref>

Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of then Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[Indian general election, 1999 (Tamil Nadu)|another general election]] just a year later.

There were several corruption cases filed against her by the ruling DMK government headed by Karunanidhi. Jayalalithaa was arrested on 7 December 1996 and was remanded to 30-day judicial custody in connection with the [[Colour TV scam]], which charged her with receiving kickbacks to the tune of {{INRConvert|10.13|c|year=1995}}. The investigation alleged that the amount through the TV dealers were routed in the form of cheques to a relative of Sasikala, who had quoted Jayalalithaa's residence as hers. She earlier filed an anticipatory bail in the trial court, which was rejected on 7 December 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Booty queen|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-arrest-reveals-systematic-loot-of-public-money-puts-political-future-at-risk/1/282843.html|date=31 December 1998|access-date=3 November 2015|magazine=India Today|last1=Menon|first1=Amarnath K.|last2=G.C.|first2=Shekar}}</ref> She was acquitted in the case on 30 May 2000 by the trial court and the High Court upheld the order of the lower court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colour TV scam: High Court upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/colour-tv-scam-high-court-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalithaa/article6955.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Madras HC upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa in TV scam|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/madras-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalitha-in-tv-scam_557310.html|date=22 August 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

Though Sudhakaran was adopted by Jayalalithaa as her foster son in 1995, when she became aware that Sudhakaran began to interfere in her financial affairs and that he took money without intending to repay, she disowned him in 1996 within one year of adoption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran? |work=Asianetnews.tv |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

When questioned on her views on Sasikala, Jayalalithaa quoted in 1996 "Sasikala never functioned as extra constitutional power centre. Calling her de facto chief minister is nonsense. She is not interested in politics and I have no intention to bring her into politics." It annoyed her when people said Sasikala was behind many of her political decisions and termed such news as rubbish and insult to her position as chief minister.<ref>{{cite work|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/story/sasikala-jayalalithaa-aiadmk-panneerselvam-ops-poes-garden/1/878479.html |title=The post-truth takeover |work=India Today |access-date=3 May 2017}} {{dead link|date=May 2017}}</ref>

=== Second term as Chief Minister, 2001 ===
Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she was found guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated agency called [[TANSI land acquisition case|TANSI]]. Although she appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], having been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the matter was not resolved at the time of the elections.<ref name="disqual">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |journal=Frontline |title=The disqualification debate |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian |date=21 May 2001 |volume=18 |issue=10 |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091130/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref> Despite this, the AIADMK won a majority and she was installed as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the state assembly on 14 May 2001.<ref name="CMlist"/> She was also convicted in [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]] on 3 February 2000 by a trial court to one-year imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was acquitted in both the TANSI and Pleasant Stay Hotel cases on 4 December 2001 and the Supreme Court upheld the order of the High Court on 24 November 2003.<ref name=Andi>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha files nomination papers from Andipatti constituency|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409233844/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2006|access-date=31 October 2015|location=New Delhi|via=HighBeam Research|work=Newswire|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite news|title=SC acquits Jaya in Tansi land deal case|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24sc.htm|last=Singh|first=Onkar|date=24 November 2003|publisher=Rediff|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office, and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]].

=== Third term as Chief Minister, 2002 ===
Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she could not hold it whilst convicted of criminal acts.<ref name="disqual"/> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have been [[puppet government|puppeted]] and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.<ref name="CMlist">{{cite web|title=List of Chief Ministers in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012821/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2006 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panneerselvam govt only a temporary arrangement |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118030707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2013 |date=22 September 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>

Subsequently, in March 2002, Jayalalithaa assumed the position of Chief Minister once more, having been acquitted of some charges by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/end-of-7year-lean-phase-for-aiadmk/article2019520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu | title=End of 7-year lean phase for AIADMK |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=15 May 2011 |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> This cleared the way for her to contest a mid-term poll to the [[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]] constituency, after the sitting MLA for the seat, gave up his membership, which she won by a handsome margin.

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]]]

India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm|title=Indian women join elite police|publisher=BBC | first=Charles|last=Haviland|date=10 June 2003|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to a special task force headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar|K. Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{cite work|first=K. Vijay |last=Kumar |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html |title=The CM, Veerappan and I |work=The Week |date=18 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> to conduct a secret operation to capture and kill the bandit [[Veerappan]] by entering Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lite/story/jayalalithaa-dead-biggest-achievements-cm/1/781452.html |title=I am legend: Jayalalithaa's top 10 achievements |work=India Today |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2004 she declared eliminating Veerappan as biggest achievement of her government and quoted ""My only brief to them was capture Veerappan dead or alive. After that I never interfered. I left them to work out their own strategies and this paid off."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/veerappans-killing-is-my-governments-greatest-achievement-amma/256427 |title= Veerappan's killing is my government's greatest achievement: Amma |work= Outlook India |date= 19 October 2004 |access-date= 3 May 2017}}</ref> She began to be referred as 'People's CM' (Makallin Mudhalvar) and Iron Lady of India by end of this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/j-jayalalithaa-the-iron-lady-of-indian-politics/52692 |title=The Iron Lady of Indian Politics |work=Times Now |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In this term she launched Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) scheme in 2001 to rejuvenate water sources and this improved ground water levels in the parched southern state and this idea was replicated by various states and even by the centre. She also started the Veeranam project to deliver water to the dry metropolis of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|last=Babu|date=6 December 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> Doctor Manmohan Singh frequently praised Jayalalithaa for her administrative skills, mid-day meal schemes and efforts for gender empowerment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-kolkata/20161207/281767038848843 |title=Hindustan Times |publisher=PressReader.com |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

Her administrative abilities were notable in her handling of events following the tsunami that hit Tamil Nadu on 26 December 2004. Jayalalithaa announced a Rs 153.37 crore relief package, divided into a general package and a separate one for fishermen. She announced that affected families would get Rs 1 lakh as compensation for every member lost, along with one dhoti, one sari, two bedsheets, 60 kg of rice, three litres of kerosene, and Rs 1,000 in cash for groceries and that furthermore, Rs 1,000 was to be given for purchase of utensils, Rs 2,000 so they could put up accommodation. Per family, and there were about one lakh families in all, the package would cost about Rs 5,000. The fishermen also received an extra Rs 65 crore meant to cover gill nets and boats. It was only a matter of hours before Nagapattinam had its power supply back. With the state working on disaster management for over seven years, response time had been reduced significantly; mobile cranes and ambulances were on patrol. The government entrusted district administration with rehabilitation of affected families, and when they were found to be incompetent, she reshuffled or sacked officers immediately. Jayalalithaa even extended help to the Sri Lankan government by instating officers to guide the island nation in the process of rehabilitation. Her administrative style was uncompromising, whether it was banning the sale of gutkha, or mandatory installation of rainwater harvesting systems, but, she got things done on time without any ifs or buts, as was seen with the tsunami relief, ensuring people remembered not the ruthlessness of her tenure, but the help it gave them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/how-jayalalithas-administrative-skills-helped-tamil-nadu-recover-from-tsunami-nightmare-3142354.html |title=How Jayalalitha's administrative skills helped Tamil Nadu recover from tsunami nightmare |work=First Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2012 |agency=PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-hands-over-houses-to-tsunami-hit-1668246 |title=Jayalalithaa hands over houses to tsunami-hit |work=DNA India |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 2006 ===
AIADMK fared poorly in May [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], with Her party winning just 61 seats out of total 234 in the state elections in 2006. She won in [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]. Though her main opposition, DMK did not win a single party majority (96/234), DMK coalition had 162/234 seats and formed the cabinet until 2011 which she referred to as "Minority DMK government".<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dmk-to-form-minority-govt-in-tamil-nadu/384201 |title=DMK to form minority govt in Tamil Nadu |work=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 August 2009 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/AIADMK-attacks-Karuna-for-Mrs-Jaya-remark-54549-2009-08-17 |title=AIADMK attacks Karuna for 'Mrs Jaya' remark |work=India Today|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

On 29 May 2006, Jayalalithaa was unanimously elected as Leader of the Opposition by AIADMK MLAs replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]] soon after two days, she single-handedly took on the ruling DMK in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|house]] in the wake of the suspension of all 60 AIADMK legislators for the entire session.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 May 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-elected-leader-of-oppn-in-tn-assembly/articleshow/1587371.cms |title=Jayalalithaa elected Leader of Oppn in TN assembly |work=timesofindia|access-date=29 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 May 2006 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/27/jaya-lone-aiadmk-attendee-in-house-as-60-mlas-stay-suspended-1148724380.html |title=Jaya lone AIADMK attendee in House|work=oneindia|access-date=27 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aiadmk-mlas-suspended-for-rest-of-the-session/story-AfrdybCVAIcSdMlWrfsAdM.html |title=AIADMK MLAs suspended for rest of the session|work=hindustantimes|access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref>

====Srilankan Tamil Issue====
In August 2008, Jayalalithaa moved the Supreme Court to nullify the [[Katchatheevu]] agreements of 1974 and 1976. She had raised the retrieval of the islet in her maiden Independence Day address in August 1991. In 1991, Jayalalithaa led Tamil Nadu Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the retrieval of Katchatheevu. During the civil war and with northern borders under the control of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], the fishermen had easy access into the fishing grounds.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/jayalalitha-moves-court-to-retrieve-island-from-sri-lanka-28116-2008-08-07 |title=Jayalalitha moves court to retrieve island from Sri Lanka|work=indiatoday|access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa undertook a day-long fast in March 2009, a couple of months before the [[2009 Indian general election|Parliamentary elections]] demanding an immediate ceasefire. She accused then Chief Minister Karunanidhi led DMK government in the State and the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government at the Centre of “criminal neglect in failing to provide relief and succour to the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]”.<ref name="JJLanka" />

After she returned to power in May 2011, the Assembly had adopted several resolutions, seeking an international probe into the alleged war crimes and genocide in the final phase of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. She also demanded an [[Economic sanctions|economic embargo]] on srilanka. She expressed her opposition not only to the presence of Sri Lankan military personnel receiving training anywhere in India but also to that of srilankan sportspersons.<ref name="JJLanka" />

As for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees living in Tamil Nadu, She had changed her position. Originally, she justified the refugees taking shelter in the State “as long as the genocide continues” in the srilanka. But, after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991, she had branded the refugee camps as “breeding grounds” for LTTE militants. However, she turned sympathetic again to the refugees in 2011. She not only enhanced allowance for them but also announced a special scheme for building “durable houses" for rehabilitation.<ref name="JJLanka">{{cite news|date=8 December 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/On-Sri-Lanka-Jayalalithaa-took-a-strong-line/article16774662.ece |title=On Sri Lanka, Jayalalithaa took a strong line|work=thehindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Fourth term as Chief Minister, 2011 ===
After another period (2006–11) in the opposition, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]] in a [[Landslide victory|landslide]] and stromed back to power. She won in [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised "Amma"-branded goods such as (Amma canteens, Amma bottled water, Amma salt, Amma medical shops, Amma cement and Amma baby care kit).

In April 2011, the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance that won the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|14th state assembly elections]]. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the fourth time on 16 May 2011, having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece| title=Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister | newspaper=The Hindu| date=16 May 2011| access-date=16 May 2011| location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Clinton and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Javalaithaa Shake Hands.jpg|thumb|The then [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] met Jayalalithaa in July 2011]]

On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close aide [[V. K. Sasikala]] and 13 others from the AIADMK after she became aware that Sasikala and her family were working against her.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/jayalalithaa/2016/12/08/jayalaithaa-let-sasikala-stay-only-because-of-da-case-husband-in-2014-ndtv-interview-tamil-nadu-politics-natarajan |title=Amma Let Sasikala Stay Only Because of DA Case: Natarajan in 2014 |work=The Quint |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Most of the party members welcomed her decision,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> and on 2 February 2012, ''[[Tehelka]]'' magazine claimed that Natarajan and some of her relatives were conspiring to kill her by poisoning her food over a period of time and planning a '[[Coup d'état|palace coup]]'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did Modi & a Gujarati help Jaya fight Sasikala's mafia?|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_did-modi-and-a-gujarati-help-jaya-fight-sasikalas-mafia_1645078|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=DNA|date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The matter was resolved by 31 March when Sasikala Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Sasikala in her written apology mentioned that she had no ambitions either in the party or in the government and wanted to serve Jayalalithaa and added that she became aware of misdeeds done by her family members when Jayalalithaa was in power. Only after Sasikala promised to be not in touch with her family members, Jayalalithaa allowed Sasikala back to her house.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-natarajan-friend-shadow-sister-and-now-jayalalithaa-s-political-heir-54953 |title=Sasikala Natarajan: Friend, shadow, sister and now Jayalalithaa's political heir |work=The News Minute |date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

In this term, she announced the Pension Scheme for Destitute Transgender by which those above ages of 40 could get a monthly pension of Rs.1,000. Her government ensured members of the [[transgender]] community could enrol for education and job.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Transgenders-to-get-Rs-1000-monthly-pension/articleshow/15322613.cms |title=Transgenders to get Rs 1,000 monthly pension |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Beginning from 2011, every year her government gave free laptops to students who clear tenth and twelfth standard to impart digital education to rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |title=Free laptop Scheme Tamil Nadu |publisher=Startupindiascheme |date=14 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517173254/http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her government in 2011 decided to give four goats and a cow to each family below poverty line — mixer and grinders and fans for households, 3 sets of free uniforms, school, bags, notebooks, geometry boxes for all children in government schools, and cycles and laptops for Class 11 and 12 students.<ref>{{cite news|last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/explained/the-jayalalithaa-model-works-power-to-the-people-and-freebies-for-the-poor-2808796/lite/ |title=The Jayalalithaa model works: Power to the people and freebies for the poor |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In 2011 she launched the marriage assistance scheme wherein the female students received 4 gram gold free for use as [[Mangala sutra|Thirumangalyam]] for their marriage and cash assistance up to Rs.50,000 for undergraduate or diploma holding females.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revised-marriage-aid-scheme-launched/article2082606.ece |title=Revised marriage aid scheme launched |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> There were rampant power cut issues between 2006 and 2011 while AIADMK was in opposition wherein for 10 to 15 hours there was no supply of electricity. However, after she regained power, between 2011 and 2015, her state government corrected all the discrepancies of previous [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime such that the Central Electricity Authority in 2016 said the state is expected to have 11,649 million units of surplus power.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/there-is-no-magic-in-tamil-nadu-being-a-power-surplus-state-jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/53522226.cms|title=There is no magic in Tamil Nadu being a power surplus state, Jayalalithaa says |work=timesofindia |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became among the power surplus states while she was chief minister in this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=Tamil Nadu on verge of becoming power surplus state: CM Jayalalithaa |work=economictimes |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=TN govt seek PM’s help for evacuation of surplus wind power |work=indianexpress |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> In this term her government ensured the wrongfully usurped property by land grabbing during 2006 to 2011 in the previous DMK regime, had been retrieved and handed over to rightful owners between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-05-13/Jayalalithaas-achievements-over-the-last-few-years/227896 |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements over the last few years |work=Thehansindia.com |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari being received by the Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri K. Rosaiah and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport on December 21, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Then Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] being received by Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport in December 2012.]]
She announced in 2012, the Vision 2023 document which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development which included raising the per capita income of residents to $10,000 per annum, matching Human Development Index to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the State, making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India. This project had three components — Overall Vision Document, Compilation of Project Profile and Road Map. The work on this continued under her supervision until her death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece |title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She inaugurated 'Amma health insurance scheme' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-ministers-comprehensive-health-insurance-scheme-launched/article2793090.ece |title=Chief Minister's comprehensive health insurance scheme launched |work=The Hindu |date=2012-01-11}}</ref>

====Amma Branded Schemes====
In February 2013, Jayalalithaa Government inaugurated the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state-run]] [[Subsidy|Subsidised food programme]] called [[Amma Unavagam]] (Amma Canteen), which was later praised by economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] in his book ''An Uncertain Glory – India and its Contradictions'' and inspired by many [[State governments of India|states]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[Jean Drèze]]|first=[[Amartya Sen]]|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/An_Uncertain_Glory/ZiyW6YafTn4C?hl=en|title=An Uncertain Glory India and Its Contradictions|date=11 August 2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/government/in-lockdown-tamil-nadus-amma-canteens-rise-to-the-occasion |title=In Lockdown, Tamil Nadu's Amma Canteens Rise to the Occasion |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-laissez-faire/article5018479.ece |title=Amma canteens and Amartya Sen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pHvjY4PHykVOy7irb8H2cO/Tamil-Nadus-Amma-canteen-concept-catches-on-in-other-states.html |title=Tamil Nadu’s Amma canteen concept catches on in other states|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The Scheme was also lauded by [[Egypt]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/egypt-comes-calling-at-amma-canteen/article6070505.ece |title=Egypt comes calling at Amma Canteen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fame-of-amma-canteens-head-to-egypt-37507.html|title=Fame of Amma canteens head to Egypt |work=[[India TV]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref> which was followed by the plenty of populist schemes such as [[Amma Kudineer]] (bottled mineral water),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taste-amma-mineral-water-at-rs-10-in-chennai/article5101642.ece?ref=relatedNews |work=The Hindu|title=Taste Amma mineral water at Rs. 10 in Chennai| date=2013-09-07}}</ref> 'Amma' Salt,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-comes-amma-salt/article6102093.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Now comes 'Amma Salt'| date=2014-06-11}}</ref> 'Amma' Medical Shops,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-launches-amma-medical-shops/846640 |publisher=Outlook |title=Jaya Launches 'Amma' Medical Shops| date=2014-06-26}}</ref> and 'Amma' Cement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-govt-launches-amma-cement/article20951112.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Tamil Nadu govt launches 'Amma Cement'| access-date=2015-01-05}}</ref>

In 2015, She also launched 'Amma baby care kit' scheme where every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16 types of products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tn-cm-launches-amma-baby-care-kit-scheme-115090800485_1.html |publisher=Business standard|title=TN CM launches 'Amma baby care Kit' scheme| date=2015-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/the-many-things-amma-was-list-of-schemes-implemented-by-jayalalithaa/the-cradle-baby-scheme/slideshow/55831907.cms|publisher=Business standard|title=The many things Amma was: List of schemes implemented by Jayalalithaa| date=2016-12-06}}</ref>

====Verdicts on Tamil Nadu water rows====

Jayalalithaa had intiated a case in the Supreme Court to uphold the state's rights on [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]] In 2006. As a result, In May 2014, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] verdict allowed the Tamil Nadu State to increase the storage level in the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] from to 142 feet from 136 ft and striked down the unconstitutional law enacted by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2006 restricting the storage level to 136 ft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece|work=The Hindu|title=SC quashes Kerala dam law| access-date=2014-05-08}}</ref> This Supreme Court Verdict sustained the livelihood of the farmers and people in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu |work=deccanchronicle|title=Jayalalithaa dedicates historic victory to people of Tamil Nadu| date=2014-05-08}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Union Government notified the final award of [[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery Water Disputes]] Tribunal (CWDT) on the directions of the Supreme Court. Then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa termed it as a “tremendous achievement” of her government after 22 long years of legal battle, the State had got Due justice.<ref name="jjc" /> Then Jayalalithaa said that It was the happiest day of her life and the happiest day for the farmers in Tamil Nadu, she recalled her famous fast-unto-death at [[Marina beach]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece|work=The Hindu|title=CM's power play: the hits and misses| access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Jayalalithaa takes credit for Centre finally notifying Cauvery Tribunal's award in gazette| date=2013-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580|work=dnaindia|title=Jayalalithaa observes fast on Cauvery issue; flays Centre, TN govt| date=2007-03-18}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case, 2014 ===
[[File:Jayalalithaa Car.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's car [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]]]]
{{See also|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}

Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2014}} by the Special Court in Bengaluru. She was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by [[Janata Party]] President [[Subramanian Swamy]] (now a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) on 20 August 1996 on the basis of an Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close aide Sasikala, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2014}} each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets to the tune of {{INRConvert|66.65|c|year=1996}} (which includes {{Cvt|2000|acre}} of land, {{convert|30|kg}} of gold and 12,000 [[sari]]s) disproportionate to her known sources of income during 1991–96 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict was delivered by a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of Jayalalithaa and the other accused.

She was [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India|automatically disqualified]] from the post of chief minister and the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu, and thus became the first sitting Indian chief minister to be disqualified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092353/http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2014 |title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4-year Jail, Fined Rs 100 Cr|work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, succeeded her as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/o-panneerselvam-sworn-is-as-tamil-nadu-cm-20433.html | title=O Panneerselvam sworn-in as Tamil Nadu CM | date=29 September 2014}}</ref> On 17 October 2014, the Supreme Court granted her two months' bail and suspended her sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29655666|work=BBC|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> On 18 October 2014, Jayalalithaa returned to [[Chennai]] after spending 21 days in [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bangalore jail]]. Despite heavy rain that day, AIADMK cadres assembled outside her residence and welcomed her.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Jayalalithaa returns to Chennai after spending 21 days in Bangalore jail|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-aiadmk-bangalore-jail-chennai-airport-tamil-nadu-223704-2014-10-18|newspaper = IndiaToday|date = 18 October 2014|access-date= 18 October 2014}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, a special Bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]] set aside her conviction on appeal. That court acquitted her and the alleged associates—Sasikala Natarajan, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and Jayalalithaa's disowned foster son Sudhakaran.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Live: Jayalalithaa acquitted in DA case|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-jayalalithaa-disproportionate-assets-case-appeal-hearing/article7190579.ece?homepage=true|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

On 14 February 2017 (subsequent to her death) the [[Supreme Court of India]] over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years of imprisonment, as well as being fined 10 crores each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died and hence can't defend herself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Fifth term as Chief Minister, 2015 ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on August 07, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]]]
The acquittal allowed her once again to hold office and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn in<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-is-tamil-nadu-cm-again/article7238526.ece?homepage=true|title=Jayalalithaa is CM again|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2015}}</ref> as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fifth time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-cm-aiadmk-swearing-in-254318-2015-05-23|title=Jayalalithaa returns as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister for fifth term, AIADMK completes 4 years in power|date=23 May 2015|website=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref> She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88 per cent votes of the 74.4 per cent turnout, winning by a margin of over 150,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=LIVE: Jayalalithaa wins in RK Nagar with a margin of over 1.5 lakh votes, Congress takes Aruvikkara|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/results-of-aruvikkara-rk-nagar-bypolls-today/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2015|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, she introduced Amma Master Health checkup plan where in people could get various treatments done at a low fee in government hospitals and rolled out Amma Arogya plan wherein at primary health care centre in Tamil Nadu, certain tests can be done by public twice a week. This was done to help the sections of society who cannot afford the fares asked for by private hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-rolls-out-master-health-plan-for-the-poor/article7580914.ece |title=TN rolls out master health plan for the poor |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Later in February 2016 she started the free bus ride scheme for senior citizens above age of 60 wherein person could travel free of cost for 10 times a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Jayalalithaa-announces-free-bus-ride-scheme-for-senior-citizens/articleshow/51038681.cms |title=Jayalalithaa announces free bus ride scheme for senior citizens |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her government initiated Global Investors Summit in 2015 which saw over Rs 2.43 lakh crore worth of investments being committed to the state. Jayalalithaa's term, all of them together, saw some big-ticket investments in the state and over $20 billion FDI.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu |work=The Business Standard |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The department of industrial policy and promotion data disclosed that Tamil Nadu saw foreign direct investment inflows of $7.3 billion from April 2000 to March 2011; however, this went up to $13.94 billion from April 2011 to December 2015, under her government, which at as per conversion rate {{as of|2016|lc=y}} equals Rs 83,766 crore. Between April 2015 and December 2015, the State attracted $4.3 billion in FDI.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/ | title=Jaya Propelled States Business Prospects | Latest Information on Breaking News & Updates on Chennai at News Today| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725112337/https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/| archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2015, [[Pakistan]]i news channels [[Samaa TV]] and [[Geo News]] aired a news and applauded Jayalalithaa for her government's scheme which was introduced in 2013, of supplying free rice to [[mosque]]s during [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramzan]] and suggested the scheme should be implemented in Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-offers-free-rice-to-mosques-during-ramzan/articleshow/20935527.cms |title=Jayalalithaa offers free rice to mosques during Ramzan |work=timesofindia |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pakistani-tv-channel-lauds-jayalalithaas-free-rice-scheme-mosques-during-ramzan-636372 |title=Pakistani TV Channel Lauds Jayalalithaa's Free Rice Scheme for Mosques During Ramzan |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayas-rice-scheme-for-mosques-lauded-by-pakistan-tv-channel-aiadmk/articleshow/47724153.cms?from=mdr |title=Jaya's rice scheme for mosques lauded by Pakistan TV channel: AIADMK |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://jayanewslive.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu_37876.html |title=உலக இஸ்லாமியர்களை நெகிழச் செய்த முதலமைச்சர் ஜெயலலிதாவின் ரமலான் நோன்பு கஞ்சிக்கான அரிசி திட்டம் - தமிழகத்தை பின்பற்றி பாகிஸ்தானிலும் செயல்படுத்த வேண்டும் என அந்நாட்டு பிரதான தொலைக்காட்சிகள் செய்தி வெளியீடு|work=Jaya Plus |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Sixth consecutive term as Chief Minister, 2016 ===
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa and the Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing %26 Urban Poverty Alleviation and Information %26 Broadcasting, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa with [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in foundation stone laying ceremony]]
In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R. in 1984 to be voted back into power. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest.

BJP President [[Amit Shah]] accused the Jayalalithaa government of being the “most corrupt” in the country and asked the people to oust it in the May 16 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2016-04-13|title=Jayalalithaa government ‘most corrupt’: Amit Shah|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/jayalalithaa-government-most-corrupt-amit-shah/article8471784.ece|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On that Election,
Jayalalithaa's Campaign Slogan was “I'm of the people, and I'm for the people.” ({{lang|ta|Makkalal naan; Makkalukkaga naan}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnival-atmosphere-reigns-at-cms-rally/article8456679.ece|title=Carnival atmosphere reigns at CM’s rally|date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/unforgettable-makkalal-naan-makkalukkaga-naan-270530.html|title="மக்களால் நான்.. மக்களுக்காக நான்"... இனி இக்குரலை எப்போதும் கேட்க முடியாது.. பிளாஷ்பேக் 2016!|language=tamil|work=Oneindia Tamil|date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was again elected as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in the May 2016 elections. She retained the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] constituency with a margin of 39,545 votes over her DMK rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-counting-of-votes-begin/259300/|title=Tamil Nadu elections 2016: Jayalalithaa's AIADMK scripts 'history', DMK rues big loss; 5.55 lakh opt for NOTA|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She became the first leader in Tamil Nadu to serve consecutive terms as Chief Minister since the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roychowdhury|first1=Adrija|title=After MGR, Jayalalithaa the first to retain power in Tamil Nadu|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/jayalalitha-aiadmk-mrg-2808669/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In her victory speech, she commented, "Even when 10 parties allied themselves against me, I did not have a coalition and I placed my faith in God and built an alliance with the people. It is clear that the people have faith in me and I have total faith in the people."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/I-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-Jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-Tamil-Nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms|title=I built an alliance with the people: Jayalalithaa on her victory in the Tamil Nadu elections|last=Balasubramanian|first=Shyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

Her government within 100 days of resuming power in May 2016, wrote off the outstanding crop loans given by cooperative banks to over 16.94 lakh farmers, gave free power to households to extent of first 100 units and gave free power to handloom weavers to extent of 200 units, gave 750 units of power to power loom weavers, implemented closure of 500 liquor shops and reduction of working hours of liquor outlets emergence of power surplus states. The establishment of first 1,000 MW nuclear power plant at Kudankulam is also regarded as one of her achievements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-in-office-116083100288_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office|date=31 August 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> She increased the freedom fighters monthly pension to Rs 12,000, family pension and increased special pension to Rs 6,000.<ref>{{cite news|agency=IANS |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-office.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office |work=The Week |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> On 21 September 2016 she inaugurated two [[Chennai Metro]] rail lines by way of video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa inaugurates 2nd elevated corridor of Chennai Metro |work=India Live Today |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155328/http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was her last public appearance before being admitted to hospital on 22 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/a-timeline-of-events-since-jayalalithaa-was-hospitalised/amma-was-admitted-on-sept-22/slideshow/55807418.cms|title= Jayalalithaa – Economic Times|website=Economic Times|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Personality cult ===
Followers of Jayalalithaa often worshiped her as a divine being. She stimulated a cult following, and adoring supporters often termed her "[[Adi Parashakti]]" (the eternal mighty goddess).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|title=Jayalalitha: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics|last=Tilak|first=Sudha G.|date=5 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> Several experts say that over the years the cult called 'Amma' has been carefully crafted. Others claim that the emotional outburst is just a spontaneous display of loyalist support. C Lakshmanan of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Development Institute studies]], who has studied personality cult in the politics of Tamil Nadu, said posters were installed around the state portraying Jayalalithaa as a goddess back then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cult-personality-or-cultivated-loyalty-what-explains-outpouring-of-grief-for-the-jailed-jayalalithaa/articleshow/44785277.cms|title=Cult personality or cultivated loyalty: What explains outpouring of grief for the jailed Jayalalithaa?|last=Shanker|first=V. Prem|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> She was worshiped by the party cadre as "Amma" (Mother). She made sure the respect and loyalty of the functionaries of the party was there for everyone to see. The entire Cabinet would fall in line and bow in front of the helicopter in which it was flying. Members of the party, at all levels never found it difficult to prostrate before her in full view of the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many of her worshipping followers are known to profess their loyalty through acts such as walking on hot coals or drawing her portrait with their blood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2009-03-30|title=Profile: Jayaram Jayalalitha|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> S Kirubakaran who is a Journalist-turned-advocate, wrote a book on Jayalalitha titled, 'Ammavin Kathai,' said that when M.G.R. was a Chief Minister, he carefully chose MLAs and Ministers for the first time after going through their knowledge and experience. But Jayalalithaa had begun to assign those who praised her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/3-years-after-jayas-death-aiadmk-seems-out-of-servitude-and-subjugation/|title=3 years after Jaya's death, AIADMK seems out of servitude, subjugation|last=Chandrajit Mitra|date=5 December 2019|website=The Federal|language=en-US|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Even after her death, the AIADMK leaders continued to prostrate themselves before her [[MGR Memorial|burial ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/for-all-her-political-success-it-s-time-to-admit-jayalalithaa-was-no-amma/story-Mq9FelI5zqxD8z4WljrtbO.html|title=For all her political success, it's time to admit Jayalalithaa was no Amma|date=17 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/opinion-post-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-politics-amma-legacy|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Tainted' Legacy and Where AIADMK Goes From Here|last=Sudhir|first=T. S.|date=4 December 2017|website=TheQuint|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== 1999 Attempted murder case ===
A case of murder attempt were registered against Jayalalithaa, her close associate Sasikala, and Sasikala's nephew V Mahadivan has been recorded by the Chennai police on following a complaint by former Jayalalithaa's auditor, Rajasekaran, who alleged that he was summoned to the Poes Garden bungalow and violently assaulted by Jayalalithaa, Sasikala and Mahadevan with a stick and high-heeled shoes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|title=Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> Rajasekaran also stated that he had been forced by Jayalalithaa and Sasikala to sign two letters and a promissory note in respect of ₹50 lakhs. Jayalalithaa, however, denied the charges in a statement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=16 March 1999|title=In the Hands Of India Star, A Spike Heel Could Hurt|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/16/world/in-the-hands-of-india-star-a-spike-heel-could-hurt.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: TN defies Centre in assault case against Jaya|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/20aiadmk.htm|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Corruption cases ==
=== 1996 colour TV case ===
{{Main|Colour TV case}}
In the [[Colour TV case|colour TV corruption case]] involving the purchase of TV sets to villagers, Jayalalithaa was charged and arrested. The TV sets were provided in the framework of a government education and entertainment plan for the village population. Officials said the TVs were purchased at inflated prices and claimed that some of the money paid for TV stations was returned as kickbacks to government officials.<ref>{{Cite news|last=BSCAL|date=15 May 1998|title=Jaya Charged In Rs 10crore Colour Tv Scam|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/jaya-charged-in-rs-10crore-colour-tv-scam-198051501011_1.html|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Later, she was acquitted as the accusation against them were not proven beyond doubt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha acquitted in colour TV scam|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|publisher=The Indian Express|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=9 February 2021|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217192259/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|archive-date=17 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Detained in 1996, the media reported that 21.28 kg of [[Gold jewellery|gold jewels]] worth Rs 3.5 crore, 10,500 [[sari]]s, 91 [[Luxury watch|designer watches]], 750 pairs of shoes, 1,250 kg of silver objects worth 3.12 crores, diamonds worth 2 crores, a silver sword and 19 vehicles were among the priceless treasures found at her house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shivashankar|first=BV|title=J Jayalalithaa: Jayalalithaa's 10,500 saris, 750 slippers, 500 wine glasses in court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/J-Jayalalithaas-seized-wealth-is-under-24-hour-vigil-in-Karnatakas-courts/articleshow/55886301.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 1995 Foster son and luxury wedding corruption ===
In 1995, Jayalalithaa's assistant Sasikala's nephew Sudhakaran was engaged to the youngest daughter of Sivaji Ganesan. Jayalalithaa was a chief minister of state by this time. Jaya declared that Sudhakaran would be adopted as her foster son and said that she would be performing his marriage as his mother.<ref name="tnmfoster">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-jayalalithaas-favoured-foster-son-sudhakaran-now-refused-entry-apollo-50968|title=Once Jayalalithaa's favoured foster son, Sudhakaran now refused entry into Apollo|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The wedding occupied a 2-km long lighted baraat pathway, ten dining halls each accommodating 25,000 people, and a 75,000 square foot pandal. Tons of plywood, plaster of paris and paint were used to erect cut-outs of Jayalalitha, arches, several hundred papier-mache statues, elaborate facades of palaces and gateways. The VIP invitations included a silver plate enclosed in a container, a silk saree and a silk dhoti, each worth ₹20,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19950930-jayalalithas-foster-son-married-off-amid-extravagance-and-controversy-808220-1995-09-30|title=Jayalalitha's foster son married off amid extravagance and controversy|last=SHEKHAR|first=G. C.|date=30 September 1995|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The marriage hosted more than 1,000 VIPs. More than 40,000 guests were granted accommodation in the hotel. A legion of elephants and chefs brought in from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-lied-she-spent-3-crores-on-foster-sons-wedding-says-court-674500|title=Jayalalithaa Lied, She Spent 3 Crores on Foster Son's Wedding, Says Court|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The incident, hailed as "the mother of all marriages". People's anger mounted against her as the crores were lavished at the wedding, and Jayalalithaa and Sasikala became symbols of corruption. She was accused of using government money to celebrate the grand marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38441705|title=Sasikala: The 'new mother' of Tamil Nadu politics|date=29 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> The marriage may have triggered the AIADMK to lose all 39 Lok Sabha seats in the [[1996 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Disowned-foster-son-joins-Jaya-in-prison/articleshow/43760402.cms|title=Disowned foster son joins Jaya in prison {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India|last=TNN|date=29 September 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She was later sentenced for 4 years in jail in 2014 for corruption related to the marriage and the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|Disproportionate assets case]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-sentenced-to-4-years-in-jail-clashes-in-tamil-nadu/story-oVofwzwZZrOVwJNaA97xRP.html|title=Jayalalithaa sentenced to 4 years in jail; clashes in Tamil Nadu|date=27 September 2014|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa owns a [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for conducting the luxury wedding. The record shows that over 1,5000 guests have been invited. The Income-Tax Dept estimated the cost of the wedding at ₹10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-j-jayalalithaa/guinness-book-of-world-records-for-sons-wedding/slideshow/55815874.cms|title=5 facts you didn't know about J Jayalalithaa – Unknown facts about Amma|website=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa later disowned Sudhakaran as her foster son.<ref name="tnmfoster" />

=== 1998 TANSI land deal case ===
{{Main|TANSI land acquisition case}}
The TANSI land deal case refers to the purchase of land by Jaya Publications, which included Jayalalithaa and her friend Sasikala, from the State Small Industry Company, Tansi, [[Guindy]]. Justice P Anbhazhagan delivered the judgment, and said that the evidence stated in the prosecution sheet, and that the sale deed of the prime land in Guindy had been carried out on 29 May 1992, in the unequivocal aim of cheating against the government. The Supreme Court disqualified her in September 2001, resulting in her stepping down and which made [[O Panneerselvam|O. Panneerselvam]] as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. The Madras High Court acquitted her and other 5 accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=23-year-old TANSI case has finally ended for Jayalalithaa: A look back|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/23-year-old-tansi-case-has-finally-ended-jayalalithaa-look-back-21350|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Subramani|first1=A.|last2=2015|title=23 years on, HC brings curtains down on TANSI case against Jaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/23-years-on-HC-brings-curtains-down-on-TANSI-case-against-Jaya/articleshow/46472629.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case ===
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}Jayalalithaa was initially convicted of misusing her office during her tenure in 1991–1996. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was the main petitioner. Some of the accusations concerned expenditure on her foster son's luxurious marriage in 1996 and acquiring properties worth more than 66.65 crore, as well as jewelry, bank deposits, investment and a convoy of luxury vehicles. The trial lasted for 18 years. Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]], in a detailed judgement, showed that the entire asset belonged to the accused and no one else.<ref name="FL">{{cite web |title=From trial court verdict by John Michael D'Cunha |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/from-trial-court-verdict-by-john-michael-dcunha/article7247470.ece |website=Frontline |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> On 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was absolved of all charges by the [[High Court of Karnataka]]. On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India overruled the High Court of Karnataka. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years in prison, as well as to a fine of ₹10 crore each.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaas-court-appearance-over-heads-back-to-chennai-565662|title=Jayalalithaa's court appearance over, heads back to Chennai|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala news: Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=14 February 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000 Pleasant Stay hotel case ===
{{Main|Pleasant Stay hotel case}}{{See also|2000 Dharmapuri bus burning}}
Pleasant Stay hotel case is the construction of the seven-story hotel "Pleasant stay" in Kodaikanal, which was in breach of the rules for the construction of the seven-story building in a blue ville in the tourist resort town in Kodaikanal. Jayalalithaa, Selvaganapathy and Pandey granted a permission to create a seven-story structure at the hotel. The case was related to Jayalalithaa's supposed clearance by violating government rules to the development of a hotel in [[ecological]]ly significant [[Kodaikanal]]. Jayalalithaa was sentenced in February 2000 to one year's strict imprisonment, with the penalty fined Rs.1000 for conspiracy and criminal misconduct as a public employee. After the court's decision, AIADMK cadres started to riot and arson which burned alive three female students in the [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning|Dharmapuri bus burning]] and many were killed and injured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Our Special|date=3 February 2000|title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/hotel-case-verdict-aiadmk-volunteers-go-berserk/article27999900.ece|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Madras high court later acquitted her on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayalalithaa's blast from the past – convictions and imprisonments|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-blast-past-%E2%80%93-convictions-and-imprisonments-22478|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

== Illness, death and reactions ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee paying tributes to the mortal remains of Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai on December 06, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The then [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] paying tribute to Jayalalithaa in [[Rajaji Hall]]]]
On 22 September 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai, as she was suffering from an infection and acute [[dehydration]]. Her official duties were handed over to her aide [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 12 October 2016, though she continued to remain as the chief minister of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/o-panneerselvam-to-hold-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaas-portfolios/articleshow/54799672.cms|title=Panneerselvam to hold CM's portfolios|date=12 October 2016|publisher=Economic time|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> She was also said to be suffering from a severe pulmonary infection and [[septicaemia]], which were cured. On 4 December 2016, she was re-admitted to the intensive care unit after suffering a cardiac arrest around 16:45.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38167021 |title=India's Jayaram Jayalalitha still 'critical' after heart attack |newspaper=BBC |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The hospital released a press statement stating that her condition was "very critical" and that she was on life support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayalalithaas-health-status-live-cm-in-grave-situation-says-apollo-hospitals-md-3139806.html |title=CM in grave situation, says Apollo Hospitals MD |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> On 5 December 2016, the hospital announced her death and she became the first female chief minister to die in office in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-body|title=Jayalalitha passes away|newspaper=Indian Express|date=5 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Government of India]] declared a one-day [[National day of mourning|national mourning]] with the national flag in all government buildings flying at half-mast.<ref name="jjuabh">{{cite news|last1=Ankita|first1=Bhandari|title=Central govt announces one-day mourning after Jayalalithaa's death|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/central-govt-announces-one-day-mourning-after-jayalalithaas-death_1956239.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="jjuk">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa no more: Centre declares one-day mourning as mark of respect|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/jayalalithaa-no-more-centre-declares-one-day-mourning-as-mark-of-respect/|access-date=23 August 2017|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> While a seven-day mourning from 6 to 12 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="natmotn">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Centre declares one-day national mourning for Amma, Tricolour to fly at half mast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-dead-centre-declares-one-day-national-mourning-for-amma-4412903/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> also three day state mourning from 6 to 8 December 2016 were observed by [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="jker">{{cite news|title=Three-day official mourning declared in Kerala after Jayalalithaa's demise|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/06/three-day-official-mourning-declared-in-kerala-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1546234.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref> and the [[Government of Puducherry]].<ref name="jjpy">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Pondicherry announces 3-day state mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-pondicherry-announces-3-day-state-mourning-4413260/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2016|location=[[Pondicherry|Puducherry]]}}</ref> [[File:Amma memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's Memorial at [[Marina Beach]]]] One day state mourning on 6 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Karnataka]],<ref name="jjka">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Karnataka declares a day of mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-karnataka-declares-a-day-of-mourning-4413070/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref>[[Government of Bihar]],<ref name="jjbih">{{cite news|title=All of Bihar is mourning Jayalalithaa's demise: Nitish Kumar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-bihar-jayalalithaa-death-4413207/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Patna]]}}</ref>[[Government of West Bengal]],<ref name="jjwb">{{cite news|title=West Bengal declares state mourning on Jayalalithaa's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-declares-state-mourning-on-Jayalalithaas-death/articleshow/55842062.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]],<ref name="jjpunj">{{cite news|title=One day's state mourning in Punjab on Jayalalithaa's|url=http://www.uniindia.com/one-day-s-state-mourning-in-punjab-on-jayalalithaa-s/states/news/709156.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[United News of India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>[[Government of Uttarakhand]]<ref name="jjuk" /> and [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="jjgoa">{{cite news|title=Goa govt mourns death of Jayalalithaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/state-govt-mourns-death-of-jayalalithaa/articleshow/55846817.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 December 2016|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref> [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], Union Ministers, Several State Chief Ministers, Political leaders and Film fraternity Condoled her demise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa remembered as dynamic, popular leader|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jayalalithaa-remembered-as-dynamic-popular-leader-116120600378_1.html|work=business-standard|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tweeple-send-social-media-into-a-tizzy/article9413138.ece|title=Tweeple send social media into a tizzy|work=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her body was kept [[in state]] at her residence Veda Nilayam in Poes Garden and later at [[Rajaji Hall]] for public to pay their tribute. Her last rites were performed on the evening of 6 December 2016 and she was [[Burial|buried]] at the northern end of the [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai in a sandalwood casket engraved with "Puratchi Thalaivi Selvi J Jayalalithaa", near the grave of her mentor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] at the [[MGR Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-chennai-to-pay-homage-to-jayalalithaa-10-points-1634456?pfrom=home-lateststories|title=Jayalalithaa To Be Buried In Sandalwood Casket Next To Mentor M.G.R.|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-laid-to-rest/articleshow/55837086.cms |title=Jayalalitha last rites: Amma's Death: Jayalalithaa buried with full state honours |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements were discussed by Manmohan, Pranab |access-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122191824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |archive-date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>

The US and several other countries sent condolences. [[United States|American]] Ambassador [[Richard Verma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/statement-by-ambassador-richard-r-verma/|title=Statement by Ambassador Richard R. Verma on the Death of the Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa|website=usembassy.gov|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[France|French]] Ambassador [[Alexandre Ziegler]], [[Canada|Canadian]] High Commissioner to India Nadir Patel, [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] [[Maithripala Sirisena]], [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Prime Minister]] [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Former Sri Lankan president [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], [[Singapore]] Foreign Affairs Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]] and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] Party Mourned her death. Then [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Najib Razak]] also sent his condolences.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Mohd Najib Tun Razak |user=NajibRazak|number=806105922816733184 |title=My condolences to the people of India on the passing of the late J. Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.|language=english |url=https://twitter.com/najibrazak/status/806105922816733184 |date=6 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wwj">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sri-lanka-prez-leaders-from-singapore-malaysia-condole-jayalalithaas-death/article9413414.ece|title=Sri Lanka Prez, leaders from Singapore, Malaysia condole Jayalalithaa’s death|website=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-demise-condolences-pour-in-from-countries-4414044/|title=Jayalalithaa demise: Condolences pour in from countries|website=indianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/condolences-pour-in-from-sri-lanka-to-us-on-ammas-demise-1546296.html|title=Condolences pour in from Sri Lanka to US on Amma's demise|website=newindianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[C. Sreenivaasan]] of AIADMK courted controversy by saying that V. K. Sasikala's family was responsible for Jayalalithaa's death. Sreenivasan said that he had to lie about the late chief minister's death because of pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-maa-death-sreenivasan-dhinakaran-apollo-hospital-1050830-2017-09-23|title=How did J Jayalalithaa die? A year later, AIADMK leader says was forced to lie about Amma's death|website=India Today}}</ref>

On 12 September 2017, Late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] at the AIADMK general council .<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Death Probe by Justice Arumugaswamy commission===
Among the Public, Jayalalithaa's 75-day hospitalisation and her demise, remained unclear and shrouded in secrecy. DMK and other opposition parties sought a probe into her death. The one-man Commission by retired Justice A Arumughaswamy was announced in August 2017 by then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] to investigate the death of J Jayalalithaa. On 23 July 2021,the last time extension granted for the commission to submit its report is being extended by the state government, This is the 11th extension since its formation. the Commission probed with hundreds of people including expert doctors, medical staff, ministers and then state health secretary of Tamil Nadu. London-based doctor Dr. Richard Beale was also summoned in front of the Commission in 2019 since he was closely involved with the selection of treatment provided to then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/07/23233646/11th-Extension-Tamil-Nadu-Government-orders-Arumugasami.vpf|title=11-வது முறையாக நீட்டிப்பு: ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையத்துக்கு மேலும் 6 மாதம் கால அவகாசம் தமிழக அரசு உத்தரவு|website=dailythanthi|date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-death-probe-arumughaswamy-commission-gets-eighth-extension-127315|title=Jayalalithaa death probe: Arumughaswamy Commission gets eighth extension|website=thenewsminute|date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/over-year-after-jaya-s-death-mystery-deepens-gaps-narrative-emerge-84278|title=Over a year after Jaya’s death, mystery deepens as gaps in narrative emerge|website=thenewsminute|date=6 July 2018}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India stayed the functions of the commission based on the plea of the hospital in April 2019.<ref name="jjprobe">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-death-probe-apollo-hospital-tells-sc-that-it-will-not-appear-before-arumughaswamy-commission-1489808|title=Jayalalithaa Death Probe: Apollo Hospital Tells SC That It Will Not Appear Before Arumughaswamy Commission|website=abplive|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>

On 27 July 2021, The Newly Elected [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] led Tamil Nadu Government sought permission from the Supreme Court to restart the inquiry into her death, as the inquiry into the mystery surrounding Jayalalithaa's death was one of the poll promises made by DMK in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 State Assembly Election]].<ref name="jjprobe" />

==In popular culture==
In [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), the character of Kalpana portrayed by [[Aishwarya Rai]], was inspired by Jayalalithaa and her professional and personal relationship with [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/07/how-mani-ratnams-iruvar-put-the-spotlight-on-jaya-1546363.html|title=How Mani Ratnam's Iruvar put the spotlight on Jaya|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/071216/throwback-when-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-played-jayalalithaa-on-the-big-screen.html|title=Throwback: When Aishwarya played Jayalalithaa on the big-screen|date=7 December 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/12/06/aishwarya-rai-played-jayalalithaa-iruvar-mani-ratnam-mgr-mohanlal-karunanidhi-tamil-film-prakash-raj|title=Aishwarya Rai as Jayalalithaa: When the Big Screen Proved Small|website=The Quint|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[Faisal Saif]] completed work on major portions of a film titled ''[[Amma (2018 film)|Amma]]'' between 2014 and 2016, but was forced to shelve it following threats from members of Jayalalithaa's political party. The makers denied that the film was a biopic, but stated that actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] portrayed a role resembling the politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-reel-and-real-life-inspires-amma-208217-2014-10-01|title=Jayalalithaa's reel and real life inspires Amma|first1=Aravind Gowda|last1=October 1|first2=2014UPDATED|last2=October 1|first3=2014 12:31|last3=Ist|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260618/political-biopics-face-threats-cuts.html|title=Why Jayalalithaa biopic was shelved, ones on Indira Gandhi, Shastri remain uncertain|first=Uma|last=Ramasubramanian|date=26 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Since Jayalalithaa's death, several filmmakers have announced biopics on the politician, with six currently in production. In January 2017, Telugu filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] registered the title ''Amma'' and began preparing for a biopic on the politician. The film was being planned with [[Anushka Shetty]] in the lead role, but Rao's death in May 2017 effectively ended the project, despite indications that [[Mohan Babu]] may revive it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amma-jayalalithaa-biopic-dasari-narayana-rao-ramya-krishnan-952959-2017-01-03|title=Jayalalithaa's life on film: Dasari Narayana Rao to direct biopic?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dasari-had-planned-jayalalithaa-biopic-with-anushka-shetty/story-AfNc34kCGEnFkzSwSDC2eN.html|title=Dasari Narayana Rao had planned Jayalalithaa biopic with Anushka Shetty|date=31 May 2017|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> Producer Adithya Bharadwaj announced that his team were over a year into pre-production work for a proposed biopic of Jayalalithaa, during December 2017. Titled ''Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'', he revealed that it would predominantly be a fictionalised retelling of her story with some real life footage also included. Bharadwaj suggested that he had briefly touched upon the possibility of a biopic with Jayalalithaa when she was alive, but the script had to be reworked following her death. Despite his suggestions that the film would begin production in January 2018, the project did not take off.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa/articleshow/62253802.cms|title=A biopic on J Jayalalithaa |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/863002/jayalalithaa-biopic-in-the-works-titled-thaai-puratchi-thalaivi|title=Jayalalithaa biopic in the works, titled 'Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Soon after news emerged about Vijay's and Priyadarshini's biopics in August 2018, Adithya reconfirmed that [[Bharathiraja]] had been signed to be the director of the film. He added that the team were considering either Aishwarya Rai or Anushka Shetty for the role of Jayalalithaa, and either [[Kamal Haasan]] or [[Mohanlal]] for the role of M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bharathirajaa-to-direct-a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa-1318856-2018-08-20|title=Three Jayalalithaa biopics in a week: Bharathirajaa wants Aishwarya as Amma?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

In August 2018, producer Vishnu Vardhan Induri of Vibri Media announced that he was working on a biopic of Jayalalithaa, and that [[A. L. Vijay]] would direct the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-biopic-announced-with-al-vijay-as-director-details-here-1315657-2018-08-16|title=Jayalalithaa biopic announced with AL Vijay as director. Details here|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> The team announced that pre-production work and research was ongoing and that the film would focus on the personal life of the politician, showing her vulnerable side. Actresses including [[Nayanthara]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were initially approached by Vijay to star in the lead role, while [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the supporting role of [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Titled ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), the film began its shoot after a long pre-production phase in November 2019 with [[Kangana Ranaut]] signed to play the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/sai-pallavi-may-play-sasikala-in-al-vijays-jayalalithaa-biopic/|title=Sai Pallavi May Play Sasikala In AL Vijay's Jayalalithaa Biopic|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 28|last3=2018|date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anushka-shetty-aishwarya-rai-vidya-balan-in-talks-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-upcoming-biopic-all-you-need-to-know-5046851.html|title=Anushka Shetty, Aishwarya Rai, Vidya Balan in talks to play Jayalalithaa in upcoming biopic: All you need to know- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=26 August 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="vijay">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/one-more-biopic-planned-on-former-cm-jayalalithaa/article24710436.ece|title=One more biopic planned on former CM Jayalalithaa|first=Udhav|last=Naig|date=17 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The Movie ''{{lang|ta|Thalaivii}}'' was released on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-thalaivi-sort-issues-film-to-release-as-scheduled/articleshow/85890663.cms|title=Makers of 'Thalaivi' sort issues; film to release as scheduled|date=3 September 2021|website=timesofindia}}</ref> Within a day of Induri's announcement of making a film, director Priyadarshini announced that she had also been working for four months on the pre-production of a biopic, which would be launched in September 2018. Priyadarshini suggested that she had four scripts ready, with each focusing on different aspects of Jayalalithaa's life, and that the narration would be balanced by showing both her positive and negative sides.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/another-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-announced-1316129-2018-08-16|title=Another biopic on Jayalalithaa announced!|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name="vijay"/> Titled ''The Iron Lady'', [[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the lead role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a supporting role for the character of Sasikala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nithya-menen-on-her-signing-spree-working-with-mysskin-in-psycho-and-playing-jayalalitha-in-priyadarshinis-biopic-5570381.html|title=Nithya Menen on her signing spree, working with Mysskin in Psycho and playing Jayalalitha in Priyadarshini's biopic- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=18 November 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/the-iron-lady-nithya-menen-as-jayalalithaa-varalakshmi-to-play-sasikala-news-tamil-sjwkTsdjjgajj.html|title=The Iron Lady: Nithya Menen as Jayalalithaa, Varalakshmi to play Sasikala?|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/the-iron-lady-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-to-go-on-floors-february-2019/|title='The Iron Lady' Biopic On Jayalalithaa To Go On Floors February 2019|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=October 31|last3=2018|date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

On 14 December 2019, Another biopic named [[Queen (web series)|Queen]] has been released as a web-series by [[Gautham Menon]] became the fourth such announcement of a related project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196|title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa|date=30 August 2018|website=mid-day}}</ref> Production on the series progressed quietly throughout late 2018, with [[Ramya Krishnan]] selected to play Jayalalithaa, and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] and [[Vamsi Krishna]] portraying M. G. Ramchandran and [[Sobhan Babu]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic!|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/|title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 22|last3=2018|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Sasikala's nephew Jeyanandh Dhivakaran announced a further biopic on Jayalalithaa, which would focus more on her relationship with Sasikala and M. Natarajan. Director [[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]] was signed on to the project, and began pre-production work by meeting close aides and politicians of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/lingusamy-to-direct-jayalalitha-biopic/|title=Lingusamy To Direct Jayalalithaa Biopic|last1=V|first2=hana On|last2=October 24|last3=2018|date=24 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2019, director Jegadeswara Reddy announced that he was set to make a film titled ''[[Sasilalithaa]]'', which would showcase the relationship between Jayalalithaa and Sasikala. A first look poster was launched, with Reddy announcing that he would enter talks with [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sasilalitha-another-biopic-on-former-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-announced-1496905-2019-04-08 | title=Sasilalitha: Another biopic on former Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa announced |date=8 April 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa also appeared in an episode of ''[[Rendezvous with Simi Garewal]]'', an informal [[chat-show]] hosted by Indian actress [[Simi Garewal]], where she talked about her personal life and acting/political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228014446/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk| archive-date=2019-12-28|publisher=Simi Garewal |date=Feb 11, 2017}}</ref>

== Elections contested and positions held ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative elections ===
{|
|- style="background:#adc;"
! width="160" |Elections
! width="100" |Constituency
! width="70" |Party
! width="70" |Result
! width="70" |Vote percentage
! width="150" |Opposition Candidate
! width="70" |Opposition Party
! width="70" |Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||54.41||Muthu Manoharan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.27
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| rowspan = "2" bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||65.18||[[T. Rajendar]]||[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]||29.34
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaangayam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||63.44||[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||32.85
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Lost||43.54||[[E. G. Sugavanam]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||50.71
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.22||Vaigai Sekar||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.64
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.04||Seeman||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||36.29
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarangam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.99||N. Anand||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||35.55
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2015 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2015 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||88.43||C. Mahendran||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]||5.35
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.87||Shimla Muthuchozhan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||33.14
|}

===Posts in Parliament of India===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1984 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1984]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] || 3 April 1984 || 28 January 1989
|}

===Posts in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 9 February 1989 || 30 November 1989
|-
| 1989 || Bodinayakkanur || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 1 December 1989 || 30 January 1991
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 24 June 1991 || 12 May 1996
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || Not Contested || Chief Minister || 14 May 2001 || 21 September 2001
|-
| [[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002]] || [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]] || Chief Minister || 2 March 2002 || 12 May 2006
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || Aandippatti || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 19 May 2006 || 28 May 2006
|-
| 2006 || Aandippatti || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 29 May 2006 || 14 May 2011
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvarangam]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 16 May 2011 || 27 September 2014
|-
| 2015 || [[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] || Chief Minister || 23 May 2015 || 22 May 2016
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar || Chief Minister || 23 May 2016 || 5 December 2016
|}

== Awards and honors ==
* In 1972, J. Jayalalithaa was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="degrees"/>
* [[Honorary doctorate]] received from [[University of Madras]] in 1991.<ref name="degrees">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911085023/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2009 |title=Awards and Special Degrees |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=37&ID=6852&AlbumType=PG| title=Awards| publisher=NDTV|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] in 1992.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 1993.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, She was invited by the [[House of Lords]], [[London]] to receive the "Woman Politician of the Decade Award" from the Asian Guild Awards.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, The "Golden Star of Honor and Dignity Award" was conferred upon her by the [[Ukraine]]-based International Human Rights Defense Committee recognizing her services in protecting the weaker section of society and in the field of gender equality in Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name="degrees"/> Then [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]], [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Iceland Prime Minister]] [[Davíð Oddsson|David oddson]] were the only three previous recipients of the award<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jayalalithaa-to-be-awarded-soon/articleshow/878290.cms?from=mdr |title=Jayalalithaa to be awarded soon|date=8 October 2004|work=Economic Times}}</ref>
* In 2005, Honoured with '[[Paul Harris (Rotary)|Paul Harris]] Fellow Recognition' & 'Lifetime achievement Award' by [[Rotary International]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4399075 |title=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa, receiving the 'Paul Harris Fellow recognition' and the 'Lifetime Achievement award' from the Rotary International District 3230 Governor, Benjamin Cherian (ext left), at a function in Chennai on February 23, 2005.|date=23 February 2005|work=thehindu}}</ref><ref name="jjgov" />
* In 2011, a resolution was passed by the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] to appreciate her exemplary excellence and dedication as a leader and in service to the people of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Fisheries University'' after her as [[Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University]].
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu named three Kalaimamani award after her as Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award.
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University'' after her as [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University]].
* In 2020, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education Campus after her as Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa statue to be installed at State Council for Higher Education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayalalithaa-statue-to-be-installed-at-state-council-for-higher-education/article31157434.ece |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* On 31 July 2020, ''CMBT Metro Station'' in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[CMBT metro station|Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa CMBT Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honor her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Works==
Jayalalithaa wrote 4 full-fledged Novels, Columns for Bommai, Thuglak in 1970s, Short Stories for Kalki, Thai in 1980s. She had an insatiable desire in her mind to write her [[autobiography]], But it was not fulfilled until the last.<ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjw.in" />

===Novels and Series===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''Uravin Kaidigal (Prisoners of a relationship)'' - The Tamil version of an English novel which she wrote for Eve's Weekly, a woman's magazine published from [[Mumbai]]. Kalki Rajendran had made a fervent appeal to Jayalalithaa to write the same in Tamil. Then It was published as a serial in [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] in 1980 and attracted both strong criticism and praise.<ref name="jj.in">{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017 |title=Jayalalitha’s tryst with writing|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/jayalalithas-tryst-with-writing/50123.html|access-date=31 March 2017 |website=moneylife}}</ref><ref name="jjv.in">{{Cite web|date=30 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=’எழுத்தாளர்’ ஜெயலலிதாவின் நிறைவேறாமல் போன சுயசரிதை ஆசை!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/76350-jayalalithaas-unfulfilled-wish|access-date=30 Dec 2016 |website=vikatan}}</ref><ref name="jjd.in">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |language=tamil|title=மனதை தொட்ட மலர்கள் - எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயலலிதா|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1664101|website=dinamalar}}</ref><ref name="jjh.in">{{Cite web|date=8 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் எழுத்துப் பயணம்!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/india/93225--~XPageIDX~.html|website=hindutamil}}</ref><ref name="jjg.in">{{Cite web|date=7 Oct 2016 |language=tamil|title=வாசிப்பும், யோசிப்பும் 201: ஜெயலலிதா என்னும் எழுத்தாளர் பற்றி......|url=https://geotamil.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3589:-201-&catid=28:2011-03-07-22-20-27|website=geotamil}}</ref><ref name="jjw.in">{{Cite web|date=22 January 1984 |title=She writes to conquer|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-writes-to-conquer.html|website=theweek}}</ref>
* ''Oruthikhey Sondham (Belong to one)'' - Jayalalithaa's First Tamil 95-paged Novel Published in June 1980 by [[Kumudam]]'s monthly, Malai Mathi Magazine.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nenjile Oru Kanal (A fire in my heart)'' - Written in [[Kumudam]] Weekly Magazine, which she said was partly autobiographical.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Ennangal Sila (Some of the thoughts)'' - Published as Series in [[Thuglak]] Weekly Magazine for nearly 7 years, which was written anonymously by Jayalalithaa, Eventually Her identity was disclosed by the editor [[Cho Ramaswamy]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nee indri Nanillai (I am not without you)'' - Novel Published in [[Valampuri John]]'s Kavithabanu Publications.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
{{col-end}}

===Books===
*''Manadhai Thotta Malargal (Flowers that touch the mind)'' - The Collective version of 45 Columns written as ''Enakku Pidithavai'' in [https://thaaii.com/ Thai] weekly magazine.<ref name="jjd.in" /> In this book, She wrote about her favourites (Place, Flower, Animal, Song, Writer, Journalist, Philosophist, Teacher, Painter [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Novel [[David Copperfield]])<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

===Short Stories and Columns===
Jayalalithaa also carved many Short stories and Columns in Tamil and English. She had written an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] critic article in 'Thuglak' magazine which focused on the [[Sexual harassment|harassment]] of a woman under the police custody somewhere in [[North India]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

== Other interests ==

===Countries visited===

Jayalalithaa has travelled to countries such as [[United States]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Thailand]], [[Japan]], [[Nepal]] etc.,<ref name="jjd.in" />

===Leisure Interests===

Jayalalithaa also interested in [[Reading]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020 |title=Inside Jayalalithaa’s library: 8,376 books, Tirukkural to Discovery of India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalitha-residence-library-tirukkural-discovery-of-india-6531733/|website=indianexpress}}</ref> [[Classical music]], [[Western music (North America)|Western Music]], [[Piano]], [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], [[Cricket]], [[Tennis]], [[Basketball|Basket Ball]], [[Chess]], [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] and [[Equestrianism|Horse-riding]].<ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjgov">{{cite news|title=Government of Tamil Nadu- Chief Minister |url=http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230313/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 Sep 2009|date= 10 August 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=27 Sep 2021}}</ref> As a school girl, she had a huge crush on former Indian [[Captain (cricket)|skipper]] Nari Contractor. In an interview with [[Simi Garewal]] in 1990s, Jayalalitha had revealed her fondness for the cricketer and she had followed his game closely during the 1960s. In Kumudam Magazine, She had written that She used to watch test matches. When She found difficult in booking last-minute tickets for special enclosure, She decided to become the Member of ''Tamil Nadu Cricket Association'' through which She Could receive tickets automatically for all [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and [[Ranji Trophy]]. On her request, Then Famous Cricket Commentator and The General Manager of [https://www.dasaprakash.in/ Das prakash Group of Hotels] P. Ananda Rao who had influence on TNCA, represented her case on his board meeting. Hence, Jayalalithaa became the first Independent and patron women member of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] in the period of 1973–74.<ref>{{Cite web|language=tamil|date=2 December 2017 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நினைவு தினம் : தமிழ்நாடு கிரிக்கெட் அசோசியேசன் முதல் பெண் உறுப்பினர்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-memorial-day-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-is-the-first-female-member/|website=indianexpress}}</ref>

{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 100%
| title = Jayalalithaa on the chat show - 'Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'
| halign = center
| quote = " Yes indeed (I had crushes). I remember having a great crush on [[Nari Contractor]], the cricketer. I used to go to Test matches just to watch him. And I had another crush on [[Shammi Kapoor]] (laughed heartily). One of my favourite films even today is [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee
(1961)]] and the Yahoo! song."
| salign = right
| source = — Jayalalithaa, ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'', April 1999<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa on Simi Garewal show: 15 quotes that show her strong character, leadership and human side|url=https://www.india.com/viral/jayalalithaa-on-simi-garewal-show-15-quotes-that-show-her-strong-character-leadership-and-human-side-watch-videos-1693264/|website=india.com}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[First Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Second Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry]]

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey From Movie Star To Political Queen|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Juggernaut|year=2016|isbn=978-8193284148}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=jayalalitha+saree+pulled+in+assembly&pg=PA88|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306312-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA101 |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=Ramaswamy}}
* {{cite book|title=M.G. Ramachandran: Jewel of the Masses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIX11WBlVGAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA1986|last=Swaminathan|first=Roopa|publisher=Rupa Publications|page=1986|year=2002|isbn=9788171678976|ref=Swaminathan}}
* {{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA93|page=93|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|ref=Velayutham}}
* {{cite book|title=Love's Rite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trQj0GrKuPoC&q=jayalalitha+%2B+women+police+stations&pg=PA158|last=Vanitha|first=Rose|ref=Vanitha|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2005|isbn=978-0-14-400059-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Refugee Management: Sri Lankan Refugges in Tamil Nadu, 1983–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eDh7Y7wYXgC&q=jayalalitha+1991+rajiv|year=2005|last=Das|first=Sumita|publisher=Mittal publications|isbn=9788183240666|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book|title=My Frozen Turbulence In Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpVhCICrRb4C&q=janaki+ramachandran+chief+minister|last=Jagmohan|year=2007|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788181242174}}
* {{cite book|title=Jayalalithaa: A Journey|last=Sen Sri Raman|first=Papri|publisher=Vitasta Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-9382711865|location=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa| b=no | n=no | q=Jayalalithaa | s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=J. Jayalalithaa}}

*[https://www.scribd.com/document/339287469/Full-text-SC-order-convicting-Sasikala-in-DA-case#fullscreen&from_embed/ In The Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227154244/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/549 Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1850717.stm BBC News article – ''Jayalalitha returns to power'' (dated 2 March 2002)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm BBC – Controversial life of Jayalalitha]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tamil/jaya_thapar.ram BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)]
* {{IMDb name|0412883|J.Jayalalitha}}
*[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-life-and-times-of-jayalalitha/205450 The Life And Times Of Jayalalitha | Outlook India Magazine]

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{{Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaram, Jayalalithaa}}
[[Category:Jayalalithaa]]
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J. Jayalalithaa

2022-02-20T04:35:51Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Loss of power, 1996 */

{{short description|Indian politician and actress, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)}}
{{Indian name|Jayalalithaa|Jayaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayalalithaa
| image = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption = Jayalalithaa in August 2015
| office = 5th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2015
| term_end = 5 December 2016
| governor = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011
| term_end1 = 27 September 2014
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor1 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency1 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]}}
| predecessor2 = M. Karunanidhi
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Fathima Beevi]]|[[C. Rangarajan]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency3 = ''Did not contest''
| term_start4 = 24 June 1991
| term_end4 = 12 May 1996
| governor4 = {{ubl|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]}}
| predecessor4 = [[President's rule]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 1984
| term_end5 = 28 January 1989
| 1blankname5 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]|[[N. D. Tiwari]]|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]}}
| predecessor5 = [[Sathyavani Muthu]]
| successor5 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| constituency5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office6 = 8th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 29 May 2006
| term_end6 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor6 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor6 = [[Vijayakanth|Vijayakant]]
| constituency6 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start7 = 9 February 1989
| term_end7 = 1 December 1989
| predecessor7 = [[O. Subramanian]]
| successor7 = S. R. Eradha
| constituency7 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2015
| term_end8 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = ''Herself''
| predecessor8 = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor8 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| constituency8 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start9 = 23 May 2011
| term_end9 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = ''Herself''
| predecessor9 = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor9 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| constituency9 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start10 = 24 February 2002
| term_end10 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata10 = {{ubl|''Herself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| successor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| constituency10 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start11 = 1 July 1991
| term_end11 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = ''Herself''
| predecessor11 = K. R. Rajendran
| successor11 = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| constituency11 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| term_start12 = 6 February 1989
| term_end12 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor12 = K. S. M. Ramachandran
| successor12 = V. Panneerselvam
| constituency12 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office13 = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start13 = 9 February 1989
| term_end13 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname13 = Inaugural Holder
| 1namedata13 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor13 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| successor13 = [[V. K. Sasikala]]
| office14 = [[Ministry of propaganda|Propaganda Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 1983
| term_end14 = 1984
| 1blankname14 = Party President
| 1namedata14 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| 2blankname14 = General Secretary
| 2namedata14 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melukote]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1948|02|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Cardiac Arrest]]
| resting_place = [[MGR Memorial|Puratchi Thalaivi Jayalalithaa Ninaividam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| relatives = [[Deepa Jayakumar]] (niece)
| residence = Veda Nilayam, 81, Poes Thottam, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]] - 600086, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]|[[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Church Park Presentation Convent]]|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Film actress|writer|politician|philanthropist|singer|classical dancer}}
| awards = * [[Honorary Doctorate]] (1991)
* [[Kalaimamani]] (1972)
| signature = Jayalalithaa Signature.svg
| nickname = ''Amma'' ''Puratchi Thalaivi''
}}

'''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Shashi Tharoor]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2002 |title='Scrabble' in real life |date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |title=Chasing The Poll Stars |author=Tusha Mittal|work=Tehelka |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian politician and actress who served as the Six time [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for more than fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 9 February 1989, she was the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), a [[Dravidian party]] whose cadre revered her as their "'''{{lang|ta|Amma}}'''" (Mother) and "'''{{lang|ta|Puratchi Thalaivi}}'''" (Revolutionary leader).<ref name="puratchithalavi">{{cite news|title=PURATCHI THALAIVI JAYALALITHAA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Puratchi-Thalaivi-Jayalalithaa|access-date=18 December 2016|work=indiatimes.com|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering a [[personality cult]] and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators and ministers, who often publicly [[Prostration|prostrated]] themselves before her.<ref name="outlook20110321" />

Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa worked prolifically. She appeared in [[Jayalalithaa filmography|140 films]] between 1961 and 1980, primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actress and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "Queen of Tamil Cinema".<ref name="jjte">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Telugu stars mourn Amma's loss!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/jayalalithaa-death-telugu-stars-mourn-ammas-loss_1956451.html|access-date=18 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Among her frequent co-stars was [[M. G. Ramachandran]], popularly known as 'M.G.R', a Tamil [[cultural icon]] who leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when M.G.R was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[India's Parliament]]. After M.G.R's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by M.G.R's widow, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], emerged as the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]], she became Leader of the Opposition to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led government headed by [[M. Karunanidhi]], her ''bête noire''.

In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]], Jayalalithaa became chief minister for the first time and Tamil Nadu's youngest. She earned a reputation for centralizing state power among a coterie of bureaucrats; her [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son in 1995. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]], the [[AIADMK]] was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new [[Karunanidhi]] government filed several corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|another general election]] just a year later.

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]]. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidized {{lang|ta|"Amma"}}-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

Jayalalithaa never married and had no children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-11|title=How a leader’s companion rose in political power in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/2069955/can-deceased-indian-leaders-companion-take-her-place|access-date=2021-09-13|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> On 29 May 2020, her nephew J. Deepak and niece [[Deepa Jayakumar]] were declared as her legal heirs by [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-niece-and-nephew-declared-legal-heirs-can-claim-her-properties-125374|title=Jayalalithaa’s niece and nephew declared legal heirs, can claim her properties|date=27 May 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Early life, education and family ==
Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948 as Komalavalli, named after her grandmother, at [[Melukote]], [[Pandavapura]] taluk, [[Mandya]] district, then in [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]) to Jayaram and Vedavalli (Sandhya) in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] [[Iyengar]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/jayalalithaa-jayaram.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-j-jayalalithaa-was-buried-and-not-cremated/articleshow/55838340.cms|title=Why J Jayalalithaa was buried and not cremated|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-school-her-name-was-komalavalli-1028237|title=In school her name was Komalavalli|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=7 May 2006 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Babu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa dead at 68: How Komalavalli became the 'Iron Lady' of Tamil Nadu|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-at-68-how-komalavalli-became-the-iron-lady-of-tamil-nadu-116120500945_1.html|access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref><ref name="jjbc">{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram's Birth Chart |url=https://celebrity.astrosage.com/jayalalithaa-jayaram-birth-chart.asp |website=celebrity.astrosage |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

Her paternal grandfather, Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service of the [[Mysore kingdom]] as a surgeon and served as the court physician to Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of Mysore. Her maternal grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from [[Srirangam]] to work with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. He had one son and three daughters—Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was married to Jayaram, son of Narasimhan Rengachary. The couple Jayaram-Vedvalli had two children: a son Jayakumar and a daughter, Jayalalitha.<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite news|last1=Chandrakanth|first1=W|title=A never-say-die leader|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-never-say-die-leader/267247|access-date=11 December 2016|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her mother, her relatives and later co-stars and friends referred to her as Ammu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babu|first=Venkatesha|title=Ammu to Amma: The life and times of Jayalalithaa Jayaraman|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ammu-to-amma-the-life-and-times-of-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/story/241781.html|website=Business Today|date=6 December 2016|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> The name Jayalalithaa was adopted at the age of one for the purpose of using the name in schools and colleges. It was derived from the names of two houses where she resided in Mysore. One was "Jaya Vilas" and the other "Lalitha Vilas".

She is from the same lineage of popular figures like [[K. T. Bhashyam]] (Former minister of [[Mysore State]] and [[List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairman]] of [[Mysore Legislative Council]]) and famous lawyer L. S. Raju who made significant contribution in the history of [[Mysore State]] (Now [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jun 23|first=B. V. Shiva Shankar / TNN /|last2=2017|last3=Ist|first3=06:41|title=‘Jayalalithaa’s influence is only stronger after her death’ {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayalalithaas-influence-is-only-stronger-after-her-death/articleshow/59276414.cms|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa's father, Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family's wealth. He died when Jayalalithaa was two years old. The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's home in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] in 1950.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858|website=Outlook India |title=The Road To Ammahood |date=21 March 2011 |first=Sugata |last=Srinivasaraju|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Vedavalli learnt shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position to help support the family in 1950. Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as an air hostess. She also started acting in drama and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the insistence of Ambujavalli, Jayalalithaa's mother Vedavalli also relocated to Madras and stayed with her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. Jayalalithaa remained under the care of her mother's sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref name="thehansindia"/> While still in Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="TNgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |title=Profile |publisher= Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In later interviews, Jayalalithaa spoke emotionally about how she missed her mother growing up in a different city. She had the opportunity to visit her mother during the summer holidays.<ref name="thehansindia"/>

After her aunt Padmavalli's marriage in 1958, Jayalalithaa moved to Madras and began to live with her mother. She completed her education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent).<ref name="thehansindia"/><ref name="Ironlady">{{cite journal|last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |title=The Iron Lady of India |journal=The Contemporary Review |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 }}</ref>

She excelled at school and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.<ref name="TNgov"/> She won Gold State Award for coming first in 10th standard in the state of Tamil Nadu. She joined [[Stella Maris College (Chennai)|Stella Maris College]], [[Chennai]]; however, discontinued her studies due to pressure from her mother and became a film actress.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stella-Maris-remembers-former-CM/article16791819.ece | title=Stella Maris remembers former CM | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/so-singh-what-do-you-make-of-my-campaign-asked-jaya.html | title=So Singh, what do you make of my campaign, Jaya asked our reporter | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | work=R Bhagwan Singh | date=6 December 2016 | access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The Poes Garden plot was bought by Jayalalithaa and her mother on 1 July 1967 at a cost of ₹ 1.32 lakh, measuring around 24,000 sq. feet (10 grounds) with a built-up area of 21,662 sq. feet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veda-nilayam-set-to-become-jayalalithaa-memorial/article31521989.ece |title=Veda Nilayam set to become Jayalalithaa memorial|website=The Hindu |date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-assets-double-secret-seems-be-real-estate-30668 |title=Jayalalithaa's assets double - the secret seems to be real estate|website=thenewsminute |date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Jayalalithaa's mother Sandhya died in November 1971 at the age of 47.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html | title=Tamil Nadu: Who's residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied | website=hindustan times | date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa herself held the ''house warming ceremony'' of her residence ''Veda Nilayam'' (named after her beloved mother Vedavalli alias Sandhya) on May 15, 1972, early in the morning, followed by [[dinner]] and a [[Veena]] recital by classical musician [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti babu]] in the evening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/27/was-Jayalalithaa-poes-garden-residence-attached-by-it-department.html | title=Is Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden residence under attachment by IT department? | website=The Week | date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Her brother's wedding took place at her Veda Nilayam home in Poes Garden in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/jayalalithaa-deepa.html | title=JAYA, MY AUNT Inheritance of loss | website=The Week | date=18 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-am-jayalalithaas-legal-heir-and-i-am-ready-fight-deepa-jayakumar-tnm-54131 |title=I am Jayalalithaa's legal heir and I am ready to fight: Deepa Jayakumar to TNM |publisher=The News Minute |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her brother Jayakumar, his wife Vijayalakshmi and their daughter [[Deepa Jayakumar]] lived in Poes Garden with Jayalalithaa till 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |title=Jayalalithaa's niece Deepa Jayakumar aims to make things tricky for Sasikala |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084533/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 }}</ref> and then moved to T.Nagar Madras at the bungalow 'Sandhya Illam' which was bought by mother of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Crowd-continues-to-swell-at-Deepa's-house/article17009933.ece |title = Crowd continues to swell at Deepa's house|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 January 2017|last1 = Jesudasan|first1 = Dennis S.}}</ref> Her brother was unhappy with adoption of Sudhakaran, a relative of Sasikala, as foster son of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news|first=Somak |last=Ghoshal |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/10/jayalithaas-niece-deepa-jayakumar-challenges-sasikala-to-claim/ |title=Jayalalithaa's Niece Deepa Jayakumar Challenges Sasikala To Claim Her Aunt's Legacy |work=Huffington Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa had adopted [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]]'s nephew Sudhakaran in 1995 and disowned him in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran|title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran?|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=22 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Her brother died in 1995 of heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|author=Julie Mariappan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Niece-I-want-to-see-Jaya-aunt-they-stopped-me-at-the-gates/articleshow/54707118.cms |title=Jayalalithaa health: Jayalalitha News: Niece – I want to see Jaya aunt, they stopped me at the gates |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

She was fluent in several languages, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and English.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 April 2007|title=Jayalalithaa to debut in Hindi for campaigns|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=IANS|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122520/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> She spoke with actress Saroja Devi in Kannada regularly as they were close friends and would talk to each other only in Kannada. She often conversed with Karnataka Chief ministers in Kannada. Basavaraj Bommai, the former irrigation minister of Karnataka said, “I was astonished by her Kannada slang and fluency.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Jayalalithaa’s deep love for Kannada will surprise you|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101411/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language|archive-date=2020-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Proud Tamilian born in Karnataka, Jayalalithaa had a long history with Kannadiga activists|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-tamilian-born-karnataka-jayalalithaa-had-long-history-kannadiga-activists-53889|access-date=2021-06-11|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

She was fond of having dogs as her pets. But after the death of Julie, a [[spitz]], in 1998 she could not bear the loss and hence discontinued keeping pet dogs at her home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Lesser-known-facets-of-Jayalalithaa/article16762804.ece1|title=Lesser known facets of Jayalalithaa|date=6 December 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{See also|Jayalalitha filmography}}

=== Early career ===

In Madras (now [[Chennai]]), Jayalalithaa was trained in [[Carnatic music]], western classical piano<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Lawyers-hail-HC%E2%80%99s-tribute-to-Jayalalithaa/article16788292.ece |title=Lawyers hail HC's tribute to Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> and various forms of classical dance, including [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathak]].<ref name=NDTV1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1294266|title=Jayalalithaa, The Amma Of Tamil Nadu Politics|last=Ghosh|first=Deepshikha|website=[[NDTV]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She learnt Bharatnatyam and dance forms under K.J.Sarasa.<ref name="sp">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=23 October 1965 |title=A New Bright Star |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n221 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=19 |pages=50–51}}</ref> She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma Bhushan Guru [[Vempati Chinna Satyam|Dr. Vempati Chinna Satyam]]. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her debut dance performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960.<ref name="BS"/> The Chief Guest at the Arangetram was [[Shivaji Ganesan]], who called her a "thanga silai" (golden statue) and expressed wish that Jayalalithaa becomes a film star in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivaji-ganesans-wish-12-year-old-jayalalithaa-ended-coming-true-45599 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's wish for 12-year-old Jayalalithaa ended up coming true |publisher=The News Minute |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/what-stars-who-worked-with-jayalalithaa-say/photostory/55848093.cms |title=What stars who worked with Jayalalithaa say! |publisher=timesofindia |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

While a child, Jayalalithaa acted in the Kannada-language film ''[[Sri Shaila Mahathme]]'' (1961), which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Jayalalitha-has-acted-in-Kannada-movies/articleshow/44752455.cms|title=Jayalilathaa has acted in Kannada|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> She had been taken to the studio by her mother as she was shooting in the same premises for a different film. While Jayalalithaa was watching the shooting, a problem arose as the child actress playing the [[Goddess Parvathy]] in a school drama scene in the film failed to show up and the producer Neerlahalli Thalikerappa and director Aroor Pattabhi asked Sandhya if Jayalalithaa could be asked to act in the dance sequence. Sandhya agreed and Jayalalithaa was swiftly dressed up as Parvathy and the scene was shot in Sri Shaila Mahatme.<ref name="Khajane">{{cite news|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Those Kannada days...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Those-Kannada-days.../article16776901.ece|access-date=9 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She played Lord [[Krishna]] in a three-minute dance sequence held on stage in the [[Hindi film]] [[Man-Mauji]] (1962) and danced with [[Kumari Naaz]] who played Radha. [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] ran the drama troupe ''United Amateur Artistes'' (UAA), which staged English and Tamil plays. Soon Jayalalithaa while a schoolgirl began acting in some plays of Parthasarathy along with her mother and aunt. She acted in small roles in plays such as Tea House of the August Moon and ''Undersecretary'' between 1960 and 1964.

Shankar Giri, the son of the former [[President of India|Indian President]] [[V. V. Giri]], saw her small role in the English play ''Tea Houses of August Moon'' and was impressed. Shankar Giri approached her mother Sandhya and told he wanted to cast her daughter in an English film called ''The Epistle''. Sandhya reluctantly agreed with the condition that shooting should be held only during weekends or school holidays.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=People's CM Jayalalithaa, an enigma in life and in death|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-cm-jayalalithaa-an-enigma-in-life-and-in-death-116120600127_1.html|access-date=9 December 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Sandhya had acted in the 1964 Tamil film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'', produced and directed by Kannada film-maker [[B. R. Panthulu]]. Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was spotted by Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite [[Kalyan Kumar]] in the Kannada movie ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]''. He promised to finish all shooting within two months in order not to interfere with her education. Since Jayalalithaa would be studying for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had declined the offer initially.<ref name=hans1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel--real-life/267246|title=A super star in reel & real life|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Sandhya agreed when that promise was made and Jayalalithaa started acting and she was paid {{INRConvert|3|k|year=1967}}. Panthulu kept his promise and completed shooting in six weeks. Jayalalithaa had forgotten all about films after acting in her Kannada debut film and had got ready to attend classes at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris]] as she had the ambition to be a [[lawyer]]. But the Kannada debut film became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] in 1964 and she became a well-known face.

Meanwhile, Jayalalithaa continued acting in Parthasarathy's plays. She played the leading role in plays such as ''Malathi'', ''The Whole Truth'', and the dance drama ''Kaveri Thanda Kalaiselvi'' between 1960 and 1966. She made her debut as the lead actress in [[Kannada]] films while still in school, age 15, in ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964).<ref name=hans1/> She also appeared in a dance sequence of a song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1964).<ref name="outlook20110321"/>

She made her debut in Tamil theatre in April 1964, when she played a sales girl in the drama named ''Undersecretary''. Parthasarathy and Sandhya were the lead characters, while Jayalalitha and [[Cho Ramaswamy]] were paired together and [[A. R. Srinivasan]] was also involved. The play was based on the lives of middle aged couple and Jayalaithaa played character of sales girl in the drama. Her performance caused Parthasarathy to make her lead heroine in a drama named ''Malathy''. Meanwhile, the films she had shot during her vacation in April–May 1964—''Chinnada Gombe'' and ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''—became blockbusters. By end of 1965, she had become popular among film producers and directors.<ref name=hans1/> She was approached by [[C. V. Sridhar]] for her Tamil film debut as well. Between 1964 and 1966 she did around 35 shows of drama named ''Malathy'' and later discontinued as she became very busy in films.<ref name="BS"/> It was during the year 1964, financial debts had increased of Sandhya and she suggested her daughter make use of the increasing film offers to come her way.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts"/>

Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was the leading role in ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965), directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]].<ref name="sp"/> She made her debut in Telugu films as lead actress in ''Manushulu Mamathalu'' opposite Akkineni Nageswara Rao. Her last Telugu release was also opposite [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in the film ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title = Did You Know?|url = http://www.telugucinema.com/Did-You-Know|website = telugucinema.com|access-date=17 October 2015|date = 20 September 2015}}</ref> She was the first heroine to appear in [[skirt]]s in Tamil films.<ref name="iron lady">{{cite web|last=Nadar|first=Ganesh|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Iron Lady |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/06espec1.htm |work=Rediff|date=6 May 2004|access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> She acted in one Hindi film called ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'', with [[Dharmendra]] as her male costar in 1968.<ref name="NDTV"/> She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M.G. Ramachandran between 1965 and 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title = Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url = http://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-483055|website = NDTV.com|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> The first with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] was B.R. Panthalu's ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' in 1965 and their last film together was ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|title=Off-screen deity, on-screen goddess|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/12/08/off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/|website=baradwajrangan.wordpress.com|access-date=9 December 2016|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa donated gold jewelleries she had to the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/no-bharat-ratna-for-jayalalithaa-madras-high-court-dismisses-pil-to-confer-late-cm-with-honour-3191124.html |title=No Bharat Ratna for Jayalalithaa? Madras High Court dismisses PIL to confer late CM with honour |work=Firstpost |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

She had 11 successful releases in Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'', for the first time her name was affixed with the phrase Kavarchi Kanni.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article8514320.ece|title=Arasa Kattalai (1967)|date=24 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Guy|first1=Randor}}</ref> In 1967 she bought her bungalow, Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for {{INRConvert|1.32|l|year=1967}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|title=Jaya assets worth Rs 113.73 cr, Rs 3.40 cr less than in 2015|work=Times Now|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142232/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] was on the lookout for a regular heroine for his production after he had fight with the actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] after the release of ''Vetaikkaran'', and he signed Jayalalithaa on in 1965. She became a regular heroine for production house Devar films from 1966.<ref>{{cite news |first=Samiksha |last=Panda |url=http://scrolltoday.com/end-inspiration-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/ |title=The End of an Inspiration : Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |work=Scroll Today |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Jaishankar]] was romantically paired with Jayalalithaa in eight Tamil films including ''[[Muthu Chippi]]'', ''[[Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Nee!]]'', ''[[Vairam]]'', ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]'', ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' (1968), ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'', whereas the films ''[[Thanga Gopuram]]'' and ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' had him play elder brother to her.

Jayalalithaa acted in twelve films as heroine opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]], in Telugu—''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1967), ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967), ''[[Tikka Sankaraiah]]'' (1968), ''[[Niluvu Dopidi]]'' (1968), ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968), ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1969), ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969), ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' (1969), ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1972), and ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973). Jayalalitha had eight films with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in Telugu—''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966), ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968), ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969), ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' (1969), ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972), ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974) and ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' (1980).

She also made a guest appearance in Telugu film ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navarthi]]'' (1966). Her films in Telugu also included two with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and one each with [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-tryst-with-Telugu-films/article16765354.ece |title=Jayalalithaa's tryst with Telugu films |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> She was given on-screen credit as Kalai Selvi in most of her Tamil films since 1967.<ref name="hans1"/>

=== Later career ===
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''List of Best Actress awards for J. Jayalalithaa '''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Award
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|{{won|5}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2016/dec/06/the-life-and-times-of-tamil-nadus-six-time-woman-chief-minister-1546011.html |title=The life and times of Tamil Nadu's six-time woman Chief Minister |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress
|{{won|8}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{won|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/deccan+chronicle-epaper-deccanch/j+jayalalithaa+the+superstar-newsid-61061490 |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 1948 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234">[[#The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|The Times of India directory and year book including who's who]], p 234</ref>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Russian Film festival
|{{won|1}}<ref name="Toi234"/>
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
;Madras Film Association Awards for Best Actress
|{{won|7}}<ref name="Collections394">[[#Collections|Collections]], p 394</ref>
|}

Between 1965 and 1973, Jayalalithaa starred opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in a number of successful films, including ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kavalkaran]]'', ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Engal Thangam]]'', ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'', ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]'' and ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. 101</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]] cast her in the lead role in his directorial venture ''[[Yarrukkum Vetkam Illai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-life-in-song/article16768634.ece|title=A life in song|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She acted with [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] in ten films—''Gowri Kalyanam ''(1966), ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' (1966), ''[[Naan]]'' (1967), ''[[Magaraasi|Magarasi]]'' (1967), ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' (1967), ''[[Panakkara Pillai]]'' (1968), ''[[Moondru Yezhuthu]]'' (1968), ''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' (1968), ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' and ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' (1974).<ref name="hans1"/> In 1972, she acted opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', which went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 1973.

In 1973, she acted in ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'', which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu.<ref name="TOI1984">[[#TOI|TOI 1984]], p. 305</ref> Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]''; the latter holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ |last=R.L|first=Hardgrave|title=Essays in the political sociology of South India|year=1979|publisher=Usha|page=120|isbn=9780836406054|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was paired opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 17 films. She acted in six films with [[R. Muthuraman]] as a romantic leading pair—''[[Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil]]'', ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'', ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'', ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'', ''[[Suryagandhi]]'', ''[[Anbu Thangai]]''<ref name="hans1"/> and Muthuraman played supporting roles in ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', ''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]'', ''[[En Annan]]'', [[Adi Parashakti]], ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'', ''[[Dharmam Engey]]'', ''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]'' and ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''. She made her debut in Malayalam with ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jesus: 1973|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-jesus-1973/article7043457.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 March 2015|access-date=22 February 2016|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref> Her 100th film was ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' (1974), directed by [[A. Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away-115022500852_1.html|title=Director Vincent passes away|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

She was romantically paired opposite [[Sivakumar]] in ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''. Sivakumar played supporting roles in Shakti Leelai, Yarrukum Vetkam Ilali, [[Thirumangalyam]], Annaivelakanni, Kavalkaran, Motoram Sunderapillai and Ganga Gowri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184625/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|website=Box Office India|title=Box office report of 1968|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

The heroes of her films never objected to the title of the film being conferred on the female lead played by Jayalalithaa. ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Kanni Thaai]]'', and ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' had Ramachandran as the lead male hero but the story and the title was built around the character played by Jayalalithaa. Similarly, ''Engerindo Vandhaal'', ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]'', [[Paadhukaappu]] and ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' had Sivaji Ganeshan as the male lead but the title and the story was built around her character. She did many female-centric films where the story revolved on her character, such as ''Vennira Adai'', ''[[Yaar Nee? (film)|Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Kumari Penn]]'', ''[[Nee (film)|Nee]]'', ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]], [[Magaraasi]], [[Muthu Chippi]], [[Thanga Gopuram]], [[Avalukku Ayiram Kangal]], [[Annamitta Kai]], [[Vandhaale Magaraasi]], [[Suryagandhi]], [[Thirumangalyam]], [[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]'', and ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]''.

She received the title "Nadippuku Ilakkium Vahuthavar" from then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/history-j-jayalalithaa-from-mysore-to-chennai-290110 |title=வரலாறு: ஜெ. ஜெயலலிதா மைசூர் முதல் சென்னை வரை! |work=zeenews |date=6 December 2016|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/jayalalitha-biography-tamil-248513.html |title=அதிமுக கொ.ப.செ... பொதுச்செயலாளர்... தமிழக முதல்வர்... ஜெ. அரசியல் பயணம்|work=oneindia tamil |date=9 March 2016|language=ta}}</ref> and also won Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress for her 100th film ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/jayalalithaa-from-film-star-to-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu|title=Remembering Jayalalithaa: From film star to Tamil Nadu CM |newspaper=Khaleej Times|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her last film in Tamil was ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' (1980).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Who is J Jayalalithaa?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-211841|publisher=NDTV|location=Chennai|date=17 May 2012|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Her last film as the heroine was ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' in Telugu,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/revisiting-top-10-movies-j-jayalalithaa-706973 |title=Revisiting the top 10 movies of J Jayalalithaa |work=IBTimes |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> which became the highest grosser of the year in Telugu.

Her successful Kannada films include ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' (1966), ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]'' (1965), ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964) and ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career—85 hits of 92 Tamil films as main female lead heroine and she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee hits.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts">[http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-lesser-known-facts-about-our-leaders-jayalalitha/index.html], behindwoods.com; accessed 23 May 2016.</ref> She was the highest-paid Indian actress from 1965 to 1980. She made guest appearances in nine films and six of her films were dubbed into Hindi. She had 119 box office hits between 1961 and 1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead. She made a brief appearance in 1992's ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-makes-brief-appearance-in-neenga-nalla-irukkanum-movie-bombs-at-box-office/1/308343.html|title=Jayalalithaa's brief appearance in Neenga nalla irukanum|magazine=India Today|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Thanga Gopuram'' in 1971, ''Raman Thediya Seethai'' in 1972, ''Suryagandhi'' in 1973, ''Thirumangalyam'' in 1974, and ''Yarukkum Vetkam Illai'' in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=6 December 2016|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> She acted in mythological films like ''Kandan Karunai'', ''Aadhi Parashakti'', ''Shri Krishna Satya'', ''Shri Krishna Vijayam'', ''Shri Rama Katha'', ''Shri Krishna Leela'', ''Shakti Leelai'', ''Ganga Gowri'', ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' and [[Jesus (1973 film)|''Jesus'']]. Her period dramas include ''Ayirathil Oruvan'', ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'', ''[[Mani Magudam]]'', ''Adimai Penn'', ''Ali Baba 40 Dongalu'', ''Arasa Katalai'', and ''Baghdad Perazhagi''.

She acquired the reputation of being a multi-faceted actor equally comfortable in fantasy and mythological genres as well as in modern social dramas<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayalalithaa, the golden girl of Tamil cinema|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=23 February 2016|date=27 September 2014}}</ref> and hence in 1969, in Tamil Conference, she was given the tag of "Kaveri Thandha Kalai Selvi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html|title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

She, [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Saroja Devi]] have been cited as the first female superstars of Tamil cinema. She did double roles in eight films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html|title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon|work=Firstpost|date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Rajanala and Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa in [[Gandikota Rahasyam]] Movie - 1969]]
She received Special Award from Filmfare for her performances in 'Chandhrodhayam', 'Adimai Penn' and 'Engirundho Vandhaal' in the years 1966, 1969 and 1970 as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] was introduced only in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Daily Report |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093529/http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> Her performance in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', [[Suryakanthi|''Suryagandhi'']] were critically acclaimed and won her consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

From 1968 to 1973, at the peak of her career she took interviews and wrote columns in the magazines like ''Bommai''. She wrote a column-"Ennangal Sila" in magazine ''[[Thuglak]]'' in the 1970s. She also wrote a short story, "Oravin Kaidhigal", for the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', "Manadhai Thotta Malargal" for ''Thaai'' magazine in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbg2eX-M320| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Nbg2eX-M320| archive-date=2021-10-27|title=TN CM Jayalalithaa service as a Journalist in Private News paper|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 December 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She wrote about her own life in a serialised memoir in the Tamil weekly magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-wrote-of-pining-for-mother-blowing-away-sivaji-ganesan-1634946|title=Jayalalithaa Wrote Of Pining For Mother, Blowing Away Sivaji Ganesan|publisher=Ndtv.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1980, she decided to voluntarily decline any new film offers. An [[Australia]]-based journalist Brian Laul took over the mantle of Piousji (‘Khaas Bhat’- The filmi gossip column) wrote an article specifying Jayalalithaa was trying for a comeback but was not being offered any roles. Jayalalithaa chose to respond to him by writing a letter, in which she mentioned that she was not struggling to make any comeback and that she turned down the offer from producer [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] to star in ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980) alongside [[Rajinikanth]]. She added she wanted to pursue other interests and was not interested in pursuing her film career any further.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/this-letter-sent-by-jayalalithaa-to-a-journalist-in-1980-shows-just-how-classy-she-was-4413621|title=This letter sent by Jayalalithaa to a journalist in 1980 shows just how classy she was |work=The Indian Express|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/jayalalithaas-stinker-to-journalist-about-turning-down-rajinikanth-film-1635086|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Stinker' To Journalist About Turning Down Rajinikanth Film |work=ndtv|date=10 June 1980 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

Her closest friends from film industry included [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manorama-called-me-Ammu-Jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/49311504.cms |title=Manorama called me Ammu, Jayalalithaa says |work=The Times of India |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-a-long-time-friend-but-vocal-critic-of-Jayalalithaa/article16771674.ece |title=Cho Ramaswamy: a long-time friend but vocal critic of Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Rajasree]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]], [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Sukumari]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teluguglobal.in/jayalalithas-lunch-with-her-yester-year-film-stars-in-2012/ |title=Jayalalithaa's lunch with her yester year film stars in 2012 |publisher=Teluguglobal.in |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[S. A. Asokan]], [[Jaishankar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V.K.Ramaswamy]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[P.Susheela]], [[Sheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[R.S.Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0412883/quotes |title=Jayalalitha J – Quotes |publisher=IMDb |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She quoted on M. G. Ramachandran, "He was a very warm and caring kind of a person. And after Mother died, he replaced her in my life. He was everything to me. He was mother, father, brother, friend, philosopher, guide. Everything. He sort of took over my life." In many of her interviews she often said she entered films on being asked by her mother and entered politics on request by M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/i-dont-think-anyone-has-taken-more-criticism-than-i-have-jaya-told-simi-garewal-1546016.html |title=I don't think anyone has taken more criticism than I have: Jaya to Simi Garewal |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah with J.Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at the public meeting in 1980s]]
Jayalalithaa denied claims that M.G.R., who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in introducing her to politics.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> On 4 June 1982,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html|title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut|last=Vaasanthi|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by M.G.R.<ref name="career">{{cite news| url=http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082124/http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 February 2012 | agency=State Planning Commission | title=Political Career|access-date=10 November 2013|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Her maiden public speech,"'''{{lang|ta|Pennin Perumai}}'''" (The Greatness of a Woman), was delivered at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year at [[Cuddalore]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=M.G.R.: The original 'ladies man' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |date=13 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 December 2016 }}</ref> and was well received. Even the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Rajya Sabha member [[Khushwant Singh]] came to witness her speech which was widely acclaimed for its clarity of diction and elegant prose.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her seat number in [[Rajya Sabha]] was 185, which was coincidentally the same as that of what [[C. N. Annadurai]] had while he was a member in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 December 2016|title=How Jayalalithaa Stunned Prime Minister Indira Gandhi With Her Maiden Speech In Rajya Sabha|url=http://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m/|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref> In January 1983, she became propaganda secretary for the party and campaigned extensively for the party candidate [[R. Amirtharaj]] in the by-election for the [[Tiruchendur (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchendur Assembly constituency]] in February that year.<ref name="career"/><ref name="jjgov" />

M.G.R. wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in [[English language|English]].<ref name="control">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule|work=The Sunday Guardian|title=First impressions|last=Nalpat|first=Madhav|date=25 December 2011|location=New Delhi|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Indira Gandhi lauded Jayalalithaa for the various speeches she made on issues including the one on internal security in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-cabinet-decides-to-recommend-jayalalithaas-name-for-bharat-ratna/articleshow/55914413.cms |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet decides to recommend Jayalalithaa's name for Bharat Ratna |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was elected to that body in 1984 and retained her seat until 1989.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Honourable Chief Minister |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116225438/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and M.G.R., these members influenced M.G.R. to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine. Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> She was given key responsibilities, including in the implementation of the landmark noon-meals scheme when M. G. Ramachandran was the chief minister and this taught her lessons in welfare politics. Later when M.G.R. fell ill, she campaigned extensively for the party before the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/indias-iron-lady-jayalalithaa-dead/|title=India's Iron lady Jayalalithaa is dead – Vanguard News|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai.jpg|thumb|right|Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai]]
In 1984, when M.G.R. was incapacitated due to a [[stroke]], Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to take over the position of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him from the proper execution of his duties.<ref name=outlook19980504>{{cite news| url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205450 | publisher=outlookindia | title=The Life And Times of Jayalalitha |first1=Ajith |last1=Pillai |first2=A. S. |last2=Panneerselvan |date=4 May 1998|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general elections, in which the AIADMK allied with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="profile"/> Following [[M. G. Ramachandran#Illness and death|his death]] in 1987, the AIADMK split into two factions: one supported his widow, [[Janaki Ramachandran]] This faction was called AIADMK (JA) and the other favoured Jayalalithaa called AIADMK (J). Jayalalithaa faction was supported by senior leaders like [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[C. Aranganayagam|Aranganayagam]], [[Sattur Ramachandran|KKSSR Ramachandran]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar|Thirunavukarasar]]. Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96 members; due in part to irregularities by speaker [[P. H. Pandian]], who dismissed six members to ease her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] used [[S:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]] to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose [[president's rule]] on the state.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>[[#CITEREFJagmohan2007|Jagmohan 2007]], pp. 303–305</ref><ref name="CMlist"/>

At the age of 41, Jayalalithaa entered the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] successfully contesting the subsequent [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] on the basis of being M.G.R.'s political heir.<ref>{{cite news|title=I'm MGR's true heir: Jayalalithaa |url=http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225124101/http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|date= 15 February 2002|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 1989 ===
She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in 1989 as a representative of the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency. This election saw the Jayalalithaa-led faction of the AIADMK win 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the first woman to be elected [[Leader of the Opposition]] in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. On 9 February 1989, the two factions of AIADMK merged and they unanimously accepted Jayalalithaa as the general secretary of the party and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored.<ref name="BS"/>

On 25 March 1989, as claimed by the party and a section of the members present in the assembly, amidst heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members and the opposition, Jayalalithaa was attacked by the ruling DMK members in front of the assembly speaker [[M. Tamilkudimagan]] when violence broke out between DMK and AIADMK MLA's after she called Karunanidhi a criminal and when he named and shamed her. Karunanidhi fell on the floor when one of her MLAs rushed towards him.Both Karunanidhi and Jayalaithaa alleged of attacks against them.<ref name="caravantitans" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thalaivi Trailer: The truth behind Jayalalithaa's saree pulling scene in Kangana Ranaut-starrer|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/thalaivi-trailer-the-truth-behind-jayalalithaas-saree-pulling-scene-in-kangana-ranaut-starrer|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2017-02-18|title=Nothing can ‘beat’ 1989 violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-ie-photographer-recounts-how-his-iconic-photograph-helped-jayalalithaa-became-a-giant-slayer/|title=Ex-Express photographer recounts how his iconic photograph helped Jayalalithaa become a giant slayer|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalitha left the Assembly with her torn saree drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of [[Draupadi]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="caravantitans">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-revenge-of-draupadi/205451|title=The Revenge Of Draupadi|publisher=Outlook|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110519/main7.htm|title=Vow to avenge insult|newspaper=Tribune|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> At the peak of the situation, Jayalalithaa was about to leave the house, she vowed to not enter the house "until as a [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Vinod K. Jose|date=24 April 2014|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly|title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor|publisher=Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shashank Chouhan|date=23 November 2012|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129022030/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2012|title=A small, shameful history of unparliamentary behaviour|work=Reuters}}</ref> In spite of some sections of media terming it as a theatrics, it received a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public.<ref name="V86">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], pp. 86–88</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1989 ugly episode haunts the House |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192438/http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|location=Chennai|date=26 March 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="midnight">{{cite news|title=Rival's revenge in Tamil Nadu|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1416948.stm|work=BBC|date=1 July 2001|last=Jacob|first=Satish|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During the 1989 general elections, the AIADMK allied with the Congress party and was handed a significant victory. The AIADMK, under her leadership, also won the by-elections in [[Marungapuri (state assembly constituency)|Marungapuri]], [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]] and [[Peranamallur (state assembly constituency)|Peranamallur]] assembly constituencies.<ref name="profile"/>

=== First term as Chief Minister, 1991 ===
[[File:Ms. J. Jayalalithaa presenting an award to Shashank - World Tamil Conference, Tanjore, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa presenting award in [[World Tamil Conference]],1993]]
In 1991, following the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] days before the elections, her alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition victory.<ref>[[#Das|Das 2005]], p. 45</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. xxxiv</ref> The AIADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won all 39 constituencies in the centre.<ref name="profile"/> Re-elected to the assembly, she became the state's youngest chief minister, and the first woman to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12 May 1996.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="CMlist"/> In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of [[female infanticide]] and the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |title=TN: Cradle Baby Scheme In Districts With Low Sex Ratio |date=24 July 2011 |magazine=Outlook India |location=Chennai |agency=PTI |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225093403/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}</ref> Her party had 226 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections.<ref>[[#Vanitha|Vanitha 2007]], p. 158</ref> She began to be referred as Thanga Gopuram'','' ''Thanga Silai'' and ''Thanga Tharagai'' ('Golden Maiden') by her followers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anwesha Madhukalya|title=10 Videos Of Jayalalithaa's Dance Performances That Explain Why She Was Called The 'golden Maiden'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/10-videos-of-jayalalithaas-dance-performances-that-explain-why/|access-date=8 December 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref>

In July 1993, She observed fast for 80 hours(four days) near the [[MGR Memorial]] on the [[Marina beach]], demanding that [[Karnataka]] release [[Kaveri]] water for the [[kuruvai]] crop. She ended her fast only after Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao sent his Cabinet colleague and Union Water Resources Minister [[Vidya Charan Shukla|V.C. Shukla]] to Chennai to assure her that the centre would set up two committees to ensure implementation of the 1991-interim award of the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Tribunal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=1993-08-15|title=Jayalalitha exploits Tamil insecurity|language=en-IN|work=indiatoday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930815-jayalalitha-exploits-tamil-insecurity-811413-1993-08-15|access-date=2013-07-24}}</ref><ref name="jjc">{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2016-12-06|title=An aggressive campaigner for Tamil Nadu's water rights|language=en-IN|work=thehindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece}}</ref>

In 1993, the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes Bill, 1993 was passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] (Act 45 of 1994).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2014-11-06|title=69% quota: SC notice to Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Bill was sent to the President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] for his approval. J Jayalalithaa's [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government led a cross-party committee of Tamil Nadu politicians to Delhi to meet with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] led [[Government of India|Central government]] and stepped up pressure on the centre to bring in a [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional amendment]] to include the Tamil Nadu Act in the Ninth Schedule, ensuring that its validity cannot be challenged in any court. By the end of August 1994, the Act became a part of the Ninth Schedule by the presidential accent, confirming "'''the 69 percent reservation'''" exclusive for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994|language=en-IN|website= india.gov.in|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-sixth-amendment-act-1994|access-date=2021-05-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The development fetched her the title of ‘Samooga Neethi Kaatha Veeranganai’ (The leader who upheld [[Social justice]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics|language=en-IN|website=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The woman behind the 69% quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=நான் "சமூக நீதி காத்த வீராங்கனை" ஆனது எப்படி?-ஜெ விளக்கம் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2010/07/23/protected-69-reservation-tn-jayalalithaa.html | work= Oneindia tamil | language=ta|access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

On 20 January 1994, [[Mother Teresa]] Called on Chief Minister Jayalalithaa at her poes garden residence in chennai and lauded her welfare projects for girls, destitute women and the aged. Mother Teresa reportedly said that she and Jayalalithaa, India's then only female chief minister, were "working for and fulfilling the same noble cause". Mother Teresa said she would pray daily for Jayalalithaa, whose projects included the Cradle Baby Scheme (CBS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOTHER TERESA´S PRAISE FOR CHIEF MINISTER´S GIRLS´ SCHEME CONTROVERSIAL|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1994/02/18/mother-teresas-praise-for-chief-ministers-girls-scheme-controversial&post_id=44776 | work= ucanews |date=17 February 1994}}</ref> Mother Teresa was also present at the State function on the [[International Women's Day]] On 9 March 1994 at Madras which Jayalalithaa later recalled as “memorable event in my life”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa will continue to inspire many more, says Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-Teresa-will-continue-to-inspire-many-more-says-Jayalalithaa/article14622049.ece | work= thehindu | access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

She first invited [[Ford Motor Company]] to establish business in Tamil Nadu in 1995. This was followed by numerous companies setting up factories here especially from automobiles sector which included [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor]], [[BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Renault]], [[Nissan]], [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], [[Wrightbus|Wright]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]. Due to this, Madras (now [[Chennai]]) began to be called as the [[Detroit]] of India under her first term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/nzgFbwcO2BgdW4x6dVBCCN/How-Jayalalithaa-made-Chennai-the-Detroit-of-India.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made Chennai the Detroit of India |work=Livemint |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] made significant expansion in Tamil Nadu and apart from [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE]] and [[TVS Motor Company|TVS Motors]] became key players in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa catalysed industrial growth in TN|language=en-IN|website=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/jayalalithaa-catalysed-industrial-growth-in-tn/article9412047.ece|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

=== Loss of power, 1996 ===
The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that they contested.<ref name="front1996"/> Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate in [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]] constituency. The outcome has been attributed to an [[anti-incumbency]] sentiment and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="front1996">{{cite journal|title=No respite|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1425/14250410.htm|journal=Frontline|volume=14|issue=25|date=26 December 1997|last=T.S.|first=Subramanian|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The wedding event of her foster son Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor [[Shivaji Ganesan]], was held on 7 September 1995 at Madras and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event holds two [[Guinness World Records]]: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for being the largest wedding banquet.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/largest-wedding-banquetreception/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|title=Largest wedding banquet/reception|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Most wedding guests|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/most-wedding-guests/|publisher=guinnessworldrecords|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special court than the entire {{INRConvert|6|c|year=1995}} expenses associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722012032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |first=Anil |last=Kumar |date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=My foster son's Rs6 cr. wedding expense not paid by me |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref>

Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of then Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[Indian general election, 1999 (Tamil Nadu)|another general election]] just a year later.

There were several corruption cases filed against her by the ruling DMK government headed by Karunanidhi. Jayalalithaa was arrested on 7 December 1996 and was remanded to 30-day judicial custody in connection with the [[Colour TV scam]], which charged her with receiving kickbacks to the tune of {{INRConvert|10.13|c|year=1995}}. The investigation alleged that the amount through the TV dealers were routed in the form of cheques to a relative of Sasikala, who had quoted Jayalalithaa's residence as hers. She earlier filed an anticipatory bail in the trial court, which was rejected on 7 December 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Booty queen|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-arrest-reveals-systematic-loot-of-public-money-puts-political-future-at-risk/1/282843.html|date=31 December 1998|access-date=3 November 2015|magazine=India Today|last1=Menon|first1=Amarnath K.|last2=G.C.|first2=Shekar}}</ref> She was acquitted in the case on 30 May 2000 by the trial court and the High Court upheld the order of the lower court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Colour TV scam: High Court upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/colour-tv-scam-high-court-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalithaa/article6955.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Madras HC upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa in TV scam|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/madras-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalitha-in-tv-scam_557310.html|date=22 August 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

Though Sudhakaran was adopted by Jayalalithaa as her foster son in 1995, when she became aware that Sudhakaran began to interfere in her financial affairs and that he took money without intending to repay, she disowned him in 1996 within one year of adoption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran? |work=Asianetnews.tv |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

When questioned on her views on Sasikala, Jayalalithaa quoted in 1996 "Sasikala never functioned as extra constitutional power centre. Calling her de facto chief minister is nonsense. She is not interested in politics and I have no intention to bring her into politics." It annoyed her when people said Sasikala was behind many of her political decisions and termed such news as rubbish and insult to her position as chief minister.<ref>{{cite work|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/story/sasikala-jayalalithaa-aiadmk-panneerselvam-ops-poes-garden/1/878479.html |title=The post-truth takeover |work=India Today |access-date=3 May 2017}} {{dead link|date=May 2017}}</ref>

=== Second term as Chief Minister, 2001 ===
Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she was found guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated agency called [[TANSI land acquisition case|TANSI]]. Although she appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], having been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the matter was not resolved at the time of the elections.<ref name="disqual">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |journal=Frontline |title=The disqualification debate |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian |date=21 May 2001 |volume=18 |issue=10 |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091130/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref> Despite this, the AIADMK won a majority and she was installed as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the state assembly on 14 May 2001.<ref name="CMlist"/> She was also convicted in [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]] on 3 February 2000 by a trial court to one-year imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was acquitted in both the TANSI and Pleasant Stay Hotel cases on 4 December 2001 and the Supreme Court upheld the order of the High Court on 24 November 2003.<ref name=Andi>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha files nomination papers from Andipatti constituency|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409233844/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2006|access-date=31 October 2015|location=New Delhi|via=HighBeam Research|work=Newswire|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite news|title=SC acquits Jaya in Tansi land deal case|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24sc.htm|last=Singh|first=Onkar|date=24 November 2003|publisher=Rediff|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office, and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]].

=== Third term as Chief Minister, 2002 ===
Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she could not hold it whilst convicted of criminal acts.<ref name="disqual"/> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have been [[puppet government|puppeted]] and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.<ref name="CMlist">{{cite web|title=List of Chief Ministers in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012821/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2006 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panneerselvam govt only a temporary arrangement |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118030707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2013 |date=22 September 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>

Subsequently, in March 2002, Jayalalithaa assumed the position of Chief Minister once more, having been acquitted of some charges by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/end-of-7year-lean-phase-for-aiadmk/article2019520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu | title=End of 7-year lean phase for AIADMK |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=15 May 2011 |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> This cleared the way for her to contest a mid-term poll to the [[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]] constituency, after the sitting MLA for the seat, gave up his membership, which she won by a handsome margin.

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]]]

India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm|title=Indian women join elite police|publisher=BBC | first=Charles|last=Haviland|date=10 June 2003|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to a special task force headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar|K. Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{cite work|first=K. Vijay |last=Kumar |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html |title=The CM, Veerappan and I |work=The Week |date=18 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> to conduct a secret operation to capture and kill the bandit [[Veerappan]] by entering Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lite/story/jayalalithaa-dead-biggest-achievements-cm/1/781452.html |title=I am legend: Jayalalithaa's top 10 achievements |work=India Today |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2004 she declared eliminating Veerappan as biggest achievement of her government and quoted ""My only brief to them was capture Veerappan dead or alive. After that I never interfered. I left them to work out their own strategies and this paid off."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/veerappans-killing-is-my-governments-greatest-achievement-amma/256427 |title= Veerappan's killing is my government's greatest achievement: Amma |work= Outlook India |date= 19 October 2004 |access-date= 3 May 2017}}</ref> She began to be referred as 'People's CM' (Makallin Mudhalvar) and Iron Lady of India by end of this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/j-jayalalithaa-the-iron-lady-of-indian-politics/52692 |title=The Iron Lady of Indian Politics |work=Times Now |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In this term she launched Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) scheme in 2001 to rejuvenate water sources and this improved ground water levels in the parched southern state and this idea was replicated by various states and even by the centre. She also started the Veeranam project to deliver water to the dry metropolis of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu|first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh|last=Babu|date=6 December 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> Doctor Manmohan Singh frequently praised Jayalalithaa for her administrative skills, mid-day meal schemes and efforts for gender empowerment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-kolkata/20161207/281767038848843 |title=Hindustan Times |publisher=PressReader.com |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

Her administrative abilities were notable in her handling of events following the tsunami that hit Tamil Nadu on 26 December 2004. Jayalalithaa announced a Rs 153.37 crore relief package, divided into a general package and a separate one for fishermen. She announced that affected families would get Rs 1 lakh as compensation for every member lost, along with one dhoti, one sari, two bedsheets, 60 kg of rice, three litres of kerosene, and Rs 1,000 in cash for groceries and that furthermore, Rs 1,000 was to be given for purchase of utensils, Rs 2,000 so they could put up accommodation. Per family, and there were about one lakh families in all, the package would cost about Rs 5,000. The fishermen also received an extra Rs 65 crore meant to cover gill nets and boats. It was only a matter of hours before Nagapattinam had its power supply back. With the state working on disaster management for over seven years, response time had been reduced significantly; mobile cranes and ambulances were on patrol. The government entrusted district administration with rehabilitation of affected families, and when they were found to be incompetent, she reshuffled or sacked officers immediately. Jayalalithaa even extended help to the Sri Lankan government by instating officers to guide the island nation in the process of rehabilitation. Her administrative style was uncompromising, whether it was banning the sale of gutkha, or mandatory installation of rainwater harvesting systems, but, she got things done on time without any ifs or buts, as was seen with the tsunami relief, ensuring people remembered not the ruthlessness of her tenure, but the help it gave them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/how-jayalalithas-administrative-skills-helped-tamil-nadu-recover-from-tsunami-nightmare-3142354.html |title=How Jayalalitha's administrative skills helped Tamil Nadu recover from tsunami nightmare |work=First Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2012 |agency=PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-hands-over-houses-to-tsunami-hit-1668246 |title=Jayalalithaa hands over houses to tsunami-hit |work=DNA India |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition, 2006 ===
AIADMK fared poorly in May [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], with Her party winning just 61 seats out of total 234 in the state elections in 2006. She won in [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]. Though her main opposition, DMK did not win a single party majority (96/234), DMK coalition had 162/234 seats and formed the cabinet until 2011 which she referred to as "Minority DMK government".<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dmk-to-form-minority-govt-in-tamil-nadu/384201 |title=DMK to form minority govt in Tamil Nadu |work=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 August 2009 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/AIADMK-attacks-Karuna-for-Mrs-Jaya-remark-54549-2009-08-17 |title=AIADMK attacks Karuna for 'Mrs Jaya' remark |work=India Today|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

On 29 May 2006, Jayalalithaa was unanimously elected as Leader of the Opposition by AIADMK MLAs replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]] soon after two days, she single-handedly took on the ruling DMK in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|house]] in the wake of the suspension of all 60 AIADMK legislators for the entire session.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 May 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-elected-leader-of-oppn-in-tn-assembly/articleshow/1587371.cms |title=Jayalalithaa elected Leader of Oppn in TN assembly |work=timesofindia|access-date=29 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 May 2006 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/27/jaya-lone-aiadmk-attendee-in-house-as-60-mlas-stay-suspended-1148724380.html |title=Jaya lone AIADMK attendee in House|work=oneindia|access-date=27 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aiadmk-mlas-suspended-for-rest-of-the-session/story-AfrdybCVAIcSdMlWrfsAdM.html |title=AIADMK MLAs suspended for rest of the session|work=hindustantimes|access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref>

====Srilankan Tamil Issue====
In August 2008, Jayalalithaa moved the Supreme Court to nullify the [[Katchatheevu]] agreements of 1974 and 1976. She had raised the retrieval of the islet in her maiden Independence Day address in August 1991. In 1991, Jayalalithaa led Tamil Nadu Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the retrieval of Katchatheevu. During the civil war and with northern borders under the control of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], the fishermen had easy access into the fishing grounds.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/jayalalitha-moves-court-to-retrieve-island-from-sri-lanka-28116-2008-08-07 |title=Jayalalitha moves court to retrieve island from Sri Lanka|work=indiatoday|access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa undertook a day-long fast in March 2009, a couple of months before the [[2009 Indian general election|Parliamentary elections]] demanding an immediate ceasefire. She accused then Chief Minister Karunanidhi led DMK government in the State and the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government at the Centre of “criminal neglect in failing to provide relief and succour to the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]”.<ref name="JJLanka" />

After she returned to power in May 2011, the Assembly had adopted several resolutions, seeking an international probe into the alleged war crimes and genocide in the final phase of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. She also demanded an [[Economic sanctions|economic embargo]] on srilanka. She expressed her opposition not only to the presence of Sri Lankan military personnel receiving training anywhere in India but also to that of srilankan sportspersons.<ref name="JJLanka" />

As for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees living in Tamil Nadu, She had changed her position. Originally, she justified the refugees taking shelter in the State “as long as the genocide continues” in the srilanka. But, after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991, she had branded the refugee camps as “breeding grounds” for LTTE militants. However, she turned sympathetic again to the refugees in 2011. She not only enhanced allowance for them but also announced a special scheme for building “durable houses" for rehabilitation.<ref name="JJLanka">{{cite news|date=8 December 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/On-Sri-Lanka-Jayalalithaa-took-a-strong-line/article16774662.ece |title=On Sri Lanka, Jayalalithaa took a strong line|work=thehindu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Fourth term as Chief Minister, 2011 ===
After another period (2006–11) in the opposition, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]] in a [[Landslide victory|landslide]] and stromed back to power. She won in [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised "Amma"-branded goods such as (Amma canteens, Amma bottled water, Amma salt, Amma medical shops, Amma cement and Amma baby care kit).

In April 2011, the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance that won the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|14th state assembly elections]]. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the fourth time on 16 May 2011, having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece| title=Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister | newspaper=The Hindu| date=16 May 2011| access-date=16 May 2011| location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Clinton and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Javalaithaa Shake Hands.jpg|thumb|The then [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] met Jayalalithaa in July 2011]]

On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close aide [[V. K. Sasikala]] and 13 others from the AIADMK after she became aware that Sasikala and her family were working against her.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/jayalalithaa/2016/12/08/jayalaithaa-let-sasikala-stay-only-because-of-da-case-husband-in-2014-ndtv-interview-tamil-nadu-politics-natarajan |title=Amma Let Sasikala Stay Only Because of DA Case: Natarajan in 2014 |work=The Quint |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Most of the party members welcomed her decision,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> and on 2 February 2012, ''[[Tehelka]]'' magazine claimed that Natarajan and some of her relatives were conspiring to kill her by poisoning her food over a period of time and planning a '[[Coup d'état|palace coup]]'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did Modi & a Gujarati help Jaya fight Sasikala's mafia?|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_did-modi-and-a-gujarati-help-jaya-fight-sasikalas-mafia_1645078|access-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=DNA|date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The matter was resolved by 31 March when Sasikala Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Sasikala in her written apology mentioned that she had no ambitions either in the party or in the government and wanted to serve Jayalalithaa and added that she became aware of misdeeds done by her family members when Jayalalithaa was in power. Only after Sasikala promised to be not in touch with her family members, Jayalalithaa allowed Sasikala back to her house.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-natarajan-friend-shadow-sister-and-now-jayalalithaa-s-political-heir-54953 |title=Sasikala Natarajan: Friend, shadow, sister and now Jayalalithaa's political heir |work=The News Minute |date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

In this term, she announced the Pension Scheme for Destitute Transgender by which those above ages of 40 could get a monthly pension of Rs.1,000. Her government ensured members of the [[transgender]] community could enrol for education and job.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Transgenders-to-get-Rs-1000-monthly-pension/articleshow/15322613.cms |title=Transgenders to get Rs 1,000 monthly pension |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Beginning from 2011, every year her government gave free laptops to students who clear tenth and twelfth standard to impart digital education to rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |title=Free laptop Scheme Tamil Nadu |publisher=Startupindiascheme |date=14 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517173254/http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her government in 2011 decided to give four goats and a cow to each family below poverty line — mixer and grinders and fans for households, 3 sets of free uniforms, school, bags, notebooks, geometry boxes for all children in government schools, and cycles and laptops for Class 11 and 12 students.<ref>{{cite news|last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/explained/the-jayalalithaa-model-works-power-to-the-people-and-freebies-for-the-poor-2808796/lite/ |title=The Jayalalithaa model works: Power to the people and freebies for the poor |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In 2011 she launched the marriage assistance scheme wherein the female students received 4 gram gold free for use as [[Mangala sutra|Thirumangalyam]] for their marriage and cash assistance up to Rs.50,000 for undergraduate or diploma holding females.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revised-marriage-aid-scheme-launched/article2082606.ece |title=Revised marriage aid scheme launched |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> There were rampant power cut issues between 2006 and 2011 while AIADMK was in opposition wherein for 10 to 15 hours there was no supply of electricity. However, after she regained power, between 2011 and 2015, her state government corrected all the discrepancies of previous [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime such that the Central Electricity Authority in 2016 said the state is expected to have 11,649 million units of surplus power.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/there-is-no-magic-in-tamil-nadu-being-a-power-surplus-state-jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/53522226.cms|title=There is no magic in Tamil Nadu being a power surplus state, Jayalalithaa says |work=timesofindia |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became among the power surplus states while she was chief minister in this term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=Tamil Nadu on verge of becoming power surplus state: CM Jayalalithaa |work=economictimes |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=TN govt seek PM’s help for evacuation of surplus wind power |work=indianexpress |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> In this term her government ensured the wrongfully usurped property by land grabbing during 2006 to 2011 in the previous DMK regime, had been retrieved and handed over to rightful owners between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-05-13/Jayalalithaas-achievements-over-the-last-few-years/227896 |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements over the last few years |work=Thehansindia.com |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari being received by the Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri K. Rosaiah and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport on December 21, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Then Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] being received by Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport in December 2012.]]
She announced in 2012, the Vision 2023 document which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development which included raising the per capita income of residents to $10,000 per annum, matching Human Development Index to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the State, making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India. This project had three components — Overall Vision Document, Compilation of Project Profile and Road Map. The work on this continued under her supervision until her death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece |title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She inaugurated 'Amma health insurance scheme' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-ministers-comprehensive-health-insurance-scheme-launched/article2793090.ece |title=Chief Minister's comprehensive health insurance scheme launched |work=The Hindu |date=2012-01-11}}</ref>

====Amma Branded Schemes====
In February 2013, Jayalalithaa Government inaugurated the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state-run]] [[Subsidy|Subsidised food programme]] called [[Amma Unavagam]] (Amma Canteen), which was later praised by economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] in his book ''An Uncertain Glory – India and its Contradictions'' and inspired by many [[State governments of India|states]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[Jean Drèze]]|first=[[Amartya Sen]]|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/An_Uncertain_Glory/ZiyW6YafTn4C?hl=en|title=An Uncertain Glory India and Its Contradictions|date=11 August 2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/government/in-lockdown-tamil-nadus-amma-canteens-rise-to-the-occasion |title=In Lockdown, Tamil Nadu's Amma Canteens Rise to the Occasion |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-laissez-faire/article5018479.ece |title=Amma canteens and Amartya Sen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pHvjY4PHykVOy7irb8H2cO/Tamil-Nadus-Amma-canteen-concept-catches-on-in-other-states.html |title=Tamil Nadu’s Amma canteen concept catches on in other states|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The Scheme was also lauded by [[Egypt]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/egypt-comes-calling-at-amma-canteen/article6070505.ece |title=Egypt comes calling at Amma Canteen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fame-of-amma-canteens-head-to-egypt-37507.html|title=Fame of Amma canteens head to Egypt |work=[[India TV]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref> which was followed by the plenty of populist schemes such as [[Amma Kudineer]] (bottled mineral water),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taste-amma-mineral-water-at-rs-10-in-chennai/article5101642.ece?ref=relatedNews |work=The Hindu|title=Taste Amma mineral water at Rs. 10 in Chennai| date=2013-09-07}}</ref> 'Amma' Salt,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-comes-amma-salt/article6102093.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Now comes 'Amma Salt'| date=2014-06-11}}</ref> 'Amma' Medical Shops,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-launches-amma-medical-shops/846640 |publisher=Outlook |title=Jaya Launches 'Amma' Medical Shops| date=2014-06-26}}</ref> and 'Amma' Cement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-govt-launches-amma-cement/article20951112.ece |work=The Hindu|title=Tamil Nadu govt launches 'Amma Cement'| access-date=2015-01-05}}</ref>

In 2015, She also launched 'Amma baby care kit' scheme where every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16 types of products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tn-cm-launches-amma-baby-care-kit-scheme-115090800485_1.html |publisher=Business standard|title=TN CM launches 'Amma baby care Kit' scheme| date=2015-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/the-many-things-amma-was-list-of-schemes-implemented-by-jayalalithaa/the-cradle-baby-scheme/slideshow/55831907.cms|publisher=Business standard|title=The many things Amma was: List of schemes implemented by Jayalalithaa| date=2016-12-06}}</ref>

====Verdicts on Tamil Nadu water rows====

Jayalalithaa had intiated a case in the Supreme Court to uphold the state's rights on [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]] In 2006. As a result, In May 2014, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] verdict allowed the Tamil Nadu State to increase the storage level in the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] from to 142 feet from 136 ft and striked down the unconstitutional law enacted by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2006 restricting the storage level to 136 ft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece|work=The Hindu|title=SC quashes Kerala dam law| access-date=2014-05-08}}</ref> This Supreme Court Verdict sustained the livelihood of the farmers and people in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu |work=deccanchronicle|title=Jayalalithaa dedicates historic victory to people of Tamil Nadu| date=2014-05-08}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Union Government notified the final award of [[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery Water Disputes]] Tribunal (CWDT) on the directions of the Supreme Court. Then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa termed it as a “tremendous achievement” of her government after 22 long years of legal battle, the State had got Due justice.<ref name="jjc" /> Then Jayalalithaa said that It was the happiest day of her life and the happiest day for the farmers in Tamil Nadu, she recalled her famous fast-unto-death at [[Marina beach]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece|work=The Hindu|title=CM's power play: the hits and misses| access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms|work=timesofindia|title=Jayalalithaa takes credit for Centre finally notifying Cauvery Tribunal's award in gazette| date=2013-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580|work=dnaindia|title=Jayalalithaa observes fast on Cauvery issue; flays Centre, TN govt| date=2007-03-18}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case, 2014 ===
[[File:Jayalalithaa Car.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's car [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]]]]
{{See also|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}

Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2014}} by the Special Court in Bengaluru. She was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by [[Janata Party]] President [[Subramanian Swamy]] (now a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) on 20 August 1996 on the basis of an Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close aide Sasikala, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2014}} each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets to the tune of {{INRConvert|66.65|c|year=1996}} (which includes {{Cvt|2000|acre}} of land, {{convert|30|kg}} of gold and 12,000 [[sari]]s) disproportionate to her known sources of income during 1991–96 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict was delivered by a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of Jayalalithaa and the other accused.

She was [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India|automatically disqualified]] from the post of chief minister and the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu, and thus became the first sitting Indian chief minister to be disqualified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092353/http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2014 |title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4-year Jail, Fined Rs 100 Cr|work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, succeeded her as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/o-panneerselvam-sworn-is-as-tamil-nadu-cm-20433.html | title=O Panneerselvam sworn-in as Tamil Nadu CM | date=29 September 2014}}</ref> On 17 October 2014, the Supreme Court granted her two months' bail and suspended her sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29655666|work=BBC|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> On 18 October 2014, Jayalalithaa returned to [[Chennai]] after spending 21 days in [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bangalore jail]]. Despite heavy rain that day, AIADMK cadres assembled outside her residence and welcomed her.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Jayalalithaa returns to Chennai after spending 21 days in Bangalore jail|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-aiadmk-bangalore-jail-chennai-airport-tamil-nadu-223704-2014-10-18|newspaper = IndiaToday|date = 18 October 2014|access-date= 18 October 2014}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, a special Bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]] set aside her conviction on appeal. That court acquitted her and the alleged associates—Sasikala Natarajan, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and Jayalalithaa's disowned foster son Sudhakaran.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Live: Jayalalithaa acquitted in DA case|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-jayalalithaa-disproportionate-assets-case-appeal-hearing/article7190579.ece?homepage=true|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

On 14 February 2017 (subsequent to her death) the [[Supreme Court of India]] over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years of imprisonment, as well as being fined 10 crores each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died and hence can't defend herself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Fifth term as Chief Minister, 2015 ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on August 07, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]]]
The acquittal allowed her once again to hold office and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn in<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-is-tamil-nadu-cm-again/article7238526.ece?homepage=true|title=Jayalalithaa is CM again|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2015}}</ref> as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fifth time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-cm-aiadmk-swearing-in-254318-2015-05-23|title=Jayalalithaa returns as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister for fifth term, AIADMK completes 4 years in power|date=23 May 2015|website=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref> She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88 per cent votes of the 74.4 per cent turnout, winning by a margin of over 150,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=LIVE: Jayalalithaa wins in RK Nagar with a margin of over 1.5 lakh votes, Congress takes Aruvikkara|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/results-of-aruvikkara-rk-nagar-bypolls-today/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2015|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, she introduced Amma Master Health checkup plan where in people could get various treatments done at a low fee in government hospitals and rolled out Amma Arogya plan wherein at primary health care centre in Tamil Nadu, certain tests can be done by public twice a week. This was done to help the sections of society who cannot afford the fares asked for by private hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-rolls-out-master-health-plan-for-the-poor/article7580914.ece |title=TN rolls out master health plan for the poor |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Later in February 2016 she started the free bus ride scheme for senior citizens above age of 60 wherein person could travel free of cost for 10 times a month.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/Jayalalithaa-announces-free-bus-ride-scheme-for-senior-citizens/articleshow/51038681.cms |title=Jayalalithaa announces free bus ride scheme for senior citizens |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her government initiated Global Investors Summit in 2015 which saw over Rs 2.43 lakh crore worth of investments being committed to the state. Jayalalithaa's term, all of them together, saw some big-ticket investments in the state and over $20 billion FDI.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu |work=The Business Standard |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The department of industrial policy and promotion data disclosed that Tamil Nadu saw foreign direct investment inflows of $7.3 billion from April 2000 to March 2011; however, this went up to $13.94 billion from April 2011 to December 2015, under her government, which at as per conversion rate {{as of|2016|lc=y}} equals Rs 83,766 crore. Between April 2015 and December 2015, the State attracted $4.3 billion in FDI.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/ | title=Jaya Propelled States Business Prospects | Latest Information on Breaking News & Updates on Chennai at News Today| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725112337/https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/| archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2015, [[Pakistan]]i news channels [[Samaa TV]] and [[Geo News]] aired a news and applauded Jayalalithaa for her government's scheme which was introduced in 2013, of supplying free rice to [[mosque]]s during [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramzan]] and suggested the scheme should be implemented in Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-offers-free-rice-to-mosques-during-ramzan/articleshow/20935527.cms |title=Jayalalithaa offers free rice to mosques during Ramzan |work=timesofindia |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pakistani-tv-channel-lauds-jayalalithaas-free-rice-scheme-mosques-during-ramzan-636372 |title=Pakistani TV Channel Lauds Jayalalithaa's Free Rice Scheme for Mosques During Ramzan |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayas-rice-scheme-for-mosques-lauded-by-pakistan-tv-channel-aiadmk/articleshow/47724153.cms?from=mdr |title=Jaya's rice scheme for mosques lauded by Pakistan TV channel: AIADMK |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://jayanewslive.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu_37876.html |title=உலக இஸ்லாமியர்களை நெகிழச் செய்த முதலமைச்சர் ஜெயலலிதாவின் ரமலான் நோன்பு கஞ்சிக்கான அரிசி திட்டம் - தமிழகத்தை பின்பற்றி பாகிஸ்தானிலும் செயல்படுத்த வேண்டும் என அந்நாட்டு பிரதான தொலைக்காட்சிகள் செய்தி வெளியீடு|work=Jaya Plus |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Sixth consecutive term as Chief Minister, 2016 ===
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa and the Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing %26 Urban Poverty Alleviation and Information %26 Broadcasting, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa with [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in foundation stone laying ceremony]]
In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R. in 1984 to be voted back into power. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest.

BJP President [[Amit Shah]] accused the Jayalalithaa government of being the “most corrupt” in the country and asked the people to oust it in the May 16 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2016-04-13|title=Jayalalithaa government ‘most corrupt’: Amit Shah|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/jayalalithaa-government-most-corrupt-amit-shah/article8471784.ece|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On that Election,
Jayalalithaa's Campaign Slogan was “I'm of the people, and I'm for the people.” ({{lang|ta|Makkalal naan; Makkalukkaga naan}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnival-atmosphere-reigns-at-cms-rally/article8456679.ece|title=Carnival atmosphere reigns at CM’s rally|date=10 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/unforgettable-makkalal-naan-makkalukkaga-naan-270530.html|title="மக்களால் நான்.. மக்களுக்காக நான்"... இனி இக்குரலை எப்போதும் கேட்க முடியாது.. பிளாஷ்பேக் 2016!|language=tamil|work=Oneindia Tamil|date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was again elected as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in the May 2016 elections. She retained the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] constituency with a margin of 39,545 votes over her DMK rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-counting-of-votes-begin/259300/|title=Tamil Nadu elections 2016: Jayalalithaa's AIADMK scripts 'history', DMK rues big loss; 5.55 lakh opt for NOTA|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She became the first leader in Tamil Nadu to serve consecutive terms as Chief Minister since the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roychowdhury|first1=Adrija|title=After MGR, Jayalalithaa the first to retain power in Tamil Nadu|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/jayalalitha-aiadmk-mrg-2808669/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In her victory speech, she commented, "Even when 10 parties allied themselves against me, I did not have a coalition and I placed my faith in God and built an alliance with the people. It is clear that the people have faith in me and I have total faith in the people."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/I-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-Jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-Tamil-Nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms|title=I built an alliance with the people: Jayalalithaa on her victory in the Tamil Nadu elections|last=Balasubramanian|first=Shyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

Her government within 100 days of resuming power in May 2016, wrote off the outstanding crop loans given by cooperative banks to over 16.94 lakh farmers, gave free power to households to extent of first 100 units and gave free power to handloom weavers to extent of 200 units, gave 750 units of power to power loom weavers, implemented closure of 500 liquor shops and reduction of working hours of liquor outlets emergence of power surplus states. The establishment of first 1,000 MW nuclear power plant at Kudankulam is also regarded as one of her achievements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-in-office-116083100288_1.html|title=Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office|date=31 August 2016|access-date=20 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> She increased the freedom fighters monthly pension to Rs 12,000, family pension and increased special pension to Rs 6,000.<ref>{{cite news|agency=IANS |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-office.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office |work=The Week |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> On 21 September 2016 she inaugurated two [[Chennai Metro]] rail lines by way of video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa inaugurates 2nd elevated corridor of Chennai Metro |work=India Live Today |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155328/http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was her last public appearance before being admitted to hospital on 22 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/a-timeline-of-events-since-jayalalithaa-was-hospitalised/amma-was-admitted-on-sept-22/slideshow/55807418.cms|title= Jayalalithaa – Economic Times|website=Economic Times|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Personality cult ===
Followers of Jayalalithaa often worshiped her as a divine being. She stimulated a cult following, and adoring supporters often termed her "[[Adi Parashakti]]" (the eternal mighty goddess).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|title=Jayalalitha: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics|last=Tilak|first=Sudha G.|date=5 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> Several experts say that over the years the cult called 'Amma' has been carefully crafted. Others claim that the emotional outburst is just a spontaneous display of loyalist support. C Lakshmanan of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Development Institute studies]], who has studied personality cult in the politics of Tamil Nadu, said posters were installed around the state portraying Jayalalithaa as a goddess back then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cult-personality-or-cultivated-loyalty-what-explains-outpouring-of-grief-for-the-jailed-jayalalithaa/articleshow/44785277.cms|title=Cult personality or cultivated loyalty: What explains outpouring of grief for the jailed Jayalalithaa?|last=Shanker|first=V. Prem|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> She was worshiped by the party cadre as "Amma" (Mother). She made sure the respect and loyalty of the functionaries of the party was there for everyone to see. The entire Cabinet would fall in line and bow in front of the helicopter in which it was flying. Members of the party, at all levels never found it difficult to prostrate before her in full view of the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many of her worshipping followers are known to profess their loyalty through acts such as walking on hot coals or drawing her portrait with their blood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2009-03-30|title=Profile: Jayaram Jayalalitha|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> S Kirubakaran who is a Journalist-turned-advocate, wrote a book on Jayalalitha titled, 'Ammavin Kathai,' said that when M.G.R. was a Chief Minister, he carefully chose MLAs and Ministers for the first time after going through their knowledge and experience. But Jayalalithaa had begun to assign those who praised her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/3-years-after-jayas-death-aiadmk-seems-out-of-servitude-and-subjugation/|title=3 years after Jaya's death, AIADMK seems out of servitude, subjugation|last=Chandrajit Mitra|date=5 December 2019|website=The Federal|language=en-US|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Even after her death, the AIADMK leaders continued to prostrate themselves before her [[MGR Memorial|burial ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/for-all-her-political-success-it-s-time-to-admit-jayalalithaa-was-no-amma/story-Mq9FelI5zqxD8z4WljrtbO.html|title=For all her political success, it's time to admit Jayalalithaa was no Amma|date=17 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/opinion-post-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-politics-amma-legacy|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Tainted' Legacy and Where AIADMK Goes From Here|last=Sudhir|first=T. S.|date=4 December 2017|website=TheQuint|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== 1999 Attempted murder case ===
A case of murder attempt were registered against Jayalalithaa, her close associate Sasikala, and Sasikala's nephew V Mahadivan has been recorded by the Chennai police on following a complaint by former Jayalalithaa's auditor, Rajasekaran, who alleged that he was summoned to the Poes Garden bungalow and violently assaulted by Jayalalithaa, Sasikala and Mahadevan with a stick and high-heeled shoes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|title=Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> Rajasekaran also stated that he had been forced by Jayalalithaa and Sasikala to sign two letters and a promissory note in respect of ₹50 lakhs. Jayalalithaa, however, denied the charges in a statement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=16 March 1999|title=In the Hands Of India Star, A Spike Heel Could Hurt|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/16/world/in-the-hands-of-india-star-a-spike-heel-could-hurt.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: TN defies Centre in assault case against Jaya|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/20aiadmk.htm|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Corruption cases ==
=== 1996 colour TV case ===
{{Main|Colour TV case}}
In the [[Colour TV case|colour TV corruption case]] involving the purchase of TV sets to villagers, Jayalalithaa was charged and arrested. The TV sets were provided in the framework of a government education and entertainment plan for the village population. Officials said the TVs were purchased at inflated prices and claimed that some of the money paid for TV stations was returned as kickbacks to government officials.<ref>{{Cite news|last=BSCAL|date=15 May 1998|title=Jaya Charged In Rs 10crore Colour Tv Scam|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/jaya-charged-in-rs-10crore-colour-tv-scam-198051501011_1.html|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Later, she was acquitted as the accusation against them were not proven beyond doubt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha acquitted in colour TV scam|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|publisher=The Indian Express|date=21 August 2009|work=Press Trust of India|access-date=9 February 2021|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217192259/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html|archive-date=17 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Detained in 1996, the media reported that 21.28 kg of [[Gold jewellery|gold jewels]] worth Rs 3.5 crore, 10,500 [[sari]]s, 91 [[Luxury watch|designer watches]], 750 pairs of shoes, 1,250 kg of silver objects worth 3.12 crores, diamonds worth 2 crores, a silver sword and 19 vehicles were among the priceless treasures found at her house.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shivashankar|first=BV|title=J Jayalalithaa: Jayalalithaa's 10,500 saris, 750 slippers, 500 wine glasses in court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/J-Jayalalithaas-seized-wealth-is-under-24-hour-vigil-in-Karnatakas-courts/articleshow/55886301.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 1995 Foster son and luxury wedding corruption ===
In 1995, Jayalalithaa's assistant Sasikala's nephew Sudhakaran was engaged to the youngest daughter of Sivaji Ganesan. Jayalalithaa was a chief minister of state by this time. Jaya declared that Sudhakaran would be adopted as her foster son and said that she would be performing his marriage as his mother.<ref name="tnmfoster">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-jayalalithaas-favoured-foster-son-sudhakaran-now-refused-entry-apollo-50968|title=Once Jayalalithaa's favoured foster son, Sudhakaran now refused entry into Apollo|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The wedding occupied a 2-km long lighted baraat pathway, ten dining halls each accommodating 25,000 people, and a 75,000 square foot pandal. Tons of plywood, plaster of paris and paint were used to erect cut-outs of Jayalalitha, arches, several hundred papier-mache statues, elaborate facades of palaces and gateways. The VIP invitations included a silver plate enclosed in a container, a silk saree and a silk dhoti, each worth ₹20,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19950930-jayalalithas-foster-son-married-off-amid-extravagance-and-controversy-808220-1995-09-30|title=Jayalalitha's foster son married off amid extravagance and controversy|last=SHEKHAR|first=G. C.|date=30 September 1995|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The marriage hosted more than 1,000 VIPs. More than 40,000 guests were granted accommodation in the hotel. A legion of elephants and chefs brought in from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-lied-she-spent-3-crores-on-foster-sons-wedding-says-court-674500|title=Jayalalithaa Lied, She Spent 3 Crores on Foster Son's Wedding, Says Court|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The incident, hailed as "the mother of all marriages". People's anger mounted against her as the crores were lavished at the wedding, and Jayalalithaa and Sasikala became symbols of corruption. She was accused of using government money to celebrate the grand marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38441705|title=Sasikala: The 'new mother' of Tamil Nadu politics|date=29 December 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> The marriage may have triggered the AIADMK to lose all 39 Lok Sabha seats in the [[1996 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Disowned-foster-son-joins-Jaya-in-prison/articleshow/43760402.cms|title=Disowned foster son joins Jaya in prison {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India|last=TNN|date=29 September 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She was later sentenced for 4 years in jail in 2014 for corruption related to the marriage and the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|Disproportionate assets case]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-sentenced-to-4-years-in-jail-clashes-in-tamil-nadu/story-oVofwzwZZrOVwJNaA97xRP.html|title=Jayalalithaa sentenced to 4 years in jail; clashes in Tamil Nadu|date=27 September 2014|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa owns a [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for conducting the luxury wedding. The record shows that over 1,5000 guests have been invited. The Income-Tax Dept estimated the cost of the wedding at ₹10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-j-jayalalithaa/guinness-book-of-world-records-for-sons-wedding/slideshow/55815874.cms|title=5 facts you didn't know about J Jayalalithaa – Unknown facts about Amma|website=The Economic Times|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa later disowned Sudhakaran as her foster son.<ref name="tnmfoster" />

=== 1998 TANSI land deal case ===
{{Main|TANSI land acquisition case}}
The TANSI land deal case refers to the purchase of land by Jaya Publications, which included Jayalalithaa and her friend Sasikala, from the State Small Industry Company, Tansi, [[Guindy]]. Justice P Anbhazhagan delivered the judgment, and said that the evidence stated in the prosecution sheet, and that the sale deed of the prime land in Guindy had been carried out on 29 May 1992, in the unequivocal aim of cheating against the government. The Supreme Court disqualified her in September 2001, resulting in her stepping down and which made [[O Panneerselvam|O. Panneerselvam]] as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. The Madras High Court acquitted her and other 5 accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=23-year-old TANSI case has finally ended for Jayalalithaa: A look back|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/23-year-old-tansi-case-has-finally-ended-jayalalithaa-look-back-21350|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Subramani|first1=A.|last2=2015|title=23 years on, HC brings curtains down on TANSI case against Jaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/23-years-on-HC-brings-curtains-down-on-TANSI-case-against-Jaya/articleshow/46472629.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case ===
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}Jayalalithaa was initially convicted of misusing her office during her tenure in 1991–1996. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was the main petitioner. Some of the accusations concerned expenditure on her foster son's luxurious marriage in 1996 and acquiring properties worth more than 66.65 crore, as well as jewelry, bank deposits, investment and a convoy of luxury vehicles. The trial lasted for 18 years. Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]], in a detailed judgement, showed that the entire asset belonged to the accused and no one else.<ref name="FL">{{cite web |title=From trial court verdict by John Michael D'Cunha |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/from-trial-court-verdict-by-john-michael-dcunha/article7247470.ece |website=Frontline |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> On 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was absolved of all charges by the [[High Court of Karnataka]]. On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India overruled the High Court of Karnataka. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years in prison, as well as to a fine of ₹10 crore each.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaas-court-appearance-over-heads-back-to-chennai-565662|title=Jayalalithaa's court appearance over, heads back to Chennai|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms|title=Sasikala news: Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=14 February 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000 Pleasant Stay hotel case ===
{{Main|Pleasant Stay hotel case}}{{See also|2000 Dharmapuri bus burning}}
Pleasant Stay hotel case is the construction of the seven-story hotel "Pleasant stay" in Kodaikanal, which was in breach of the rules for the construction of the seven-story building in a blue ville in the tourist resort town in Kodaikanal. Jayalalithaa, Selvaganapathy and Pandey granted a permission to create a seven-story structure at the hotel. The case was related to Jayalalithaa's supposed clearance by violating government rules to the development of a hotel in [[ecological]]ly significant [[Kodaikanal]]. Jayalalithaa was sentenced in February 2000 to one year's strict imprisonment, with the penalty fined Rs.1000 for conspiracy and criminal misconduct as a public employee. After the court's decision, AIADMK cadres started to riot and arson which burned alive three female students in the [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning|Dharmapuri bus burning]] and many were killed and injured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Our Special|date=3 February 2000|title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/hotel-case-verdict-aiadmk-volunteers-go-berserk/article27999900.ece|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Madras high court later acquitted her on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayalalithaa's blast from the past – convictions and imprisonments|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-blast-past-%E2%80%93-convictions-and-imprisonments-22478|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

== Illness, death and reactions ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee paying tributes to the mortal remains of Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai on December 06, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The then [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] paying tribute to Jayalalithaa in [[Rajaji Hall]]]]
On 22 September 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai, as she was suffering from an infection and acute [[dehydration]]. Her official duties were handed over to her aide [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 12 October 2016, though she continued to remain as the chief minister of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/o-panneerselvam-to-hold-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaas-portfolios/articleshow/54799672.cms|title=Panneerselvam to hold CM's portfolios|date=12 October 2016|publisher=Economic time|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> She was also said to be suffering from a severe pulmonary infection and [[septicaemia]], which were cured. On 4 December 2016, she was re-admitted to the intensive care unit after suffering a cardiac arrest around 16:45.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38167021 |title=India's Jayaram Jayalalitha still 'critical' after heart attack |newspaper=BBC |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The hospital released a press statement stating that her condition was "very critical" and that she was on life support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayalalithaas-health-status-live-cm-in-grave-situation-says-apollo-hospitals-md-3139806.html |title=CM in grave situation, says Apollo Hospitals MD |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> On 5 December 2016, the hospital announced her death and she became the first female chief minister to die in office in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-body|title=Jayalalitha passes away|newspaper=Indian Express|date=5 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Government of India]] declared a one-day [[National day of mourning|national mourning]] with the national flag in all government buildings flying at half-mast.<ref name="jjuabh">{{cite news|last1=Ankita|first1=Bhandari|title=Central govt announces one-day mourning after Jayalalithaa's death|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/central-govt-announces-one-day-mourning-after-jayalalithaas-death_1956239.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="jjuk">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa no more: Centre declares one-day mourning as mark of respect|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/jayalalithaa-no-more-centre-declares-one-day-mourning-as-mark-of-respect/|access-date=23 August 2017|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> While a seven-day mourning from 6 to 12 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="natmotn">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Centre declares one-day national mourning for Amma, Tricolour to fly at half mast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-dead-centre-declares-one-day-national-mourning-for-amma-4412903/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=New Delhi}}</ref> also three day state mourning from 6 to 8 December 2016 were observed by [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="jker">{{cite news|title=Three-day official mourning declared in Kerala after Jayalalithaa's demise|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/06/three-day-official-mourning-declared-in-kerala-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1546234.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref> and the [[Government of Puducherry]].<ref name="jjpy">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Pondicherry announces 3-day state mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-pondicherry-announces-3-day-state-mourning-4413260/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2016|location=[[Pondicherry|Puducherry]]}}</ref> [[File:Amma memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa's Memorial at [[Marina Beach]]]] One day state mourning on 6 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Karnataka]],<ref name="jjka">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Karnataka declares a day of mourning|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-karnataka-declares-a-day-of-mourning-4413070/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref>[[Government of Bihar]],<ref name="jjbih">{{cite news|title=All of Bihar is mourning Jayalalithaa's demise: Nitish Kumar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-bihar-jayalalithaa-death-4413207/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Patna]]}}</ref>[[Government of West Bengal]],<ref name="jjwb">{{cite news|title=West Bengal declares state mourning on Jayalalithaa's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-declares-state-mourning-on-Jayalalithaas-death/articleshow/55842062.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2016|location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]],<ref name="jjpunj">{{cite news|title=One day's state mourning in Punjab on Jayalalithaa's|url=http://www.uniindia.com/one-day-s-state-mourning-in-punjab-on-jayalalithaa-s/states/news/709156.html|access-date=17 December 2016|work=[[United News of India]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>[[Government of Uttarakhand]]<ref name="jjuk" /> and [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="jjgoa">{{cite news|title=Goa govt mourns death of Jayalalithaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/state-govt-mourns-death-of-jayalalithaa/articleshow/55846817.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 December 2016|location=[[Panaji]]}}</ref> [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], Union Ministers, Several State Chief Ministers, Political leaders and Film fraternity Condoled her demise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa remembered as dynamic, popular leader|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jayalalithaa-remembered-as-dynamic-popular-leader-116120600378_1.html|work=business-standard|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tweeple-send-social-media-into-a-tizzy/article9413138.ece|title=Tweeple send social media into a tizzy|work=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her body was kept [[in state]] at her residence Veda Nilayam in Poes Garden and later at [[Rajaji Hall]] for public to pay their tribute. Her last rites were performed on the evening of 6 December 2016 and she was [[Burial|buried]] at the northern end of the [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai in a sandalwood casket engraved with "Puratchi Thalaivi Selvi J Jayalalithaa", near the grave of her mentor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] at the [[MGR Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-chennai-to-pay-homage-to-jayalalithaa-10-points-1634456?pfrom=home-lateststories|title=Jayalalithaa To Be Buried In Sandalwood Casket Next To Mentor M.G.R.|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-laid-to-rest/articleshow/55837086.cms |title=Jayalalitha last rites: Amma's Death: Jayalalithaa buried with full state honours |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements were discussed by Manmohan, Pranab |access-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122191824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |archive-date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>

The US and several other countries sent condolences. [[United States|American]] Ambassador [[Richard Verma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/statement-by-ambassador-richard-r-verma/|title=Statement by Ambassador Richard R. Verma on the Death of the Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa|website=usembassy.gov|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[France|French]] Ambassador [[Alexandre Ziegler]], [[Canada|Canadian]] High Commissioner to India Nadir Patel, [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] [[Maithripala Sirisena]], [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Prime Minister]] [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Former Sri Lankan president [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], [[Singapore]] Foreign Affairs Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]] and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] Party Mourned her death. Then [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Najib Razak]] also sent his condolences.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Mohd Najib Tun Razak |user=NajibRazak|number=806105922816733184 |title=My condolences to the people of India on the passing of the late J. Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.|language=english |url=https://twitter.com/najibrazak/status/806105922816733184 |date=6 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wwj">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sri-lanka-prez-leaders-from-singapore-malaysia-condole-jayalalithaas-death/article9413414.ece|title=Sri Lanka Prez, leaders from Singapore, Malaysia condole Jayalalithaa’s death|website=thehindubusinessline|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-demise-condolences-pour-in-from-countries-4414044/|title=Jayalalithaa demise: Condolences pour in from countries|website=indianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/condolences-pour-in-from-sri-lanka-to-us-on-ammas-demise-1546296.html|title=Condolences pour in from Sri Lanka to US on Amma's demise|website=newindianexpress|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[C. Sreenivaasan]] of AIADMK courted controversy by saying that V. K. Sasikala's family was responsible for Jayalalithaa's death. Sreenivasan said that he had to lie about the late chief minister's death because of pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-maa-death-sreenivasan-dhinakaran-apollo-hospital-1050830-2017-09-23|title=How did J Jayalalithaa die? A year later, AIADMK leader says was forced to lie about Amma's death|website=India Today}}</ref>

On 12 September 2017, Late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] at the AIADMK general council .<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Death Probe by Justice Arumugaswamy commission===
Among the Public, Jayalalithaa's 75-day hospitalisation and her demise, remained unclear and shrouded in secrecy. DMK and other opposition parties sought a probe into her death. The one-man Commission by retired Justice A Arumughaswamy was announced in August 2017 by then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] to investigate the death of J Jayalalithaa. On 23 July 2021,the last time extension granted for the commission to submit its report is being extended by the state government, This is the 11th extension since its formation. the Commission probed with hundreds of people including expert doctors, medical staff, ministers and then state health secretary of Tamil Nadu. London-based doctor Dr. Richard Beale was also summoned in front of the Commission in 2019 since he was closely involved with the selection of treatment provided to then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/07/23233646/11th-Extension-Tamil-Nadu-Government-orders-Arumugasami.vpf|title=11-வது முறையாக நீட்டிப்பு: ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையத்துக்கு மேலும் 6 மாதம் கால அவகாசம் தமிழக அரசு உத்தரவு|website=dailythanthi|date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-death-probe-arumughaswamy-commission-gets-eighth-extension-127315|title=Jayalalithaa death probe: Arumughaswamy Commission gets eighth extension|website=thenewsminute|date=25 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/over-year-after-jaya-s-death-mystery-deepens-gaps-narrative-emerge-84278|title=Over a year after Jaya’s death, mystery deepens as gaps in narrative emerge|website=thenewsminute|date=6 July 2018}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India stayed the functions of the commission based on the plea of the hospital in April 2019.<ref name="jjprobe">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-death-probe-apollo-hospital-tells-sc-that-it-will-not-appear-before-arumughaswamy-commission-1489808|title=Jayalalithaa Death Probe: Apollo Hospital Tells SC That It Will Not Appear Before Arumughaswamy Commission|website=abplive|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>

On 27 July 2021, The Newly Elected [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] led Tamil Nadu Government sought permission from the Supreme Court to restart the inquiry into her death, as the inquiry into the mystery surrounding Jayalalithaa's death was one of the poll promises made by DMK in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 State Assembly Election]].<ref name="jjprobe" />

==In popular culture==
In [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), the character of Kalpana portrayed by [[Aishwarya Rai]], was inspired by Jayalalithaa and her professional and personal relationship with [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/07/how-mani-ratnams-iruvar-put-the-spotlight-on-jaya-1546363.html|title=How Mani Ratnam's Iruvar put the spotlight on Jaya|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/071216/throwback-when-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-played-jayalalithaa-on-the-big-screen.html|title=Throwback: When Aishwarya played Jayalalithaa on the big-screen|date=7 December 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/12/06/aishwarya-rai-played-jayalalithaa-iruvar-mani-ratnam-mgr-mohanlal-karunanidhi-tamil-film-prakash-raj|title=Aishwarya Rai as Jayalalithaa: When the Big Screen Proved Small|website=The Quint|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[Faisal Saif]] completed work on major portions of a film titled ''[[Amma (2018 film)|Amma]]'' between 2014 and 2016, but was forced to shelve it following threats from members of Jayalalithaa's political party. The makers denied that the film was a biopic, but stated that actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] portrayed a role resembling the politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-reel-and-real-life-inspires-amma-208217-2014-10-01|title=Jayalalithaa's reel and real life inspires Amma|first1=Aravind Gowda|last1=October 1|first2=2014UPDATED|last2=October 1|first3=2014 12:31|last3=Ist|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260618/political-biopics-face-threats-cuts.html|title=Why Jayalalithaa biopic was shelved, ones on Indira Gandhi, Shastri remain uncertain|first=Uma|last=Ramasubramanian|date=26 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Since Jayalalithaa's death, several filmmakers have announced biopics on the politician, with six currently in production. In January 2017, Telugu filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] registered the title ''Amma'' and began preparing for a biopic on the politician. The film was being planned with [[Anushka Shetty]] in the lead role, but Rao's death in May 2017 effectively ended the project, despite indications that [[Mohan Babu]] may revive it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amma-jayalalithaa-biopic-dasari-narayana-rao-ramya-krishnan-952959-2017-01-03|title=Jayalalithaa's life on film: Dasari Narayana Rao to direct biopic?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dasari-had-planned-jayalalithaa-biopic-with-anushka-shetty/story-AfNc34kCGEnFkzSwSDC2eN.html|title=Dasari Narayana Rao had planned Jayalalithaa biopic with Anushka Shetty|date=31 May 2017|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> Producer Adithya Bharadwaj announced that his team were over a year into pre-production work for a proposed biopic of Jayalalithaa, during December 2017. Titled ''Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'', he revealed that it would predominantly be a fictionalised retelling of her story with some real life footage also included. Bharadwaj suggested that he had briefly touched upon the possibility of a biopic with Jayalalithaa when she was alive, but the script had to be reworked following her death. Despite his suggestions that the film would begin production in January 2018, the project did not take off.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa/articleshow/62253802.cms|title=A biopic on J Jayalalithaa |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/863002/jayalalithaa-biopic-in-the-works-titled-thaai-puratchi-thalaivi|title=Jayalalithaa biopic in the works, titled 'Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Soon after news emerged about Vijay's and Priyadarshini's biopics in August 2018, Adithya reconfirmed that [[Bharathiraja]] had been signed to be the director of the film. He added that the team were considering either Aishwarya Rai or Anushka Shetty for the role of Jayalalithaa, and either [[Kamal Haasan]] or [[Mohanlal]] for the role of M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bharathirajaa-to-direct-a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa-1318856-2018-08-20|title=Three Jayalalithaa biopics in a week: Bharathirajaa wants Aishwarya as Amma?|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

In August 2018, producer Vishnu Vardhan Induri of Vibri Media announced that he was working on a biopic of Jayalalithaa, and that [[A. L. Vijay]] would direct the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-biopic-announced-with-al-vijay-as-director-details-here-1315657-2018-08-16|title=Jayalalithaa biopic announced with AL Vijay as director. Details here|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> The team announced that pre-production work and research was ongoing and that the film would focus on the personal life of the politician, showing her vulnerable side. Actresses including [[Nayanthara]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were initially approached by Vijay to star in the lead role, while [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the supporting role of [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Titled ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), the film began its shoot after a long pre-production phase in November 2019 with [[Kangana Ranaut]] signed to play the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/sai-pallavi-may-play-sasikala-in-al-vijays-jayalalithaa-biopic/|title=Sai Pallavi May Play Sasikala In AL Vijay's Jayalalithaa Biopic|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 28|last3=2018|date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anushka-shetty-aishwarya-rai-vidya-balan-in-talks-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-upcoming-biopic-all-you-need-to-know-5046851.html|title=Anushka Shetty, Aishwarya Rai, Vidya Balan in talks to play Jayalalithaa in upcoming biopic: All you need to know- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=26 August 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="vijay">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/one-more-biopic-planned-on-former-cm-jayalalithaa/article24710436.ece|title=One more biopic planned on former CM Jayalalithaa|first=Udhav|last=Naig|date=17 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The Movie ''{{lang|ta|Thalaivii}}'' was released on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-thalaivi-sort-issues-film-to-release-as-scheduled/articleshow/85890663.cms|title=Makers of 'Thalaivi' sort issues; film to release as scheduled|date=3 September 2021|website=timesofindia}}</ref> Within a day of Induri's announcement of making a film, director Priyadarshini announced that she had also been working for four months on the pre-production of a biopic, which would be launched in September 2018. Priyadarshini suggested that she had four scripts ready, with each focusing on different aspects of Jayalalithaa's life, and that the narration would be balanced by showing both her positive and negative sides.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/another-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-announced-1316129-2018-08-16|title=Another biopic on Jayalalithaa announced!|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name="vijay"/> Titled ''The Iron Lady'', [[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the lead role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a supporting role for the character of Sasikala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nithya-menen-on-her-signing-spree-working-with-mysskin-in-psycho-and-playing-jayalalitha-in-priyadarshinis-biopic-5570381.html|title=Nithya Menen on her signing spree, working with Mysskin in Psycho and playing Jayalalitha in Priyadarshini's biopic- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=18 November 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/the-iron-lady-nithya-menen-as-jayalalithaa-varalakshmi-to-play-sasikala-news-tamil-sjwkTsdjjgajj.html|title=The Iron Lady: Nithya Menen as Jayalalithaa, Varalakshmi to play Sasikala?|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/the-iron-lady-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-to-go-on-floors-february-2019/|title='The Iron Lady' Biopic On Jayalalithaa To Go On Floors February 2019|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=October 31|last3=2018|date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

On 14 December 2019, Another biopic named [[Queen (web series)|Queen]] has been released as a web-series by [[Gautham Menon]] became the fourth such announcement of a related project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196|title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa|date=30 August 2018|website=mid-day}}</ref> Production on the series progressed quietly throughout late 2018, with [[Ramya Krishnan]] selected to play Jayalalithaa, and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] and [[Vamsi Krishna]] portraying M. G. Ramchandran and [[Sobhan Babu]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic!|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/|title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa|first1=Rajeshwari|last1=Manik|first2=an On|last2=December 22|last3=2018|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Sasikala's nephew Jeyanandh Dhivakaran announced a further biopic on Jayalalithaa, which would focus more on her relationship with Sasikala and M. Natarajan. Director [[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]] was signed on to the project, and began pre-production work by meeting close aides and politicians of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/lingusamy-to-direct-jayalalitha-biopic/|title=Lingusamy To Direct Jayalalithaa Biopic|last1=V|first2=hana On|last2=October 24|last3=2018|date=24 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2019, director Jegadeswara Reddy announced that he was set to make a film titled ''[[Sasilalithaa]]'', which would showcase the relationship between Jayalalithaa and Sasikala. A first look poster was launched, with Reddy announcing that he would enter talks with [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sasilalitha-another-biopic-on-former-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-announced-1496905-2019-04-08 | title=Sasilalitha: Another biopic on former Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa announced |date=8 April 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa also appeared in an episode of ''[[Rendezvous with Simi Garewal]]'', an informal [[chat-show]] hosted by Indian actress [[Simi Garewal]], where she talked about her personal life and acting/political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228014446/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk| archive-date=2019-12-28|publisher=Simi Garewal |date=Feb 11, 2017}}</ref>

== Elections contested and positions held ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative elections ===
{|
|- style="background:#adc;"
! width="160" |Elections
! width="100" |Constituency
! width="70" |Party
! width="70" |Result
! width="70" |Vote percentage
! width="150" |Opposition Candidate
! width="70" |Opposition Party
! width="70" |Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||54.41||Muthu Manoharan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.27
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| rowspan = "2" bgcolor="98FB98" |[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||65.18||[[T. Rajendar]]||[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]||29.34
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|[[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaangayam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||63.44||[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||32.85
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Lost||43.54||[[E. G. Sugavanam]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||50.71
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.22||Vaigai Sekar||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.64
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.04||Seeman||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||36.29
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarangam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||58.99||N. Anand||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||35.55
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2015 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2015 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||88.43||C. Mahendran||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]||5.35
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| bgcolor="98FB98" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||Won||55.87||Shimla Muthuchozhan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||33.14
|}

===Posts in Parliament of India===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1984 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1984]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] || 3 April 1984 || 28 January 1989
|}

===Posts in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=70|Year
!width=195|Constituency
!width=300|Position
!width=150|From
!width=150|To
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 9 February 1989 || 30 November 1989
|-
| 1989 || Bodinayakkanur || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 1 December 1989 || 30 January 1991
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 24 June 1991 || 12 May 1996
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || Not Contested || Chief Minister || 14 May 2001 || 21 September 2001
|-
| [[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002]] || [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Aandippatti]] || Chief Minister || 2 March 2002 || 12 May 2006
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || Aandippatti || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] || 19 May 2006 || 28 May 2006
|-
| 2006 || Aandippatti || [[Leader of the Opposition]] || 29 May 2006 || 14 May 2011
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvarangam]] || [[Chief Minister]] || 16 May 2011 || 27 September 2014
|-
| 2015 || [[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] || Chief Minister || 23 May 2015 || 22 May 2016
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar || Chief Minister || 23 May 2016 || 5 December 2016
|}

== Awards and honors ==
* In 1972, J. Jayalalithaa was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="degrees"/>
* [[Honorary doctorate]] received from [[University of Madras]] in 1991.<ref name="degrees">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911085023/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2009 |title=Awards and Special Degrees |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=37&ID=6852&AlbumType=PG| title=Awards| publisher=NDTV|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] in 1992.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 1993.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, She was invited by the [[House of Lords]], [[London]] to receive the "Woman Politician of the Decade Award" from the Asian Guild Awards.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, The "Golden Star of Honor and Dignity Award" was conferred upon her by the [[Ukraine]]-based International Human Rights Defense Committee recognizing her services in protecting the weaker section of society and in the field of gender equality in Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name="degrees"/> Then [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]], [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Iceland Prime Minister]] [[Davíð Oddsson|David oddson]] were the only three previous recipients of the award<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jayalalithaa-to-be-awarded-soon/articleshow/878290.cms?from=mdr |title=Jayalalithaa to be awarded soon|date=8 October 2004|work=Economic Times}}</ref>
* In 2005, Honoured with '[[Paul Harris (Rotary)|Paul Harris]] Fellow Recognition' & 'Lifetime achievement Award' by [[Rotary International]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4399075 |title=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa, receiving the 'Paul Harris Fellow recognition' and the 'Lifetime Achievement award' from the Rotary International District 3230 Governor, Benjamin Cherian (ext left), at a function in Chennai on February 23, 2005.|date=23 February 2005|work=thehindu}}</ref><ref name="jjgov" />
* In 2011, a resolution was passed by the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] to appreciate her exemplary excellence and dedication as a leader and in service to the people of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Fisheries University'' after her as [[Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University]].
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu named three Kalaimamani award after her as Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award.
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University'' after her as [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University]].
* In 2020, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education Campus after her as Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa statue to be installed at State Council for Higher Education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayalalithaa-statue-to-be-installed-at-state-council-for-higher-education/article31157434.ece |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* On 31 July 2020, ''CMBT Metro Station'' in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[CMBT metro station|Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa CMBT Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honor her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Works==
Jayalalithaa wrote 4 full-fledged Novels, Columns for Bommai, Thuglak in 1970s, Short Stories for Kalki, Thai in 1980s. She had an insatiable desire in her mind to write her [[autobiography]], But it was not fulfilled until the last.<ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjw.in" />

===Novels and Series===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''Uravin Kaidigal (Prisoners of a relationship)'' - The Tamil version of an English novel which she wrote for Eve's Weekly, a woman's magazine published from [[Mumbai]]. Kalki Rajendran had made a fervent appeal to Jayalalithaa to write the same in Tamil. Then It was published as a serial in [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] in 1980 and attracted both strong criticism and praise.<ref name="jj.in">{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017 |title=Jayalalitha’s tryst with writing|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/jayalalithas-tryst-with-writing/50123.html|access-date=31 March 2017 |website=moneylife}}</ref><ref name="jjv.in">{{Cite web|date=30 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=’எழுத்தாளர்’ ஜெயலலிதாவின் நிறைவேறாமல் போன சுயசரிதை ஆசை!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/76350-jayalalithaas-unfulfilled-wish|access-date=30 Dec 2016 |website=vikatan}}</ref><ref name="jjd.in">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |language=tamil|title=மனதை தொட்ட மலர்கள் - எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயலலிதா|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1664101|website=dinamalar}}</ref><ref name="jjh.in">{{Cite web|date=8 Dec 2016 |language=tamil|title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் எழுத்துப் பயணம்!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/india/93225--~XPageIDX~.html|website=hindutamil}}</ref><ref name="jjg.in">{{Cite web|date=7 Oct 2016 |language=tamil|title=வாசிப்பும், யோசிப்பும் 201: ஜெயலலிதா என்னும் எழுத்தாளர் பற்றி......|url=https://geotamil.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3589:-201-&catid=28:2011-03-07-22-20-27|website=geotamil}}</ref><ref name="jjw.in">{{Cite web|date=22 January 1984 |title=She writes to conquer|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-writes-to-conquer.html|website=theweek}}</ref>
* ''Oruthikhey Sondham (Belong to one)'' - Jayalalithaa's First Tamil 95-paged Novel Published in June 1980 by [[Kumudam]]'s monthly, Malai Mathi Magazine.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nenjile Oru Kanal (A fire in my heart)'' - Written in [[Kumudam]] Weekly Magazine, which she said was partly autobiographical.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Ennangal Sila (Some of the thoughts)'' - Published as Series in [[Thuglak]] Weekly Magazine for nearly 7 years, which was written anonymously by Jayalalithaa, Eventually Her identity was disclosed by the editor [[Cho Ramaswamy]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
*''Nee indri Nanillai (I am not without you)'' - Novel Published in [[Valampuri John]]'s Kavithabanu Publications.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
{{col-end}}

===Books===
*''Manadhai Thotta Malargal (Flowers that touch the mind)'' - The Collective version of 45 Columns written as ''Enakku Pidithavai'' in [https://thaaii.com/ Thai] weekly magazine.<ref name="jjd.in" /> In this book, She wrote about her favourites (Place, Flower, Animal, Song, Writer, Journalist, Philosophist, Teacher, Painter [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Novel [[David Copperfield]])<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

===Short Stories and Columns===
Jayalalithaa also carved many Short stories and Columns in Tamil and English. She had written an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] critic article in 'Thuglak' magazine which focused on the [[Sexual harassment|harassment]] of a woman under the police custody somewhere in [[North India]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

== Other interests ==

===Countries visited===

Jayalalithaa has travelled to countries such as [[United States]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Thailand]], [[Japan]], [[Nepal]] etc.,<ref name="jjd.in" />

===Leisure Interests===

Jayalalithaa also interested in [[Reading]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020 |title=Inside Jayalalithaa’s library: 8,376 books, Tirukkural to Discovery of India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalitha-residence-library-tirukkural-discovery-of-india-6531733/|website=indianexpress}}</ref> [[Classical music]], [[Western music (North America)|Western Music]], [[Piano]], [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]], [[Cricket]], [[Tennis]], [[Basketball|Basket Ball]], [[Chess]], [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] and [[Equestrianism|Horse-riding]].<ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjgov">{{cite news|title=Government of Tamil Nadu- Chief Minister |url=http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230313/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 Sep 2009|date= 10 August 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=27 Sep 2021}}</ref> As a school girl, she had a huge crush on former Indian [[Captain (cricket)|skipper]] Nari Contractor. In an interview with [[Simi Garewal]] in 1990s, Jayalalitha had revealed her fondness for the cricketer and she had followed his game closely during the 1960s. In Kumudam Magazine, She had written that She used to watch test matches. When She found difficult in booking last-minute tickets for special enclosure, She decided to become the Member of ''Tamil Nadu Cricket Association'' through which She Could receive tickets automatically for all [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and [[Ranji Trophy]]. On her request, Then Famous Cricket Commentator and The General Manager of [https://www.dasaprakash.in/ Das prakash Group of Hotels] P. Ananda Rao who had influence on TNCA, represented her case on his board meeting. Hence, Jayalalithaa became the first Independent and patron women member of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] in the period of 1973–74.<ref>{{Cite web|language=tamil|date=2 December 2017 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நினைவு தினம் : தமிழ்நாடு கிரிக்கெட் அசோசியேசன் முதல் பெண் உறுப்பினர்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-memorial-day-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-is-the-first-female-member/|website=indianexpress}}</ref>

{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 100%
| title = Jayalalithaa on the chat show - 'Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'
| halign = center
| quote = " Yes indeed (I had crushes). I remember having a great crush on [[Nari Contractor]], the cricketer. I used to go to Test matches just to watch him. And I had another crush on [[Shammi Kapoor]] (laughed heartily). One of my favourite films even today is [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee
(1961)]] and the Yahoo! song."
| salign = right
| source = — Jayalalithaa, ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'', April 1999<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa on Simi Garewal show: 15 quotes that show her strong character, leadership and human side|url=https://www.india.com/viral/jayalalithaa-on-simi-garewal-show-15-quotes-that-show-her-strong-character-leadership-and-human-side-watch-videos-1693264/|website=india.com}}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[First Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Second Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry]]
* [[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry]]

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey From Movie Star To Political Queen|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Juggernaut|year=2016|isbn=978-8193284148}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=jayalalitha+saree+pulled+in+assembly&pg=PA88|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306312-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA101 |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=Ramaswamy}}
* {{cite book|title=M.G. Ramachandran: Jewel of the Masses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIX11WBlVGAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA1986|last=Swaminathan|first=Roopa|publisher=Rupa Publications|page=1986|year=2002|isbn=9788171678976|ref=Swaminathan}}
* {{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA93|page=93|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|ref=Velayutham}}
* {{cite book|title=Love's Rite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trQj0GrKuPoC&q=jayalalitha+%2B+women+police+stations&pg=PA158|last=Vanitha|first=Rose|ref=Vanitha|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2005|isbn=978-0-14-400059-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Refugee Management: Sri Lankan Refugges in Tamil Nadu, 1983–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eDh7Y7wYXgC&q=jayalalitha+1991+rajiv|year=2005|last=Das|first=Sumita|publisher=Mittal publications|isbn=9788183240666|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book|title=My Frozen Turbulence In Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpVhCICrRb4C&q=janaki+ramachandran+chief+minister|last=Jagmohan|year=2007|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788181242174}}
* {{cite book|title=Jayalalithaa: A Journey|last=Sen Sri Raman|first=Papri|publisher=Vitasta Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-9382711865|location=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa| b=no | n=no | q=Jayalalithaa | s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=J. Jayalalithaa}}

*[https://www.scribd.com/document/339287469/Full-text-SC-order-convicting-Sasikala-in-DA-case#fullscreen&from_embed/ In The Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227154244/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/549 Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1850717.stm BBC News article – ''Jayalalitha returns to power'' (dated 2 March 2002)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm BBC – Controversial life of Jayalalitha]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tamil/jaya_thapar.ram BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)]
* {{IMDb name|0412883|J.Jayalalitha}}
*[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-life-and-times-of-jayalalitha/205450 The Life And Times Of Jayalalitha | Outlook India Magazine]

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Queen (web series)

2022-02-20T04:33:07Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Supporting */

{{short description|2019 Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox television
| name = Queen
| image = Queen web series poster.jpg
| genre = Historical drama
| creator = Reshma Ghatala
| director = {{plainlist|
*[[Gautham Menon|Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
*Prasath Murugesan
}}
| based_on = ''Queen'' by Anita Sivakumaran
| writer = Reshma Ghatala
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ramya Krishnan]]
* [[Anjana Jayaprakash]]
* [[Anikha|Anikha Surendran]]
}}
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[English language|English]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 11
| editor = Praveen Antony
| cinematography = [[S. R. Kathir]]
| runtime =
| network = [[MX Player]]
| music =
| website = https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-queen-tamilenglish-series-online-8981351622ccd88ee6c3833a77b45fa9
| company = [[MX Player|MX Originals]] Ondraga Digital
| composer = [[Darbuka Siva]]
| first_aired = 14 December 2019
}}

'''''Queen''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Period film|period]] [[Biographical-drama|biographical drama]] [[streaming television]] series created by Reshma Ghatala. An adaptation of Anita Sivakumaran's novel of the same name, which is loosely based on the life of the late [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]], the script was written by Ghatala, with [[Gautham Menon|Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and Prasath Murugesan, jointly directing the series.

The series stars [[Ramya Krishnan]], essaying the lead role as Shakthi Sheshadri, a fictional character resembling the former politician, while [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] and [[Anikha Surendran]] portraying the younger versions of Sheshadri. [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Vamsi Krishna]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] / [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Lillete Dubey]] amongst others appear in prominent roles. The series chronicles the life and evolution of Sheshadri, and her journey from cinema industry to the politics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/queen-ramya-krishnan-biopic-mx-player-gautham-vasudev-menon-jayalalitha|title=Queen: Ramya Krishnan Resurrects Jayalalithaa, And How!|date=2019-12-17|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>

[[MX Player]] announced the plans for a web series based on the life of Jayalalithaa and hired Gautham Menon to direct the series. Menon who eventually planned to make her biopic as [[feature film]], eventually reinstated his decision to direct it as a web series, due to restrictions in censor board.<ref name="indianexpress"/> Menon also produced the film under [[Gautham Menon|Ondraga Digital]] along with [[The Times Group|Times Studio Originals]]. The shooting of the film took place from December 2018 and wrapped up in March 2019.<ref name="indiaglitz"/> The series features cinematography and editing handled by [[S. R. Kathir]] and Praveen Anthony, with background score composed by [[Darbuka Siva]].

The first season of Queen which consists of 11 episodes, was released through the streaming service [[MX Player]] on 14 December 2019. The series eventually received positive reviews praising Ramya Krishnan's performance, among other cast members and also the major technical aspects of production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/queen-review-ramya-krishnan-is-a-majestic-political-leader-in-new-web-series-1628671-2019-12-16|title=Queen Review: Ramya Krishnan is a majestic political leader in new web series|last=ChennaiDecember 16|first=Janani K.|last2=December 18|first2=2019UPDATED|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29|last3=Ist|first3=2019 15:00}}</ref> Apart from its digital premiere, the series also broadcast through [[Zee Tamil]] in July 2020.<ref name="indiatimes"/> ''Queen'' won the award for Best Series at the Singapore Asian Academy Creative Awards in December 2020. In April 2020, Menon announced that the series was renewed for a second season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gautham Menon's Queen to get a second season|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/apr/05/gautham-menons-queen-to-get-a-second-season-17887.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
This first season has eleven episodes which depicts the life and evolution of Shakthi Sheshadri. This starts from the childhood days of her and the reason behind her entry into the cinema industry, The way she learned everything in the cinema, The relationship between Shakthi and GMR and finally her political entry.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Shakthi Seshadri
** [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] as the vicenarian Shakthi Seshadri
** [[Anikha|Anikha Surendran]] as the young Shakthi Seshadri
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as G. M. Ravichandran
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Chaitanya Reddy
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Ranganayaki, Shakthi Sheshadri's mother
** [[Sonia Agarwal]] as young Ranganayaki, Shakthi Sheshadri's mother
* [[Lilette Dubey]] as an interviewer

===Supporting===
* Karuppu Nambiar as Syed
* [[Gautham Menon]] as Sridhar
* [[Vivek Rajgopal]] as Pradeepan
* [[Munna (actor)|Munna Simon]] as Srikanth, Shakthi Sheshadri's brother
** Munaf Rahman as young Srikanth
* Janaki Suresh as Alamelu - Shakthi's best friend
** Deepa Ramanathan as vicenarian Alamelu
** Yukta Bhardwaj as young Alamelu
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Janani Devi
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Suriyakala
* [[Anil Murali]] as Dhanaraj
* Rajie Vijay Sarathy as Sister Flavia
* [[Sarjano Khalid]] as young Co-star Vinith
* MS Harini as young Co-star Viji
* Hans Kaushik as Maya Rangaswamy
* [[Charmila]] as Shakthi Sheshadri's grandmother
* Subhashree as vicenarian Pinky - Shakthi and Alamelu's best friend
** Kushi R Jain as young Pinky
* [[Sruthy Jayan]] as Malar - Shakthi's neighbor
* Elavarasan Devarajan as Photographer Subramanium - Alamelu's father
* Aditya Anbu as Deepak - Pinky's brother

== Episodes ==
{{Expand section|episode summaries|date=December 2019}}{{Episode table |background=#515357 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |released=y |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Breach
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = As a brilliant, academically driven 15 year old who has no-one in her family to guide her, she tops the state in her tenth standard board exams.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = The Wall
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = A wall separates 12 year old Shakti from her best friend Pinky. But the wall isn't just a physical divide. Shakti slowly begins to understand the real distance between them.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Circle of Light
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = A reluctant debutante actress, Shakti Seshadri and ace director Shridhar Vasudevan, form an unlikely alliance.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = HIM
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Meeting superstar GMR changes Shakti's life irreversibly and thus begins Shakti's journey to super stardom.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Tipping Point
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Menon]], Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = A headstrong Shakti starts to find herself backed into a corner with GMR, as cracks begin to appear in their relationship.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Home & Away
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Menon]], Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = As Shakti's home life spirals out of control, a romance sparks off during her Telugu film with director Chaitanya Reddy.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = The Dream
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Living a dream, with hope for marriage and a family still being a possibility, Shakthi dives headlong into her relationship with Chaitanya Reddy.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = The Nightmare
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Shakthi and her mother begin to heal their fractured relationship, while bonding over shared misery.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = The Prophecy
| DirectedBy = Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = Meeting GMR changes Shakthi's life yet again. This time plunging her into the world of Tamil Nadu politics.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = The Fall
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Menon]], Prasath Murugesan
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = The death of GMR, leaves Shakthi with a decision to make. Will she choose greatness or happiness?
| LineColor = 515357
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = The Rise
| DirectedBy = [[Gautham Menon]]
| WrittenBy = Reshma Ghatala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|14}}
| ShortSummary = At the funeral, a life altering incident sets Shakthi off on a trajectory that will have her replacing GMR as the face of the party. The Queen replaces the King.
| LineColor = 515357
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Origin ===
Indian online [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform, [[MX Player]] announced plans of making a [[streaming television]] series about the life of former actress and politician [[J. Jayalalithaa]], and hired director [[Gautham Menon]] to direct the project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196 |title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa - entertainment |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=2018-08-30 |access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> It was touted to be a fourth biopic made in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yet another biopic announced on the life of Jayalalithaa|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/19/yet-another-biopic-announced-on-the-life-of-jayalalithaa-7496.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> which is based on the life of the former politician after [[A. L. Vijay]], Priyadharshini and [[Bharathiraja]] were hired to direct the films.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web|date=2018-08-20|title=Three biopics on J Jayalalithaa announced|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/three-biopics-on-j-jayalalithaa-announced-5315606/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The script for the series was written by Reshma Ghatala, who worked as an executive producer in Menon's production house [[Gautham Menon|Ondraga Entertainment]], while one of Menon's protege Prasath Murugesan was also signed to direct a few episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menon-vetrimaaran-vignesh-shivn-sudha-kongara-direct-series-netflix-108226 |title=Gautham Menon, Vetrimaaran, Vignesh Shivn, Sudha Kongara to direct series for Netflix? |publisher=The News Minute |date=2019-09-02 |access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> It was produced by [[The Times Group|Times Studio Originals]], a subsidiary production house of [[The Times Group]] for web content, along with Gautham Menon's [[Gautham Menon|Ondraga Originals]].<ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-24|title=Gautham Menon starts shooting web series based on the life of Jayalalithaa, with Ramya Krishnan playing lead role - Entertainment News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-menon-starts-shooting-web-series-based-on-the-life-of-jayalalithaa-with-ramya-krishnan-playing-lead-role-5782291.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
A source close to the director stated that "Menon has planned to direct three seasons of the biopic, which covers the life story of Jayalalithaa through thirty episodes. The first season is based on Jayalalithaa's entry to politics, which chronicles her life from 12 to 44 years. Based on the reception of the first season, the consecutive seasons will be planned. So far, many Tamil web series were criticized for the below par production values but Gautham clearly told his producers that he will not compromise with the quality. Gautham also got several unknown stories on Jayalalithaa through her close friends and associates."<ref name="firstpost"/>

In an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', Menon stated that the web series is a fictional story based on Anita Sivakumaran's novel ''Queen'', which is based on the life of the politician and does not have any resemblance to her life, but instead Menon inspired the characters from the novel. Initially he planned to direct the biopic as a [[feature film]], but due to the restrictions in [[Censor Board|censor board]], Menon preferred to direct it as web series.<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{Cite web|title=Gautham Menon to direct a web series about Jayalalithaa|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/24/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-web-series-about-jayalalithaa-9339.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> One of the production executives stated about Menon's interest in his foray through digital space, which is one of the reason as Menon, preferred to do a web series about the politician.<ref name="cinemaexpress"/> It is touted to be the second expensive web series produced in India, followed by the [[Netflix original series]] ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''.<ref name="cinemaexpress"/> [[File:Ramya Krishnan.jpg|thumb|[[Ramya Krishnan]] plays the lead character Shakthi Sheshadri|230x230px]]

=== Casting ===
[[Ramya Krishnan]] was cast in the leading role of Shakthi Sheshadri, a fictional character resembling [[Jayalalithaa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Archana|title=Is the web series ‘Queen’ about Jayalalithaa? Here’s what Ramya Krishnan has to say|url=https://scroll.in/reel/946529/is-the-web-series-queen-about-jayalalithaa-heres-what-ramya-krishnan-has-to-say|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> whereas Malayalam actor [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] was being roped to reprise the fictional character of former actor and politician [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as G. M. Ravichandran (GMR),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indrajith Sukumaran to play MGR in Gautham Menon's Jayalalithaa web series|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/indrajith-sukumaran-to-play-mgr-in-gautham-menons-jayalalithaa-web-series-10596.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and [[Vamsi Krishna]] being cast as Telugu actor [[Shobhan Babu]]'s fictional character as Chaitanya Reddy.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Sify}}</ref> Actors [[Vineeth]] and [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] were also reported to be a part of the cast, which claimed to be false.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manikandan |first=Rajeshwari |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/ |title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa – |publisher=Silverscreen.in |date=2018-12-22 |access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> It was further reported that [[Anikha Surendran]] and [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] were hired to reprise the younger versions of Shakthi Sheshadri.<ref name="republicworld">{{Cite web|title=Queen web series: Here's the list of actors and the characters they played|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/others/queen-web-series-cast-list-all-the-main-actors-and-the-characters.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Republic World|language=en}}</ref> [[Sonia Agarwal]] was reported to play the younger version of Shakthi's mother Ranganayaki (fictional character of Jayalalithaa's mother Sandhya), with the older version of the character played by [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]].<ref name="republicworld"/> [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] played the role of GMR's wife, Janani Devi, which is a fictional character of [[Janaki Ramachandran]].<ref name="republicworld"/>

=== Filming ===

==== Season 1 ====
The shooting of the first season took place on 24 December 2018 where a huge set is being erected at [[AVM Studios]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="firstpost"/> The sequences involving the popular interview between [[Simi Garewal]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]] are being canned, and [[Lillete Dubey]] essayed the fictional version of the interviewer's role,<ref name="cinemaexpress"/> as Simi Garewal turned down the offer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-13|title=Simi Garewal on why she refused to feature in Ramya Krishnan’s J Jayalalithaa web series: ‘Have moral reasons to turn it down’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/simi-garewal-on-why-she-refused-to-feature-in-ramya-krishnan-s-j-jayalalithaa-web-series-have-moral-reasons-to-turn-it-down/story-jOfqzg67sLEB7W1PPKcl2M.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A significant portion of the film was completed before January 2019.<ref name="sify"/> On 29 March 2019, Menon announced that the shooting of the series had been wrapped.<ref name="indiaglitz">{{Cite web|date=2019-03-29|title=Gautham Menon finishes his next! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gautham-menon-ramya-krishnan-queen-webseries-tamil-news-232702|access-date=2021-02-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
In June 2020, Menon had stated that the pre-production works of the second season, with Reshma completed writing the script, however, the launch of the film got delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Queen' season 2 to have more action, thrilling content, says Ramya Krishnan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/queen-season-2-to-have-more-action-thrilling-content-says-ramya-krishnan/articleshow/76232689.cms|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-07|title=Ramya Krishnan is excited for Queen season 2, says ‘people can expect more action, more interesting content’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramya-krishnan-is-excited-for-queen-season-2-says-people-can-expect-more-action-more-interesting-content/story-alpPcnmceeMiVXpKaGzg5M.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, it was reported that the second season of the series will go on floors from early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramya Krishnan eager to start shooting for 'Queen' season 2 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramya-krishnan-eager-to-start-shooting-for-queen-season-2/articleshow/79621628.cms|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
On 7 September 2019, the makers revealed the first look of Queen,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gautham Menon's biopic of Jayalalithaa officially titled Queen, first look is here|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/07/gautham-menons-biopic-of-jayalalithaa-officially-titled-queen-first-look-is-here-14130.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> depicting Ramya Krishnan's character addressing cadres at a political rally.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Queen, the first look of JJ series out!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/queen-the-first-look-of-jj-series-out-news-tamil-tjhl5Shdjagga.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Sify}}</ref> A teaser trailer for the series was released on 1 December 2019 on [[YouTube]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Teaser of 'Queen' released: Web series on Jayalalithaa starring Ramya Krishnan|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/teaser-queen-released-web-series-jayalalithaa-starring-ramya-krishnan-113262|access-date=2019-12-01|publisher=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=Queen teaser: Ramya Krishnan to play Jayalalithaa in Gautham Menon's MX Player series; trailer will release on 5 December - Entertainment News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-teaser-ramya-krishnan-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-gautham-menons-mx-player-series-trailer-will-release-on-5-december-7725641.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref> and the official trailer released on 5 December 2019, which coincides the death anniversary of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Queen' trailer: Ramya Krishnan is all set to deliver strong performance as Jayalalithaa - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/queen-trailer-ramya-krishnan-is-all-set-to-deliver-strong-performance-as-jayalalithaa/articleshow/72392315.cms|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-05|title=Queen trailer: Ramya Krishnan promises a strong performance as Jayalalithaa|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/queen-trailer-ramya-krishnan-jayalalithaa-6152569/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The first season which consists of eleven episodes was released in its entirety exclusively via the streaming service [[MX Player]] on 14 December 2019 in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2019-12-10|title=‘Queen’ ready for release on Saturday, director Gowtham Vasudeva Menon tells High Court|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/queen-ready-for-release-on-saturday-director-gowtham-vasudeva-menon-tells-high-court/article30263905.ece|access-date=2021-02-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In May 2020, [[MX Player]] announced their collaboration with [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]], for the premiere of their web series, as shooting of the television series were affected due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=Dish TV partners with MX Player to offer video-on-demand content|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-dish-tv-partners-with-mx-player-to-offer-video-on-demand-content-125290|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Zee Business}}</ref> The web series premiered on the television channel [[Zee Tamil]] starting from 26 July 2020 at the 6:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] slot,<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=‘Queen’ to premiere on July 26 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/queen-to-premiere-on-september-13/articleshow/78091332.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and its Telugu version was premiered on [[Zee Telugu]] from 16 August.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Murthy|first=Neeraja|date=2020-08-12|title=Ramya Krishnan’s ‘Queen’ comes to the Telugu small screen|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-queen-gets-ready-to-be-telecast-on-zee-telugu-actress-ramya-krishnan-on-playing-shakti-in-the-series-and-how-she-has-been-spending-time-in-the-lockdown/article31599918.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was also reported that the second season will be also premiered on the television channel, with [[Zee TV]] procuring the rights for the second and third season of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Queen-season2 to be aired on Zee TV soon!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/queen-season2-to-be-aired-on-zee-tv-soon-news-tamil-ugieF9fjjiefj.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
V. Lakshmi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave four out of five stars to the series and stated "There is a beautiful romance, some amazingly showcased tension between principle characters, but there are also those long pauses and overtly philosophical dialogues which would have been okay if we had more flesh to bite into. Some of the characters could have been given more perspective. Each episode is almost an hour-long, and that's clearly enough time to develop some of these characters and situations that are known to all."<ref>{{Citation|title=Queen Season 1 Review: This story of a resilient woman strikes a chord|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/queen/seasonreview/76198025.cms|access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> S. Subhakeerthana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave three-and-a-half out of five and added "Queen works well as a web series. The suspense at the end of each episode keeps you invested in the characters. The actors are superb, the detailing is layered and great, and the chemistry so natural that it doesn’t hinder the proceedings. The web series is largely riveting, and the craft is as unobtrusive as possible."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-15|title=Queen review: A fascinating watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/queen-review-web-series-mx-player-6168432/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated "If you can look past the biased hero-ing of a controversial figure, Queen is exceptional craft. Over eleven episodes, about 50 minutes each, Queen holds the attention of the viewer, in spite of its slow and lingering style."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=Queen review: Slow and brooding, Ramya Krishnan stars in a craftily made, J Jayalalithaa-inspired hagiography - Entertainment News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-review-slow-and-brooding-ramya-krishnan-stars-in-a-craftily-made-j-jayalalithaa-inspired-hagiography-7791821.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Manasa Rao of ''[[The News Minute]]'' reviewed "Rather than a factual retelling, much of the show is based on the anecdotal tales that have done the rounds of Tamil Nadu's political and film circles for decades and are now the overpowering ghosts in the biographical narratives about these leaders."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-15|title=‘Queen’ review: Ramya Krishnan shines in this story let down by its glacial pace|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/queen-review-ramya-krishnan-shines-story-let-down-its-glacial-pace-114131|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated "Queen is a rare-good Tamil web series, but it would have helped us stop worrying about making inevitable comparisons with Jayalalithaa’s life, about viewing the series with knowledge of the highlights of her life."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Queen' review: A rare, good tamil web series|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/17/queen-review-a-rare-good-tamil-web-series-2077016.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "Queen is a must-watch web series that is a hit because of its strong writing, brilliant performances and exceptional technicality."<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/queen-review-ramya-krishnan-is-a-majestic-political-leader-in-new-web-series-1628671-2019-12-16|title=Queen Review: Ramya Krishnan is a majestic political leader in new web series - Binge Watch News|website=India Today|date=2019-12-18|author=Janani K.|accessdate=2021-02-10}}</ref> Prathyush Parasuraman of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' reviewed "MX Players’ 11 episode web-series could have been a dramatic demand for justice. It ends up being reflective, sometimes, agonizingly so."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parasuraman|first=Prathyush|date=2019-12-16|title=Queen Review: Ramya Krishnan’s Hard Nod To The Life of Jayalalithaa Is Calm, Quiet, and Listless|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/queen-review-ramya-krishnans-hard-nod-to-the-life-of-jayalalithaa-is-calm-quiet-and-listless/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) / nominee(s)
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|8 December 2020
|Singapore's Asian Academy Creative Awards
|Best Series
|''Queen''
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=Gautham Menon's 'Queen' web series bags a prestigious award|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menons-queen-web-series-bags-prestigious-award-139243|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Controversies ===
On 13 September 2019, Jayalaithaa's nephew Deepak Jayakumar raised objection to the series, as the makers did not approve their consent of the family members to shoot the personal life of the politician.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-12|title=Jayalalithaa’s nephew asks makers of Queen for clarification|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jayalalithaa-nephew-asks-makers-of-queen-for-clarification-5989471/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Deepak planned to sent a legal notice against the makers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayalalithaa biopic 'Queen' lands in a controversy, details here|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/jayalalithaa-biopic-queen-lands-in-a-controversy-details-here.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Republic World|language=en}}</ref> In November 2019, [[Deepa Jayakumar]], the niece of Jayalalithaa, filed a suit to restrain the makers from promoting and releasing the series.<ref name="indiatoday2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/queen-trouble-for-web-series-on-jayalalithaa-1626672-2019-12-09|title=Queen: Trouble for web series on Jayalalithaa - Binge Watch News|website=India Today|date=2019-12-09|author=Shalini Lobo|accessdate=2021-02-10}}</ref> She claimed that Jayalalithaa's family were not consulted about the project and that the series would affect the family's privacy. The [[Madras High Court]] subsequently called on the makers to respond to the allegations, and a notice was sent to Menon and [[A. L. Vijay]], who planned to direct a biopic based on Jayalalithaa titled ''[[Thalaivi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-biopic-row-madras-hc-sends-notices-directors-al-vijay-gautham-menon-111757 |title=Jayalalithaa biopic row: Madras HC sends notices to directors AL Vijay, Gautham Menon |publisher=The News Minute |date=2019-11-05 |access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> On 3 January 2020, the court dismissed the plea to stall the release of the series, stating that the name of the main character is Sakthi Seshadri and, in the light of disclaimer that it is purely fictional and that any resemblance to real persons is coincidental and not intentional.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jan 4|first=TNN /|last2=2020|last3=Ist|first3=10:40|title=Madras HC rejects plea to stall web series ‘Queen’ {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-rejects-plea-to-stall-web-series-queen/articleshow/73094625.cms|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
* [[Jayalalithaa filmography]]
* ''[[Thalaivi]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt11393148}}
{{Gautham Menon}}

[[Category:Indian television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]

V. K. Sasikala

2022-02-20T04:29:57Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Reentering in politics */

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. K. Sasikala
| image = VK Sasikala.jpg
| caption =
| office = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 20 August 2017
| deputy = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| predecessor = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| successor = ''position abolished''
| birth_name = Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|08|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras State]] (present day [[Tamil Nadu]]), India 
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nickname = {{hlist|Puratchi Thaai|Chinnamma|Singa Thaaragai}} | website = {{url|http://puratchithaai.com/}}| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Draft:M.Natarajan|M. Natarajan]]|1973|2018|end=death}}
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Vivekanandan Saluvar|Krishnaveni}}
| relatives =
}}
'''Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala''' (born 18 August 1954), also known by her married name '''Sasikala Natarajan''', is an Indian businesswoman and politician who served as the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK),a Dravidian party whose cadre revered her as their "Chinnamma" (Mother's sister) "Puratchi Thaai" (Revolutionary mother). She was a close aide of [[J. Jayalalithaa]], the late [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], who headed the AIADMK from 1989 until her death in 2016. After Jayalalithaa's death, the party's general council elected her as the secretary general of AIADMK. In 2001, Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced and appointed O. Panneerselvam as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu He Was Suggested By VK Sasikala And In 2017,Before going to Parapana Agharaha Jail, V.K.Sasikala appointed Edappadi Palanisamy as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu. But O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy and his few Ministers betrayed her and removed her from the post and expelled her from the party on 20 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/29/aiadmk-unanimously-elects-sasikala-as-the-party-general-secretary-1554145--1.html | title=AIADMK unanimously elects Sasikala as the party general secretary | newspaper=[[New Indian Express]] | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sasikala-has-accepted-aiadmk-general-secretary-post-paneerselvam-says/articleshow/56233725.cms | title=Sasikala has accepted AIADMK general secretary post, Paneerselvam says | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Julie Mariappan | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref> After her expulsion she approached Chennai court over her removal as AIADMK General Secretary. This case is still pending for the Judgement <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/07/14143010/1306675/Sasikala-holds-legal-discussions-related-to-AIADMK-.vpf| title=Sasikala holds legal discussions related to AIADMK general secretary case| publisher=[[DT Next]] | work=Editor | date=14 July 2021 | accessdate=23 October 2021}}</ref>

Sasikala was backbone for former Tamilnadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa. On 14 February 2017, a two-bench Supreme Court jury pronounced her guilty and ordered her immediate arrest in a disproportionate-assets case, effectively ending her chief ministerial ambitions. She was released in January 2021, and announced that till Tamilnadu General Election 2021 she will be calm for the good for the AIADMK party, but as AIADMK lost this election with O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy, Sasikala was in pulled into the situation to start her second innings in the political journey.

== Early life ==

Sasikala was born in a Tamil family from [[Chennai]] who later moved to [[Mannargudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/female-don-how-vk-sasikala-and-mannargudi-mafia-strengtherned-their-clout/story-qPqGAe7vBZ4HbUqwRIJWpL.html|title=How Sasikala and 'Mannargudi mafia' strengthened clout in Tamil Nadu power play}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise of Chinnamma|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170220-sasikala-chinnamma-panneerselvam-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-985733-2017-02-11|access-date=2020-12-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Her marriage to M. Natarajan was presided over by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader [[Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/importance-of-being-sasikala-will-jayalalithaa-s-confidante-be-her-heir-1481032645.html |title=Importance of being Sasikala: Will Jayalalithaa's confidante be her heir? |author=Akash Bisht |publisher=CatchNews |date=6 December 2016 }}</ref> Her husband, was a public relations officer in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], who worked closely with the [[District Collector]] of [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who in turn was very close to Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. This helped Sasikala in gaining the friendship of [[Jayalalithaa]] and shaped her further life.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Raj|title=The complete story of Jayalalithaa and Sasikala Natarajan|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/the-complete-story-of-jayalalithaa-and-sasikala-natarajan-12762.html?page=3|website=indiatvnews.com|publisher=India TV News|access-date=2014-07-07}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early Career ===

In the early 1980s, through [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who was then the [[District Collector]] of [[South Arcot]], and a friend of [[Draft:M.Natarajan|M.Natarajan]], Sasikala gained acquaintance with Jayalalithaa, who was then the Propaganda Secretary of the [[AIADMK]]. Since Sasikala helped in video coverage of party meetings and distribution of policies of AIADMK through CD's, Sasikala and Jayalalithaa gradually became very close.<ref>{{cite news|title=The many homes of Sasikala Natarajan|date=12 July 1996|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1996/0712shob.htm|first=Shobha|last=Warrier|work=Rediff}}</ref> After MGR's Death Sasikala Only with Jayalalitha.After, JJ Become General Secretary Of Aiadmk And Chief Minister Of Tamil Nadu, Sasikala Become a Powercentre.Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son VN Sudhakaran (VK Sasikala's elder sister son) in 1995. In the 1996 election,AIADMK defeated ;The new Karunanidhi government filed several corruption cases against her and JJ.In June 20 1996,Sasikala Was arrested for some cases,she had to spend 1 year in jail.in 1997 she was realsed.In 1999,Jayalalithaa appeared in an episode of Rendezvous with Simi Garewal,She tells 'Sasikala Will My Second Mother'.In 2001,Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced ,Sasikala Was Suggested [[O. Panneerselvam]] as Chief Minister.In 2006,Sasikala Become Aiadmk General Council Member.

=== Temporary expulsion from AIADMK ===
27 August 1996, Jayalalitha Expelled his long time- associate Sasikala And quoted,'I and Sasikala no longer have any relationship I am most indebted to my friend for giving me spiritual prosperity and love during my difficult times. But I feel that the party is more important than a few individuals as I am compelled to stay away from Sasikala and Sudhakaran completely from you if the party members change'.After 1997 July Sasikala Relesed She Said,“Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Karunanidhi and Union Finance Minister P. Chidambaram acted to seek revenge on Sasikala. He was retaliated against for the sole reason that Sasikala was close to me. Sasikala was not the cause of the 1996 election defeat. I had to break up with Sasikala, who had been with me during the ups and downs of my life, because of issues raised by my opponents within the party. ”On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled Sasikala and 13 others including Sasikala's husband [[Draft:M.Natarajan|M. Natarajan]], [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], their relatives, and Jayalalithaa's foster son V. N. Sudhakaran from the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=2011-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='I don't know for how many days Sasikala's expulsion will last'|work=Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-dont-know-how-many-days-the-expulsion-will-last-chandralekha/20111222.htm|date=22 December 2011|first=Shobha|last=Warrier}}</ref> This act of Jayalalithaa was considered a way to prove that she was not under the influence of Sasikala and her family. The matter was resolved by 31 March 2012, when Sasikala Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>

=== General Secretary of AIADMK ===
In a meeting held on 29 December 2016 – the first meeting after Jayalalithaa's death on 5 December 2016 – the AIADMK general council selected Sasikala as the party's general secretary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece |title= V.K. Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/12/31/spent-33-years-looking-after-amma-sasikala-first-public-speech-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-chennai |title=Spent 33 Years Looking After Amma: Sasikala's First Public Speech |work=The Quint|date=31 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/vk-sasikala-asked-to-explain-her-appointment-as-general-secretary-in-aiadmk-1660722|title=VK Sasikala Asked To Explain Her Appointment As General Secretary In AIADMK|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref>

=== Chief Minister Elect of Tamil Nadu ===
On 5 February 2017, Sasikala was unanimously elected as the AIADMK Legislature Party Leader by a meeting of all the MLAs in the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sasikala-set-to-become-tamil-nadu-chief-minister/article17197392.ece1?google_editors_picks=true|title=Sasikala set to become Tamil Nadu Chief Minister|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sasikala-natarajan-appointed-legislative-party-leader-of-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-chennai-chief-minister/|title=Sasikala Natarajan appointed as Legislature Party Leader, set to become Chief Minister}}</ref>
Tamil Nadu Governor [[Ch. Vidyasagar Rao]] accepted the resignation of Chief Minister [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 6 February 2017, and instructed him to continue to function as acting Chief Minister "until alternate arrangements are made". The Governor delayed announcing VK Sasikala as the new Chief Minister, waiting for the verdict of the disproportionate assets case on her. On February 14, 2017, VK Sasikala was convicted and sentenced to 4 years sentence in [[Bengaluru]]'s Parappana Agrahara Jail and gave her 24 hours to surrender. The governor, then rejected her claims to become Chief Minister. VK Sasikala then convened the party's MLA council in her capacity as the General Secretary. There,She announced [[Edappadi K. Palanisamy]] was unanimously appointed as the new Chief Minister and he was sworn in the next day.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-governor-accepts-resignation-of-cm-o-panneerselvam-and-his-council-of-ministers/article9523821.ece|title=Governor accepts CMs resignation|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Expulsion ===
On August 21, 2017, it was reported that the AIADMK faction loyal to Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], had decided to merge with the faction of [[O. Panneerselvam]], and expel Sasikala as the General Secretary as it was one of the key demands for the merger.<ref name="ccc">{{cite web |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |website=The News Minute |access-date=1 December 2018 |date=21 August 2017}}</ref> It was reported on August 28 that Sasikala had been expelled during a party meeting,<ref>{{cite web |last1=NARASIMHAN |first1=T. E. |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=28 August 2017}}</ref> but this was later clarified to be not true. Among the resolutions passed, the AIADMK declared that Sasikala's appointment as general secretary was disputable and as such, T. T. V. Dhinakaran's appointment as deputy general secretary, as well as his decisions were cancelled. It also decided to celebrate [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s birth centenary in a lavish manner and keep the party united.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madhav |first1=Pramodh |title=Sasikala still not expelled after meeting of merged AIADMK factions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-edappadi-k-palaniswami-o-panneerselvam-resolutions-vk-sasikala-ttv-dinakaran-tamil-nadu-1033064-2017-08-28 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

On September 12, the AIADMK general council decided to cancel Sasikala's appointment as general secretary and expelled her from the party, though officials appointed to party posts by her were allowed to continue discharging their functions. Instead, the late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of AIADMK.<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Reentering in politics===
The expulsion of Sasikala and her family led to the new parties in 2018 [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]] And [[Draft:Anna Dravidar Kazhagam|Anna Dravidar Kazhagam]].[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran|T.T.V.Dhinakaran]] And [[Draft:V.K.Dhivakaran|V.K.Dhivakaran]] was the general secretaries of that parties.<ref name="DMK">{{cite web |title=T.T.V. Dhinakaran launches Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|url=www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ttv-dhinakaran-announces-party-name/article23250847./amp/|website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

After being released from jail, Sasikala announced her intention to return to active politics in February 2021. On March 3 however, she announced her decision to quit politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=V K Sasikala says she is quitting politics ahead of Tamil Nadu polls|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/v-k-sasikala-says-she-is-quitting-politics-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-polls-11614787477346.html |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>After that, Sasikala, who was talking to her supporters on her cell phone, went to the memorial of J.Jayalalithaa on October 16, 2021 and started a week-long political tour after paying tribute.

== Conviction ==
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}
On 14 February 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] found Sasikala and her co-accused — Ilavarasi (her sister-in-law) and V. N. Sudhakaran (her nephew) — guilty of conspiring, laundering and amassing illicit wealth worth about {{INRConvert|66.44|c|year=1996}} in the 1990s in a criminal conspiracy with Jayalalithaa. The three were sentenced to a four-year jail term.<ref name="shell">{{Cite news|last1=Ushinor|first1=Majumdar|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-the-sc-said-about-jayalalithaa-she-was-the-source-of-funds-for-shell-compan/297959|title=What The SC Said About Jayalalithaa: She Was The Source Of Funds For Shell Companies|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> This restored ''[[in toto]]'' her earlier conviction in the case<ref name="toto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|title=Jayalalithaa, Sasikala criminally conspired at Poes Garden to launder ill-gotten wealth: SC|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214124736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|archive-date=14 February 2017|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> delivered on 27 September 2014,<ref name="original">{{cite news|title=Justice John D'Cunha: The no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807225107/http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|archive-date=7 August 2016|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref> sentencing a four-year jail term to her and her relatives, in addition to imposing a fine of {{INRConvert|10|c}} each.<ref name="cunha">{{cite news|last1=Prathima|first1=Nandakumar|title=Justice D'Cunha: A no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa, Sasikala in 2014|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[The Week (India)|The Week]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062812/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html}}</ref> The judgment stipulated that she and her accomplices would serve an additional 12 months in prison if they failed to pay the fine.<ref name="judgement">{{cite web|last1=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|last2=Amitava Roy|title=Crl.A.Nos.300–303 of 2017 etc. State of Karnataka Vs. Selvi J.Jayalalitha and Ors. (Judgment in Disproportionate Assets Case) [PDF] – 14-02-2017|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|website=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=2017-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227132148/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2017|page=70|date=14 February 2017|author1-link=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|author2-link=Amitava Roy}}</ref>

The Supreme Court refused her plea to surrender after a fortnight and to be allowed to have food from home,<ref name="down">{{cite news|title=Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru, sent to jail|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218204644/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|archive-date=18 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]/[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref> so Sasikala and Ilavarasi presented themselves for imprisonment on 15 February 2017.<ref name="surrender">{{cite news|title=V K Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru court|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[Business Line]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227114808/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|archive-date=27 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> She was released on 27 January 2021 after completion of her term, though being kept at [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] for treatment of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|title=V.K. Sasikala released from prison after serving 4-year term|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vk-sasikala-aide-of-the-former-tn-cm-late-jayalalithaa-released-from-prison-after-serving-4-year-jail-term/article33673396.ece|access-date=2021-03-03|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2021|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref>

== In Popular Culture ==
In [[Queen (web series)|Queen Web Series]] Directed By [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Gautham Meon]] [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] Played a Role 'Suryakala' (2019).Also In [[Thalaivii|Thalaivi]] Movie Directed By [[A. L. Vijay|AL Vijay]] [[Shamna Kasim]] Played a Role 'Sasi' (2021). First In Thalaivi Movie [[Priyamani]] And [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the role of Sasikala.Titled The Iron Lady, Director Priyadhaarshini,the assistant director of [[Mysskin]].[[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the Jayalalitha's role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a role for the character of Sasikala.Sasilalitha,Director K Jagadeswara Reddy [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play Jayalalithaa and Sasikala.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasikala, V. K.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]
[[Category:Indian politicians disqualified from office]]
[[Category:Indian money launderers]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]

Draft:V.K.Dhivakaran

2022-02-20T04:28:28Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

V. K. Divakaran is the V. K. Sasikala's brother is also the founding general secretary of the Anna Dravidar Kazhagam.Sasikala went to jail in a case of amassing wealth. Panneerselvam is in a team, EPS and Dhinakaran was on a team. And then Edappadi Palanishamy, o. PanneerSelvam also joined after various rounds of talks. Thus his nephew T. T. V. Dinakaran started a new party called Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam.

Draft:V.K.Dhivakaran

2022-02-20T04:28:00Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

V. K. Divakaran is the son of V. K. Sasikala's brother is also the founding general secretary of the Anna Dravidar Kazhagam.Sasikala went to jail in a case of amassing wealth. Panneerselvam is in a team, EPS and Dhinakaran was on a team. And then Edappadi Palanishamy, o. PanneerSelvam also joined after various rounds of talks. Thus his nephew T. T. V. Dinakaran started a new party called Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam.

Draft:Anna Dravidar Kazhagam

2022-02-20T04:27:06Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: Created page with "Anna Dravidar Kazhagam is a Tamil Nadu political party. On June 10, 2018, V. K. Sasikala's brother V. K. Divakaran started the party"

Anna Dravidar Kazhagam is a Tamil Nadu political party. On June 10, 2018, V. K. Sasikala's brother V. K. Divakaran started the party

Draft:V.K.Dhivakaran

2022-02-20T04:25:55Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: Created page with "V. K. Divakaran is the son of V. K. K. Sasikala's brother is also the founding general secretary of the Anna Dravidar Kazhagam.Sasikala went to jail in a case of amassing wealth. Panneerselvam is in a team, EPS and Dhinakaran was on a team. And then Edappadi Palanishamy, o. PanneerSelvam also joined after various rounds of talks. Thus his nephew T. T. V. Dinakaran started a new party called Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam."

V. K. Divakaran is the son of V. K. K. Sasikala's brother is also the founding general secretary of the Anna Dravidar Kazhagam.Sasikala went to jail in a case of amassing wealth. Panneerselvam is in a team, EPS and Dhinakaran was on a team. And then Edappadi Palanishamy, o. PanneerSelvam also joined after various rounds of talks. Thus his nephew T. T. V. Dinakaran started a new party called Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam.

V. K. Sasikala

2022-02-20T04:20:44Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Career */

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. K. Sasikala
| image = VK Sasikala.jpg
| caption =
| office = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 20 August 2017
| deputy = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| predecessor = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| successor = ''position abolished''
| birth_name = Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|08|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras State]] (present day [[Tamil Nadu]]), India 
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nickname = {{hlist|Puratchi Thaai|Chinnamma|Singa Thaaragai}} | website = {{url|http://puratchithaai.com/}}| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Draft:M.Natarajan|M. Natarajan]]|1973|2018|end=death}}
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Vivekanandan Saluvar|Krishnaveni}}
| relatives =
}}
'''Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala''' (born 18 August 1954), also known by her married name '''Sasikala Natarajan''', is an Indian businesswoman and politician who served as the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK),a Dravidian party whose cadre revered her as their "Chinnamma" (Mother's sister) "Puratchi Thaai" (Revolutionary mother). She was a close aide of [[J. Jayalalithaa]], the late [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], who headed the AIADMK from 1989 until her death in 2016. After Jayalalithaa's death, the party's general council elected her as the secretary general of AIADMK. In 2001, Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced and appointed O. Panneerselvam as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu He Was Suggested By VK Sasikala And In 2017,Before going to Parapana Agharaha Jail, V.K.Sasikala appointed Edappadi Palanisamy as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu. But O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy and his few Ministers betrayed her and removed her from the post and expelled her from the party on 20 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/29/aiadmk-unanimously-elects-sasikala-as-the-party-general-secretary-1554145--1.html | title=AIADMK unanimously elects Sasikala as the party general secretary | newspaper=[[New Indian Express]] | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sasikala-has-accepted-aiadmk-general-secretary-post-paneerselvam-says/articleshow/56233725.cms | title=Sasikala has accepted AIADMK general secretary post, Paneerselvam says | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Julie Mariappan | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref> After her expulsion she approached Chennai court over her removal as AIADMK General Secretary. This case is still pending for the Judgement <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/07/14143010/1306675/Sasikala-holds-legal-discussions-related-to-AIADMK-.vpf| title=Sasikala holds legal discussions related to AIADMK general secretary case| publisher=[[DT Next]] | work=Editor | date=14 July 2021 | accessdate=23 October 2021}}</ref>

Sasikala was backbone for former Tamilnadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa. On 14 February 2017, a two-bench Supreme Court jury pronounced her guilty and ordered her immediate arrest in a disproportionate-assets case, effectively ending her chief ministerial ambitions. She was released in January 2021, and announced that till Tamilnadu General Election 2021 she will be calm for the good for the AIADMK party, but as AIADMK lost this election with O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy, Sasikala was in pulled into the situation to start her second innings in the political journey.

== Early life ==

Sasikala was born in a Tamil family from [[Chennai]] who later moved to [[Mannargudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/female-don-how-vk-sasikala-and-mannargudi-mafia-strengtherned-their-clout/story-qPqGAe7vBZ4HbUqwRIJWpL.html|title=How Sasikala and 'Mannargudi mafia' strengthened clout in Tamil Nadu power play}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise of Chinnamma|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170220-sasikala-chinnamma-panneerselvam-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-985733-2017-02-11|access-date=2020-12-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Her marriage to M. Natarajan was presided over by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader [[Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/importance-of-being-sasikala-will-jayalalithaa-s-confidante-be-her-heir-1481032645.html |title=Importance of being Sasikala: Will Jayalalithaa's confidante be her heir? |author=Akash Bisht |publisher=CatchNews |date=6 December 2016 }}</ref> Her husband, was a public relations officer in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], who worked closely with the [[District Collector]] of [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who in turn was very close to Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. This helped Sasikala in gaining the friendship of [[Jayalalithaa]] and shaped her further life.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Raj|title=The complete story of Jayalalithaa and Sasikala Natarajan|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/the-complete-story-of-jayalalithaa-and-sasikala-natarajan-12762.html?page=3|website=indiatvnews.com|publisher=India TV News|access-date=2014-07-07}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early Career ===

In the early 1980s, through [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who was then the [[District Collector]] of [[South Arcot]], and a friend of [[Draft:M.Natarajan|M.Natarajan]], Sasikala gained acquaintance with Jayalalithaa, who was then the Propaganda Secretary of the [[AIADMK]]. Since Sasikala helped in video coverage of party meetings and distribution of policies of AIADMK through CD's, Sasikala and Jayalalithaa gradually became very close.<ref>{{cite news|title=The many homes of Sasikala Natarajan|date=12 July 1996|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1996/0712shob.htm|first=Shobha|last=Warrier|work=Rediff}}</ref> After MGR's Death Sasikala Only with Jayalalitha.After, JJ Become General Secretary Of Aiadmk And Chief Minister Of Tamil Nadu, Sasikala Become a Powercentre.Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son VN Sudhakaran (VK Sasikala's elder sister son) in 1995. In the 1996 election,AIADMK defeated ;The new Karunanidhi government filed several corruption cases against her and JJ.In June 20 1996,Sasikala Was arrested for some cases,she had to spend 1 year in jail.in 1997 she was realsed.In 1999,Jayalalithaa appeared in an episode of Rendezvous with Simi Garewal,She tells 'Sasikala Will My Second Mother'.In 2001,Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced ,Sasikala Was Suggested [[O. Panneerselvam]] as Chief Minister.In 2006,Sasikala Become Aiadmk General Council Member.

=== Temporary expulsion from AIADMK ===
27 August 1996, Jayalalitha Expelled his long time- associate Sasikala And quoted,'I and Sasikala no longer have any relationship I am most indebted to my friend for giving me spiritual prosperity and love during my difficult times. But I feel that the party is more important than a few individuals as I am compelled to stay away from Sasikala and Sudhakaran completely from you if the party members change'.After 1997 July Sasikala Relesed She Said,“Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Karunanidhi and Union Finance Minister P. Chidambaram acted to seek revenge on Sasikala. He was retaliated against for the sole reason that Sasikala was close to me. Sasikala was not the cause of the 1996 election defeat. I had to break up with Sasikala, who had been with me during the ups and downs of my life, because of issues raised by my opponents within the party. ”On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled Sasikala and 13 others including Sasikala's husband [[Draft:M.Natarajan|M. Natarajan]], [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], their relatives, and Jayalalithaa's foster son V. N. Sudhakaran from the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=2011-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='I don't know for how many days Sasikala's expulsion will last'|work=Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-dont-know-how-many-days-the-expulsion-will-last-chandralekha/20111222.htm|date=22 December 2011|first=Shobha|last=Warrier}}</ref> This act of Jayalalithaa was considered a way to prove that she was not under the influence of Sasikala and her family. The matter was resolved by 31 March 2012, when Sasikala Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>

=== General Secretary of AIADMK ===
In a meeting held on 29 December 2016 – the first meeting after Jayalalithaa's death on 5 December 2016 – the AIADMK general council selected Sasikala as the party's general secretary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece |title= V.K. Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/12/31/spent-33-years-looking-after-amma-sasikala-first-public-speech-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-chennai |title=Spent 33 Years Looking After Amma: Sasikala's First Public Speech |work=The Quint|date=31 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/vk-sasikala-asked-to-explain-her-appointment-as-general-secretary-in-aiadmk-1660722|title=VK Sasikala Asked To Explain Her Appointment As General Secretary In AIADMK|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref>

=== Chief Minister Elect of Tamil Nadu ===
On 5 February 2017, Sasikala was unanimously elected as the AIADMK Legislature Party Leader by a meeting of all the MLAs in the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sasikala-set-to-become-tamil-nadu-chief-minister/article17197392.ece1?google_editors_picks=true|title=Sasikala set to become Tamil Nadu Chief Minister|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sasikala-natarajan-appointed-legislative-party-leader-of-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-chennai-chief-minister/|title=Sasikala Natarajan appointed as Legislature Party Leader, set to become Chief Minister}}</ref>
Tamil Nadu Governor [[Ch. Vidyasagar Rao]] accepted the resignation of Chief Minister [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 6 February 2017, and instructed him to continue to function as acting Chief Minister "until alternate arrangements are made". The Governor delayed announcing VK Sasikala as the new Chief Minister, waiting for the verdict of the disproportionate assets case on her. On February 14, 2017, VK Sasikala was convicted and sentenced to 4 years sentence in [[Bengaluru]]'s Parappana Agrahara Jail and gave her 24 hours to surrender. The governor, then rejected her claims to become Chief Minister. VK Sasikala then convened the party's MLA council in her capacity as the General Secretary. There,She announced [[Edappadi K. Palanisamy]] was unanimously appointed as the new Chief Minister and he was sworn in the next day.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-governor-accepts-resignation-of-cm-o-panneerselvam-and-his-council-of-ministers/article9523821.ece|title=Governor accepts CMs resignation|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Expulsion ===
On August 21, 2017, it was reported that the AIADMK faction loyal to Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], had decided to merge with the faction of [[O. Panneerselvam]], and expel Sasikala as the General Secretary as it was one of the key demands for the merger.<ref name="ccc">{{cite web |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |website=The News Minute |access-date=1 December 2018 |date=21 August 2017}}</ref> It was reported on August 28 that Sasikala had been expelled during a party meeting,<ref>{{cite web |last1=NARASIMHAN |first1=T. E. |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=28 August 2017}}</ref> but this was later clarified to be not true. Among the resolutions passed, the AIADMK declared that Sasikala's appointment as general secretary was disputable and as such, T. T. V. Dhinakaran's appointment as deputy general secretary, as well as his decisions were cancelled. It also decided to celebrate [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s birth centenary in a lavish manner and keep the party united.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madhav |first1=Pramodh |title=Sasikala still not expelled after meeting of merged AIADMK factions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-edappadi-k-palaniswami-o-panneerselvam-resolutions-vk-sasikala-ttv-dinakaran-tamil-nadu-1033064-2017-08-28 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

On September 12, the AIADMK general council decided to cancel Sasikala's appointment as general secretary and expelled her from the party, though officials appointed to party posts by her were allowed to continue discharging their functions. Instead, the late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of AIADMK.<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Reentering in politics===
The expulsion of Sasikala and her family led to the new parties in 2018 [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]] And [[Anna Dravidar Kazhagam]].[[T.T.V.Dhinakaran]] And [[V.K.Dhivakaran]] was the general secretaries of that parties.<ref name="DMK">{{cite web |title=T.T.V. Dhinakaran launches Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|url=www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ttv-dhinakaran-announces-party-name/article23250847./amp/|website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

After being released from jail, Sasikala announced her intention to return to active politics in February 2021. On March 3 however, she announced her decision to quit politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=V K Sasikala says she is quitting politics ahead of Tamil Nadu polls|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/v-k-sasikala-says-she-is-quitting-politics-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-polls-11614787477346.html |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>After that, Sasikala, who was talking to her supporters on her cell phone, went to the memorial of J.Jayalalithaa on October 16, 2021 and started a week-long political tour after paying tribute.

== Conviction ==
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}
On 14 February 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] found Sasikala and her co-accused — Ilavarasi (her sister-in-law) and V. N. Sudhakaran (her nephew) — guilty of conspiring, laundering and amassing illicit wealth worth about {{INRConvert|66.44|c|year=1996}} in the 1990s in a criminal conspiracy with Jayalalithaa. The three were sentenced to a four-year jail term.<ref name="shell">{{Cite news|last1=Ushinor|first1=Majumdar|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-the-sc-said-about-jayalalithaa-she-was-the-source-of-funds-for-shell-compan/297959|title=What The SC Said About Jayalalithaa: She Was The Source Of Funds For Shell Companies|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> This restored ''[[in toto]]'' her earlier conviction in the case<ref name="toto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|title=Jayalalithaa, Sasikala criminally conspired at Poes Garden to launder ill-gotten wealth: SC|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214124736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|archive-date=14 February 2017|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> delivered on 27 September 2014,<ref name="original">{{cite news|title=Justice John D'Cunha: The no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807225107/http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|archive-date=7 August 2016|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref> sentencing a four-year jail term to her and her relatives, in addition to imposing a fine of {{INRConvert|10|c}} each.<ref name="cunha">{{cite news|last1=Prathima|first1=Nandakumar|title=Justice D'Cunha: A no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa, Sasikala in 2014|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[The Week (India)|The Week]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062812/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html}}</ref> The judgment stipulated that she and her accomplices would serve an additional 12 months in prison if they failed to pay the fine.<ref name="judgement">{{cite web|last1=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|last2=Amitava Roy|title=Crl.A.Nos.300–303 of 2017 etc. State of Karnataka Vs. Selvi J.Jayalalitha and Ors. (Judgment in Disproportionate Assets Case) [PDF] – 14-02-2017|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|website=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=2017-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227132148/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2017|page=70|date=14 February 2017|author1-link=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|author2-link=Amitava Roy}}</ref>

The Supreme Court refused her plea to surrender after a fortnight and to be allowed to have food from home,<ref name="down">{{cite news|title=Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru, sent to jail|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218204644/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|archive-date=18 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]/[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref> so Sasikala and Ilavarasi presented themselves for imprisonment on 15 February 2017.<ref name="surrender">{{cite news|title=V K Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru court|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[Business Line]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227114808/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|archive-date=27 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> She was released on 27 January 2021 after completion of her term, though being kept at [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] for treatment of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|title=V.K. Sasikala released from prison after serving 4-year term|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vk-sasikala-aide-of-the-former-tn-cm-late-jayalalithaa-released-from-prison-after-serving-4-year-jail-term/article33673396.ece|access-date=2021-03-03|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2021|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref>

== In Popular Culture ==
In [[Queen (web series)|Queen Web Series]] Directed By [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Gautham Meon]] [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] Played a Role 'Suryakala' (2019).Also In [[Thalaivii|Thalaivi]] Movie Directed By [[A. L. Vijay|AL Vijay]] [[Shamna Kasim]] Played a Role 'Sasi' (2021). First In Thalaivi Movie [[Priyamani]] And [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the role of Sasikala.Titled The Iron Lady, Director Priyadhaarshini,the assistant director of [[Mysskin]].[[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the Jayalalitha's role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a role for the character of Sasikala.Sasilalitha,Director K Jagadeswara Reddy [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play Jayalalithaa and Sasikala.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasikala, V. K.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]
[[Category:Indian politicians disqualified from office]]
[[Category:Indian money launderers]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]

V. K. Sasikala

2022-02-20T04:19:48Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. K. Sasikala
| image = VK Sasikala.jpg
| caption =
| office = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 20 August 2017
| deputy = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| predecessor = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| successor = ''position abolished''
| birth_name = Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|08|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras State]] (present day [[Tamil Nadu]]), India 
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nickname = {{hlist|Puratchi Thaai|Chinnamma|Singa Thaaragai}} | website = {{url|http://puratchithaai.com/}}| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Draft:M.Natarajan|M. Natarajan]]|1973|2018|end=death}}
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Vivekanandan Saluvar|Krishnaveni}}
| relatives =
}}
'''Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala''' (born 18 August 1954), also known by her married name '''Sasikala Natarajan''', is an Indian businesswoman and politician who served as the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK),a Dravidian party whose cadre revered her as their "Chinnamma" (Mother's sister) "Puratchi Thaai" (Revolutionary mother). She was a close aide of [[J. Jayalalithaa]], the late [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], who headed the AIADMK from 1989 until her death in 2016. After Jayalalithaa's death, the party's general council elected her as the secretary general of AIADMK. In 2001, Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced and appointed O. Panneerselvam as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu He Was Suggested By VK Sasikala And In 2017,Before going to Parapana Agharaha Jail, V.K.Sasikala appointed Edappadi Palanisamy as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu. But O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy and his few Ministers betrayed her and removed her from the post and expelled her from the party on 20 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/29/aiadmk-unanimously-elects-sasikala-as-the-party-general-secretary-1554145--1.html | title=AIADMK unanimously elects Sasikala as the party general secretary | newspaper=[[New Indian Express]] | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sasikala-has-accepted-aiadmk-general-secretary-post-paneerselvam-says/articleshow/56233725.cms | title=Sasikala has accepted AIADMK general secretary post, Paneerselvam says | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Julie Mariappan | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref> After her expulsion she approached Chennai court over her removal as AIADMK General Secretary. This case is still pending for the Judgement <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/07/14143010/1306675/Sasikala-holds-legal-discussions-related-to-AIADMK-.vpf| title=Sasikala holds legal discussions related to AIADMK general secretary case| publisher=[[DT Next]] | work=Editor | date=14 July 2021 | accessdate=23 October 2021}}</ref>

Sasikala was backbone for former Tamilnadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa. On 14 February 2017, a two-bench Supreme Court jury pronounced her guilty and ordered her immediate arrest in a disproportionate-assets case, effectively ending her chief ministerial ambitions. She was released in January 2021, and announced that till Tamilnadu General Election 2021 she will be calm for the good for the AIADMK party, but as AIADMK lost this election with O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy, Sasikala was in pulled into the situation to start her second innings in the political journey.

== Early life ==

Sasikala was born in a Tamil family from [[Chennai]] who later moved to [[Mannargudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/female-don-how-vk-sasikala-and-mannargudi-mafia-strengtherned-their-clout/story-qPqGAe7vBZ4HbUqwRIJWpL.html|title=How Sasikala and 'Mannargudi mafia' strengthened clout in Tamil Nadu power play}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise of Chinnamma|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170220-sasikala-chinnamma-panneerselvam-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-985733-2017-02-11|access-date=2020-12-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Her marriage to M. Natarajan was presided over by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader [[Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/importance-of-being-sasikala-will-jayalalithaa-s-confidante-be-her-heir-1481032645.html |title=Importance of being Sasikala: Will Jayalalithaa's confidante be her heir? |author=Akash Bisht |publisher=CatchNews |date=6 December 2016 }}</ref> Her husband, was a public relations officer in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], who worked closely with the [[District Collector]] of [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who in turn was very close to Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. This helped Sasikala in gaining the friendship of [[Jayalalithaa]] and shaped her further life.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Raj|title=The complete story of Jayalalithaa and Sasikala Natarajan|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/the-complete-story-of-jayalalithaa-and-sasikala-natarajan-12762.html?page=3|website=indiatvnews.com|publisher=India TV News|access-date=2014-07-07}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early Career ===

In the early 1980s, through [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who was then the [[District Collector]] of [[South Arcot]], and a friend of [[M.Natarajan]], Sasikala gained acquaintance with Jayalalithaa, who was then the Propaganda Secretary of the [[AIADMK]]. Since Sasikala helped in video coverage of party meetings and distribution of policies of AIADMK through CD's, Sasikala and Jayalalithaa gradually became very close.<ref>{{cite news|title=The many homes of Sasikala Natarajan|date=12 July 1996|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1996/0712shob.htm|first=Shobha|last=Warrier|work=Rediff}}</ref> After MGR's Death Sasikala Only with Jayalalitha.After, JJ Become General Secretary Of Aiadmk And Chief Minister Of Tamil Nadu, Sasikala Become a Powercentre.Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son VN Sudhakaran (VK Sasikala's elder sister son) in 1995. In the 1996 election,AIADMK defeated ;The new Karunanidhi government filed several corruption cases against her and JJ.In June 20 1996,Sasikala Was arrested for some cases,she had to spend 1 year in jail.in 1997 she was realsed.In 1999,Jayalalithaa appeared in an episode of Rendezvous with Simi Garewal,She tells 'Sasikala Will My Second Mother'.In 2001,Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced ,Sasikala Was Suggested [[O. Panneerselvam]] as Chief Minister.In 2006,Sasikala Become Aiadmk General Council Member.

=== Temporary expulsion from AIADMK ===
27 August 1996, Jayalalitha Expelled his long time- associate Sasikala And quoted,'I and Sasikala no longer have any relationship I am most indebted to my friend for giving me spiritual prosperity and love during my difficult times. But I feel that the party is more important than a few individuals as I am compelled to stay away from Sasikala and Sudhakaran completely from you if the party members change'.After 1997 July Sasikala Relesed She Said,“Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Karunanidhi and Union Finance Minister P. Chidambaram acted to seek revenge on Sasikala. He was retaliated against for the sole reason that Sasikala was close to me. Sasikala was not the cause of the 1996 election defeat. I had to break up with Sasikala, who had been with me during the ups and downs of my life, because of issues raised by my opponents within the party. ”On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled Sasikala and 13 others including Sasikala's husband [[M. Natarajan]], [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], their relatives, and Jayalalithaa's foster son V. N. Sudhakaran from the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=2011-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='I don't know for how many days Sasikala's expulsion will last'|work=Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-dont-know-how-many-days-the-expulsion-will-last-chandralekha/20111222.htm|date=22 December 2011|first=Shobha|last=Warrier}}</ref> This act of Jayalalithaa was considered a way to prove that she was not under the influence of Sasikala and her family. The matter was resolved by 31 March 2012, when Sasikala Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>

=== General Secretary of AIADMK ===
In a meeting held on 29 December 2016 – the first meeting after Jayalalithaa's death on 5 December 2016 – the AIADMK general council selected Sasikala as the party's general secretary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece |title= V.K. Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/12/31/spent-33-years-looking-after-amma-sasikala-first-public-speech-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-chennai |title=Spent 33 Years Looking After Amma: Sasikala's First Public Speech |work=The Quint|date=31 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/vk-sasikala-asked-to-explain-her-appointment-as-general-secretary-in-aiadmk-1660722|title=VK Sasikala Asked To Explain Her Appointment As General Secretary In AIADMK|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref>

=== Chief Minister Elect of Tamil Nadu ===
On 5 February 2017, Sasikala was unanimously elected as the AIADMK Legislature Party Leader by a meeting of all the MLAs in the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sasikala-set-to-become-tamil-nadu-chief-minister/article17197392.ece1?google_editors_picks=true|title=Sasikala set to become Tamil Nadu Chief Minister|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sasikala-natarajan-appointed-legislative-party-leader-of-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-chennai-chief-minister/|title=Sasikala Natarajan appointed as Legislature Party Leader, set to become Chief Minister}}</ref>
Tamil Nadu Governor [[Ch. Vidyasagar Rao]] accepted the resignation of Chief Minister [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 6 February 2017, and instructed him to continue to function as acting Chief Minister "until alternate arrangements are made". The Governor delayed announcing VK Sasikala as the new Chief Minister, waiting for the verdict of the disproportionate assets case on her. On February 14, 2017, VK Sasikala was convicted and sentenced to 4 years sentence in [[Bengaluru]]'s Parappana Agrahara Jail and gave her 24 hours to surrender. The governor, then rejected her claims to become Chief Minister. VK Sasikala then convened the party's MLA council in her capacity as the General Secretary. There,She announced [[Edappadi K. Palanisamy]] was unanimously appointed as the new Chief Minister and he was sworn in the next day.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-governor-accepts-resignation-of-cm-o-panneerselvam-and-his-council-of-ministers/article9523821.ece|title=Governor accepts CMs resignation|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Expulsion ===
On August 21, 2017, it was reported that the AIADMK faction loyal to Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], had decided to merge with the faction of [[O. Panneerselvam]], and expel Sasikala as the General Secretary as it was one of the key demands for the merger.<ref name="ccc">{{cite web |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |website=The News Minute |access-date=1 December 2018 |date=21 August 2017}}</ref> It was reported on August 28 that Sasikala had been expelled during a party meeting,<ref>{{cite web |last1=NARASIMHAN |first1=T. E. |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=28 August 2017}}</ref> but this was later clarified to be not true. Among the resolutions passed, the AIADMK declared that Sasikala's appointment as general secretary was disputable and as such, T. T. V. Dhinakaran's appointment as deputy general secretary, as well as his decisions were cancelled. It also decided to celebrate [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s birth centenary in a lavish manner and keep the party united.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madhav |first1=Pramodh |title=Sasikala still not expelled after meeting of merged AIADMK factions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-edappadi-k-palaniswami-o-panneerselvam-resolutions-vk-sasikala-ttv-dinakaran-tamil-nadu-1033064-2017-08-28 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

On September 12, the AIADMK general council decided to cancel Sasikala's appointment as general secretary and expelled her from the party, though officials appointed to party posts by her were allowed to continue discharging their functions. Instead, the late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of AIADMK.<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Reentering in politics===
The expulsion of Sasikala and her family led to the new parties in 2018 [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]] And [[Anna Dravidar Kazhagam]].[[T.T.V.Dhinakaran]] And [[V.K.Dhivakaran]] was the general secretaries of that parties.<ref name="DMK">{{cite web |title=T.T.V. Dhinakaran launches Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|url=www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ttv-dhinakaran-announces-party-name/article23250847./amp/|website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

After being released from jail, Sasikala announced her intention to return to active politics in February 2021. On March 3 however, she announced her decision to quit politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=V K Sasikala says she is quitting politics ahead of Tamil Nadu polls|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/v-k-sasikala-says-she-is-quitting-politics-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-polls-11614787477346.html |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>After that, Sasikala, who was talking to her supporters on her cell phone, went to the memorial of J.Jayalalithaa on October 16, 2021 and started a week-long political tour after paying tribute.

== Conviction ==
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}
On 14 February 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] found Sasikala and her co-accused — Ilavarasi (her sister-in-law) and V. N. Sudhakaran (her nephew) — guilty of conspiring, laundering and amassing illicit wealth worth about {{INRConvert|66.44|c|year=1996}} in the 1990s in a criminal conspiracy with Jayalalithaa. The three were sentenced to a four-year jail term.<ref name="shell">{{Cite news|last1=Ushinor|first1=Majumdar|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-the-sc-said-about-jayalalithaa-she-was-the-source-of-funds-for-shell-compan/297959|title=What The SC Said About Jayalalithaa: She Was The Source Of Funds For Shell Companies|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> This restored ''[[in toto]]'' her earlier conviction in the case<ref name="toto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|title=Jayalalithaa, Sasikala criminally conspired at Poes Garden to launder ill-gotten wealth: SC|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214124736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|archive-date=14 February 2017|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> delivered on 27 September 2014,<ref name="original">{{cite news|title=Justice John D'Cunha: The no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807225107/http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|archive-date=7 August 2016|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref> sentencing a four-year jail term to her and her relatives, in addition to imposing a fine of {{INRConvert|10|c}} each.<ref name="cunha">{{cite news|last1=Prathima|first1=Nandakumar|title=Justice D'Cunha: A no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa, Sasikala in 2014|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[The Week (India)|The Week]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062812/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html}}</ref> The judgment stipulated that she and her accomplices would serve an additional 12 months in prison if they failed to pay the fine.<ref name="judgement">{{cite web|last1=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|last2=Amitava Roy|title=Crl.A.Nos.300–303 of 2017 etc. State of Karnataka Vs. Selvi J.Jayalalitha and Ors. (Judgment in Disproportionate Assets Case) [PDF] – 14-02-2017|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|website=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=2017-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227132148/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2017|page=70|date=14 February 2017|author1-link=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|author2-link=Amitava Roy}}</ref>

The Supreme Court refused her plea to surrender after a fortnight and to be allowed to have food from home,<ref name="down">{{cite news|title=Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru, sent to jail|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218204644/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|archive-date=18 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]/[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref> so Sasikala and Ilavarasi presented themselves for imprisonment on 15 February 2017.<ref name="surrender">{{cite news|title=V K Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru court|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[Business Line]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227114808/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|archive-date=27 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> She was released on 27 January 2021 after completion of her term, though being kept at [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] for treatment of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|title=V.K. Sasikala released from prison after serving 4-year term|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vk-sasikala-aide-of-the-former-tn-cm-late-jayalalithaa-released-from-prison-after-serving-4-year-jail-term/article33673396.ece|access-date=2021-03-03|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2021|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref>

== In Popular Culture ==
In [[Queen (web series)|Queen Web Series]] Directed By [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Gautham Meon]] [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] Played a Role 'Suryakala' (2019).Also In [[Thalaivii|Thalaivi]] Movie Directed By [[A. L. Vijay|AL Vijay]] [[Shamna Kasim]] Played a Role 'Sasi' (2021). First In Thalaivi Movie [[Priyamani]] And [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the role of Sasikala.Titled The Iron Lady, Director Priyadhaarshini,the assistant director of [[Mysskin]].[[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the Jayalalitha's role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a role for the character of Sasikala.Sasilalitha,Director K Jagadeswara Reddy [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play Jayalalithaa and Sasikala.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasikala, V. K.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]
[[Category:Indian politicians disqualified from office]]
[[Category:Indian money launderers]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]

Vilar, Thanjavur

2022-02-20T04:18:49Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Memorial */

{{moresources|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vilar
| other_name = Vilaar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Mullivaikal Muttram]] situated at Vilaar.
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thanjavur taluk|Thanjavur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5628
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 613006
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vilar''' is a village in the [[Thanjavur taluk]] of [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].It is Located 5 km from Tanjore.

==Occupation==
Major occupation in Vilar is Farming, most of them small farmers.
Major Crops are Cashewnut, Groundnut etc. During 1967 drought people of Vilar were affected to greatest extent as it was predomintly a dry area, In recent days Vilar has become a very fertile area, thanks to the raise in ground water by motor pumps.

There are few industries too in this area. Chandrakala seeds is one of the company which is actively engaged in the development of farmers and seed productivity.

This place is near to a village called kandidhampattu.

==Demographics==
As per the 2001 census, Vilar had a total population of 5628 with 2885 males and 2743 females. The sex ratio was 951. The literacy rate was 55.82.

==Memorial==
‘[[Mullivaikal Muttram]]’, spread out on a 1.75-acre plot at Vilar, is built by Tamil nationalist leader Pazha Nedumaran of the World Tamil Confederation Trust and late [[Draft:M.Natarajan|M.Natarajan]], Editor of Tamil Arasi and Puthiyaparvai.

==References==
* {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001 |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829003438/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archivedate=29 August 2009 }}

{{coord|10|44|N|79|09|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Thanjavur district]]

Draft:M.Natarajan

2022-02-20T04:17:25Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: Created page with "Marthupa Natarajan (23 October 1943 - 20 March 2018) was the editor and politician of New Vision magazine. He is the husband of VK Sasikala. Participated in anti-Hindi struggles in 1967 as a student. He later joined the DMK. Served as Public Relations Officer in South Arcot District. This is the root cause of the Sasikala-Jayalalithaa friendship. The then Cuddalore District Collector was a close friend of Chandralekha."

Marthupa Natarajan (23 October 1943 - 20 March 2018) was the editor and politician of New Vision magazine. He is the husband of VK Sasikala. Participated in anti-Hindi struggles in 1967 as a student. He later joined the DMK. Served as Public Relations Officer in South Arcot District. This is the root cause of the Sasikala-Jayalalithaa friendship. The then Cuddalore District Collector was a close friend of Chandralekha.

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

2022-02-19T06:04:52Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Current office bearers and prominent members */

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{distinguish|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| colorcode = {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| logo = Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.svg
| abbreviation = AIADMK
| leader = * '''Coordinator''' : [[O. Panneerselvam]] {{small|(Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]])}}
* '''Joint Coordinator''' : [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] {{small|(Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]])}}
* '''Deputy Coordinators''' : [[K. P. Munusamy]] and [[R. Vaithilingam]]
| presidium = '''Interim Chairman''' : A. Thamizhmahan Hussain
| ppchairman = [[M. Thambidurai]] {{small|(Former [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Dy. Speaker of the Lok Sabha]])}}
| loksabha_leader = [[P. Ravindhranath]]
| rajyasabha_leader = [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
| treasurer = [[O. Panneerselvam]] {{small|(Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]])}}
| founder = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] {{small|(Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]])}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1972|10|17|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| split = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| headquarters = Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai, 226, Avvai Shanmugam Salai, [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]] - 600014, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| publication = [https://www.namadhuamma.net/ Namadhu Puratchi Thalavi Amma] {{small|(Daily journal)}} '' [[News J]] '' {{small|(TV channel)}}
| students = AIADMK Students Wing
| youth = M.G.R. Youth Wing
| women = AIADMK Women's Wing
| labour = Anna Thozhirsanga Peravai
| ideology =  [[Social democracy]] [[Populism]]<ref name="aiadmk1">{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1045261/download | title=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=20 May 2016 |website=justice.gov |publisher=Responses to Information Requests }}</ref> [[Federalism]]<ref name="ee">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/all-india-anna-dravida-munnetra-kazhagam.html|title = AIADMK Party - History, Founder, Website, Symbol, Party logo, Election Results and News}}</ref> [[Dravidian parties|Dravidianism]] [[Social justice]]<ref name="ee"/>
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name="ee"/> to [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]<ref name="ee"/>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Green]]
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#State Party|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|5|245|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state_seats = {{hidden
|Indian states
|headerstyle = background:#ccccff
|style = text-align:center; |
{{Composition bar|66|234|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]])
{{composition bar|0|33|hex= {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} ([[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]])
}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| symbol = [[File:AIADMK_Two_Leaves.png|120px|Two Leaves]]
| flag = [[File:AIADMK OfficialFlag Vector.svg|248px|Formal party flag of the AIADMK featuring C.N.Annadurai]] '''An informal contemporary variant of the party flag:''' [[File:Flag of AIADMK.svg|248px|Informal flag of the AIADMK]] 
| website = [http://www.aiadmk.com/ www.aiadmk.com]
}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}

The '''All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{translation|All India Anna Dravidian Progressive Federation}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''AIADMK''') is an Indian [[Regionalism (politics)|regional]] [[political party]] with great influence in the [[Federated state|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It is currently the main [[Official Opposition (India)|opposition]] party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] and part of the India-ruling [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-19|title=Tamil Nadu pact sealed, brings AIADMK back to NDA fold|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-tamil-nadu-pact-sealed-brings-aiadmk-back-to-nda-fold/story-DTgGqIrYzjUK0fbGQI8RqI.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> AIADMK is a [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian party]] founded by former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.) at [[Madurai]] on 17 October 1972 as a breakaway faction from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] after [[M. Karunanidhi]] expelled him from the party for asking for accounts as party treasurer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karunanidhi-and-mgr-checkered-friendship-and-lesson-civility-and-empathy-86144 |title=Karunanidhi and M.G.R.: A checkered friendship, and a lesson in civility and empathy |author=R Kannan |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=7 August 2018}}</ref> The party is adhering to the [[Social democracy|socio-democratic]] and [[social justice]] principles based on [[C. N. Annadurai]] collectively coined as '''Annaism''' by M.G.R.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-15|title=When Annaism sought de-mon|language=en-IN|website=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/aug/15/when-annaism-sought-de-mon-1643267.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics|language=en-IN|website=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html}}</ref>

From 9 February 1989 to 5 December 2016, AIADMK was led by [[J. Jayalalithaa]], who served six times as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on several occasions. The party has won majorities in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] seven times, making it the most successful political outfit in the state's history. J. Jayalalithaa was known as the "Mother of AIADMK" and was highly popular among the Tamil populace until her death in 2016 .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/extended-mothers-day-for-aiadmk-cadre-as-amma-jayalalithaa-walks-free-115051100263_1.html|title=Extended 'Mothers' Day' for AIADMK cadre as 'Amma' Jayalalithaa walks free|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2015-05-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalitha: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|access-date=5 December 2016|publisher=BBC News |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

The headquarters of the party is called Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai, which is located at Avvai Shanmugam Salai, [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]]. The building was donated to the party in 1986 by M.G.R.'s wife [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], former chief minister of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-30|title=Honour V.N. Janaki's memory, family requests govt.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/honour-vn-janakis-memory-family-requests-govt/article33208401.ece|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

==Ideology and policies==
The AIADMK sought to depoliticize the education policy of the government by not insisting that education be the Tamil language. Policies of AIADMK were targeted to the poorer segments of Tamil society – poor, rickshaw pullers, and destitute women and centralizing the massive noon meal scheme for children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2017/03/23/Sasikala-camp-ADMK-Amma-OPS-gets-ADMK-Puratchi-Thalaivi-Amma-EC.html|title=പനീർസെൽവത്തിന് ചിഹ്നം വൈദ്യുതി പോസ്റ്റ്, ശശികല പക്ഷത്തിന് തൊപ്പി|website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><ref name="Sinha">Sinha 2005, p. 107</ref> There was ambivalence toward the reservation policy and interests of farmers.<ref name="Sinha" />

The AIADMK posted an array of welfare schemes targeting the [[Human Development Index|human development index]] of the state. AIADMK has schemes listed in the election manifestos covering segments of the population including fishermen, farmers, and school children. Till the 2000s, the parties had welfare schemes like maternity assistance, subsidized public transport, and educational grants. After the 2000s, the parties started competing at an increasing level for the distribution of consumer goods. The AIADMK government distributed free cycles to class 11 and class 12 students during its tenure of 2001–06. The DMK, in competition, promised free color televisions in its manifesto in 2006 assembly elections. The competition continued during the 2011 assembly elections when both parties announced free laptops for schools students and grinders mixers and fans for public.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRWA2zkRxMEC&pg=PA285|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Politics|last1=Kohli|first1=Atul|last2=Singh|first2=Prerna|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781135122744|page=285}}</ref>

=== Culture ===

* The party remains firm on its support for the "two language policy", in opposition to centre demands to have Hindi as the sole lingua franca language, where Tamil and English are the two main languages of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-firm-on-two-language-policy/articleshow/71127220.cms|title=AIADMK firm on two-language policy |date=September 14, 2019|first=Julie |last=Mariappan |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
* The party provides Rs. 1 lakh for temples of local deities in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/Highlights-of-AIADMK-manifesto/article14304491.ece|title=Highlights of AIADMK manifesto|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Deepa H.|date=2016-05-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
[[File:Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai.jpg|right|thumb|Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai]]
In the spring of 2019, the party lauded the economic policies of the Modi government (BJP), stating that the centre had ushered in economic stability and made the country a "decisive player" in regional economics, and voiced support for the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) which had been opposed by their rival the DMK.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/tamil-nadu/news/aiadmk-lauds-economic-reforms-of-modi-government/articleshow/68630978.cms|title=AIADMK lauds economic reforms of Modi government|date=March 29, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

=== Environment and nature ===

* The AIADMK was one of two parties, along with BJP, not to voice opposition against a ban of cattle slaughter through the national Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. It has however sought an exemption in the Act over traditional bull fighting;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-parties-condemn-centre-s-new-cattle-slaughter-rules-aiadmk-maintains-stoic-silence-62703 |title=TN parties condemn Centre's new 'cattle slaughter' rules, AIADMK maintains stoic silence |last=Thirumurthy |first=Priyanka |date=27 May 2017 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> the party supports popular opinion in Tamil Nadu that traditional bull fighting, known as Jallikattu, should not be banned by the centre due to a ruling by the APEX court against animal cruelty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2017/jan/11/aiadmk-mps-meet-environment-minister-over-jallikattu-1558494.html|title=AIADMK MPs meet Environment Minister over Jallikattu|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> During the controversy, both major parties of the state called for animal-rights organisation PETA to be banned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/we-will-rein-peta-promises-aiadmk-chief-sasikala-55935 |title='We will rein in PETA,' promises AIADMK chief Sasikala |date=18 January 2017 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
*AIADMK opposes the building of the Mekedatu Dam which could reduce water flows into Tamil Nadu and negatively affect quality-of-live for residents and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stop-mekedatu-dam-on-river-cauvery-says-aiadmk-mp/article28224410.ece|title=Stop Mekedatu dam on river Cauvery, says AIADMK MP|date=2019-06-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==

===M. G. Ramachandran era (17 October 1972 – 24 December 1987)===
[[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|M. G. Ramachandran, Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
The party was founded in 1972 as ''Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK)'' by [[M. G. Ramachandran]], a veteran [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil film]] star and popular politician. It was set up as a breakaway faction of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) led by [[M. Karunanidhi]], then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, owing to personal differences between the two.<ref name="Kohli157">[[#Kohli|Kohli 1990]], p. 157</ref> M.G.R., who wanted to start a new party, then incorporated Anakaputhur Ramalingam into the party which had registered under the name 'ADMK'. He then declared, ‘I joined the party started by an ordinary volunteer’ and gave the post of Member of Legislative Council (MLC) to Ramalingam. Later, M.G.R prefixed the ''All India (AI)'' tag to the party's name to save himself from IT raids and protect the party during MISA (Emergency).<ref name="Rana400">[[#Rana|Rana 2006]], p. 400</ref> Since its inception, the relationship between the AIADMK and DMK has been marked by mutual contempt. M.G.R. used his fan network to build the party cadre with claims his party recruited more than a million members in the first two months. [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s ideologue and movie mogul R. M. Veerappan was the key architect in unifying the M.G.R. fan clubs and further consolidating the party structure in the 70s. Other key leaders such as Nanjil K. Manoharan and S. D. Somasundaram played major roles in consolidation.<ref name="Murali81">[[#Murali|Murali 2007]], p. 81</ref> The party's first victories were the [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]] parliamentary by-election in 1973 and the [[Coimbatore West (state assembly constituency)|Coimbatore West]] assembly bye-election a year later.<ref name="Murali81" /> On 2 April 1973, AIADMK emerged as the third largest political party in Tamil Nadu, represented by 11 MLAs in the assembly. By 31 January 1976, AIADMK emerged as the second largest political party in Tamil Nadu with 16 MLAs in the assembly. AIADMK grew close to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Party by supporting the [[The Emergency (India)|National Emergency]] between 1975 and 1977.

The DMK-led government was dismissed by a Central promulgation on corruption charges in 1976. The AIADMK swept to power in 1977, defeating the DMK in the [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|assembly elections]]. M.G.R. was sworn in as the 3rd Chief Minister of the Tamil Nadu on 30 June 1977. M.G.R remained in power until his death on 24 December 1987, winning consecutive assembly elections held in 1977, 1980 and 1984.<ref name="Kohli157" />
In 1979, AIADMK became the first [[Dravidian parties|dravidian]] and regional party to be part of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]], when two AIADMK [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]'s, [[Sathiavani Muthu]] and [[Aravinda Bala Pajanor|A. Bala Pajanor]], joined the short-lived [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]] Ministry which followed the [[Morarji Desai]]-led [[Janata Party]] [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|government (1977–1979)]].<ref name="Rana400" />

Relations between the Congress and the AIADMK slowly became strained. In the [[1980 Indian general election|mid-term parliamentary elections of January 1980]], the Congress aligned with the DMK and the alliance won 37 out of the 39 state parliamentary seats. The AIADMK won just two seats.<ref name="Murali82">[[#Murali|Murali 2007]], p. 82</ref> After returning to power, the new prime minister, [[Indira Gandhi]], dismissed a number of state governments belonging to the opposition parties, including the AIADMK government.

[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Elections to the state assembly were held in late May 1980]] with the opposition DMK continuing the electoral alliance with the Congress. In a massive reversal of fortunes following the Lok Sabha elections, the AIADMK won a comfortable majority in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] with 129 of 234 seat. M.G.R. was sworn in as chief minister for the second time on 9 June 1980.<ref name="Murali82" />

In 1984, even with M.G.R's failing health and hospitalization, the party won the [[1984 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|assembly elections]] in alliance with the Congress. Many political historians consider M.G.R.'s persona and charisma at this point of time as "infallible", and a logical continuation of his on-screen "good lad" image, strengthened by his "mythical status" in the minds of the masses.<ref name="Murali83">[[#Murali|Murali 2007]], p. 83</ref> M.G.R continued to enjoy popular support in his third tenure until his death on 24 December 1987.<ref name="Murali83" />

===Succession crisis (25 December 1987 – 6 February 1989)===
Following [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R]]'s death, his wife, actress-turned-politician [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], rose to the party's president under support of R. M. Veerappan and 98 MLAs. She led the government for 23 days as the state's 1st woman chief minister from 7 January 1988 until the state assembly was suspended on 30 January 1988 and [[President's rule (India)|President's rule]] imposed. The party began to crumble due to infighting and broke into two factions, one under [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]] and the other under [[J. Jayalalithaa]], an associate of M.G.R. and another film actress-turned-politician who had starred with M.G.R. The [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 assembly election]] saw the DMK regain power after 12 years in the opposition with [[M. Karunanidhi]] returning as the Chief Minister for the third time. AIADMK, due to its split, suffered heavily in the elections, with the Janaki and Jayalalithaa factions winning only 2 and 27 seats respectively.<ref name="Murali83" /> Following AIADMK's rout in the elections, the factions led by Jayalalithaa and Janaki merged under the former's leadership. The DMK government was dismissed in 1991 by the Central Government led by Prime Minister [[Chandra Shekhar]], an ally of the AIADMK at that time, on charges that the constitutional machinery in the state had broken down.

===J. Jayalalithaa era (9 February 1989 – 5 December 2016)===
The AIADMK allied with the Congress and swept to power in the [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991 assembly election]] under the leadership of [[J. Jayalalithaa]] who became the second female chief minister and the 5th chief minister of the state. Political observers have ascribed the landslide victory to the anti-incumbent wave arising out of the assassination of the former prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<ref name="Murali83" /> by suspected Tamil separatists fighting for a homeland in neighbouring [[Sri Lanka]]. The ensuing government, was accused of large-scale corruption, but Jayalalithaa held on to power for a full term of five years. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 assembly election]], AIADMK continued its alliance with the Congress but suffered a massive rout, winning only four out of the 234 assembly seats, with even Jayalalithaa losing from [[Bargur]].<ref name="Murali84">[[#Murali|Murali 2007]], p. 84</ref><ref name="Murali87">Murali 2007, p. 87</ref>
[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|thumb|left|J. Jayalalithaa, Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
The AIADMK formed an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Vaiko]]'s [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), another breakaway faction of the DMK, during the [[1998 Indian general election|parliamentary elections in 1998]].<ref name="Murali84" /> AIADMK shared power with the BJP in the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] headed government between 1998 and 1999,<ref name="Rana400" /> but withdrew support in early 1999, leading to the fall of the BJP government. Following this, the AIADMK once again allied with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].

In the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001 assembly election]], the AIADMK-led alliance, consisting of the Congress, the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC), the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Front]] and the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), regained power, winning 197 seats, with AIADMK winning 132.<ref name="CM">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.html|title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu from 1920|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150027/http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm|archive-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> Due to the proceedings in a disproportionate assets case which occurred in her previous tenure, Jayalalithaa was prevented from holding office. [[O. Panneerselvam]], a close confidant of Jayalalithaa was appointed as the Chief Minister for the second time on 21 September 2001. Once the Supreme Court overturned Jayalalithaa's conviction and sentence in the case, [[O Panneerselvam]] resigned on 2 March 2002, and Jayalalithaa was again sworn in as Chief Minister for the third time.<ref name="CM" />

Unlike her first term, her second term was not marred by corruption scandals. She took many popular decisions such as banning of lottery tickets, restricting the liquor and sand quarrying business to government agencies and banning tobacco product sales near schools and colleges. She encouraged women to join the state police force by setting up all women-police stations and commissioning 150 women into the elite level police commandos in 2003, a first in India. The women had the same training as men and included handling weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian women join elite police|last=Haviland|first=Charles |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> She sent a special task force to the [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam forests]] in October 2004 to hunt down notorious sandalwood smuggler [[Veerappan]]. The operation was successful as Veerappan was finally killed by the task force on 18 October 2004.

However, despite the popular measures taken by the government, in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha election]], the party, in alliance with the BJP again, was humiliated, winning none of the 39 Lok Sabha seats from the state. The [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] (DPA), a DMK-led alliance consisting of all the major opposition parties in the state, swept the election.

Later, in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly election]], in spite of media speculations of a hung assembly, the AIADMK, contesting with only the support of MDMK and a few other smaller parties, won 61 seats compared to the DMK's 96 and was pushed out of power by the DMK-led congressional alliance of the PMK and the Left Front. The AIADMK's electoral reversals continued in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha election]]. However, the party's performance was better than its debacle in 2004, and it managed to win nine seats.
[[File:Swearing-in Ceremony of the Council of Ministers headed by Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, as Chief Minister, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on May 16, 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Swearing-in Ceremony of the Council of Ministers headed by [[Jayalalithaa]] on 16 May 2011]]
Following widespread corruption and allegations of nepotism against the DMK government, in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]], the party, in alliance with parties like the left and actor-turned-politician [[Vijayakanth]]'s [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] (DMDK), swept the polls, winning 202 seats, with the AIADMK winning 150. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as Chief Minister for the fourth time.<ref name="CM" />

In the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], the AIADMK allied with [[N. Rangaswamy]]'s [[All India N.R. Congress]] (AINRC) and won the [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]], which was held in parallel with the Tamil Nadu assembly election. However, it did not join the newly elected AINRC-led government. The AIADMK's good electoral performance continued in the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Contesting without allies, the AIADMK won an unprecedented 37 out of 39 seats in the state of Tamil Nadu, emerged as the third-largest party in parliament.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was convicted in the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|Disproportionate assets case]] by a Special Court along with her associates [[V. K. Sasikala|VK Sasikala]], Ilavarasi and V. N. Sudhakaran, and sentenced to four-year simple imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was also fined {{INR}}100 crores and her associates were fined {{INR}}10 crore each. The case had political implications as it was the first case where a ruling chief minister had to step down on account of a court sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jayalalithaa-found-guilty-assets-case-by-bangalore-court-faces-jail-has-step-down-cm-610103|title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4 Years Jail Term in Assets Case, Has to Step Down as CM|first=Mugdha|last=Variyar|website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

Due to her resignation [[O. Panneerselvam]] was sworn in as Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jaya-moves-karnataka-hc-against-conviction-in-graft-case/article1-1269662.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080901/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jaya-moves-karnataka-hc-against-conviction-in-graft-case/article1-1269662.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2014|title=Jaya moves HC against conviction, Panneerselvam sworn in|date=29 September 2014}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was denied bail by the High Court and moved the Supreme Court for bail. The Supreme Court granted bail on 17 October 2014. On 11 May 2015, the high court of Karnataka said she was acquitted from that case, and was again sworn in as Chief Minister for the fifth time.

In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]] contesting without allies, the AIADMK swept the polls, winning 135 out of 234 seats. On 23 May 2016, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as Chief Minister for the sixth time.<ref name="CM" />

On 22 September 2016, she was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospital, Chennai]] due to fever and dehydration. After a prolonged illness, she died on 5 December 2016.

====Expansion beyond Tamil Nadu and Puducherry====
Under Jayalalithaa's regime, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam spread beyond [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. State units are established in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Kerala]]. The party also has a following in places like [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] and [[Telangana]] in [[India]], also in countries where Tamil people are present.

In Karnataka, the party had members in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] from 1983 to 2004 and has influence in the Tamil-speaking areas of [[Bangalore district|Bengaluru]] and [[Kolar district|Kolar]].

In Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, the party contested in some legislative assembly elections, but did not win a single seat in any of the elections.

===V. K. Sasikala and T. T. V. Dhinakaran era (16 December 2016 – 20 August 2017)===
After [[J. Jayalalithaa]]'s death on 5 December 2016, her long-time friend [[V. K. Sasikala]] was selected unanimously as the General Secretary of the party on 16 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aiadmk-appoints-chinnamma-vk-sasikala-as-party-chief/articleshow/56231003.cms?from=mdr|title=AIADMK appoints "Chinnamma" VK Sasikala as party chief|date=29 December 2016|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece|title=V.K. Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 December 2016}}</ref> On February 5, 2017, she was selected as the leader of the legislative assembly as chief minister. [[O. Panneerselvam]] rebelled against [[V. K. Sasikala]] and reported that he had been compelled to resign as Chief Minister, bringing in a new twist to Tamil Nadu Politics. Due to a conviction in [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa]], V.K.Sasikala was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment in the [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bengaluru Central Prison]]. Before that, she appointed [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] as legislative party leader (Chief Minister).

She also appointed her nephew and former Treasurer of the party [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] as the deputy general secretary of AIADMK party. With the support of 123 MLAs, Edappadi K. Palaniswami became chief minister of Tamil Nadu.

On 23 March 2017, the election commission of India gave separate party symbols to the two factions; [[O. Panneerselvam]]'s faction known as AIADMK (PURATCHI THALAIVI AMMA), while [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]'s faction known as AIADMK (AMMA).

By-polls were announced at the [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar|RK Nagar constituency]] which was vacated due to Jayalalithaa's death. But, the election commission canceled the by-polls after evidence of large-scale bribing by the ruling AIADMK (AMMA) surfaced. On 17 April 2017, Delhi police registered a case against Dhinakaran who was also the candidate for AIADMK (AMMA) for the by-poll at [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar|RK Nagar]] regarding an allegation of attempting to bribe the Election Commission of India (ECI) for the AIADMK's election symbol. However the Tis Hazari Special Court granted him bail on the grounds that the police failed to identify the public official allegedly bribed.

T.T.V. Dhinakaran started his party work on 5 August 2017. However, the chief minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami had a fallout with Dhinakaran and announced that the appointment of T.T.V. Dinakaran as deputy general secretary was invalid. So T.T.V. Dhinakaran claims that's "We are the real AIADMK and 95% of its cadres are with us."

===O. Panneerselvam and Edappadi K. Palaniswami era (21 August 2017 – present)===
[[File:EpsOps.jpg|thumb|right|Edappadi K. Palaniswami (left) & O. Panneerselvam (right), Former Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
On 21 August 2017, both [[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] factions of the AIADMK merged and [[O. Panneerselvam]] was sworn in as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] with portfolio of Finance and the coordinator of AIADMK. He also holds portfolios of Housing, Rural Housing, Housing Development, [[Slum clearance in India|Slum Clearance]] Board and Accommodation Control, Town Planning, Urban Development, and [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-panneerselvam-to-be-deputy-cm-gets-finance-portfolio/article19533739.ece|title=AIADMK merger: Panneerselvam is Deputy CM, gets finance portfolio|date=21 August 2017|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> On 4 January 2018, [[O. Panneerselvam]] was elected Leader of the House in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].

On 12 September 2017, the AIADMK general council decided to cancel V. K. Sasikala's appointment as
general secretary and expelled her from the party, though officials appointed to party posts by her were allowed to continue discharging their functions. Instead, the late [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was named the eternal general secretary of AIADMK.<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

A day after the merger of two AIADMK factions, 19 MLAs<ref name="The Hindu 22 Aug 2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/day-after-merger-19-pro-dhinakaran-mlas-withdraw-support-to-cm/article19538882.ece|title=19 pro-Dhinakaran MLAs withdraw support to Palaniswami|first=Dennis S.|last=Jesudasan|date=22 August 2017|website=The Hindu}}</ref> owing allegiance to ousted deputy general secretary [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] on 22 April 2017 submitted letters to [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor]], expressing lack of confidence in Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami and withdrawing support from the government.<ref name="The Hindu 22 Aug 2017" /> 18 out of those 19 MLAs were disqualified from office by the Speaker of Legislature upon recommendation from AIADMK Chief Whip. After a prolonged legal battle, the Speaker's orders were upheld by the High Court of Chennai and bye-elections were alongside the Parliament general elections. The election commission of India on 23 November 2017 granted the two leaves symbol to the [[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] camp.

===Legal Fight for the party by V. K. Sasikala and T. T. V. Dhinakaran===

After that [[V. K. Sasikala]] and [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] had appealed to the [[Delhi High Court]] and they rejected their appeal and said that EPS and OPS camp are original AIADMK.

After that T. T. V. Dhinakaran had also appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] on March 15, the bench of [[Chief Justice of India]] has also rejected his appeal against the judgement made by Delhi High Court in favour of EPS and OPS camp.

Following this, the General Council passed a resolution removing V. K. Sasikala from the post of General Secretary. V. K. Sasikala and T. T. V. Dhinakaran jointly filed a suit in the High Court challenging the decision of the General Council. Since it was a civil case, the case was transferred to the City Civil Court. During the hearing on April 9, 2021, T.T.V. Dinakaran told the court that he would withdraw from the case as he had started a party called [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]]. At the same time, V.K. Sasikala told the court that she wanted to continue the case. The case is currently being heard at the City Civil Court.

==Criticism==
Being a popular actor, [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]]'s fan clubs became a source for electoral mobilization. The head of his fan club, R. M. Veerappan, became a lieutenant, and fellow actress J. Jayalalithaa was groomed as a possible heir apparent.<ref name="Kohli162">[[#Kohli|Kohli 1990]], p. 162</ref> There was a near administrative collapse during M.G.R.'s rule, and the state's rank in industrial production dropped from 3rd in the nation in 1977 to 13th position in 1987.<ref name="Kohli162" /> Populist schemes that consumed two-thirds of the state's budget resulted in long-term economic costs.<ref name="Kohli162" /> M.G.R. was running a centralized administration which caused a severe toll on the state administration during his extended period of illness.<ref name="Kohli163">[[#Kohli|Kohli 1990]], p. 163</ref>

=== Personality cult ===
Jayalalithaa was also accused of creating a personality cult, with fans and party activists calling her 'Amma' ('mother' in Tamil). Her face adorned food canteens, pharmacies, salt packets, laptop computers, baby care kits, bottled water, medicine shops and cement bags. Following her imprisonment on 27 September 2014, her supporters held protests and wept openly. Her replacement, the party's former minister [[O. Panneerselvam]], also wept during his inauguration, with colleagues saying they were in mourning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29474757|title=The downfall of India's 'Mother' politician|date=3 October 2014|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Due to the centralized leadership of Jayalalithaa, the state of Tamil Nadu experienced policy paralysis, with most legislators and party cadres protesting against her conviction with hunger fasts, road and rail blockades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/aiadmk-cadre-observe-fast-hold-rail-roko/article6460751.ece|title=AIADMK cadre observe fast, hold rail roko|first=R.|last=Sivaraman|date=30 September 2014|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-to-remain-in-jail-court-defers-bail-hearing-till-oct-7/article1-1270443.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001081721/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-to-remain-in-jail-court-defers-bail-hearing-till-oct-7/article1-1270443.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2014|title=Jayalalithaa stays in jail, protests continue to rage in Tamil Nadu|date=1 October 2014}}</ref> The entire Cabinet would fall in line and bow in front of the helicopter in which it was flying. Members of the party, at all levels never found it difficult to prostrate before her in full view of the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Even after her death, the AIADMK leaders continued to prostrate themselves before her burial ground.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/for-all-her-political-success-it-s-time-to-admit-jayalalithaa-was-no-amma/story-Mq9FelI5zqxD8z4WljrtbO.html|title=For all her political success, it's time to admit Jayalalithaa was no Amma|date=17 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/opinion-post-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-politics-amma-legacy|title=Jayalalithaa's 'Tainted' Legacy and Where AIADMK Goes From Here|last=Sudhir|first=T. S.|date=4 December 2017|website=TheQuint|language=en|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Debt crisis ===
The overall debt burden of Tamil Nadu is expected to reach more than ₹ 5 lakh crore by March 31, 2022, during the AIADMK government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-23|title=TN reports higher debt and fiscal deficit in 2021 budget, experts say 'no reason for panic'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-reports-higher-debt-and-fiscal-deficit-2021-budget-experts-say-no-reason-panic-144036|access-date=2021-04-04|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Under Jayalalithaa and the AIADMK tenure, the State debt as percentage of GSDP was about 5% increase in 2011. It was 16.92% in 2011–12. It was 21.83% as of April 2021 during the K. Eddapadi's government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=Freebie Culture Of DMK, AIADMK Defies Basic Tenets of Dravidian Ideology|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/freebie-culture-of-dmk-aiadmk-defies-basic-tenets-of-dravidian-ideology-3599075.html|access-date=2021-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404060928/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/freebie-culture-of-dmk-aiadmk-defies-basic-tenets-of-dravidian-ideology-3599075.html|archive-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> The opposition criticized the financial mismanagement by the AIADMK who left a ₹ 62,000 per head for each person of the state. The opposition criticized that the entire debt of the state government in the 2006–11 DMK regime was only Rs 44,000 crore, but the AIADMK regime has made a debt of ₹ 3.55 lakh crore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-02-24|title=Rs 5.7 lakh cr debt on people due to mismanagement, charges LoP|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/02/24021324/1277205/Rs-57-lakh-cr-debt-on-people-due-to-mismanagement-.vpf|access-date=2021-04-04|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref> The overall debt the AIADMK government left behind as of March 31, 2021 is estimated to be ₹ 4,85,502.54 crore and as on March 31, 2022, it is estimated to be ₹ 5,70,189.29 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TN interim budget: Debt may touch Rs 5.70 lakh crore by March 2022, OPS attributes it to pandemic|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/feb/23/tn-interim-budget-debt-may-touch-rs-570-lakh-crore-by-march-2022-ops-attributes-it-to-pandemic-2267779.html|access-date=2021-04-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===Indian general elections===
{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in Lok Sabha elections}}
|titlebar=#007500
|width=237px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|AIADMK}}|1.28}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|AIADMK}}|3.27}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|AIADMK}}|1.67}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|AIADMK}}|2.19}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|AIADMK}}|1.93}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|AIADMK}}|1.83}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.64}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|AIADMK}}|1.62}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|AIADMK}}|1.50}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|AIADMK}}|1.69}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|AIADMK}}|2.36}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|AIADMK}}|2.90}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Elections]]
|-
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Popular vote
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Result
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|18|542|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|2.90%
|{{steady}}
|54,80,378
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|24
|{{Composition bar|2|542|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 16
|2.36%
|{{decrease}} 0.54%
|46,74,064
|! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|12
|{{Composition bar|12|533|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 10
|1.69%
|{{decrease}} 0.67
|39,68,967
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=8|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|11
|{{Composition bar|11|545|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|1.50%
|{{decrease}} 0.19
|45,18,649
|! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|11
|{{Composition bar|11|545|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|1.62%
|{{increase}} 0.12
|44,70,542
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|10
|{{Composition bar|0|545|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 11
|0.64%
|{{decrease}} 0.98
|21,30,286
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|23
|{{Composition bar|18|545|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|1.83%
|{{increase}} 1.19%
|67,31,550
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|29
|{{Composition bar|10|545|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 8
|1.93%
|{{increase}} 0.10
|70,46,953
|! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|33
|{{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|2.19%
|{{increase}} 0.26
|85,47,014
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|23
|{{Composition bar|9|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 9
|1.67%
|{{decrease}} 0.52
|69,53,591
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|40
|{{Composition bar|37|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 28
|3.27%
|{{increase}} 1.60%
|1,81,11,579
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 36
|1.28%
|{{decrease}} 1.99%
|78,30,146
|{{win|Government}}
|}

===State legislative assembly elections===
{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in Tamil Nadu Assembly elections}}
|titlebar=#007500
|width=237px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|AIADMK}}|33.29}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|AIADMK}}|40.77}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|AIADMK}}|38.40}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|AIADMK}}|32.64}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|AIADMK}}|31.44}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|AIADMK}}|21.47}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|AIADMK}}|44.39}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|AIADMK}}|21.77}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|AIADMK}}|37.03}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|AIADMK}}|38.75}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|AIADMK}}|30.36}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections]]<ref name="TN_Results">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/90-tamil-nadu/ | title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Popular vote
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Result
|-
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|200
|{{Composition bar|130|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 130
|30.36%
|{{steady}}
|51,94,876
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|177
|{{Composition bar|129|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|38.75%
|{{increase}} 8.39%
|73,03,010
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|155
|{{Composition bar|132|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|37.03%
|{{decrease}} 1.72%
|80,30,809
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=7|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|202
|{{Composition bar|29|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 103
|21.77%
|{{decrease}} 15.26%
|52,47,317
|! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|168
|{{Composition bar|164|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 135
|44.39%
|{{increase}} 22.62%
|1,09,40,966
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|168
|{{Composition bar|4|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 160
|21.47%
|{{decrease}} 22.92%
|58,31,383
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|141
|{{Composition bar|132|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 128
|31.44%
|{{increase}} 9.97%
|88,15,387
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|188
|{{Composition bar|61|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 71
|32.64%
|{{increase}} 1.20%
|1,07,68,559
| style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|165
|{{Composition bar|150|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 89
|38.40%
|{{increase}} 5.76%
|1,41,50,289
|{{win|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|234
|{{Composition bar|136|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|40.77%
|{{increase}} 2.37%
|1,76,16,266
|{{win|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|191
|{{Composition bar|66|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 70
|33.29%
|{{decrease}} 7.48%
|1,53,91,055
| style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|}

{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in Puducherry Assembly elections}}
|titlebar=#007500
|width=237px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|AIADMK}}|4.14}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|AIADMK}}|16.82}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|AIADMK}}|13.75}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|AIADMK}}|16.04}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|AIADMK}}|12.56}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|AIADMK}}|12.53}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|AIADMK}}|17.34}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|AIADMK}}|18.17}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|AIADMK}}|15.75}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|AIADMK}}|18.60}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|AIADMK}}|30.96}}
{{bar percent|1974|{{party color|AIADMK}}|27.83}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry Legislative Assembly Elections]]<ref name="PY_Results">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ | title=Puducherry Assembly Election Results | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Popular vote
!style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Result
|-
|1974
|rowspan=4|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|12|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
|27.83%
|{{steady}}
|60,812
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|1977
|27
|{{Composition bar|14|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|30.96%
|{{increase}} 3.13%
|69,873
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|1980
|18
|{{Composition bar|0|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|18.60%
|{{decrease}} 12.36%
|45,623
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|1985
|10
|{{Composition bar|6|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 6
|15.75%
|{{decrease}} 2.85%
|47,521
| style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|1990
|rowspan=7|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|13
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|18.17%
|{{increase}} 2.42%
|76,337
| style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|1991
|10
|{{Composition bar|6|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|17.34%
|{{decrease}} 0.83%
|67,792
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|1996
|10
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|12.53%
|{{decrease}} 4.81%
|57,678
| style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|2001
|20
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|12.56%
|{{increase}} 0.03%
|59,926
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|2006
|18
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|16.04%
|{{increase}} 3.48%
|90,699
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|10
|{{Composition bar|5|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|13.75%
|{{decrease}} 2.29%
|95,960
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|30
|{{Composition bar|4|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|16.82%
|{{increase}} 3.07%
|1,34,597
| style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|0|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|4.14%
|{{decrease}} 12.68%
|34,623
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in Karnataka Assembly elections}}
|titlebar=#007500
|width=237px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|2018|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.01}}
{{bar percent|2013|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.03}}
{{bar percent|2008|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.03}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.07}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.18}}
{{bar percent|1994|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.24}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.18}}
{{bar percent|1983|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.13}}
{{bar percent|1978|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.18}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assembly Elections]]<ref name="KA_Results">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/77-karnataka/ | title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Year
!style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Popular vote
!style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Result
|-
|[[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|7
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.18%
|{{steady}}
|22,310
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|0.13%
|{{decrease}} 0.05%
|16,234
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=6|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.18%
|{{increase}} 0.05%
|32,928
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|4
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.24%
|{{increase}} 0.06%
|50,696
| style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|13
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.18%
|{{decrease}} 0.06%
|39,865
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|0.07%
|{{decrease}} 0.11%
|16,737
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|7
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.03%
|{{decrease}} 0.04%
|9,088
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|5
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.03%
|{{steady}}
|10,280
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|3
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.01%
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|2,072
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in Kerala Assembly elections}}
|titlebar=#007500
|width=237px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.05}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.17}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.01}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.12}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.00}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.02}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislative Assembly Elections]]<ref name="KL_Results">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/78-kerala/ | title=Kerala Assembly Election Results | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Year
!style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Popular vote
!style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Result
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.02%
|{{steady}}
|2,114
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.00%
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|224
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan=3|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|29
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.12%
|{{increase}} 0.12%
|19,078
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|4
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.01%
|{{decrease}} 0.11%
|2,448
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|7
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.17%
|{{increase}} 0.16%
|33,440
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.05%
|{{decrease}} 0.12%
|10,376
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections}}
|titlebar=#007500
|width=237px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.02}}
{{bar percent|1994|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.05}}
{{bar percent|1978|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.19}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections]]<ref name="AP_Results">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/category/65-andhra-pradesh/ | title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Year
!style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Popular vote
!style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Result
|-
|1978
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|9
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.19%
|{{steady}}
|38,691
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|rowspan=2|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.05%
|{{decrease}} 0.14%
|14,251
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|5
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.02%
|{{decrease}} 0.03%
|7,281
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

==Current office bearers and prominent members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Member
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Position in Government
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Party Position
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|
* Deputy [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
* Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] And Former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
|Coordinator and Treasurer
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|
* [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Edappadi (state assembly constituency)|Edappadi]]
* Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
|Joint Coordinator and
Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|A. Thamizhmahan Hussain
|
* Former Chairperson of Tamil Nadu [[Waqf]] Board
|Interim Presidium Chairman and
All World M.G.R. Mandram Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[K. P. Munusamy]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Veppanahalli (State Assembly constituency)|Veppanahalli]]
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|Deputy Coordinator
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[R. Vaithilingam]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Orathanad (state assembly constituency)|Orathanad]]
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|Deputy Coordinator
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
* Former [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Union Minister of Law, Justice]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Company Affairs]]
* Former [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
|Parliamentary Chairperson and
Propaganda Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[P. Ravindhranath]]
|
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Theni]]
|Lok Sabha Leader and Theni District Puratchi Thalaivi Amma Peravai Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
|
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|Rajya Sabha Leader
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]
|
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
* Former Union [[Minister of State]] [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] and [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
* Former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|Rajya Sabha Deputy Leader
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[N. R. Sivapathi]]
|
* Former Minister for Animal Husbandry of Tamil Nadu
|M.G.R. Youth Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[B. Valarmathi]]
|
* Former Minister for Social Welfare and Nutritious Noon Meal Programme of Tamil Nadu
|Women's Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|R. Kamalakannan
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Anna Thozhirsanga Peravai Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]
|
* Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vedasandur (state assembly constituency)|Vedasandur]]
|Youth Brigade Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[S. S. Krishnamoorthy|Agri S.S. Krishnamoorthy]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Polur (state assembly constituency)|Polur]]
* Former Minister for Agriculture of Tamil Nadu
|Agriculture Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pollachi (state assembly constituency)|Pollachi]]
* Former Deputy Speaker of the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]
|Election Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[Ramachandran Govindarasu|Singai G. Ramachandran]]
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|IT Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[R. B. Udhaya Kumar|R. B. Udhayakumar]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tirumangalam (state assembly constituency)|Tirumangalam]]
* Former Minister for [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Revenue]] and Disaster Management of Tamil Nadu
|Puratchi Thalaivi Amma Peravai Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[Vaigaichelvan]]
|
* Former Minister for School Education of Tamil Nadu
|Literature Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[V. N. P. Venkatraman]]
|
* Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Alandur (state assembly constituency)|Alandur]]
|Trade Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[S. Ravi (politician)|S. Ravi]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Arakkonam (state assembly constituency)|Arakkonam]]
|Deputy Whip in the Legislative Assembly
|- style="text-align:center; background:#DEFFDE"
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#DEFFDE; color:black" | 11-Member Steering Committee
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[C. Sreenivasan|Dindigul C. Srinivasan]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dindigul (state assembly constituency)|Dindigul]]
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
* Former Minister for Forest of Tamil Nadu
|Organizing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[P. Thangamani]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kumarapalayam (state assembly constituency)|Kumarapalayam]]
* Former Minister for Electricity, Prohibition and Excise of Tamil Nadu
|Organizing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[S. P. Velumani]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thondamuthur (state assembly constituency)|Thondamuthur]]
* Former Minister for Municipal Administration, Rural Development and Implementation of Special Programme of Tamil Nadu
|Chief Whip in the Legislative Assembly and Organizing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|
* Former Speaker of the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]
* Former Minister for Fisheries and Personnel and Administrative Reforms of Tamil Nadu
|Organizing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[C. Ve. Shanmugam]]
|
* Former Minister for Law, Courts and Prisons of Tamil Nadu
|Vilupuram District Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[R. Kamaraj]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nannilam (state assembly constituency)|Nannilam]]
* Former Minister for Food and Civil Supplies of Tamil Nadu
|Tiruvarur District Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]]
|
* Former Minister for Food and Civil Supplies of Tamil Nadu
|Organizing Secretary and
Spokesperson
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[P. H. Manoj Pandian]]
|
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Alangulam (state assembly constituency)|Alangulam]]
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|Organizing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[P. Mohan (politician)|P. Mohan]]
|
* Former Minister for Rural Industries of Tamil Nadu
|Organizing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|[[R. Gopalakrishnan (politician)|R. Gopalakrishnan]]
|
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
|Election Wing Joint Secretary
|- style="text-align:center; background:#DEFFDE"
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#DEFFDE; color:black" | State Unit Secretaries
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|A. Anbalagan
|
* Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Oupalam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Oupalam]]
|Puducherry (East) Unit Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|Om Sakthi Sekar
|
* Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nellithope (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Nellithope]]
|Puducherry (West) Unit Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|S. D. Kumar
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Karnataka Unit Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#DEFFDE"
|G. Shobakumar
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Kerala Unit Secretary
|}

==List of party leadership==
'''Presidents'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (1917–1987)
| [[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
| 17 October 1972
| 24 December 1987
| {{age in years and days|1972|10|17|1987|12|24}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[V.N.Janaki]] (1917–1996)
| [[File:VNJanaki.jpg|100px]]
| 02 January 1988
| 07 February 1989
| {{age in years and days|1988|01|02|1989|02|08}}
|}

'''General Secretaries'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="2" | 1
| rowspan ="2" | [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (1917–1987)
| rowspan ="2" | [[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
| 17 October 1972
| 22 June 1978
| rowspan ="2" | 6 years, 316 days
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 17 October 1986
| 24 December 1987
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="2" | 2
| rowspan ="2" | [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] (1920–2000)
| rowspan ="2" | [[File:V.R. Nedunchezhiyan.jpg|100px]]
| 23 June 1978
| 10 June 1980
| rowspan ="2" | 3 years, 33 days
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 25 December 1987
| 8 February 1989
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 3
| [[P. U. Shanmugam]] (1924–2007)
| [[File:Pavushanmugam.jpg|100px]]
| 11 June 1980
| 13 March 1985
| {{age in years and days|1980|06|11|1985|03|13}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 4
| S. Raghavanandam (1917–1999)
| [[File:Raghavanandam.jpg|100px]]
| 14 March 1985
| 16 October 1986
| 1 year, 216 days
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 5
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (1948–2016)
| [[File:J_Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
| 9 February 1989
| 5 December 2016
| 27 years, 300 days
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 6
| [[V. K. Sasikala]] (1954–)
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| 31 December 2016
| 20 August 2017
| 232 days
|- style="text-align: center;"
|}

'''Deputy General Secretary'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] (1963–)
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| 15 February 2017
| 20 August 2017
| 186 days
|}

'''Coordinator'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[O. Panneerselvam]] (1951–)
| [[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
| 21 August 2017
| ''[[Incumbent]]''
| {{age in years and days|2017|08|21}}
|}

'''Joint Coordinator'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] (1954–)
| [[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
| 21 August 2017
| ''[[Incumbent]]''
| {{age in years and days|2017|08|21}}
|}

'''Deputy Coordinators'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[K. P. Munusamy]] (1952–)
| [[File:Kpms.jpg|100px]]
| 21 August 2017
| ''[[Incumbent]]''
| {{age in years and days|2017|08|21}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 2
| [[R. Vaithilingam]] (1955–)
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| 21 August 2017
| ''[[Incumbent]]''
| {{age in years and days|2017|08|21}}
|}

== Legislative leaders ==

===List of union ministers===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portfolio
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
! rowspan ="3" colspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Prime Minister
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[Sathiavani Muthu]] (1923–1999)
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Welfare]]
| rowspan = "2" | 19 August 1979
| rowspan = "2" | 23 December 1979
| rowspan = "2" | 126 days
| [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan = "2" | [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]]
| rowspan = "2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 2
| [[Aravinda Bala Pajanor|A. Bala Pajanor]] (1935–2013)
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum]], [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 3
| [[R. Muthiah]] (1945–)
| [[File:Sedapatti_Muthiah.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ministry of Surface Transport|Minister of Surface Transport]]
| 19 March 1998
| 8 April 1998
| 20 days
| [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| rowspan = "7" | [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| rowspan = "7" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan = "2" | 4
| rowspan = "2" | [[M. Thambidurai]] (1947–)
| rowspan = "2" | [[File:MThambidurai.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law, Justice]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Company Affairs]]
| 19 March 1998
| rowspan = "2" | 8 April 1999
| 1 year, 20 days
| rowspan = "2" | [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| [[Ministry of Surface Transport|Minister of Surface Transport]]
| 8 April 1998
| 1 year
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan = "2" | 5
| rowspan = "2" | [[R. K. Kumar]] (1942–1999)
| rowspan = "2" | [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| [[Minister of State]] [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|for Parliamentary Affairs]]
| 19 March 1998
| rowspan = "2" | 22 May 1998
| 64 days
| rowspan = "2" | [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| [[Minister of State]] [[Ministry of Finance (India)|for Finance]]
| 20 March 1998
| 63 days
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan = "2" | 6
| rowspan = "2" | [[Kadambur R. Janarthanan]] (1929–2020)
| rowspan = "2" | [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| [[Minister of State]] [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| 20 March 1998
| rowspan = "2" | 8 April 1999
| 1 year, 19 days
| rowspan = "2" | [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| [[Minister of State]] [[Ministry of Finance (India)|for Finance]]
| 22 May 1998
| 321 days
|}

===List of chief ministers===
'''Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu'''
{{see|List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assembly
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Ministry
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="3" | 1
| rowspan ="3" | [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (1917–1987)
| rowspan ="3" | [[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
| 30 June 1977
| 17 February 1980
| rowspan ="3" | 10 years, 65 days
| 6th
| [[Aruppukottai (state assembly constituency)|Aruppukottai]]
| [[First Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran I]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 9 June 1980
| 9 February 1985
| 7th
| [[Madurai West (state assembly constituency)|Madurai West]]
| [[Second Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran II]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 10 February 1985
| 24 December 1987
| rowspan ="3" | 8th
| [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| [[Third Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran III]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| Acting
| [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] (1920–2000)
| [[File:V.R. Nedunchezhiyan.jpg|100px]]
| 24 December 1987
| 7 January 1988
| 14 days
| [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]
| [[Second Nedunchezhiyan ministry|Nedunchezhiyan II]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 2
| [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]] (1924–1996)
| [[File:VNJanaki.jpg|100px]]
| 7 January 1988
| 30 January 1988
| 23 days
| ''Did not contest''
| [[Janaki Ramachandran ministry|Janaki]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="6" | 3
| rowspan ="6" | [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (1948–2016)
| rowspan ="6" | [[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
| 24 June 1991
| 12 May 1996
| rowspan ="6" | 14 years, 124 days
| 10th
| [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| [[First Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa I]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 14 May 2001
| 21 September 2001
| rowspan ="2" | [[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]
| ''Did not contest''
| [[Second Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa II]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 2 March 2002
| 12 May 2006
| [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa III]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 16 May 2011
| 27 September 2014
| rowspan ="2" | [[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]
| [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa IV]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 23 May 2015
| 22 May 2016
| rowspan ="2" | [[Radhakrishnan Nagar|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| [[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa V]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 23 May 2016
| 5 December 2016
| [[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]
| [[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa VI]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="3" | 4
| rowspan ="3" | [[O. Panneerselvam]] (1951–)
| rowspan ="3" | [[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
| 21 September 2001
| 2 March 2002
| rowspan ="3" | 1 year, 106 days
| [[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]
| [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| [[First Panneerselvam ministry|Panneerselvam I]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 28 September 2014
| 23 May 2015
| [[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]
| rowspan ="2" | [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| [[Second Panneerselvam ministry|Panneerselvam II]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 5 December 2016
| 15 February 2017
| rowspan ="2" | [[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]
| [[Third Panneerselvam ministry|Panneerselvam III]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 5
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] (1954–)
| [[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
| 16 February 2017
| 6 May 2021
| 4 years, 79 days
| [[Edappadi (state assembly constituency)|Edappadi]]
| [[Palaniswami ministry|Palaniswami]]
|}

'''Chief Minister of Puducherry'''
{{see|List of chief ministers of Puducherry}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assembly
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Ministry
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="2" | 1
| rowspan ="2" | [[Subramanyan Ramaswamy]] (1939–2017)
| rowspan ="2" | [[File:Subramanyan_Ramaswamy.jpg|100px]]
| 6 March 1974
| 27 March 1974
| rowspan ="2" | 1 year, 153 days
| 3rd
| rowspan ="2" | [[Karaikal South (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Karaikal South]]
| Ramaswamy I
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 2 July 1977
| 11 November 1978
| 4th
| Ramaswamy II
|}

===List of deputy chief minister===
'''Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu'''
{{see|List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assembly
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Chief Minister
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[O. Panneerselvam]] (1951–)
| [[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
| 21 August 2017
| 6 May 2021
| {{age in years and days|2017|08|21|2021|05|06}}
| [[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]
| [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|}

===List of deputy speaker of the Lok Sabha===
{{see|Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Lok Sabha
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
! rowspan ="3" colspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Speaker
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="2" | 1
| rowspan ="2" | [[M. Thambidurai]] (1947–)
| rowspan ="2" | [[File:MThambidurai.jpg|100px]]
| 22 January 1985
| 27 November 1989
| rowspan ="2" | 9 years, 229 days
| [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
| [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
| [[Balram Jakhar]]
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 13 August 2014
| 25 May 2019
| [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
| [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
| [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
|}

===List of leaders of the opposition===
'''Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly'''
{{see|List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assembly
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan ="2" | 1
| rowspan ="2" | [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (1948–2016)
| rowspan ="2" | [[File:J_Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
| 9 February 1989
| 1 December 1989
| rowspan ="2" | 5 years, 280 days
| 9th
| [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 29 May 2006
| 14 May 2011
| [[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]
| [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 2
| S. R. Eradha (1934–2020)
| [[File:S.R.Radha.jpg|100px]]
| 1 December 1989
| 19 January 1991
| 1 year, 49 days
| 9th
| [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 3
| [[O. Panneerselvam]] (1951–)
| [[File:O._Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
| 19 May 2006
| 28 May 2006
| 9 days
| [[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]
| [[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 4
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] (1954–)
| [[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
| 11 May 2021
| ''[[Incumbent]]''
| {{age in years and days|2021|05|11}}
| [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
| [[Edappadi (state assembly constituency)|Edappadi]]
|}

''' Leader of the Opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="5" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assembly
! rowspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| P. K. Loganathan (1938–2013)
| [[File:No_image_available.svg|100px]]
| 16 March 1985
| 4 March 1990
| 4 years, 353 days
| 6th
| [[Oupalam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Oupalam]]
|}

===List of deputy leader of the opposition===
'''Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | No.
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assembly
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Constituency
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Leader of the Opposition
|-
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Left Office
! style="background-color:#007500; color:white" | Time in Office
|-
|- style="text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[O. Panneerselvam]] (1951–)
| [[File:O._Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
| 14 June 2021
| ''[[Incumbent]]''
| {{age in years and days|2021|06|14}}
| [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
| [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|first= M. L.|last=Ahuja|title=Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998|year=1998|publisher=Mittal Publication |location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-711-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA358|ref=Ahuja}}.
* {{Citation|first= Atul|last=Kohli|title=Democracy and discontent: India's growing crisis of governability|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Canada|isbn=0-521-39692-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_jy1S-77c4C&q=ADMK&pg=PA174|ref=Kohli}}.
* {{Citation|first= Geetha Kamalakshi|last=Mahendra Singh|title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005|year=2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7625-647-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&q=admk&pg=PA413|ref=Mahendra Singh}}.
* {{Citation|first= Geetha Kamalakshi |last=Murali|author2=University of California, Berkeley|title=Tracing the signs: Voter mobilization and the functionality of ideas in ...|year=2007|location=MI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb2PDvlu30IC&pg=PA82|ref=Murali|isbn=9780549737612}}.
* {{Citation |last=Sinha|first=Aseema |title=The regional roots of developmental politics in India: a divided leviathan|year=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=IN, USA |isbn=0-253-34404-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R81Hix0l980C&pg=PA107|ref=Sinha}}.
* {{Citation |last=Thol|first=Thirumaavalavan|author2=Meena Kandaswamy |title=Uproot Hindutva: the fiery voice of the liberation panthers|location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85604-79-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfNRO-LtsN4C&q=kumbakonam+stampede&pg=PA14|ref=Thol|year=2004}}.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.jayanetwork.in/Index.asp|title=Jaya Network|publisher=Jaya Network| access-date=17 January 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107150536/http://www.jayanetwork.in/index.asp | archive-date=7 January 2012 | df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite web| url=http://drnamadhumgr.com/mgr/pages/index.jsp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119000347/http://drnamadhumgr.com/mgr/pages/index.jsp| url-status=dead| archive-date=19 November 2010| title=Dr. Namathu M.G.R.| publisher=Dr. Namathu M.G.R.| access-date=17 January 2012}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official}}
{{Dravidian politics-hor}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| ]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Democratic socialist parties in Asia]]
[[Category:State political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State political parties in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Populist parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1972]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]

V. K. Sasikala

2022-02-19T05:46:57Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Temporary expulsion from AIADMK */

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. K. Sasikala
| image = VK Sasikala.jpg
| caption =
| office = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 20 August 2017
| deputy = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| predecessor = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| successor = ''position abolished''
| birth_name = Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|08|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras State]] (present day [[Tamil Nadu]]), India 
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nickname = {{hlist|Puratchi Thaai|Chinnamma|Singa Thaaragai}} | website = {{url|http://puratchithaai.com/}}| spouse = {{Marriage|M. Natarajan|1973|2018|end=death}}
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Vivekanandan Saluvar|Krishnaveni}}
| relatives = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] (Nephew)
}}
'''Vivekanandan Krishnaveni Sasikala''' (born 18 August 1954), also known by her married name '''Sasikala Natarajan''', is an Indian businesswoman and politician who served as the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK),a Dravidian party whose cadre revered her as their "Chinnamma" (Mother's sister) "Puratchi Thaai" (Revolutionary mother). She was a close aide of [[J. Jayalalithaa]], the late [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], who headed the AIADMK from 1989 until her death in 2016. After Jayalalithaa's death, the party's general council elected her as the secretary general of AIADMK. In 2001, Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced and appointed O. Panneerselvam as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu He Was Suggested By VK Sasikala And In 2017,Before going to Parapana Agharaha Jail, V.K.Sasikala appointed Edappadi Palanisamy as Chief Minister of Tamilnadu. But O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy and his few Ministers betrayed her and removed her from the post and expelled her from the party on 20 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/29/aiadmk-unanimously-elects-sasikala-as-the-party-general-secretary-1554145--1.html | title=AIADMK unanimously elects Sasikala as the party general secretary | newspaper=[[New Indian Express]] | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sasikala-has-accepted-aiadmk-general-secretary-post-paneerselvam-says/articleshow/56233725.cms | title=Sasikala has accepted AIADMK general secretary post, Paneerselvam says | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Julie Mariappan | date=29 December 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref> After her expulsion she approached Chennai court over her removal as AIADMK General Secretary. This case is still pending for the Judgement <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/07/14143010/1306675/Sasikala-holds-legal-discussions-related-to-AIADMK-.vpf| title=Sasikala holds legal discussions related to AIADMK general secretary case| publisher=[[DT Next]] | work=Editor | date=14 July 2021 | accessdate=23 October 2021}}</ref>

Sasikala was backbone for former Tamilnadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa. On 14 February 2017, a two-bench Supreme Court jury pronounced her guilty and ordered her immediate arrest in a disproportionate-assets case, effectively ending her chief ministerial ambitions. She was released in January 2021, and announced that till Tamilnadu General Election 2021 she will be calm for the good for the AIADMK party, but as AIADMK lost this election with O Pannerselvam And Edappadi Palanisamy, Sasikala was in pulled into the situation to start her second innings in the political journey.

== Early life ==

Sasikala was born in a Tamil family from [[Chennai]] who later moved to [[Mannargudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/female-don-how-vk-sasikala-and-mannargudi-mafia-strengtherned-their-clout/story-qPqGAe7vBZ4HbUqwRIJWpL.html|title=How Sasikala and 'Mannargudi mafia' strengthened clout in Tamil Nadu power play}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise of Chinnamma|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170220-sasikala-chinnamma-panneerselvam-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-985733-2017-02-11|access-date=2020-12-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Her marriage to M. Natarajan was presided over by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader [[Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/importance-of-being-sasikala-will-jayalalithaa-s-confidante-be-her-heir-1481032645.html |title=Importance of being Sasikala: Will Jayalalithaa's confidante be her heir? |author=Akash Bisht |publisher=CatchNews |date=6 December 2016 }}</ref> Her husband, was a public relations officer in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], who worked closely with the [[District Collector]] of [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who in turn was very close to Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. This helped Sasikala in gaining the friendship of [[Jayalalithaa]] and shaped her further life.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Raj|title=The complete story of Jayalalithaa and Sasikala Natarajan|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/the-complete-story-of-jayalalithaa-and-sasikala-natarajan-12762.html?page=3|website=indiatvnews.com|publisher=India TV News|access-date=2014-07-07}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early Career ===

In the early 1980s, through [[V. S. Chandralekha]], who was then the [[District Collector]] of [[South Arcot]], and a friend of [[M.Natarajan]], Sasikala gained acquaintance with Jayalalithaa, who was then the Propaganda Secretary of the [[AIADMK]]. Since Sasikala helped in video coverage of party meetings and distribution of policies of AIADMK through CD's, Sasikala and Jayalalithaa gradually became very close.<ref>{{cite news|title=The many homes of Sasikala Natarajan|date=12 July 1996|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1996/0712shob.htm|first=Shobha|last=Warrier|work=Rediff}}</ref> After MGR's Death Sasikala Only with Jayalalitha.After, JJ Become General Secretary Of Aiadmk And Chief Minister Of Tamil Nadu, Sasikala Become a Powercentre.Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son VN Sudhakaran (VK Sasikala's elder sister son) in 1995. In the 1996 election,AIADMK defeated ;The new Karunanidhi government filed several corruption cases against her and JJ.In June 20 1996,Sasikala Was arrested for some cases,she had to spend 1 year in jail.in 1997 she was realsed.In 1999,Jayalalithaa appeared in an episode of Rendezvous with Simi Garewal,She tells 'Sasikala Will My Second Mother'.In 2001,Jayalalithaa was disqualified from holding office and forced ,Sasikala Was Suggested [[O. Panneerselvam]] as Chief Minister.In 2006,Sasikala Become Aiadmk General Council Member.

=== Temporary expulsion from AIADMK ===
27 August 1996, Jayalalitha Expelled his long time- associate Sasikala And quoted,'I and Sasikala no longer have any relationship I am most indebted to my friend for giving me spiritual prosperity and love during my difficult times. But I feel that the party is more important than a few individuals as I am compelled to stay away from Sasikala and Sudhakaran completely from you if the party members change'.After 1997 July Sasikala Relesed She Said,“Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Karunanidhi and Union Finance Minister P. Chidambaram acted to seek revenge on Sasikala. He was retaliated against for the sole reason that Sasikala was close to me. Sasikala was not the cause of the 1996 election defeat. I had to break up with Sasikala, who had been with me during the ups and downs of my life, because of issues raised by my opponents within the party. ”On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled Sasikala and 13 others including Sasikala's husband [[M. Natarajan]], [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], their relatives, and Jayalalithaa's foster son V. N. Sudhakaran from the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ | title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK | work=IndianExpress | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=2011-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='I don't know for how many days Sasikala's expulsion will last'|work=Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-dont-know-how-many-days-the-expulsion-will-last-chandralekha/20111222.htm|date=22 December 2011|first=Shobha|last=Warrier}}</ref> This act of Jayalalithaa was considered a way to prove that she was not under the influence of Sasikala and her family. The matter was resolved by 31 March 2012, when Sasikala Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>

=== General Secretary of AIADMK ===
In a meeting held on 29 December 2016 – the first meeting after Jayalalithaa's death on 5 December 2016 – the AIADMK general council selected Sasikala as the party's general secretary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece |title= V.K. Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/12/31/spent-33-years-looking-after-amma-sasikala-first-public-speech-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-chennai |title=Spent 33 Years Looking After Amma: Sasikala's First Public Speech |work=The Quint|date=31 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/vk-sasikala-asked-to-explain-her-appointment-as-general-secretary-in-aiadmk-1660722|title=VK Sasikala Asked To Explain Her Appointment As General Secretary In AIADMK|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref>

=== Chief Minister Elect of Tamil Nadu ===
On 5 February 2017, Sasikala was unanimously elected as the AIADMK Legislature Party Leader by a meeting of all the MLAs in the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sasikala-set-to-become-tamil-nadu-chief-minister/article17197392.ece1?google_editors_picks=true|title=Sasikala set to become Tamil Nadu Chief Minister|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sasikala-natarajan-appointed-legislative-party-leader-of-aiadmk-tamil-nadu-chennai-chief-minister/|title=Sasikala Natarajan appointed as Legislature Party Leader, set to become Chief Minister}}</ref>
Tamil Nadu Governor [[Ch. Vidyasagar Rao]] accepted the resignation of Chief Minister [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 6 February 2017, and instructed him to continue to function as acting Chief Minister "until alternate arrangements are made". The Governor delayed announcing VK Sasikala as the new Chief Minister, waiting for the verdict of the disproportionate assets case on her. On February 14, 2017, VK Sasikala was convicted and sentenced to 4 years sentence in [[Bengaluru]]'s Parappana Agrahara Jail and gave her 24 hours to surrender. The governor, then rejected her claims to become Chief Minister. VK Sasikala then convened the party's MLA council in her capacity as the General Secretary. There,She announced [[Edappadi K. Palanisamy]] was unanimously appointed as the new Chief Minister and he was sworn in the next day.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-governor-accepts-resignation-of-cm-o-panneerselvam-and-his-council-of-ministers/article9523821.ece|title=Governor accepts CMs resignation|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Expulsion ===
On August 21, 2017, it was reported that the AIADMK faction loyal to Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], had decided to merge with the faction of [[O. Panneerselvam]], and expel Sasikala as the General Secretary as it was one of the key demands for the merger.<ref name="ccc">{{cite web |title=Sasikala to be expelled from AIADMK, OPS settles for deputy CM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-be-expelled-aiadmk-ops-settles-deputy-cm-67147 |website=The News Minute |access-date=1 December 2018 |date=21 August 2017}}</ref> It was reported on August 28 that Sasikala had been expelled during a party meeting,<ref>{{cite web |last1=NARASIMHAN |first1=T. E. |title=Ruling AIADMK expels Sasikala & Dhinakaran, plans to retrieve Jaya TV |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ruling-aiadmk-expels-sasikala-dhinakaran-plans-to-retrieve-jaya-tv-117082800333_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=28 August 2017}}</ref> but this was later clarified to be not true. Among the resolutions passed, the AIADMK declared that Sasikala's appointment as general secretary was disputable and as such, T. T. V. Dhinakaran's appointment as deputy general secretary, as well as his decisions were cancelled. It also decided to celebrate [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s birth centenary in a lavish manner and keep the party united.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madhav |first1=Pramodh |title=Sasikala still not expelled after meeting of merged AIADMK factions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-edappadi-k-palaniswami-o-panneerselvam-resolutions-vk-sasikala-ttv-dinakaran-tamil-nadu-1033064-2017-08-28 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

On September 12, the AIADMK general council decided to cancel Sasikala's appointment as general secretary and expelled her from the party, though officials appointed to party posts by her were allowed to continue discharging their functions. Instead, the late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of AIADMK.<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Reentering in politics===
The expulsion of Sasikala and her family led to the new parties in 2018 [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]] And [[Anna Dravidar Kazhagam]].[[T.T.V.Dhinakaran]] And [[V.K.Dhivakaran]] was the general secretaries of that parties.<ref name="DMK">{{cite web |title=T.T.V. Dhinakaran launches Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|url=www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ttv-dhinakaran-announces-party-name/article23250847./amp/|website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

After being released from jail, Sasikala announced her intention to return to active politics in February 2021. On March 3 however, she announced her decision to quit politics.<ref>{{cite web |title=V K Sasikala says she is quitting politics ahead of Tamil Nadu polls|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/v-k-sasikala-says-she-is-quitting-politics-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-polls-11614787477346.html |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>After that, Sasikala, who was talking to her supporters on her cell phone, went to the memorial of J.Jayalalithaa on October 16, 2021 and started a week-long political tour after paying tribute.

== Conviction ==
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}
On 14 February 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] found Sasikala and her co-accused — Ilavarasi (her sister-in-law) and V. N. Sudhakaran (her nephew) — guilty of conspiring, laundering and amassing illicit wealth worth about {{INRConvert|66.44|c|year=1996}} in the 1990s in a criminal conspiracy with Jayalalithaa. The three were sentenced to a four-year jail term.<ref name="shell">{{Cite news|last1=Ushinor|first1=Majumdar|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/what-the-sc-said-about-jayalalithaa-she-was-the-source-of-funds-for-shell-compan/297959|title=What The SC Said About Jayalalithaa: She Was The Source Of Funds For Shell Companies|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> This restored ''[[in toto]]'' her earlier conviction in the case<ref name="toto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|title=Jayalalithaa, Sasikala criminally conspired at Poes Garden to launder ill-gotten wealth: SC|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214124736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-Sasikala-criminally-conspired-at-Poes-Garden-to-launder-ill-gotten-wealth-SC/article17301596.ece|archive-date=14 February 2017|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> delivered on 27 September 2014,<ref name="original">{{cite news|title=Justice John D'Cunha: The no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807225107/http://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-john-dcunha-the-no-nonsense-judge-who-convicted-jayalalithaa-1732877.html|archive-date=7 August 2016|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref> sentencing a four-year jail term to her and her relatives, in addition to imposing a fine of {{INRConvert|10|c}} each.<ref name="cunha">{{cite news|last1=Prathima|first1=Nandakumar|title=Justice D'Cunha: A no-nonsense judge who convicted Jayalalithaa, Sasikala in 2014|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html|access-date=2017-02-26|work=[[The Week (India)|The Week]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062812/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/justice-d-cunha-jayalalithaa-sasikala-da-case.html}}</ref> The judgment stipulated that she and her accomplices would serve an additional 12 months in prison if they failed to pay the fine.<ref name="judgement">{{cite web|last1=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|last2=Amitava Roy|title=Crl.A.Nos.300–303 of 2017 etc. State of Karnataka Vs. Selvi J.Jayalalitha and Ors. (Judgment in Disproportionate Assets Case) [PDF] – 14-02-2017|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|website=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=2017-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227132148/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/FileServer/2017-02-14_1487056122.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2017|page=70|date=14 February 2017|author1-link=Pinaki Chandra Ghose|author2-link=Amitava Roy}}</ref>

The Supreme Court refused her plea to surrender after a fortnight and to be allowed to have food from home,<ref name="down">{{cite news|title=Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru, sent to jail|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218204644/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/sasikala-surrenders-in-bengaluru-sent-to-jail/364491.html|archive-date=18 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]/[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref> so Sasikala and Ilavarasi presented themselves for imprisonment on 15 February 2017.<ref name="surrender">{{cite news|title=V K Sasikala surrenders in Bengaluru court|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|access-date=2017-02-27|work=[[Business Line]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227114808/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sasikala-leaves-for-bengaluru-to-surrender-in-court/article9544368.ece|archive-date=27 February 2017|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> She was released on 27 January 2021 after completion of her term, though being kept at [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] for treatment of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|title=V.K. Sasikala released from prison after serving 4-year term|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vk-sasikala-aide-of-the-former-tn-cm-late-jayalalithaa-released-from-prison-after-serving-4-year-jail-term/article33673396.ece|access-date=2021-03-03|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2021|location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref>

== In Popular Culture ==
In [[Queen (web series)|Queen Web Series]] Directed By [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Gautham Meon]] [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] Played a Role 'Suryakala' (2019).Also In [[Thalaivii|Thalaivi]] Movie Directed By [[A. L. Vijay|AL Vijay]] [[Shamna Kasim]] Played a Role 'Sasi' (2021). First In Thalaivi Movie [[Priyamani]] And [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the role of Sasikala.Titled The Iron Lady, Director Priyadhaarshini,the assistant director of [[Mysskin]].[[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the Jayalalitha's role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a role for the character of Sasikala.Sasilalitha,Director K Jagadeswara Reddy [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play Jayalalithaa and Sasikala.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasikala, V. K.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]
[[Category:Indian politicians disqualified from office]]
[[Category:Indian money launderers]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]

Mononymously

2022-02-19T05:45:27Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Gallery */

{{short description|Individual who is known and addressed by a single name}}
[[File:Head Platon Glyptothek Munich 548.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Plato]], Greek philosopher]]

A '''mononymous person''' is an individual who is known and addressed by a single name, or mononym.{{efn|From the [[Greek language|Greek]] μόνος, ''mónos'' ("single"), and ὄνομα, ''ónoma'' ("name"). [[Noun]]: "mononym"; [[adverb]]: "mononymously"; [[verb]]: "mononymize"; [[abstract noun]]: "mononymity".<ref>See {{cite web|url=http://wordsmith.org/awad/archives/0503|title=mononym|date=2003-05-06|publisher=A Word a Day|access-date=2008-07-09}}</ref>}}{{efn|"[[Mononym]]" is defined in ''[[The Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (2nd edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989, volume IX, p. 1023) as "A term consisting of one word only […] Hence ''mononymic'' […] a[djective], consisting of a mononym or mononyms; ''mononymy'' […], a mononymic system; ''mononymize'' v[erb], to convert into a mononym; whence ''mononymization''." The term is attested in the English language as early as 1872.}} In some cases, that name has been selected by the individual, who may have originally been given a [[:Wiktionary:polynym|polynym]] ("multiple name"). In other cases, it has been determined by the custom of the country{{efn|For example, [[Javanese name]]s traditionally are mononymic.}} or by some interested segment. In the case of historical figures, it may be the only one of the individual's names that has survived and is still known today.

Most Afghans have no surname; it is also common to have no surname in Bhutan, Indonesia, Myanmar, and the south of India.<ref>[[National Public Radio]] report of 18 May 2009 about civilian Afghan victims of U.S. [[Drone aircraft|drone-aircraft]] bombings in the U.S.-[[Taliban]] war. [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104228704]</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Antiquity ==
[[File:King Narmer.jpg|thumb|[[Narmer]], ancient Egyptian pharaoh]]

The structure of persons' names has varied across time and geography. In some societies, individuals have been mononymous, receiving only a single name. [[Alulim]], first king of [[Sumer]], is one of the earliest names known; [[Narmer]], an [[ancient Egypt]]ian [[pharaoh]], is another. In addition, Biblical names like [[Adam]], [[Eve]], [[Moses]], or [[Abraham]], were typically mononymous, as were names in the surrounding cultures of the [[Fertile Crescent]].

[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] names like [[Heracles]], [[Homer]], [[Socrates]], and [[Aristotle]], also follow the pattern, with [[epithet]]s (similar to second names) only used subsequently by historians to avoid confusion, as in the case of [[Zeno the Stoic]] and [[Zeno of Elea]]; likewise, [[patronymic]]s or other biographic details (such as [[Polis|city]] of origin, or another place name or occupation the individual was associated with) were used to specify whom one was talking about, but these details were not considered part of the name.

A departure from this custom occurred, for example, among the [[ancient Rome|Romans]], who by the [[Roman Republic|Republican]] period and throughout the [[Roman Empire|Imperial]] period [[Tria nomina|used multiple names]]: a male citizen's name comprised three parts (this was mostly typical of the upper class, while others would usually have only two names): ''[[praenomen]]'' (given name), ''[[Roman naming conventions|nomen]]'' (clan name) and ''[[cognomen]]'' (family line within the clan) — the ''nomen'' and ''cognomen'' were almost always hereditary.<ref>[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ''Dictionary of the Bible'', p. 2060.</ref> Famous ancient Roman mononymous figures include [[Hercules]], [[Cicero]] and [[Terence]]. [[Roman emperor]]s, such as [[Augustus]], [[Caligula]], and [[Nero]], are also often referred to in English by mononyms.

Mononyms in other ancient cultures include [[Hannibal]], [[Confucius]], the [[Celts|Celtic]] queen [[Boudica]] and the [[Numidia]]n king [[Jugurtha]]. However, the historical records of some of these figures are scanty or rely completely on the documentation of those outside the person's culture, so it is possible such figures may have had other names within their own cultures that have since been lost to history.

==Medieval uses==

===Europe===
During the [[early Middle Ages]], mononymity slowly declined, with northern and eastern Europe keeping the tradition longer than the south; an example is [[Edeko]], the [[Germanic peoples|East Germanic]] chieftain whose son ruled Italy as [[Flavius Odoacer]]. By the end of the period, surnames had become commonplace: [[Edmund Ironside]], for example, ruled England (although Ironside was an epithet added later in life), [[Brian Boru]] was [[High King of Ireland]], [[Kenneth MacAlpin]] had united Scotland, and even in [[Scandinavia]] surnames were taking hold. The [[Dutch Renaissance]] scholar and theologian [[Erasmus]] is a late example of mononymity; though sometimes referred to as "Desiderius Erasmus" or "Erasmus of Rotterdam", he was christened only as "Erasmus", after the [[martyr]] [[Erasmus of Formiae]].

Composers in the {{lang|la|[[ars nova]]}} and {{lang|la|[[ars subtilior]]}} styles of late [[medieval music]] were often known mononymously—potentially because their names were [[sobriquet]]s—such as, [[Borlet]], [[Egardus]], [[Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)|Egidius]], [[Grimace (composer)|Grimace]], [[Solage]], [[Trebor (composer)|Trebor]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Leach |first=Elizabeth Eva |authorlink=Elizabeth Eva Leach |editor-last=Finscher |editor-first=Ludwig |editor-link=Ludwig Finscher |year=2002 |encyclopedia=[[Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart]] |title=Grimace, Magister Grimache, Grymace |volume=8 |publisher=[[Bärenreiter]] |location=Kassel, Germany |pages=40–42 |isbn=978-3-476-41020-7 |url=https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/grimace-magister-grimache-grymace(52ba3e10-6390-492d-9533-c57aea00ebe6).html }}</ref>

===The Americas===
[[File:Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe 1616.jpg|thumb|[[Pocahontas]], Native American princess]]

Between Columbus' arrival in the New World and the late 19th century, prominent [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples in the Americas]] were mononymous. Examples include [[Moctezuma I|Moctezuma]] (Mexico, 1398–1469), [[Anacaona]] (Haiti, 1464–1504), [[Agüeybaná I|Agüeybaná]] (Puerto Rico, died 1510), [[Diriangen|Diriangén]] (Nicaragua, died 1523), [[Urracá]] (Panama, died 1531), [[Guamá]] (Cuba, died 1532), [[Atahualpa]] (Peru, 1497–1533), [[Lempira (Lenca ruler)|Lempira]] (Honduras, died 1537), [[Lautaro (toqui)|Lautaro]] (Chile, 1534–1557), [[Tamanaco]] (Venezuela, died 1573), [[Pocahontas]] (United States, 1595–1617), [[Auoindaon]] (Canada, fl. 1623), [[Cangapol]] (Argentina, fl. 1735), and [[Tecumseh]] (United States, 1768–1813).

Uniquely, the Dutch-Seneca diplomat [[Cornplanter]] received both a [[Seneca language|Seneca-language]] mononym (Kaintwakon, roughly "corn-planter") from his mother and a given name and surname (John Abeel) from his father, and he used both throughout his life. His later descendants, such as [[Jesse Cornplanter]], used "Cornplanter" as the family name instead of "Abeel".

In the 19th century, most chiefs involved in the [[Apache Wars]] had mononym birth names, and some replaced those with mononymous nicknames: [[Geronimo]] (born Goyaałé), [[Victorio]] (born Beduiat), [[Cochise]], and so on.

==Post-medieval uses==
Since the medieval period, mononyms in the West have almost exclusively been used to identify people who already had surnames. These [[nickname]]s were either adopted by the persons themselves or conferred by contemporaries.

===France===
[[File:Pierre Mignard - Portrait de Jean-Baptiste Poquelin dit Molière (1622-1673) - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Molière]], 17th-century French dramatist]]

Some French authors have shown a preference for mononyms. In the 17th century, the dramatist and actor Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622–73) took the mononym [[stage name]] [[Molière]].

In the 18th century, François-Marie Arouet adopted the mononym [[Voltaire]], for both literary and personal use, in 1718 after his imprisonment in Paris' [[Bastille]], to mark a break with his past. The new name combined several features. It was an [[anagram]] for a [[Latin]]ized version of his family [[surname]], "Arouet, l[e] j[eune]"; it reversed the syllables of the name of a family ''[[château]]'', Airvault; and it has implications of speed and daring through similarity to French expressions such as "voltige", "volte-face" and "volatile". "Arouet" would not have served the purpose, given that name's associations with "[[Breaking wheel#Metaphorical uses|roué]]" and with an expression that meant "for thrashing".<ref>[[Richard Holmes (biographer)|Richard Holmes]], ''Sidetracks'', pp. 345–66; and "Voltaire's Grin", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', November 30, 1955, pp. 49–55.</ref>

The 19th-century French author [[Marie-Henri Beyle]] used many [[pen name]]s, most famously the mononym Stendhal, adapted from the name of the little [[Prussia]]n town of [[Stendal]], birthplace of the German art historian [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]], whom Stendhal admired.<ref>F.W.J. Hemmings, "Stendhal", ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 25, p. 680.</ref>

In the 20th century, a fourth French writer, [[Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette]] (author of ''[[Gigi (novella)|Gigi]]'', 1945), used her actual surname as her mononym pen name, Colette.<ref>Elaine Marks, "Colette", ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 7, p. 230.</ref> Some French actors and singers, including [[Patachou]] and [[Dalida]], have used their given name or surname as a stage mononym.

[[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]] (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820–1910) was an early French photographer.

===Elsewhere in Europe===
[[File:Franz Gareis - Novalis.jpg|thumb|[[Novalis]], 18th-century German philosopher]]

In the 17th and 18th centuries, most Italian [[castrato]] singers used mononyms as stage names (e.g. [[Caffarelli (castrato)|Caffarelli]], [[Farinelli]]). The German writer, mining engineer and philosopher, Georg Friedrich Philipp Freiherr von Hardenberg (1772–1801), became famous as [[Novalis]].

The 19th-century Dutch writer Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820–87), better known by his mononymous pen name [[Multatuli]] (from the [[Latin]] ''multa tuli'', "I have suffered [or ''borne''] many things"), became famous for the satirical novel, ''Max Havelaar'' (1860), in which he denounced the abuses of [[colonialism]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]).

The Dutch writer Jan Hendrik Frederik Grönloh (1882–1961) wrote under the pseudonym [[Nescio]] (Latin for "I don't know").

The 20th-century British author [[Hector Hugh Munro]] became known by his [[pen name]], Saki. In 20th-century Poland, the [[theater of the absurd|theater-of-the-absurd]] [[playwright]], novelist, [[Painting|painter]], photographer, and [[History of philosophy in Poland#20th century|philosopher]] [[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz]] after 1925 often used the mononymous pseudonym Witkacy, a [[conflation#Language|conflation]] of his surname (''Witkiewicz'') and [[middle name]] (''Ignacy'').<ref>"[[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz|Witkiewicz, Stanisław Ignacy]]", ''[[Encyklopedia Polski]]'', pp. 747–48.</ref>

A number of visual artists, such as [[Michelangelo]], [[Raphael]], [[Titian]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Caravaggio]] and [[Rembrandt]], are commonly known by mononyms. The modern Russian artist [[Erté]] formed his mononymous [[pseudonym]] from the initials of his actual name, as did the Belgian comics writers [[Hergé]] and [[Jijé]].

Italian painter [[Bernardo Bellotto]], who is now ranked as an important and original painter in his own right, traded on the mononymous pseudonym of his uncle and teacher, Antonio Canal ([[Canaletto]]), in those countries—Poland and Germany—where his famous uncle was not active, calling himself likewise "Canaletto". Bellotto remains commonly known as "Canaletto" in those countries to this day.<ref>"[[Bernardo Bellotto|Bellotto, Bernardo]]", ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 3, p. 520.</ref>

==Royalty==
[[File:Emperor Naruhito at TICAD7 (cropped) (2).jpg |thumb|[[Naruhito]], Emperor of Japan since 2019]]

[[Monarch]]s and other [[Royal family|royalty]], for example [[Napoleon]], have traditionally availed themselves of the [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privilege]] of using a mononym, modified when necessary by an [[regnal number|ordinal]] or [[epithet]] (e.g., Queen [[Elizabeth II]] or [[Charles the Great]]). This is not always the case: King [[Carl XVI Gustaf]] of Sweden has two names. While many European royals have formally sported [[Personal names#Feudal names|long chains]] of names, in practice they have tended to use only one or two and not to use [[surname]]s.{{efn|The names of a few European kings ''have'' included surname — for example, those of most of Poland's [[Monarchs of Poland|elected kings]], such as [[Stefan Batory|Stefan ''Batory'']].<ref>"Stephen Báthory", ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 3, p. 346.</ref>}}

In Japan, the emperor and his family have no surname, only a given name, such as [[Hirohito]], which in practice in Japanese is rarely used: out of respect and as a measure of politeness, Japanese prefer to say "the Emperor" or "the Crown Prince".<ref>Peter Wetzler, ''Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision-Making in Prewar Japan'', preface, University of Hawaii Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8248-1166-6}}.</ref> Following an Emperor's death or retirement, he is renamed according to the era of his reign. In India, the first six [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors were known by just one name, adopted by each emperor upon his accession.

[[Roman Catholic]] [[pope]]s have traditionally adopted a single, [[regnal name]] upon their [[List of papal elections|election]] (except for [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]] and [[Pope John Paul II|II]]). The mononymous tradition reverted to form with the election and succession of Pope [[Benedict XVI]] in 2005 and Pope [[Pope Francis|Francis]] in 2013.

==Modern times==

===Mononym-normal===
The Western practice of combining a given name ([[given name]] or [[given name|forename]]) with a family name ([[surname]]) is not universal.

Surnames were introduced in [[Turkey]] only after [[World War I]], by that country's first president, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], as part of his Westernization and modernization programs.<ref>Jan Siwmir, "''Nieziemska ziemia''" ("An Unearthly Land"), ''[[Gwiazda Polarna]]'' [The Pole Star]: ''America's oldest independent Polish-language newspaper'', Stevens Point, Wisconsin, vol. 100, no 18, August 29, 2009, p. 1.</ref> His own surname, Atatürk, which was bestowed by the Turkish parliament, means "Father Turk". Common people can be addressed semi-formally by their given name plus the title [[Bey]] or [[Khanum|Hanım]] (without surname), whereas politicians are often known by surname only ([[Bülent Ecevit|Ecevit]], [[Süleyman Demirel|Demirel]]). Many Turkish sportspeople, especially football players, wear jerseys with only their first name. (ie. [[Çağlar Söyüncü|Caglar]]).

Mononyms are also common in Indonesia for [[Javanese name|Javanese individual]]s, both prominent government figures such as former presidents [[Sukarno]] and [[Suharto]] and commoners such as [[Triyatno]].

Most Icelanders do not have surnames, only [[patronymics]] (sometimes [[matronymic]]s), and they address each other by their given name in both formal and informal situations. One such well-known artist celebrity is [[Björk]].

Some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American Indigenous]] people continue their nations' traditional naming practices, which may include the use of single names. In [[Canada]], where government policy often included the imposition of Western-style names, one of the recommendations of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada]] was for all provinces and territories to waive fees to allow Indigenous people to legally assume traditional names, including mononyms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vowel |first1=Chelsea |title=Giving my children Cree names is a powerful act of reclamation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.4887604 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=CBC News |date=4 November 2018}}</ref> In [[Ontario]], for example, it is now legally possible to change to a single name or register one at birth, for members of Indigenous nations which have a tradition of single names.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newborn Registration Service |url=https://www.orgforms.gov.on.ca/IBR/FAQ2.html#regwithsingleName |website=Service Ontario |publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

===Asia===
In modern times, in countries that have long been part of the [[East Asian cultural sphere]] (Japan, [[Korea]], [[Vietnam]] and [[China]]), mononyms are rare. An exception pertains to the [[Emperor of Japan]] (a common opinion being that there is no higher state authority to bestow the [[Japanese name|family name]] ({{lang|ja|苗字}}) to the Emperor).

Mononyms are common as [[stage name]]s in the [[entertainment industry]], usually when the performer's legal name is not publicly known; e.g., [[Ayaka]], [[Becky (television personality)|Becky]], [[Gackt]], [[Hide (musician)|hide]], [[Hyde (musician)|Hyde]], [[Mana (Japanese musician)|Mana]], [[Kamijo (musician)|Kamijo]], [[Miyavi]], [[Tsunku]], and [[Yui (singer)|Yui]]. Additionally, Japanese baseball star [[Ichiro Suzuki]] is widely known in both Japan and North America as "Ichiro". In [[Hong Kong]], a few musicians are also known by mononyms, e.g., [[Janice Vidal|Janice]],<ref name="CDbook">All Janice Vidal albums are credited mononymously as "Janice".{{Cite book
| last = Vidal
| first = Janice
| title = CD Album booklet
| publisher = Amusic
| date = 2005–2006| location = Hong Kong
| pages = cover
| url = http://www.amusic.hk/index.php?i=record
}}</ref> [[Jin (rapper)|Jin]], and [[Justin Lo]] (who uses the Chinese mononym, "{{lang|zh|側田}}"). In [[Korea]], singers such as [[BoA]], [[Shoo (singer)|Shoo]], [[Psy]], [[Jennie (singer)|Jennie]], [[Lisa (rapper)|Lisa]], [[Rosé (singer)|Rose]] and [[Jisoo (singer, born 1995)|Jisoo]] are known by their mononyms.

Mononyms continue to be used in parts of India, especially the South. [[Mayawati]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], chooses to use only a single name. Several Indian film personalities, such as [[Asin]], [[Biswajit]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Kajol]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Rajnikanth]], [[Rekha]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], are also mononymous. [[Govindjee]], Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Plant Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, an Indian-American and an authority on photosynthesis, publishes his research under his singular name. In the northeastern India state of Mizoram, most people have a single name, mostly of three syllables (e.g., Lalthansanga, Thangrikhuma, Zorinmawia). Everyone also has a tribal or clan name inherited from their father, but they do not include it in their official name.

Mononyms are also common in [[Indonesia]], especially in [[Javanese name]]s. In some cases, such as those of former Presidents [[Sukarno]] and [[Suharto]], the mononym is the full legal name. Other mononyms, such as [[Rossa (singer)|Rossa]], [[Chrisye]] and [[Tohpati]], are stage names taken from a nickname or are part of the full name.

Single names still also occur in [[Tibet]]<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4607454.ece | archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100418232856/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4607454.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 18, 2010 | work=The Times | location=London | title=Tibets most famous woman blogger Woeser detained by police | first=Jane | last=MacArtney | date=August 26, 2008 | access-date=May 13, 2010}}</ref> and [[Mongolia]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Most [[Afghanistan|Afghans]] have no [[surname]].<ref>[[National Public Radio]] report of 18 May 2009 about civilian Afghan victims of U.S. [[Drone aircraft|drone-aircraft]] bombings in the U.S.-[[Taliban]] war. [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104228704]</ref>

In [[Thailand]], people usually address each other in informal situations by nicknames ({{lang-th|ชึ่อเล่น|translit=chue-len}}). Given by parents or relatives in early childhood, these nicknames are typically one syllable (or worn down from two syllables to one). They may often be nonsense words or humorous, and usually have no relation to the person's actual name, although in some cases may be diminutive forms of their first name, like "Nok" for "Noknoi" which means respectively bird and little bird, the first used as nickname and the second being the first name. Many Thais have such a name, even the [[Thai royal family|royal family]], and they are freely used in everyday life.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

In [[Bhutan]], most people use either only one name or a combination of two personal names typically given by a Buddhist monk. There are no inherited family names, but instead Bhutanese differentiate themselves with nicknames or prefixes.<ref>Hickok, John. Serving Library Users from Asia: a Comprehensive Handbook of Country-Specific Information and Outreach Resources. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019., p.588</ref>

Mononyms are common in [[Myanmar]]. [[U Thant]], a Myanmar diplomat, was the third [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (1961–71). "U" is an honorific in [[Burmese language|Burmese]], roughly equal to "Mr". "''Thant''" was his only name, per local convention. In Myanmar, he was known as ''Pantanaw U Thant'', in reference to his hometown, [[Pantanaw]].

In the [[Near East]]'s [[Arab]] world, the Syrian poet Ali Ahmad Said Esber (born 1930) at age 17 adopted the mononym pseudonym, [[Adunis]], sometimes also spelled "Adonis". A perennial contender for the Nobel Prize in literature, he has been described as the greatest living poet of the Arab world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jan/27/adonis-syrian-poet-life-in-writing|title=Adonis: a life in writing|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian Media Group|date=27 January 2012|access-date=27 January 2012|quote=each autumn is credibly tipped for the Nobel in literature}}</ref>

==== South Indian film industry ====
[[Cinema of South India|South Indian film-industry]] actors have, since inception, adopted the practice of being known mononymously by their first names. In case of any resemblance, for professional purposes they adopt a different given name, use a [[patronymic]] surname, or use a fan-given title. This practice is reportedly to keep [[Caste system in India|caste]] factors at bay. This norm is prevalent across languages.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Some notable mononymous stars, among many others, include [[Rajkumar (actor)|Rajkumar]], [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Asin]], [[Malashri]], [[Darshan (actor)|Darshan]], [[Sudeep]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Prabhas]], [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Divya Spandana|Ramya]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], and [[Sridevi]].

===The West===
In the West, mononymity, as well as its use by royals in conjunction with titles, has been primarily a privilege of [[celebrity|famous]] persons such as prominent writers, [[artist]]s, [[entertainer]]s, musicians and [[athlete]]s.{{efn|"A mononym is a name consisting of a single word. They are generally favored by celebrities of sufficient stature to be identified in this way, such as [[Madonna]], [[Pelé]]."<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/mononym] "Mononym", on Answers.com</ref>}}{{efn|A [[Paris Hilton]] [[lookalike]], [[Chantelle Houghton]], nicknamed "[[Paris Travelodge]]", became famous "for not being famous" after winning an extraordinary ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]''. Lucy Rock writes: "It is a select band. Madonna, [[Diego Maradona|Maradona]], [[Pelé]], [[Thalía]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]... even, possibly, [[Katie Price|Jordan]]. People who wear their fame with such confidence that they have dispensed with the... concerns of having more than one name. They are the '''mononym brigade'''. Now there is one more.... Chantelle is... the apotheosis of that celebrity narrative that first gave us people who were famous for being good at something. Then came the people who were famous for simply... being famous. Now there is Chantelle, who is famous for not being famous at all."<ref>Lucy Rock, "From Nobody Much to Someone Special", ''[[The Observer]]'', January 29, 2006 [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jan/29/broadcasting.bigbrother]</ref>}}

Some persons, such as the artists [[Vincent van Gogh|Vincent]] and [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude|Christo]], the sculptor [[Chryssa]], and the singer-songwriter [[Basia]], have had polynymous names that were unwieldy, or unfamiliar and difficult to remember or to pronounce in the community in which they were active, but have not wanted to entirely change their names to something more familiar to the broad public at the cost of abandoning their sense of [[self-identification]], and so have used only a single part of their full names.

The case of the Icelandic musician [[Björk]] is similar, but her use of a single name also has roots in her native culture. Like most Icelanders, she [[Icelandic name|has no family name]]; the second part of her full name is a patronymic. In her case, ''Björk Guðmundsdóttir'' literally translates to "''Björk, Guðmundur's daughter''". Icelanders generally address one another solely by given names even in formal settings.

Some mononym stage names are the performer's [[given name]] (e.g., [[Marina Diamandis|Marina]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[Shakira]], [[Adele]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Elvis]], [[Usher (musician)|Usher]], [[Selena]], [[Cher]], [[Madonna]], [[Kylie Minogue|Kylie]], [[Beyoncé]]). Others may be the performer's [[middle name]] (e.g., [[Rihanna]], [[Drake (musician)|Drake]]) or [[surname]] (e.g. [[Teller (magician)|Teller]], [[Liberace]], [[Mantovani]], [[Morrissey]]). Some mononym stage names are invented (e.g. [[Eminem]], [[Future (rapper)|Future]], [[Lorde]]), adopted words (e.g. [[Capucine]], French for "[[Tropaeolum|nasturtium]]") or nicknames (e.g., [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Bono]], [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]).

In [[Lusophone]] countries such as [[Portugal]], [[Cape Verde]] and especially [[Brazil]], football players often adopt a mononym (e.g. [[Pelé]], [[Nani (footballer)|Nani]], [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]], [[Eusébio]], [[Marta (footballer)|Marta]]). In Spain, mononyms for football players are also common; they include the player's first name ([[Xavi]], [[Sergi Barjuán|Sergi]], [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]]), derivations of the player's surname ([[Ferran Corominas|Coro]], [[Guti (Spanish footballer)|Guti]]), derivations of the player's first name ([[Juanfran (footballer, born 1985)|Juanfran]], [[Kiko (footballer, born 1972)|Kiko]]), diminutives ([[Juanito (footballer, born 1976)|Juanito]], [[Mista (footballer)|Mista]]), and nicknames ([[Míchel (footballer, born 1963)|Michel]], [[Arteaga (footballer)|Arteaga]], [[Arzu (footballer)|Arzu]]). Because a large number of Spaniards have the same last names (García, Pérez, López, Hernández), the use of mononyms makes it easier to distinguish between the many Garcías and Pérezes on each team. Mononyms are occasionally used by players from other countries, for example the [[Venezuela]]n [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]], the [[Ivory Coast|Ivorian]] [[Gervinho]] and the [[Serbia]]n-born [[United States|American]] [[Preki]]. Mononyms can be seen in other sports in these countries, with examples including Brazilian basketball players [[Hortência Marcari|Hortência]] and [[Nenê]].

In Brazil, former president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] is known as "Lula", a nickname he officially added to his full name. Such mononyms, which take their origin in [[given name]]s, [[surname]]s or [[nickname]]s, are used because [[Portuguese names]] tend to be rather long.

The American writer of non-fiction and fiction [[Rodney William Whitaker]] (1931–2005) is best known for some novels that he wrote under a mononym [[pen name]], Trevanian. The Armenian-Canadian [[portrait photographer]] [[Yousuf Karsh]] was commonly known as "Karsh of [[Ottawa]]".

The [[comedian]] and [[illusionist]] [[Teller (entertainer)|Teller]], the silent half of the duo [[Penn & Teller]], legally changed his original polynym, Raymond Joseph Teller, to the mononym "Teller" and possesses a [[United States passport]] issued in that single name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/home/2007-11-15-teller-at-home_N.htm|title=At home: Teller's magical Vegas retreat speaks volumes|work=[[USA Today]]|author=della Cava, Marco R.|date=2007-11-16|access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2012/04/12/penn-and-teller-gerard-bakardy-rose-shadows-trick/|title=Penn & Teller: Rogue Magician Is EXPOSING Our Secrets!!!|publisher=[[TMZ.com]]|date=2012-04-12|access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref>

The professional wrestler [[The Ultimate Warrior|Warrior]] (born James Hellwig) legally changed his name to the mononym "Warrior" in an effort to boost his standing in a trademark dispute with his employer, the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]]. His children now use the Warrior name (as opposed to Hellwig) as their surname. [[Chyna]] did likewise when the [[World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.|now-WWE]] attempted to restrict her use of the name in pornographic titles; reports conflict as to whether she changed it back to her birth name, Joan Laurer, before she died.

Some have selected their mononym themselves, when they have been able to do so, because of its distinctiveness. Others have come to be known by a mononym that has been applied to them by some segment of the public. [[Oprah Winfrey]], famed American talk show host, is usually referred to by only her first name, Oprah. The public has referred to President [[George W. Bush]] by the mononym "Dubya" ([[eye dialect]] of "W"), to distinguish him from his father, President [[George H.W. Bush|George (H.W.) Bush]].

Both mechanisms contributed in the case of [[Hillary Clinton]], who has been called, and has publicly called herself, "Hillary". [[Peter Funt]], of ''[[Candid Camera]]'', wrote in a February 21, 2007 ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' [[op-ed]] piece, "The Mononym Platform": "Someone has apparently decided that Mrs. Clinton will be the first major single-name candidate since 1952, when [[Dwight Eisenhower|Ike's]] P.R. gurus realized that 'Eisenhower' was tough to fit on a bumper sticker. ... In an apparent attempt to model her marketing on the likes of Madonna, Beyoncé and Cher, Mrs. Clinton's site proclaimed: 'Today, Hillary took the first step...'"<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/opinion/21funt.html The Mononym Platform] ''New York Times''</ref> In an interview with Clinton published by ''[[Salon.com]]'', the interviewer acknowledged receiving reader accusations of sexism whenever he referred to Clinton in print as "Hillary" (in contrast with male candidates who were almost always referred to by their last names), although he stated it was primarily to avoid confusion with her husband, President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/06/18/hillary_interview|title=Hillary's hard-won experience
|author=Walter Shapiro|work=Salon.com|date=Jun 18, 2007}}</ref>

Examples of mononyms also exist in modern popular culture. For instance, some characters on the [[NBC]] television sitcom ''[[Seinfeld]]'' are referred to only by their last names as a mononym, most prominently: [[Cosmo Kramer|Kramer]], played by [[Michael Richards]], and [[Newman (Seinfeld)|Newman]], played by [[Wayne Knight]]. Newman's name is clearly a true mononym, in that his first name is never used or even revealed. Kramer's first name, Cosmo, is revealed to the other characters and the audience, and so his name could be seen as less of a mononym. However, this does not occur until the show's sixth season, and after the revelation he is still referred to as Kramer. Additionally, on the [[ABC Studios|ABC]] television sitcom [[Home Improvement (TV series)|''Home Improvement'']], the character Wilson, played by [[Earl Hindman]], a next-door neighbor of the central characters, is only referred to as Wilson. His full name, Wilson Wilson Jr., is not revealed until the fourth season.

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=105
|height=120
|lines=4

*Note: [[Elvis]] (1935–1977) was a monononynous person

|File:F0182 Louvre Code Hammourabi Bas-relief Sb8 rwk.jpg|<center>[[Hammurabi]]</center>
|File:seated Statue of Hatshepsut MET Hatshepsut2012.jpg|<center>[[Hatshepsut]]</center>
|File:Bust Homer BM 1825.jpg|<center>[[Homer]]</center>
|File:Sappho portrait Istanbul Archaeological Museum - inv. 358 T 01.jpg|<center>[[Sappho]]</center>
|File:Confucius Tang Dynasty.jpg|<center>[[Confucius]]</center>
|File:Socrate du Louvre.jpg|<center>[[Socrates]]</center>
|File:AGMA Hérodote.jpg|<center>[[Herodotus]]</center>
|File:Aristofanes.jpg|<center>[[Aristophanes]]</center>
|File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|<center>[[Aristotle]]</center>
|File:Half Portraits of the Great Sage and Virtuous Men of Old - Meng Ke (孟軻).jpg|<center>[[Mencius]]</center>
|File:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|<center>[[Ashoka]]</center>
|File:Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg|<center>[[Cleopatra]]</center>
|File:Statue-Augustus-2.jpg|<center>[[Augustus]]</center>
|File:Cefalù Pantocrator retouched.jpg|<center>[[Jesus]]</center>
|File:Traianus Glyptothek Munich 336.jpg|<center>[[Trajan]]</center>
|File:Avicenna Portrait on Silver Vase - Museum at BuAli Sina (Avicenna) Mausoleum - Hamadan - Western Iran (7423560860).jpg|<center>[[Avicenna]]</center>
|File:Maimonides-2.jpg|<center>[[Maimonides]]</center>
|File:Rumi Vignette by User Chyah.jpg|<center>[[Rumi]]</center>
|File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|<center>[[Copernicus]]</center>
|File:Miguel Ángel, por Daniele da Volterra (detalle).jpg|<center>[[Michelangelo]]</center>
|File:Babur of India.jpg|<center>[[Babur]]</center>
|File:Paracelsus.jpg|<center>[[Paracelsus]]</center>
|File:Titian - Self-Portrait (detail) - WGA22979.jpg|<center>[[Titian]]</center>
|File:Tintorettoselfportrait.jpg|<center>[[Tintoretto]]</center>
|File:Nōhime Gifu Castle.jpg|<center>[[Nōhime]]</center>
|File:Raffaello Sanzio.jpg|<center>[[Raphael]]</center>
|File:El Greco - Portrait of a Man - WGA10554.jpg|<center>[[El Greco]]</center>
|File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|<center>[[Akbar]]</center>
|File:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg|<center>[[Galileo]]</center>
|File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 132.jpg|<center>[[Rembrandt]]</center>
|File:Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg|<center>[[Molière]]</center>
|File:Atelier de Nicolas de Largillière, portrait de Voltaire, détail (musée Carnavalet) -002.jpg|<center>[[Voltaire]]</center>
|File:'King Kamehameha I', watercolor by Louis Choris, 1817, Bernice P. Bishop Museum.jpg|<center>[[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha]]</center>
|File:Hokusai Katsushika, Selfportrait at the age of eighty-three (crop).png|<center>[[Hokusai]]</center>
|File:Franz Gareis - Novalis.jpg|<center>[[Novalis]]</center>
|File:Stendhal.jpg|<center>[[Stendhal]]</center>
|File:Shaka of Zululand statue 2015 London (1).JPG|<center>[[Shaka]]</center>
|File:Memorial Portrait of Hiroshige, by Kunisada.jpg|<center>[[Hiroshige]]</center>
|File:Eduard Douwes Dekker - 001.jpg|<center>[[Multatuli]]</center>
|File:Nadar selfportrait.jpg|<center>[[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]]</center>
|File:Geronimo (Goyathlay), a Chiricahua Apache, full-length, kneeling with rifle, 1887 - NARA - 530880 restored.jpg| <center>[[Geronimo]]</center>
|File:Liliuokalani, photograph by Menzies Dickson (PP-98-10-003).jpg|<center>[[Liliuokalani]]</center>
|File:Hector Hugh Munro.jpg|<center>[[Saki]]</center>
|File:Jacques Humbert - Colette.jpg|<center>[[Colette]]</center>
|File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg |<center>[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]]</center>
|File:Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.jpg|<center>[[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz|''Witkacy'']]</center>
|File:Soekarno.jpg|<center>[[Sukarno]]</center>
|File:U_Thant_(1963).jpg|<center>[[U Thant]]</center>
|File:Mario Moreno - Cantinflas-2.jpg|<center>[[Cantinflas]]</center>
|File:Bourvil2.jpg|<center>[[Bourvil]]</center>
|File:Dolphy.jpg|<center>[[Dolphy]]</center>
|File:Liberace_Allan_Warren.jpg|<center>[[Liberace]]</center>
|File:Adonis Cracow Poland May12 2011 Fot Mariusz Kubik 08.JPG|<center>[[Adunis]]</center>
|File:Odetta (1961).jpg|<center>[[Odetta]]</center>
||<center>[[Mako_(actor)|Mako]]</center>
|File:PresleyPromo1954PhotoOnly.jpg|<center>[[Elvis]]</center>
|File:Christo & Jeanne-Claude in Bonndorf(D).png|<center>[[Christo and Jeanne-Claude|Christo ''(left)'']]</center>
||<center>[[Twiggy]]</center>
|File:Pelé.jpg|<center>[[Pelé]]</center>
|File:Quinn June 2018.jpg|<center>[[Quinn (soccer)|Quinn]]</center>
|File:Charo 2013 ALMA Awards.jpg|<center>[[Charo]]</center>
|File:Luís Inácio Lula da Silva 03102008.jpg|<center>[[Lula]]</center>
|File:Cher - Casablanca.jpg|<center>[[Cher]]</center>
|File:Teller_Rio.jpg|<center>[[Teller (magician)|Teller]]</center>
|File:Lulu crop.jpg|<center>[[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]]</center>
|File:Sting at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|<center>[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]</center>
|File:Iman at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|<center>[[Iman (model)|Iman]]</center>
|File:Prince_at_Coachella_001.jpg|<center>[[Prince (musician)|Prince]]</center>
|File:Madonna by David Shankbone cropped.jpg|<center>[[Madonna]]</center>
|File:Bono_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival.jpg|<center>[[Bono]]</center>
||<center>[[Selena]]</center>
|File:Show_Seal.JPG|<center>[[Seal (musician)|Seal]]</center>
|File:Björk by Foxtongue.jpg|<center>[[Björk]]</center>
| File:DJ Tiësto 2011.jpg|<center>[[Tiësto]]</center>
|File:Laurer, Joanie (2007).jpg |<center>[[Chyna]]</center>
|File:BeckMSG190718-13 (47065153261) (cropped).jpg|<center>[[Beck]]</center>
|File:82nd_Academy_Awards,_Mo'Nique_and_Sidney_Hicks.jpg|<center>[[Mo'Nique]] (right)</center>
|File:Entertainer_Sinbad.jpg|<center>[[Sinbad (comedian)|Sinbad]]</center>
|File:Aaliyah-11-mika.jpg|<center>[[Aaliyah]]</center>
|File:DidoHamm081219-40_(49217235178)_-cropped.jpg|<center>[[Dido (singer)|Dido]]</center>
|File:Shakira2009.jpg|<center>[[Shakira]]</center>
|File:Eminem_DJ_Hero.jpg|<center>[[Eminem]]</center>
|File:Cornell-Haynes-Jr_Nelly_2010-06-05_photoby_Adam-Bielawski.jpg|<center>[[Nelly]]</center>
|File:Beyonce Smile2.jpg|<center>[[Beyoncé]]</center>
|File:Brandy in 2011a (cropped).jpg|<center>[[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]]</center>
|File:Pink_2006.jpg|<center>[[Pink (singer)|Pink]]</center>
|File:Ludacriscrop.JPG|<center>[[Ludacris]] </center>
|File:Ashanti_Camp_Hansen_Japan_tour_2005_2.JPEG|<center>[[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]]</center>
|File:Fergie_Washington_D.C_2014_(cropped).jpg|<center>[[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]</center>
|File:Usher Cannes 2016 retusche.jpg|<center>[[Usher (musician)|Usher]]</center>
|File:Ciara_2012.png|<center>[[Ciara]]</center>
|File:Mario_FP2_(cropped).jpg|<center>[[Mario (singer)|Mario]]</center>
||<center>[[Akon]]</center>
|File:Rihanna 2012 (Cropped).jpg|<center>[[Rihanna]]</center>
| File:Grimes (cropped).jpg |<center>[[Grimes (musician)|Grimes]]</center>
|File:Ke$ha_Today_Show_2012.jpg|<center>[[Kesha]]</center>
|File:PitbullHWOFMay2013.jpg|<center>[[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]</center>
|File:Cheryl_Cole,_Hastings.jpg|<center>[[Cheryl (singer)|Cheryl]] </center>
|File:Sia_performing_photograph_by_Kris_Krug.jpg|<center>[[Sia (musician)|Sia]]</center>
|File:Psy_from_acrofan.jpg|<center>[[Psy]]</center>
|File:Drake_and_Future_2016_Summer_Sixteen_Tour_(cropped).jpg|<center>[[Drake (musician)|Drake]]</center>
|File:Lights_09_20_2017_-5_(37009966944).jpg|<center>[[Lights (musician)|Lights]]</center>
|File:Adele 2016.jpg|<center>[[Adele]]</center>
|File:Zendaya_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|<center>[[Zendaya]]</center>
|File:Lorde_Brisbane_Nov_2017_(cropped).jpg|<center>[[Lorde]]</center>
|File:Badshah spotted before the shoot of No Filter Neha.jpg|<center>[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]</center>
|title=}}

==See also==
* [[List of legally mononymous people]]
* [[List of one-word stage names]]
* [[List of pseudonyms]]
* [[Nymwars]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', Danville, CT, Grolier, 1986 ed., {{ISBN|0-7172-0117-1}}.
*''[[Encyklopedia Polski]]'' (Encyclopedia of Poland), [[Kraków]], Wydawnictwo Ryszard Kluszczyński, 1996, {{ISBN|83-86328-60-6}}.
*[[Richard Holmes (biographer)|Richard Holmes]], "Voltaire's Grin", ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', November 30, 1995, pp. 49–55.
*[[Richard Holmes (biographer)|Richard Holmes]], ''Sidetracks: Explorations of a Romantic Biographer'', New York, [[HarperCollins]], 2000.
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)]], ''Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities...'', 1860–65.
*Peter Wetzler, ''Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision-Making in Prewar Japan'', University of Hawaii Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8248-1166-6}}.

==External links==
*[[Peter Funt]], "[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/opinion/21funt.html?_r=1&hp The Mononym Platform]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 21, 2007.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202163956/http://www.pennandteller.com/sincity/penn-n-teller/faq.html Penn & Teller FAQ (Internet Archive)].
{{Personal names}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mononymous person}}
[[Category:Human names]]

Dravidar Kazhagam

2022-02-19T05:43:52Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Short description|Anti-caste social movement}}{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{advert|date=April 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}

}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Dravidar Kazhagam
| colorcode = black
| leader = [[K. Veeramani]]
| founder = [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]
| founded = {{start date|1944|08|27|df=y}}
| predecessor = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| successor = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] And [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| newspaper = [[Viduthalai (Tamil daily)|Viduthalai]]
| ideology = [[Humanism]] [[Social justice]] [[Feminism]] [[Rationalism]] Anti-[[Casteism]]
| flag = Flag DK.png
| website = http://www.dravidarkazhagam.org
| country = India
}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg |thumb|Periyar E V Ramaswamy, the founder of Dravidar Kazhagam]]
{{Dravidian politics-col}}

'''Dravidar Kazhagam''' is a social movement founded by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], also called Thanthai Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste system including [[untouchability]] and on a grander scale to obtain a "[[Dravida Nadu]]" (Dravidian nation) from the [[Madras Presidency]]. Dravidar Kazhagam would in turn give birth to many other political parties including [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and later the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

== History ==
Founded by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], the roots of the Dravidar Kazhagam lie in the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]. Periyar formed the Self-Respect Movement in 1925, breaking in the process from the [[Indian National Congress]] party, of which he had been a member until then. The Justice Party, formed in 1917, also claimed to promote similar interests. The two entities merged in 1938 under Periyar's leadership. The name was changed to Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.

==Ideology==
Being completely opposed to Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance of southern India, the primary purpose of the Dravida Kazhagam was to secure the complete independence of a [[Dravida Nadu|Dravidian Republic]] (Dravida Nadu). The party at its inception retained similar values to the Justice Party which had the views of a traditional type of [[Beam balance|balance]] signifying the idea of [[social equality|equality]].<ref name="Saraswathi-1">Saraswathi, S. (2004) ''Towards Self-Respect''. Institute of South Indian Studies, pp. 93 & 94</ref> Also being heavily influenced by Periyar's Self-Respect Movement it also adopted many of its goals and objectives. A few of these similarities was to eliminate the caste, class and creed divide amongst people to foster a balanced society, working towards the elimination of inequality and ensuring that men and women have equal opportunities towards all aspects of life and pushing for the eradication of superstitious beliefs based on religion.<ref>{{cite thesis|type=M.A.|last=Visswanathan|first=Ellappa S.|date=1973|title=The political career of E.V. Ramasami Naicker : a study in the politics of Tamilnad, 1920-1949|publisher=Australian National University, Canberra|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/112063?mode=full|access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref>

==Conflict years==
As the party gained prominence, many in the party wanted to contest in the elections including [[C. N. Annadurai]]. However, Periyar argued that politics will force ideology to the background. With a straining relationship in the organization and Periyar marrying [[Annai E. V. R. Maniammai|Maniyammai]], who was more than 40 years younger than him, some members of the party broke up and formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news| title=The September which split Dravidians: Periyar weds Maniyammai, DMK is born |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850 | website=The News Minute}}</ref> Periyar marrying a girl of younger age caused strains within organization and outside it.<ref>{{cite news | title=A stalwart of the Dravidian movement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/A-stalwart-of-the-Dravidian-movement/article16371222.ece#! | website=The Hindu | date=20 April 2020}}</ref> The organization was headed by Maniammai and later by [[K.Veeramani]] after her demise.

==Later years==
Periyar's protests were largely symbolic and did not call for the destruction of private property or physically harming anyone. It based its interests on anti-[[Hindi language|Hindi]] and anti-Brahmin agitations and never became a full-fledged political party.

== Dravidar Kazhagam Flag ==
[[File:Flag DK.png|thumb|The Dravida Kazhagam Flag]]
The flag of Dravidar Kazhagam can trace its origins back to 1937. During that year, Hindi was made into a compulsory subject in South India. In reaction to this, E.V. Ramaswamy organised anti-Hindi protests in which a plain black flag was flown.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardgrave|first=Robert|title=The Dravidian Movement|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1965|location=Bombay|pages=31}}</ref> From these protests, Periyar gained a large amount of popularity and went onto be elected as the president of the Justice Party a year later. When the Justice Party was rebranded as the Dravida Kazhagam in 1944, the party adopted its official flag. The design features red circle with a black background with the color black representing "the deprivations and the indignities that the Dravidians had to face under the strict Hindu religion" while Red represented "the tireless efforts taken to eliminate the ignorance and blind faith among the people and to free them from any kind of mental and materialistic exploitation".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saraswathi|first=Srinivasan|title=Minorities in Madras State|publisher=Impex India|year=1974|location=Delhi|pages=87}}</ref>

==Activities==
The party often adopted a hard line approach and was often involved in mass attempts to change the system outright. One such incident involved bringing [[Adi Dravida]]s into the inner [[sanctum sanctorum]] of temples and threatening [[Brahmin]] priests to recite hymns in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] instead of [[Sanskrit]]. During [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]] in 1947, the party did not accept the same as Periyar viewed Independence as the transfer of power from [[British raj|British]] to the [[Brahmin]]-[[Bania (caste)|Bania]] combine who occupied all important positions. With a firm belief that caste-based reservations are the only way to empower the under-represented, they supported [[Reservation in India|reservations]] in education and employment right from 1919. Periyar was instrumental in introducing reservation in Tamil Nadu from 1921 even before independence {{citation needed|date=July 2020}}.

==Legacy==
The organization laid the foundation for further [[Tamils|Tamil people]] involvement into politics. It enthused a new Tamil spirit that later on led to the formation of many parties that would eventually challenge the [[Indian National Congress]] stranglehold. Though it failed to achieve its grandiose idea of an independent Dravidian nation, it fostered a spirit of unity amongst the Dravidians, especially in opposing [[Hindi language]] in the seventies.

Dravida Kazhagam strongly rooted for the implementation of [[Mandal Commission]] report, which was later adopted by the [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V.P. Singh]] led government in 1990.<ref name="Gopalakrishnan">Gopalakrishnan, ''Periyar: Father of the Tamil race'', p. 52.</ref> It has also involved itself in the [[Srilankan Tamils]] issue and has been vocal in the support of [[LTTE]].

==References==

<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.dravidarkazhagam.org Dravidar Kazhagam] - official homepage of Dravidar Kazhagam

{{Dravidian politics-hor}}

[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in India]]

C. N. Annadurai

2022-02-19T05:39:11Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Indian politician and Past Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1909–1969)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Indian name|Annadurai|Conjeevaram Natarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. N. Annadurai
| image = CN Annadurai 1970 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = C. N. Annadurai commemorative stamp
| office = 1st [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 14 January 1969
| term_end = 3 February 1969
| governor = [[Ujjal Singh]]
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| constituency = Leader of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|State Legislative Council]]
| office1 = 4th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Madras State]]
| term_start1 = 6 March 1967
| term_end1 = 13 January 1969
| governor1 = [[Ujjal Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''
| constituency1 = Leader of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|State Legislative Council]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1962
| term_end2 = 25 February 1967
| 1blankname2 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata2 = [[Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim]], [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], [[Jaisukh lal Hathi]], [[M. C. Chagla]]
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Madras State]]
| office3 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madras State Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1 April 1957
| term_end3 = 18 March 1962
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| predecessor3 = Deivasigamani
| successor3 = [[S. V. Natesa Mudaliar]]
| constituency3 = [[Kancheepuram (state assembly constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
| office4 = General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start4 = 17 September 1949
| term_end4 = 1956
| predecessor4 = ''Position established''
|term_start5 = 1962
|term_end5 = 3 February 1969 | successor4 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
| predecessor5 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |successor5 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
| office6 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Member of the Madras State Legislative Council]]
| term_start6 = 6 March 1967
| term_end6 = 3 February 1969
| office7 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Member of the Madras State Legislative Council]]
| term_start7 = 6 March 1967
| term_end7 = 3 February 1969
| birth_name = Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai Mudaliar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HU4vAAAAYAAJ&q=+Annadurai+Mudaliar+|title = Report on the General Elections in India|last1 = Election Commission|first1 = India|year = 1962}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|9|15}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Conjeevaram]], [[Madras Presidency]],}} [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1969|2|3|1909|9|15}}
| death_place = [[Madras]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])}}
| death_cause = [[Oesophageal cancer]]
| resting_place = [[Anna Memorial]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (from 1949)
| otherparty = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] {{small|(1944- 1949)}} [[Justice party (India)|Justice party]] {{small|(till 1944)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rani Annadurai]]|1930}}
| profession = {{Hlist|Writer|Activist|Politician}}
| awards = *[[Chubb Fellowship]] (1968)
*[[Honorary Doctorate]] (1968)
| nickname = ''Peraringar'', ''Anna''
| signature =
}}

'''Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai''' (15 September 1909 – 3 February 1969), popularly known as '''Anna''' also known as '''Arignar Anna''' or '''Perarignar Anna''' (''Anna, the scholar'' or ''Elder Brother''), was an Indian politician who served as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|fourth and last Chief Minister of Madras State]] from 1967 until 1969 and [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|first Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for 20 days (after [[Madras State]] was renamed [[Tamil Nadu]]) before his death. He was the first member of a [[Dravidian party]] to hold either post.

He was well known for his oratorical skills and was an acclaimed writer in the [[Tamil language]]. He scripted and acted in several plays. Some of his plays were later made into movies. He was the first politician from the [[Dravidian parties]] to [[Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics|use Tamil cinema]] extensively for political propaganda. Born in a middle-class family, he first worked as a school teacher, then moved into the political scene of the [[Madras Presidency]] as a journalist. He edited several political journals and enrolled as a member of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]. As an ardent follower of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], he rose in stature as a prominent member of the party.

Due to differences looming with Periyar, on issues of separate independent state of [[Dravida Nadu]] and union with India, he crossed swords with his political mentor. The friction between the two finally erupted when [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] married [[Maniammai]], who was much younger than him. Angered by this action of Periyar, Annadurai with his supporters parted from Dravidar Kazhagam and launched his own party, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} The DMK initially followed the same ideologies as its parent, Dravidar Kazhagam. But with the evolution of national politics and the constitution of India after the [[Sino-Indian war]] in 1962, Annadurai dropped the claim for an independent Dravida Nadu. Various protests against the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government took him to prison on several occasions; the last of which was during the Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965. The agitation itself helped Annadurai to gain popular support for his party. His party won a landslide victory in the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]] state elections. His cabinet was the youngest at that time in India. He legalised [[Self-Respect marriages]], enforced a two language policy (in preference to the [[three language formula]] in other southern states), implemented subsidies for rice, and renamed [[Madras State]] to [[Tamil Nadu]].

However, he died of cancer just two years into office. His funeral had the [[List of largest peaceful gatherings in history#1.5 million|highest attendance of any to that date]]. Several institutions and organisations are named after him. A splinter party launched by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in 1972 was named after him as [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

== Early life ==
Annadurai was born in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Sengunthar]] family<ref>{{cite book |title=Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895 |first=Eugene F. |last=Irschick |publisher=University of California Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-52091-432-2 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEOfHfUFTkC&pg=PA203}}</ref> on 15 September 1909 in [[Conjeevaram]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India), in a lower-middle-class family. His father Natarajan Mudaliar<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMQzAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D | title=தமிழில் இலக்கிய வரலாறு | year=1988 }}</ref> was a [[Weaving|weaver]] and his mother was Bangaru Ammal. He was raised by her sister Rajamani Ammal. At the age of 21, he married Rani while he was still a student. The couple had no children of their own, so they later adopted and raised Rajamani's grandchildren. He attended Pachaiyappa's High School,<ref name=TL /> but left school to work as a clerk in the town's Municipal office to assist with the family finances.

In 1934, he graduated with a [[B.A. degree]] [[(Honours)]] from [[Pachaiyappa's College]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name=TL /> He then earned an [[Master of Arts|MA]] degree in [[Economics]] and [[Politics]] from the same college. He worked as an [[English language|English]] teacher<ref name=Hindu>{{cite book
| last = Satyendra
| first = Kuśa
| title = Dictionary of Hindu Literature
| publisher = Sarup & Sons
| year = 2000
| pages = 9–10
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UcAwrV60cpAC
| isbn = 978-81-7625-159-4
}}</ref> in Pachaiyappa High School. Later he quit the teaching job and began involving himself in journalism and he served as an editor in few weekly magazine and then he indulged into politics.
[[File:C. N. Annadurai-1946.png|thumb|upright|Annadurai in younger times|left]]

== Religion ==
Though Annadurai initially belonged to the openly atheist [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] he later announced his stance towards theism as "Only one race, Only one God" (''Ondre Kulam Oruvanae Devan'').<ref>''Daughter of the South'' By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲, p. 66</ref><ref>''Ethnic movement in India'' By Ganapathy Palanithurai, R. Thandavan, p. 41</ref> Though secular to the core, he later described himself as a Hindu sans the sacred ash, a Christian minus the holy cross, and a Muslim without the prayer cap.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/15/stories/2005091502291000.htm
| location = Chennai, India
| title = C.N. Annadurai's mission incomplete
| date = 15 September 2005
| access-date = 27 August 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090907063022/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/15/stories/2005091502291000.htm
| archive-date = 7 September 2009
| url-status = dead
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Annadurai would attack superstitions and religious exploitation but would never fight against the spiritual values of society. He once explained his stance towards God and religion as "I do not break coconuts for [[Pillaiyar]], (a form of worship) neither do I break his idols".(''Nan Thengayum udaipathillai; Pillaiyarum Udaipathillai'')<ref>''C.N. Annadurai'' By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲. p. 25</ref>

== Entry into politics ==
[[File:C. N. Annadurai and E. V. Ramasami.JPG|thumb|Annadurai and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]]]
{{See also|Justice party (India)|Dravidar Kazhagam}}
Annadurai's interest in politics made him join the [[Justice party (India)|Justice party]] in 1935.<ref name=encyc /> The Justice party was formed by non-[[Brahmin]] elites in 1917.<ref name=EPP>{{cite book
| last = Ralhan
| first = O.P.
| title = Encyclopaedia of Political Parties
| publisher = Anmol Publications
| year = 2002
| pages = 125–128
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P4lCjG1DUV4C&q=Madras+Dravidian+Association&pg=PA423
| isbn = 978-81-7488-865-5
}}</ref>
The Justice party originated with the ''Madras United League'' which was initially started as a work group that helped non-Brahmin students in [[Madras]] with accommodation and later grew into a political party under the efforts of leaders like [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]], [[Sir Pitti Theagaroya Chetty]] and [[Dr. T. M. Nair]]. The party was named ''South Indian Liberal Federation (S. I. L. F.)'' – popularly known as [[Justice party (India)|Justice party]].<ref name=EPP /> The party had been in power in [[Madras Presidency]] since self-governance was introduced in 1920, until it was defeated by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1937.<ref name=Votes1>{{cite conference
| first = Steven I
| last = Wilkinson
| title = Caste mobilization in Pre-independence Madras
| book-title = Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India
| pages = 189–192
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2006
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tLpRFbLSxvAC
| isbn = 0-521-53605-7
| access-date = 16 December 2008
}}</ref> By the time Annadurai joined the Justice party, [[Periyar E. V. Ramasami]] was the party president. Annadurai served as the sub-editor of the Justice magazine. He later became the editor for ''Viduthalai'' (''Freedom'' in English) and was also associated with the Tamil weekly paper, ''[[Kudi Arasu]]''. He started his own journal ''Dravida Nadu'' (named after the [[Dravida Nadu]] – an independent state that the party called for). In 1944, Periyar renamed the Justice party to [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and gave up contesting in the elections.<ref name=Dickey>{{Cite journal
| last = Sarah
| first = Dickey
| title = The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India
| journal = The Journal of Asian Studies
| volume = 52
| issue = 2
| pages = 340–372
| year = 1993
| doi = 10.2307/2059651
| jstor = 2059651
}}</ref>

== Differences with Periyar and birth of DMK ==
{{See also|Indian independence movement|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
The [[Indian National Congress]], which had been fighting for the independence of India from colonial British rule, was dominated by [[Brahmins]]. Periyar assumed that independent India would bring [[South India]]ns, especially [[Tamils]], under the dominance of [[Brahmins]] and [[North Indians]].<ref name=Swarna>{{cite book
| last = Rajagopalan
| first = Swarna
| title = State and Nation in South Asia
| publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers
| year = 2001
| pages = 152–154
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Yz5aGeoTsC
| isbn = 978-1-55587-967-9
}}</ref>
For these reasons Periyar called for 15 August 1947, the day of Indian independence, to be a day of mourning.<ref name=Cho>{{cite news
| last = Ramaswamy
| first = Cho
| title = E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai
| work = India Today
| url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html
| access-date = 19 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html
| archive-date = 24 October 2008
| url-status = dead
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
Annadurai opposed this move and the schism between his supporters and Periyar widened.<ref name=Swarna /> He saw the gaining of independence as an overall achievement of India rather than solely that of Aryan North.<ref name=encyc>{{cite book
| last = Rajwat
| first = Mamta
| title = Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India
| publisher = Anmol Publications
| year = 2004
| pages = 246–247
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ocjlRwK1y5cC
| isbn = 978-81-261-2084-0
}}</ref> Moreover, Periyar's decision on giving up participating in democratic elections was also opposed by Annadurai, in reaction to which he walked out of a party meeting in 1948.<ref name=encyc /> Periyar considered that candidates in elections must compromise their ideologies. Moreover, it was Periyar's idea that social reformation can be better achieved outside politics, through education and canvassing the masses, rather than governments.<ref name=MR /> Eventually, when Periyar married [[Maniammai]], who was 40 years younger than he, the personal differences between Annadurai and Periyar split their supporters.<ref name=MR /> Annadurai launched his own party with his party fragment, along with [[E. V. K. Sampath]] (Periyar's nephew and until then considered his political heir<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522
|title = Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families – Sify News
|access-date = 20 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090528101244/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522
|archive-date = 28 May 2009
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>). The new party was named [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name=halfcent>{{cite news
| last = Subramanian
| first = RS
| title = Celebrating a half century
| publisher = Frontline, The Hindu Publishing
| date = 26 September – 9 October 1998
| url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1520/15201330.htm
| access-date = 19 February 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080108070734/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1520/15201330.htm
| archive-date = 8 January 2008
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> DMK's presence was initially restricted to urban centres and its surrounding areas. But by appealing to the urban lower, lower middle and working classes, students, Dalits and lower castes, Annadurai was able to accelerate its growth and spread. He fought for the social justice of the lower castes and thus rapidly gained popular support.<ref name=encyc />

== Protests in 1953 ==
In 1953, Annadurai directed the DMK to undertake three protests:<ref name=MR />

* Condemning [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]], for describing the tarring of Hindi letters in railway station boards by DK and DMK activists as "childish nonsense"
* Against [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (or Rajaji), the then chief minister of Madras State, for introducing a new educational system that indirectly encouraged traditional caste-based occupations called [[Kula Kalvi Thittam]]
* Against renaming Kallakkudi, Dalmiyapuram as the name Dalmiyapuram symbolised north Indian domination. He was eventually sentenced to three months imprisonment in this protest.

== Dravida Nadu ==
[[File:Dravida Nadu.jpg|right|thumb|180px|''Dravida Nadu'' magazine owned and edited by Annadurai]]
{{See also|Dravida Nadu}}
During his days in Dravida Kazhagam, Annadurai had supported Periyar's call for an independent Dravida Nadu. The claim for such an independent state stayed alive in the initial days of DMK. [[E. V. K. Sampath]], who had earlier forfeited his inheritance from Periyar to join DMK, saw the call for Dravida Nadu as an unrealistic goal. Responding to Sampath's concern, Annadurai said {{cquote|We must contest more elections, win more seats and that way, win the confidence of the people; and when it is hot, we can strike and strike hard<ref name=Urmila>{{cite book
| last = Phadnis
| first = Urmila
| author2 = Rajat Ganguly
| title = Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia
| publisher = Sage
| year = 2001
| page = 227
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wbf2wzyuWkUC
| isbn = 978-0-7619-9439-8
}}</ref> }}

Sampath's opposition to using film stars made him cross swords with many other members of the party. Eventually, with looming differences with Annadurai and other leaders on Dravida Nadu, Sampath left the DMK and formed his own party, the [[Tamil Nationalist Party]], in 1961.<ref name=MR /> In 1962, Annadurai said in the [[Rajya Sabha]] that ''Dravidians want the right of self-determination ... We want a separate country for southern India''.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ganguli
| first = Amulya
| title = The DMK's negative politics
| publisher = The Tribune, India
| date = 26 May 2007
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070526/edit.htm
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080726032258/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070526/edit.htm
| archive-date = 26 July 2008
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

However, the reorganisation of states in India on linguistic basis removed Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam speaking regions from the Madras Presidency leaving behind a predominantly Tamil [[Madras State]]. Giving in to realities, Annadurai and his DMK changed the call of independent ''Dravida Nadu for Dravidians'' to independent ''Tamil Nadu for Tamils''. Annadurai felt that remaining in the Indian Union meant accepting linguistic domination and economic backwardness. Nevertheless, the [[Sino-Indian war]] brought about changes in the Indian constitution. The Sixteenth Amendment (most popularly known as the ''Anti-Secessionist Amendment'') banned any party with sectarian principles from participating in elections. When this amendment was presented in the [[Parliament of India]], Annadurai was one of its members. He vehemently debated against the amendment, but eventually could not stop it from being passed. Faced with the new constitutional changes, Annadurai and his DMK left the call for an independent Tamil homeland on the back burner.<ref name=Jeanie>{{cite book
| last = Bukowski
| first = Jeanie J
| author2 = Swarna Rajagopalan
| title = Re-distribution of Authority
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| year = 2000
| pages = 19–21
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mgK1Fltsh4cC
| isbn = 978-0-275-96377-4
}}</ref>
From then on Annadurai and his DMK aimed at achieving better co-operation between the southern states and claimed more autonomy for [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jain
| first = Sumitra Kumar
| title = Party Politics and Centre-state Relations in India
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| year = 1994
| page = 142
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC
| isbn = 978-81-7017-309-0
}}</ref>
On the party's position, Annadurai said {{cquote|To make the Dravidian state a separate state was our ideal. A situation has arisen where we can neither talk nor write about this ideal. Of course we can destroy the party by undertaking to violate the prohibition. But once the party itself is destroyed there will not be any scope for the ideal to exist or spread. That is why we had to give up the ideal.<ref name=Urmila />}}

== Anti-Hindi agitations ==
Hindi was first recommended to be an apt language for official purposes in India by a committee headed by [[Motilal Nehru]] in 1928. This move was opposed by people and politicians of Tamil Nadu, since they considered that it would make them second class citizens when compared to that of native Hindi speaking [[North Indians]].<ref name=Hardriots>{{cite journal
| last = Hardgrave
| first = Robert
| title = The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis
| journal = Asian Survey
| volume = 5
| issue = 8
| pages = 399–407
| year = 1965
| doi = 10.1525/as.1965.5.8.01p0095g
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

=== Protests of 1938 ===
In 1938, the Congress government in [[Madras Presidency]] headed by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (popularly known as Rajaji) proposed the use of [[Hindi language]] as a compulsory language in schools. This move was opposed by Tamil leaders. Annadurai, along with other Tamil scholars including the poet [[Bharathidasan]], held demonstrations. Annadurai participated in the first Anti Hindi imposition conference held in [[Kanchipuram]] on 27 February 1938. Two members of the protest, Thalamuthu and Natarajan, died as a consequence of police beating the same year. With overwhelming opposition, the government of Madras Presidency finally withdrew the order in 1940.<ref name=Thirumavalavan>{{cite book
| last = Thirumavalavan
| author2 = Meena Kandasamy
| title = Uprrot Hindutva
| publisher = Popular Prakashan
| year = 2004
| pages = 125–126
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HfNRO-LtsN4C
| isbn = 978-81-85604-79-4
}}</ref>

=== Madras Anti Hindi agitation, 1965 ===
{{Main|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}
When India became a republic with its own constitution in 1950, the constitution had given special status to the Hindi language, which was to gain official status after 15 years in 1965. This move was regarded with anxiety by students in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Hardriots /> Speaking of making Hindi as official language of India, Annadurai said ''It is claimed that Hindi should be the common language because it is spoken by the majority. Why should we then claim the tiger as our national animal instead of the rat which is so much more numerous? Or the peacock as our national bird when the crow is ubiquitous?''.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Nandivarman
| first = Ns
| title = Remembering the 1965 Anti Hindi Struggle
| publisher = Tamil Nation
| date = 27 January 2008
| url = http://www.tamilnation.org/forum/nandivarman/080127hindi.htm
| access-date = 20 December 2008
}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In view of continued threat to impose Hindi, the DMK held an open-air conference against Hindi imposition at [[Kodambakkam]], [[Chennai]] in August 1960, which Annadurai presided over. He gave black flags to leading functionaries, to be shown to the [[President of India]] during his visit to the state. Sensing an uprising, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] assured in the Parliament that English would continue to be the official language of India, as long as non-Hindi speaking people desire. DMK gave up the plan of showing black flags and Annadurai appealed to the Union Government to bring about a constitutional amendment incorporating the assurance.<ref name=MR />

With no constitutional amendment done, Annadurai declared 26 January 1965, the 15th [[Republic Day]] of India and also the day the Constitution, which in essence enshrined Hindi as the official language of India, came into practice, as a day of mourning. This move was opposed by the then Chief Minister of Madras State, [[Bhakthavatchalam]], as blasphemous. Hence Annadurai, who by then had been trying to shake off the secessionist image of his party, declared 24 January as a day of mourning. He also replaced the slogan of the protests to ''Down with Hindi; Long live the Republic''. Nevertheless, violence broke out on 26 January, initially in [[Madurai]] which within days spread throughout the state.<ref name=Hardriots /> Robert Hardgrave Jr, professor of humanities, government and Asian studies, suggests that the elements contributing to the riots were not instigated by DMK or Leftists or even the industrialists, as the Congress government of the state suggested, but were genuine frustrations and discontentment which lay beneath the surface of the people of the state.<ref name=Hardriots />

With violence surging, Annadurai asked the students to forfeit the protests, but some DMK leaders like [[Karunanidhi]] kept the agitations going.<ref name=Hardriots /> Nevertheless, Annadurai was arrested for instigating the agitation.<ref name=MR /> Although the violence were not directly instigated by the DMK,<ref name=Hardriots /> the agitation itself aided DMK to win the 1967 elections and Annadurai became the new Chief Minister of Madras State.<ref name=frontline3>{{cite news
| last = Viswanathan
| first = S
| title = A history of agitational politics
| publisher = Frontline, The Hindu publishing
| date = 10–23 April 2004
| url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm
| access-date = 19 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302175523/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm
| archive-date = 2 March 2008
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

== Literary contributions ==
[[File:Anna Private Library in Kanchipuram.jpg|right|thumb|Annadurai, known for his excellent oratorical skills, was fond of books. This image shows his private library.]]
{{See also|Cinema in Dravidian politics}}
Annadurai was known as one of the best Tamil orators during his time.<ref name=Hindu /> He developed a style in Tamil public speaking using metaphors and pleasing alliterations, both in spoken and written language. Anna was also best known for his extempore speaking ability being very well affluent on rhetoric skills.<ref>Amaresh Datta., 2005., Extempore Literature (Tamil): The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti) Volume 2, pp. 1249–1250.</ref>

He has published several novels, short stories<ref name=TL>{{cite web
| title = Life History and Literary Works of C.N. Annadurai
| publisher = Tamil Electronic Library
| url = http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/anna.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081206112154/http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/anna.html
| archive-date = 6 December 2008
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> and plays which incorporate political themes.<ref name=Hindu /> He himself acted in some of his plays during his time in the Dravidar Kazhagam.<ref name=HGcine>{{cite journal
| last = Hardgrave, Jr
| first = Robert L
| title = Politics and the Film in Tamil Nadu: The Stars and the DMK
| journal = Asian Survey
| volume = 13
| issue = 3
| pages = 288–305
| date = March 1973
| doi = 10.1525/as.1973.13.3.01p0314o
| url= https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/34387/1/politicsandthefilm.pdf
}}</ref>
He introduced movie media as a major organ for propaganda of [[Dravidian politics]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Bhanskaran
| first = Gautaman
| title = Pioneers who pushed cinema into politics
| work = Japan Times
| url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20080829gb.html
| access-date = 13 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090109184920/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20080829gb.html
| archive-date = 9 January 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> In total Annadurai scripted six screen plays.<ref name=HGcine />

His first movie ''[[Nallathambi (1949 film)|Nallathambi]]'' (Good Brother, 1948) which starred [[N. S. Krishnan]] promoted cooperative farming and abolition of [[zamindari system]].<ref name=HGcine /> His novels such as ''[[Velaikaari]]'' (Servant Maid, 1949) and ''[[Or Iravu]]'', which were later made into movies, carried the hallmarks of propaganda for Dravidian politics.<ref name=rethink>{{cite book
| last = Guneratne
| first = Anthony R.
| author2 = Wimal Dissanayake, Sumita S. Chakravarty
| title = Rethinking Third Cinema
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2003
| page = 216
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2IFR0oHGHKUC
| isbn = 978-0-415-21354-7
}}</ref> On ''Velaikari'', Annadurai said that the movie {{cquote|made it clear that greed and avarice of the rich did not pay in the long run.[...] Some of the elementary principles of socialism and stressed that we should depend upon our own labour for our progress and well being and not some unknown factor.<ref name=HGcine />}}
''Velaikari'' made direct references against the suppressive landlords who were traditionally allied with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Gandhi]].<ref name=Dickey /> His movies had some elements of Dravidian political ideologies like [[anti-Brahminism]] and messages differing against [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] with detailed reasons and scenarios behind.<ref name=rethink /> Popular stage and cine actors who stood by Anna in early years were [[D. V. Narayanasamy]], K. R. Ramasamy, [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref name=MR>{{cite web
| last = Asaan
| first = GVK
| title = Anna the genius
| work = The birth centenary of Arignar Anna (C.N. Annadurai – 15 September 1909 – 3 February 1969) is being celebrated between September 2008 and September 2009. The first part of his life sketch appeared in the September issue. In this issue we give the second and the concluding part
| publisher = Modern Rationalist
| year = 2008
| url = http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110126110833/http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html
| archive-date = 26 January 2011
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Some of his books had a social approach and its content were debatable, such as "Arya Mayai" (Aryan Illusion) in which he highlighted the view point of bringing an equal living society regardless of any caste dominance and especially drawing similarities which existed by then of the upper-[[Indian caste system|caste]] [[Brahmin]] (Aryan) people. He was fined INR 700 for sedition<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ramanujam
| first = KS
| title = The big change
| publisher = Higginbothams
| year = 1967
| page = 226
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dYIhAI1tNnEC
}}</ref> and was also sent to prison.<ref name=MR />

Some of his well-known works are his books ''Annavin Sattasabai Sorpolivukal'' (Anna's speeches at the state legislative, 1960), ''Ilatchiya varalaru'' (History of Ideals, 1948), ''Valkkaip puyal'' (Storm of life, 1948) and ''Rankon rata'' (Radha from Rangon).<ref name=Hindu /> His work ''Kambarasam'' criticises [[Ramayana]] of [[Kambar (poet)|Kamban]].<ref name=EIL>{{cite book
| last = Various authors
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| year = 1987
| page = 181
| isbn = 978-81-260-1803-1
}}</ref> His works of fiction such as ''Kapothipura kathal'' (Love in the city of Blind), ''Parvathy B.A.,'' ''Kalinga rani'' (Queen of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]) and ''Pavayin payanam'' (Travels of a young lady) carried elements of political propaganda.<ref name=EIL />

At times when Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was extensively using movies for its propaganda, censorship crippled the process. To evade censorships, DMK movies used Annadurai's popular nickname ''Anna'', which also means elder brother in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], as a pun. When praises were bestowed on the ''Anna'' on screen, the crowd would break into applause.<ref name=HGcine /> [[Kannadasan]] has criticised Anna's works that apart from ''Sivaji Kanda Hindu Rajyam'' and ''Needhi Devan Mayakkam'', the rest lacked even a plot<ref>{{cite book|author=Kannan, R. |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08328-2|page=79}}</ref>

== Posts held ==
The provincial conference of the DMK was held at [[Tiruchirappalli]] in May 1956. Annadurai stepped down from the General Secretaryship of the party, and [[Nedunchezhian]] was elected to that position. It was at the Tiruchirappalli conference that the party decided to contest free India's second general elections which were to be held in 1957. The DMK secured 15 Assembly seats and two parliamentary seats.<ref name=MR /> Anna was elected from his home constituency, [[Kanchipuram]]<ref name=MR /> for the first time to the Madras Legislative Assembly.<ref name=Hindu /> In that election, the DMK won 15 seats and Annadurai became the leader of the opposition in the state.<ref name=TL /> In 1962, the DMK emerged as the major political party in the state outside the Congress, winning 50 seats in the Assembly.<ref name=TL /> Although Annadurai himself lost the elections, he was nominated as a member of parliament to the upper house ([[Rajya Sabha]]).<ref name=TL /><ref name=Hindu />

=== As chief minister ===
In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras state that a single non-Congress party majority was achieved.<ref name=Chakrabarty>{{cite book
| last = Chakrabarty
| first = Bidyut
| title = Indian Politics and Society Since Independence
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2008
| pages = 110–111
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C
| isbn = 978-0-415-40868-4
}}</ref> The [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|electoral victory of 1967]] is also reputed to an [[electoral fusion]] among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.<ref name=frontline1>{{cite news
| last = Viswanathan
| first = S
| title = Dravidian power
| work = Frontline
| date = 10–23 April 2004
| url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm
| access-date = 19 February 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm
| archive-date = 3 March 2008
}}</ref>
At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.<ref name=IT />

Annadurai legalised [[Self-respect marriages]] for the first time in the country. Such marriages were void of priests to preside over the ceremony and thus did not need a [[Brahmin]] to carry out the wedding.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Venkatesh
| first = MR
| title = Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie
| publisher = The Telegraph, Calcutta
| date = 7 June 2004
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| location = Calcutta, India
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816173201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp
| archive-date = 16 August 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which often caused great debt through [[dowry]]. Self-Respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused [[arranged marriages]] to be replaced by love marriages.<ref name=sarah>{{cite journal
| last = Hodges
| first = Sara
| s2cid = 144419547
| title = Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India
| journal = Contributions to Indian Sociology
| volume = 39
| issue = 2
| pages = 251–277
| year = 2005
| doi = 10.1177/006996670503900203
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Annadurai was also the first to use subsidising of the price of rice for election victory. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidising rice costs are still used as an [[election promise]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu
| work = Rediff.com
| date = 19 April 2006
| url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170313/http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm
| archive-date = 7 September 2008
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

It was Annadurai's government that renamed the [[Madras State]] to its present-day form declaring officially as Tamil Nadu. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house ([[Rajya Sabha]]) of the [[Parliament of India]] by [[Bhupesh Gupta]], a communist MP from [[West Bengal]], but was then defeated.<ref name=Swarna /> With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the states.

Anna was instrumental in organising the World Tamil Conference under the aegies of UNESCO in 1967.<ref>{{cite book
| title = India through the ages
| url = https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada
| last = Gopal
| first = Madan
| year = 1990
| page = [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/192 192]
| editor = K.S. Gautam
| publisher = Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
}}</ref> Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a ''two language policy'' over the then popular [[three language formula]]. The three language formula, which was implemented in the neighbouring states of [[Karnataka]], Andhra Pradesh and [[Kerala]], entitled students to study three languages: the regional language, English and Hindi.<ref name=Hardriots /> It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World
Conference was conducted on a grand scale on 3 January 1968.<ref name=MR /> Nevertheless, when a commemorative stamp was released to mark the Tamil conference, Annadurai expressed his dissatisfaction that the stamp contained Hindi when it was for Tamil.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jayakanthan
| first = Dandapani
| title = A Literary Man's Political Experiences
| publisher = Read books
| year = 2006
| page = 212
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Lnl_um7uFcsC
| isbn = 978-1-4067-3569-7
}}</ref> Annadurai also issued an order for the removal of the pictures of gods and religious symbols from public offices and buildings.<ref name=MR /> He proceeded on a world tour as an invitee of the [[Yale University]]'s Chubb Fellowship Programme and was also a guest of the State Department in the US in April–May 1968. He was awarded the [[Chubb Fellowship]] at Yale University, being the first non-American to receive this honour.<ref name=MR /> The same year he was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Annamalai University]].<ref name=TL />

== Death ==
[[File:Anna Arch.JPG|thumb|Anna memorial]]
On 10 September 1968 Annadurai travelled to New York for medical treatment and he was operated for Cancer in the gullet at the [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]]. He returned to Chennai in November and continued to address several official functions against medical advice.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article20357.ece C. N. Annadurai: a timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024120150/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article20357.ece |date=24 October 2012 }}, ''The Hindu'' 15 September 2009.</ref> His health deteriorated further and he died on 3 February 1969.<ref name=MR /> His cancer was attributed to his habit of chewing tobacco.<ref name=IT>{{cite news
| last = Venkatachalapathy
| first = AR
| title = C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969
| date = 10 April 2008
| url = http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high
| archive-date = 12 January 2009
}}</ref> His funeral had the highest number of attendees until then, as registered with ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]''.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Kannan
|first = R
|title = Remembering Anna
|work = The Hindu
|date = 15 September 2004
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/15/stories/2004091503061000.htm
|access-date = 20 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110204857/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/15/stories/2004091503061000.htm
|archive-date = 10 January 2009
|url-status = usurped
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> An estimated 15 million people attended it.<ref>{{cite book
| last = McFarlan
| first = Donald
| author2 = Norris McWhirter
| title = Guinness Book of World Records
| publisher = Bantam Books
| year = 1990
| page = 400
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y8Pm70o2tmoC&q=Annadurai+%2215+million%22+funeral
| isbn = 978-0-553-28452-2
}}</ref> His remains were buried in the northern end of [[Marina Beach]], which is now called [[Anna Memorial]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Kishore
| first = BR
| title = India – A Travel Guide
| publisher = Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd
| page = 702
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC
| isbn = 978-81-284-0067-4
| year = 2008
}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Annadurai statue.jpg|right|thumb|The statue of Annadurai at the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] campus of [[Anna University]] which is named after him]]
After his electoral success with his DMK in 1967, the Congress has not yet returned to power in Tamil Nadu. His government was the first in the country to be from a non-Congress party with full majority.<ref name=Chakrabarty /> When the DMK later split, with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] forming his own [[Dravidian party]], the rebel fragment was named after Annadurai as Anna DMK. [[Anna Nagar]], a residential neighbourhood in [[Chennai]] is named after him.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Sri Lankan [[Tamil nationalist]] leaders and writers are considered to be influenced by Annadurai's chaste Tamil movement.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Wilson
| first = Jeyarathnam
| title = Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
| publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
| year = 2000
| page = 37
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5AQcVvbHzdcC
| isbn = 978-1-85065-519-0
}}</ref> [[Anna University]], a premier institution in science and technology was named after him. DMK's current head office built in 1987 is named after him as ''Anna Arivalayam.''<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Rising Sun
| publisher = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| url = http://www.dmk.in/rsun.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410045400/http://www.dmk.in/rsun.html
| archive-date = 10 April 2009
}}</ref> One of the major roads in Chennai was named in his honour, [[Anna Salai]]—it was previously called [[Mount Road]], and a statue of Annadurai now stands there.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Muthiah
|first = S
|title = Round Tana and around
|work = The Hindu
|date = 2 July 2003
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003070200210300.htm&date=2003/07/02/&prd=mp&
|access-date = 20 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110123151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003070200210300.htm&date=2003%2F07%2F02%2F&prd=mp&
|archive-date = 10 January 2009
|url-status = usurped
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The central government issued a commemorative coin of {{INR}} 5 denomination to mark the centenary celebrations of him on 15 September 2009 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Release of Coin on Sh C N Annadurai
| publisher = Indian Stamp Ghar
| date = 16 September 2009
| url = http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/09/news-release-of-coin-on-c-n-annadurai/
| access-date = 15 September 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025144/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/09/news-release-of-coin-on-c-n-annadurai/
| archive-date = 13 July 2011
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] hailed him as one of the great parliamentarians for speeches in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Tamil Nadu celebrates Annadurai's birth centenary
| publisher = IBN live
| date = 15 September 2008
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-celebrates-annadurais-birth-centenary/73600-15-single.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140429203947/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-celebrates-annadurais-birth-centenary/73600-15-single.html
| archive-date = 29 April 2014
}}</ref> Selig Harrison, a US-based<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/6878/Cover%20Story/Letter+and+spirit.html C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214132921/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/6878/Cover%20Story/Letter+and+spirit.html |date=14 February 2011 }}, indiatoday.in A.R. Venkatachalapathy, 10 April 2008.</ref> analyst of South Asian and East Asian politics and journalism<ref>
{{cite web
|title = Selig Harrison
|publisher = CIP
|url = http://www.ciponline.org/asia/Seligbio.html
|access-date = 19 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322134543/http://www.ciponline.org/asia/Seligbio.html
|archive-date = 22 March 2009
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> commented, {{cquote|There is no doubt that this powerful orator is the single-most popular mass figure in the region<ref name=IT />}}
The magazine ''[[India Today]]'' has listed Annadurai in its "Top 100 people who shaped India by thought, action, art, culture and spirit".<ref>[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |date=24 October 2008 }}, By Cho S. Ramaswamy, india-today.com</ref> In 2010, [[Anna Centenary Library]] was established in [[Chennai]] in remembrance of Annadurai.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html
| title = Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library
| work = Deccan Herald
| access-date = 29 March 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028110351/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html
| archive-date = 28 October 2014
| url-status = live
| date = 15 September 2010
}}</ref>

A life-size statue of Annadurai was unveiled on 1 October 2002 in the [[Parliament House (India)|Parliament House]] by then [[President of India]], [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] in his honour and the function was attended by notable politicians.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/2002/10/02/stories/2002100201400900.htm
| title = President unveils statues of eminent leaders
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 1 October 2002
| access-date = 31 October 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113033248/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/10/02/stories/2002100201400900.htm
| archive-date = 13 January 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p2.htm
| title = Parliament House Estate
| access-date = 31 October 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030180418/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p2.htm
| archive-date = 30 October 2015
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

On 31 July 2020, Alandur metro station in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[Arignar Anna Alandur metro station|Arignar Anna Alandur Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honor him.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Credits<ref name=anna100>{{cite web
| title = C.N. Annadurai – List of creative works
| publisher = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| url = http://anna100.tn.gov.in/padaippu_%20pattial_003.html
| access-date = 18 January 2009
| language = ta
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100831092426/http://anna100.tn.gov.in/padaippu_%20pattial_003.html
| archive-date = 31 August 2010
}}</ref>
|-
| 1949
| ''[[Velaikaari]]''
| Story, Screenplay and Dialogues
|-
| 1949
| ''[[Nallathambi (1949 film)|Nallathambi]]''
| Story, Screenplay and Dialogues
|-
| 1951
| ''[[Or Iravu]]''
| Story and Dialogues
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Sorgavasal]]''
| Story and Dialogues
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Rangoon Radha]]''
| Story
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Thaai Magalukku Kattiya Thaali]]''
| Story
|-
|
| ''[[Edhayum Thangum Idhayam]]''
| Story
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Nallavan Vazhvaan]]''
| Story
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Kadhal Jothi]]''
| Story
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Vandikaaran magan]]''
| Story
|}
Annadurai's first movie script, of his play Velaikkari, fetched him a fee of {{INR}} 12,000, a considerable sum at that time<ref>{{cite book|author=Kannan, R. |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08328-2|page=82}}</ref> (worth {{INR}} 1 crore in 2015 prices)

Apart from his stories, the names of some of Annadurai's works were used as film titles for ''Panathottam'' (1963), ''Valiba virundhu'' (1967), ''Kumarikottam'' (1971), ''Rajapart Rangadurai'' (1973), ''Needhi devan mayakkam'' (1982).<ref name=anna100 />

== Bibliography ==

=== Fiction ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Type
! Work
! First appeared in<ref name=anna100 />
|-
| 1939
| Novella
| ''Komalathin Kobam''
| ''Kudi arasu''
|-
| 1939
| Novella
| ''Kabothipura Kadhal''
| ''Kudi arasu''
|-
| 1942
| Novella
| ''Kumasthavin penn'' or
| ''Dravida Nadu'''
|-
| 1942
| Novella
| ''Kalingarani''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1943
| Novella
| ''Parvathi B.A''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1943
| Play
| ''Chandrodhayam''
|
|-
| 1945
| Novella
| ''Dasavatharam''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1945
| Play
| ''Sivaji kanda Hindu samrajyam''
|
|-
| 1946
| Play
| ''Velaikaari''
|
|-
| 1946
| Novella
| ''Kumari kottam''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1946
| Novella
| ''Rangoon Radha''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1947
| Play
| ''Needhidevan mayakkam''
|
|-
| 1947
| Parable
| ''Kadhiravan Kaneen''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1948
| Play
| ''Nallathambi''
|
|-
| 1948
| Play
| ''Or iravu''
|
|-
| 1948
| Novella
| ''En vazhvu''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1953
| Play
| ''Sorgavasal''
|
|-
| 1953
| Play
| ''Kadhal jothi''
|
|-
| 1955
| Parable
| ''Kumari Surya''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1955
| Parable
| ''Nangai Nagaithaal''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1955
| Parable
| ''Oru muttalin kadhai''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1955
| Play
| ''Pavayin payanam''
|
|-
| 1956
| Novella
| ''Pudhiya polivu''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1957
| Novella
| ''Kadaisi kanavu''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1965
| Novella
| ''Thazhumbukal''
| ''Kanchi''
|-
| 1965
| Novella
| ''Vandikaaran magan''
| ''Kanchi''
|-
| 1968
| Novella
| ''appodhae sonnen''
| ''Kanchi''
|-
| 1970
| Play
| ''Inba oli''
| ''Kanchi'' and ''Dravida nadu''
|}

=== Non fiction ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title<ref name=TL />
|-
| 1947
| ''Kambarasam''
|-
| 1948
| ''Ariyamayai''
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of places named after C. N. Annadurai]]
*[[Annadurai ministry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] | years= 1949–1969}}
{{s-aft|after= [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]}}

{{s-par}}
{{s-bef|before= Deivasigamani}}
{{s-ttl|title= Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Legislative Assembly]] | years= 1957–1962}}
{{s-aft|after= [[S. V. Natesa Mudaliar]]}}

{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= [[M. Bakthavatsalam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Madras State]] | years= 1967–1969}}
{{s-aft|after= Himself as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu}}

{{s-bef|before= Himself as Chief Minister of Madras State}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] | years= 1969–1969}}
{{s-aft|after= [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] (acting)}}
{{s-end}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|C. N. Annadurai}}
* [http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/annadurai.htm C.N.Annadurai: One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100316145926/http://anna100.tn.gov.in/ C.N.Annadurai centenary: The website for C.N.Annadurai 100th birthday]
* [http://www.arignaranna.net/ To know all about Arignar Anna visit: www.arignaranna.net]
* [http://www.annavinpadaippugal.info/ To read all works of Arignar Anna visit: www.annavinpadaippugal.info]
{{Dravidian politics-hor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annadurai, C. N.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:1909 births|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:1969 deaths|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Deaths from esophageal cancer]]
[[Category:4th Lok Sabha members]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:State funerals in India]]

Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu

2022-02-19T05:32:12Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Original research|date=August 2019}}
{{POV|date=August 2019}}
{{User-generated|date=August 2019}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=August 2019}}
}}
The '''[[Indian independence movement]]''' had a long history in the Tamil-speaking districts of the then [[Madras Presidency]] going back to the 18th century.

The first resistance to the British was offered by the legendary Since then there had been rebellions by ''[[polygars]]'' such as the [[Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone]], [[Marudu brothers]], [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]], [[Veeran Sundaralingam]], [[Oomaithurai]] and [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and the [[sepoys]] of [[Vellore]]. Though there were no violent rebellions in the 19th century, still, there were continuous agitations by Indian independence activists such as [[Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty]], [[John Bruce Norton]], [[Eardley Norton]], [[Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer]],[, [[P. Rangaiah Naidu]], [[G. Subramania Iyer]], [[Sir S. Subramania Iyer]], [[C. Jambulingam Mudaliar]], [[Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar]], [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]] and [[C. Karunakara Menon]]. After a brief interlude of militancy in the early 1900s, independence activists from Tamil Nadu adopted the non-violent principles of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Some of the important Gandhian leaders of the region were [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[K. Kamaraj]] and [[S. Satyamurti]].

Contemporaneous with the Indian nationalist movement, there were also pro-British political parties and movements, the most prominent being the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]. Some important pro-British leaders were [[P. Theagaroya Chetty]], [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]], [[Raja of Panagal]] and [[E. V. Ramasami]].

== Early contacts with European powers ==

European travellers and traders have had contacts with the Tamil country at least since the 1st millennium

== Origin and rise of the British East India Company ==

Following the negotiations which Sir [[Thomas Roe]] had with the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] on behalf of [[James VI of England]], the [[British East India Company]], founded by a charter in 1600, opened factories or trading posts all over India. The [[Masulipatnam]] factory, the first in the south, was opened in the year 1612. Later factories were established at Pulicat and Armagon. In 1639, due to harsh weather conditions, the Masulipatnam factory was moved to a site newly purchased from the [[Raja of Chandragiri]]. A planned administrative base, a fort and a few British residences were set up. The city of [[Madras]], which grew from this new settlement, thus became the first British trading settlement to be established in the Tamil country. The agency of Fort St George set up in 1640, was upgraded to a Presidency in 1652 but demoted in 1655 before being upgraded once again in 1684.

In the initial years, the British in South India concentrated mainly on trade and not on territorial expansion and hence, rarely indulged in acts of military aggression. However, the rapid rise of French influence forced{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} the British at Madras to interfere in local politics and assert themselves in the region through negotiations and alliances or through more forceful means. The French victory over the British and their conquest of Madras in 1746 compelled the British East India Company to set up a regular standing army though Madras was returned to the British three years later. Eventually, the French were defeated in a long series of battles known as the [[Carnatic Wars]] and their influence in India virtually disappeared with the fall of Pondicherry in 1774. Apart from eliminating the French, the Carnatic Wars also strengthened British prestige and influence in the region as they had set up military alliances with local princes in their bid to outmaneuver the French. One of the princes was the most important and powerful ruler in the Tamil country, the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], who became a debtor and eventually pensioner of the British East India Company.

The first British possession in the Tamil country, apart from Madras, was Fort St David, near Cuddalore, which was established in 1690. The British acquired taxation rights over Chingleput district in 1763 and South Arcot in 1781. The two districts, along with rest of the Carnatic kingdom, came under complete British control in 1801. The [[Baramahals]] comprising Salem, Coimbatore and western Tamil Nadu, were ceded to the British by [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1793 following his defeat in the [[Third Mysore War]] while Tanjore was acquired from the Thanjavur Maratha ruler [[Serfoji II]] in 1799.

== Resistance to British expansion ==

[[Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone]] (1710–1757), from Kattalankulam in Thoothukudi District, was an early freedom fighter against the British presence in Tamil Nadu. Born into a [[Konar (caste)|Konar]] family, he became a military leader in the town of [[Ettayapuram]] , and was defeated in battle there against the British and [[Maruthanayagam]]'s forces. He was executed in 1757 by British troops after a fierce battle and was captured and executed. In his memory, the government of Tamil Nadu conducts a Pooja ceremony every year on 11 July. A documentary film based on his life was released in 2012.
After his death ''[[polygar]]'' of [[Avudyapuram]], who, in 1757, led a confederacy of Western ''polygar'' chieftains in defiance against the Nawab of Carnatic's right to levy taxes on them on behalf of the British. The British responded by appointing [[Marudanayagam|Muhammad Yusuf]], the governor of Madurai and Tirunelveli, and entrusting to him the task of putting down the rebellion. Yusuf enlisted the support of the Eastern ''polygar'' chieftains and eventually succeeded in reducing the rebels. Later, however, Muhammad Yusuf, himself, rebelled against the British and was captured and executed. During the 1780s and 1790s, Tamil chieftains like [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and the [[Maruthu Pandiyar]] brothers also fought along with Tipu Sultan against the British. The Marudu brothers defeated a powerful British force at Kollangudi near Sivagangai in April 1789. [[Velu Nachiyar]] was one of the few rulers who regained her kingdom, and ruled it for ten more years. She formed an army and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and Hyder Ali with the aim of attacking the British, whom she did successfully fight in 1780. When Velu Nachiyar found the place where the British stored their ammunition, she arranged a suicide attack: a faithful follower, Kuyili, doused herself in oil, set herself alight and walked into the storehouse. Velu Nachiyar formed a woman's army named "udaiyaal" in honour of her adopted daughter, Udaiyaal, who died detonating a British arsenal.

In 1799, [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman|Kattabomman Nayak]], the ''polygar'' of [[Panchalankurichi]], revolted against the British along with his brother [[Oomadhurai]] and a few neighbouring ''polygars''. After a few successful skirmishes, Panchalankurichi was eventually besieged by Company troops and Kattabomman was defeated in a long, pitched battle. Kattabomman and most of his allies were captured and hanged and the fort of Panchalankurichi was levelled to the ground. However, the Maruthu Pandiyar brother and some of Kattabomman's allies evaded capture and along with Dheeran Chinnamalai, fought the Second Polygar War against the British. Though the rebels were initially successful and Chinnamalai inflicted a severe defeat on Colonel Makiskan, the rebellion was eventually put down in 1802 and all the leaders captured and hanged. The Maruthu Pandiyar brothers defeated the British troops at Virupatchi and repulsed an attack on Sivagangai but were defeated and captured at Cholapuram. The brothers were hanged in October 1801 along with other prisoners.

== Vellore Mutiny ==
[[File:১৮০৬ সালের ভেলোর বিদ্রোহের স্তম্ভ.jpg|thumb|upright|Pillar commemorating the Mutiny at Vellore.]]
{{See also|Vellore Mutiny}}

On 10 July 1806, a sepoy mutiny broke out in the town of [[Vellore]], 130 kilometres from Madras. The sepoys of the Vellore garrison were displeased with a recently introduced law regulating the usage of Hindu caste marks or beards. Full-scale rebellion broke out after midnight on 10 July 1806 and Fateh Hyder, the second son of Tipu Sultan, who was imprisoned in [[Vellore Fort]] was crowned king. However, reinforcements arrived from the nearby town of Arcot within the next fifteen minutes and the rebellion was successfully quelled by Sir [[Rollo Gillespie]]. Over 100 captured sepoys were executed by blasting them with canister shots. [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]], the [[Governor of Madras]] was recalled and replaced. The laws regulating Hindu religious marks was withdrawn.

== Opposition to missionary activities ==
[[File:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty.jpg|thumb|upright|Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty]]
During the 19th century, the British rulers of India were actively endorsing the activities of Christian missionaries and enacting laws to empower them and favour proselytisation. In 1844, a law was introduced amending Hindu law to make it possible for Christian converts to inherit property from their Hindu ancestors. At about the same time, Christian theology was introduced as a compulsory subject in the curriculum of the University of Madras.

[[Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty]], a popular indigo merchant launched a campaign against these measures and presided over a protest meeting in Madras city on 7 October 1846. The protestors even petitioned lawmakers and social and political activists in United Kingdom and enlisted their support. The laws were eventually withdrawn. Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] and nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]], the second Indian to be in the council. Chetty was also assisted in his efforts by Madras lawyer and Indophile [[John Bruce Norton]] whose own participation in the Indian National movement is significant.

The conversion of a [[Brahmin]] student of the [[Madras Christian College]] in April 1888 sparked severe protests from Hindus in the Madras Presidency.<ref name="hinduandchristianp204">{{cite book | title=Hindu and Christian in South-east India: Aspects of Religious Continuity and Change, 1800–1900 | last=A. Oddie| first=Geoffrey | pages=204| year=1991| publisher=Routledge|id={{ISBN|0913215554}}, {{ISBN|978-0-913215-55-5}}}}</ref> The agitators resolved to start national schools to counter evangelistic activities in missionary-run schools and colleges.<ref name="missionary_controversy_p163">{{cite book|title=Missionary controversy: Discussion, Evidence and Report, 1890|publisher=Wesleyan Methodist Book Room|pages=163|place=London|year=1890}}</ref><ref name="missionary_controversy_p176">{{cite book|title=Missionary controversy: Discussion, Evidence and Report, 1890|publisher=Wesleyan Methodist Book Room|pages=176|place=London|year=1890}}</ref> Most of the leaders were Indian nationalists who had recently founded the [[Indian National Congress]].

== ''The Hindu'' and the Madras Mahajana Sabha ==
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Delegates at the first session of the Indian National Congress, 1885]]
{{Main|Madras Mahajana Sabha}}
Indian nationalists of the 19th century propagated their views and objectives by starting newspapers and forming social and political organisations. The first Indian-run newspaper ''The Crescent'' was started by Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty to counter Christian missionary propaganda and alleged British injustice. But the newspaper which played a major part in the history of the Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu was the English-language ''[[The Hindu]]'' which was started by Indian independence activists [[G. Subramania Iyer]], [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]] and [[N. Subba Rao Pantulu]] in 1878 in support of the candidature of [[T. Muthuswamy Iyer]] as the first Indian judge of the [[Madras High Court]]. In the following years, ''The Hindu'' launched severe criticisms of economic policies of the government.

The Madras Native Association established by Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty in 1852 was the first Indian political organisation in the Madras Presidency. On 16 May 1884, the [[Madras Mahajana Sabha]] was founded by prominent Indian leaders of the Presidency such as [[P. Rangaiah Naidu]] of Madras, [[Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar]] of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]] of [[Chingleput]]. Its founders later played leading roles in the Indian National Congress.

The Indian National Congress was established due to the efforts of [[Allan Octavian Hume]] and with the blessings of the then [[Viceroy of India]] [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]] and held its first meeting at the Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay between 28 and 31 December 1885. Among the 72 delegates who attended the first session, 22 were from the Madras Presidency.

<center>
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
! City/Town
! Delegate/s
! Profile
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Madras]] '''(8)'''
| [[P. Rangaiah Naidu]] (1828–1904)
| ''vakil'', Madras High Court. Municipal Commissioner, Madras. President of the Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884). Member of the Madras Legislative Council (1892–99).
|-
| [[S. Subramania Iyer]] (1842–1924)
| lawyer, Madras High Court. Member of the Madras Legislative Council (1884–87).
|-
| [[G. Subramania Iyer]] (1855–1916)
| journalist and social reformer. Founder of English-language ''[[The Hindu]]'' (1878) and Tamil-language ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' (1882).
|-
| [[P. Anandacharlu]] (1843–1908)
| ''vakil'', Madras High Court, journalist and Municipal Commissioner, Madras.
|-
| [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]]
| journalist. Sub-editor of ''The Hindu''. Secretary of the Madras Mahajana Sabha.
|-
| [[C. Singaravelloo Mudaliar]]
| Merchant and Municipal Commissioner, Madras. Trustee, Pachaiyappa's Charities.
|-
| [[M. E. Shriranga Chariar]]
| Lawyer, Madras High Court
|-
| [[S. V. Athalye]]
| Medical practitioner, Madras
|-
| [[Chingleput]] '''(1)'''
| [[M. Y. Ramanujachariar]]
| Pleader, Chingleput
|-
| [[Coimbatore]] '''(1)'''
| [[S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu]] (1854–1922)
| journalist and social reformer. Secretary of the Coimbatore unit of the Madras Mahajana Sabha and editor of ''The Crescent''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Tanjore]] '''(2)'''
| [[S. A. Saminatha Iyer]] (d. 1899)
| public prosecutor and lander proprietor. President of the Tanjore People's Association and corresponding member of the Madras Mahajana Sabha. Chairman of the Tanjore Municipal council and member of the district board
|-
| [[N. Narayanaswami Iyer]]
| landlord, Tanjore
|-
| [[Kumbakonam]] '''(1)'''
| [[K. Pattabhirama Iyer]]
| landlord
|-
| [[Madura]] '''(1)'''
| [[P. Subramania Iyer]]
| landlord
|-
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] '''(1)'''
| Kristnaswamy Rout
|-

| [[Tinnevely]] '''(1)'''
| [[Peter Paul Pillai]]
| headmaster and landlord
|}
</center>

Important public personalities of the Presidency, like Rangaiah Naidu, S. Subramania Iyer, and G. Subramania Iyer, attended the first session of the Indian National Congress. However, some prominent personalities like [[Eardley Norton]], [[Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar]], [[C. Jambulingam Mudaliar]], [[T. Madhava Rao]] and [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] did not participate in the first session. Nevertheless, the Indian National Congress, with its ideals actively propagated by members of the [[Theosophical Society]] grew by leaps and bounds, that the 1887 session of the Congress held in Madras city and presided over by Madhava Rao was a tremendous success. The visiting dignitaries were welcomed by [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Lord Connemara]], the then [[Governor of Madras]]. In 1889, Eardley Norton and Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar led an Indian delegation to the United Kingdom to set up a UK chapter of the Indian National Congress.

From the early 1900s, leadership of the Indian National Congress passed on to a new generation of politicians such as [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], [[C. Sankaran Nair]], [[M. Krishnan Nair (politician)|M. Krishnan Nair]], [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] and [[P. Theagaroya Chetty]]. Eventually, with the passage of time and the influx of revolutionary ideas from the north, the movement turned violent.

== Rise of extremism ==
[[File:Vvsaiyar.jpg|thumb|upright|V. V. S Aiyar]]
[[File:Subramanya Bharathi.jpg|thumb|upright]]
The split between the moderates and extremists at the [[Surat]] session of the Indian National Congress in 1906 was also accompanied by a split between the moderate and extremist elements in the Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu. Among the supporters of the Indian extremist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] were [[Subrahmanya Bharathi]] and [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]].

Subrahmanya Bharathi was a prodigious Tamil poet and writer and is often regarded as the "national poet of Tamil Nadu". His virulently anti-British writings in ''New India'' and ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' attracted the attention of the government which issued a warrant for his arrest forcing hm to flee to the French territory of Pondicherry.

[[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai|Chidambaram Pillai (VOC)]] founded the first Indian- owned shipping company in British India, the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company to challenge British monopoly over shipping. From the beginning, the company had to deal with the hostility and bias of British administrators and competitors. Eventually, the company was liquidated and Pillai thrown in jail.

[[V. V. S. Aiyar]], an associate of [[V. D. Savarkar]], joined the [[India House]] and participated in the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]. In 1911, one of Aiyar's associates, [[Vanchinathan]] shot dead General Ashe, the District Collector of [[Trichinopoly District|Trichinopoly]]. Vanchinathan, later, shot himself to evade arrest.

Extremist activities in Tamil Nadu reached a climax during the First World War. The British theosophist [[Annie Besant]] who had been campaigning for social reforms and increased rights and privileges for native Indians, launched the [[Home Rule League]] in 1915, in order to pressurise the British government to grant self-rule to India. She was put under house-arrest on the orders of the Governor of Madras [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland|Lord Pentland]] and was released only after a long protracted legal battle waged by [[Sir S. Subramania Iyer]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].

The [[Rowlatt Act]] and subsequent [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] provoked outrage in the Tamil-speaking districts of Madras Presidency. S. Subramania Iyer returned his knighthood and S. Srinivasa Iyengar, his [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]].

== The Dyarchy ==

The [[Montague-Chelmsford reforms]] of 1919 introduced a dyarchical system of governance in all the three Presidencies of [[Bengal]], [[Bombay]] and [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. As per the new reforms, elections were held in the Madras Presidency in November 1920. In the absence of any contest from the [[Indian National Congress]] which had decided to boycott the elections, the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], an organisation with pro-British leanings, was elected unopposed and formed the government in the province. [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] served as Premier for a short term and was succeeded by [[Sir P. Ramarayaningar]]. The formulation of a policy of caste-based communal reservations in 1921 appears to be one of the highlights of his tenure. During the 1923 elections, the Justice Party split into two factions – the Constitutionalists and Ministerialists. In the very same year, the Indian National Congress, itself, split into two with a group of "No-Changers" who claimed the right to use its name in favour of non-participation in the government and another faction called the "[[Swaraj Party]]" which was in favour of council entry. The Swaraj Party under [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] emerged as the single-largest party in the 1926 elections. However, the Swaraj Party refused to form the government prompting the governor Lord Goschen to install a regional aristocrat [[P. Subbarayan]] as the Premier and nominate members of his own choice to the council to support him. However, the government was beset with problems from the very beginning as both the Swaraj Party as well as the Justice Party tried to topple it.

The [[Simon Commission]] arrived in India in the year 1928 to make field investigations into the working of the Montague-Chelmsford reforms. The Indian National Congress and the Swaraj Party as well as the Justice Party, in the initial stages, decided to boycott the commission as there was not a single Indian in it. A motion was put forth in both the houses of the Madras legislature boycotting the Commission and was passed with absolute majority. But the Premier P. Subbarayan opposed the motion and prepared to welcome the commission prompting both of his ministers [[A. Ranganatha Mudaliar]] and [[R. N. Arogysamy Mudaliar]] to resign in protest. The Governor intervened to appoint [[S. Muthiah Mudaliar]] and [[M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer]] as ministers in place of the resigned member sof the cabinet and appointed [[Sir M. Krishnan Nair]], an important leader of the Justice Party, to his executive council, in order to enlist the support of its members. The motion was eventually defeated and the Simon Commission was accorded a warm welcome amidst cries of foulplay by the Swaraj Party.

The Justice Party was voted back to power in the 1930 elections and [[B. Munuswamy Naidu]] served as Premier for a short term before being succeeded by the [[Raja of Bobbili]]. However, the economic conditions under the [[Great Depression]] combined with [[anti-incumbency]] and rising corruption in the Justice Party ranks resulted in its defeat in the 1934 elections. However, Justice Party was returned to power as the Swaraj Party, the single largest party, refused to form the government. However, by 1937, things had changed and a united and rejuvenated Indian National Congress participating in the elections for the first time held under the [[Government of India Act 1935]] registered a famous win and a near-complete rout for the Justice Party.

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book | title=History of Freedom Movement in Tamil Nadu: Vidutalai poril Tamilakam| last=Sivagnanam| first=M. P.| year=1988| author-link=M. P. Sivagnanam| publisher=Tamil University|id={{ISBN|8170901146}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7090-114-3}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Madras Presidency in Pre-Gandhian Era: A Historical Perspective, 1884–1915|author=Saroja Sundararajan|publisher=Lalitha Publications|year=1997}}
* {{cite book|title=The Congress in Tamilnad: nationalist politics in South India, 1919–1937|url=https://archive.org/details/congressintamiln0000arno|url-access=registration|author=David Arnold|year=1977|id={{ISBN|0883869586}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88386-958-1}}|publisher=David Arnold}}

== See also ==

* [[Tinnevely Riot of 1908]]
* [[1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike]]
* [[1928 South Indian Railway Strike]]
* [[Neil Statue Satyagraha]]
* [[1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike]]

[[Category:Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:History of social movements]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

S. Kumarasamy

2022-02-19T05:31:39Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Kumarasamy
| image =
| caption ={{deletable image-caption|Tuesday, 27 June 2017|F7}}
| imagesize = 200px
| order = Ex-Municipal Chairman, Kumbakonam
| term_start = 1987
| term_end = 1988
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]] [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| residence = Guru Vilas, [[Kumbakonam]]
| profession = [[Social work]]
| spouse = Sulochana Ammal
}}
{{Indian name|Kumarasamy|Sivasubramaniam}}
'''S. Kumarasamy''' generally referred as Kumarasamy Pillai ({{lang-ta|குமரசாமிபிள்ளை}}), or Komachi ({{lang-ta|கோமாட்சி}}), is a well-known politician and social worker in the Kumbakonam town. From his student life he actively engaged in several social works. He is an ardent follower of [[E. V. Ramasami]] and [[K. Kamaraj]].

==Early life==
'''S. Kumarasamy''' was born to Thiru '''G. Sivasubramaniam Pillai''' and Thirumathi '''Jeevarathinam Ammal''' at [[Kumbakonam]].

His grandfather '''Shri. Gurunadha pillai''' was one among few notable rich and affluent people during his period. Places such as [[Darasuram]] Kolikodu near [[Cholapuram]], Elichanur, acres of vast agricultural lands were owned by him. Also the places in [[Kumbakonam]], were British’s camp normally referred as '''1933 club''' and today the place where '''Thanga Villas Tobacco factory''' situate, all once owned by '''Shri. Gurunadha Pillai'''. During his lifetime, he donated a vast portion of his lands to the poor and the needy. He was a Municipal member of [[Kumbakonam]] during those days.

S. Kumarasamy’s father '''G. Sivasubramaniam Pillai''' was a person who was totally devoted to [[Gandhism]] principles. In 1938, he was a Municipal member of [[Kumbakonam]] when Dr. Thiyagarajan was the Chairman.

==Education==
*In 1954, S. Kumarasamy joined the Government Arts College (Men), [[Kumbakonam]] and completed his Bachelor's degree in Arts.

== Politics ==

*During his college period, he was attracted by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] principles and joined the students political wing of [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]. later, he took responsibility of holding various posts, in the students wing of Tanjore District [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]. In 1954 when [[K. Kamaraj]] came to power as the Chief Minister, Periyar supported [[K. Kamaraj]] as an individual, because of his commitment to people’s issues. Further, Periyar labeled [[K. Kamaraj]] as the "Pachai Tamizhan" (Raw Tamilian)<ref>[http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/Periyar.pdf Pachai Tamizhan]</ref> and allowed [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] members to join [[K. Kamaraj]]. During that time, S. Kumarasamy wrote a letter to [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] seeking his approval, and after his sanction, he then joined the Congress party.
*In 1991 he joined the [[D.M.K]] and [[Janata Dal]] alliance.
*After a brief period he remained in other parties, and later disassociated from active politics, to remain as a Social worker.

==Election contest==
*In 1969 S. Kumarasamy first time contested and lost his victory. Later 1987, he again contested and won the Municipal election at [[Kumbakonam]]. Later, taking responsibility for his defeat in the assembly elections, he resigned his Chairman post in 1988.
* In 1991, Mr. Rama Ramanathan won the assembly election, when S. Kumarasamy contested the election with [[Janata Dal]] support.<ref>[http://newindpress.com/election/2006/News.asp?Topic=-443&Title=TAMIL+NADU&ID=IET20060404023803&nDate=4/4/2006&Sub=& News on Rama Ramanathan's election results]</ref>

==Principles==
*Very simple in nature, he doesn't wear shoes or even slippers. Never wears a wristwatch and possesses neither a car or a two wheeler.<ref>"Thyaga Deepam" p.11 - a book released by [http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/ministers.htm '''Shri. Ko. Si Mani'''], ( [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for [[Cooperation]], [[Statistics]] and Ex-Servicemen [[Tamil Nadu]]) on 16 May 1998 during Shri. S. Kumarasamy’s 60th birthday.</ref>

==Service==
*During his college days, his college administration arranged a separate hostel for the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled]] and [[Other Backward Class|backward]] caste people. He opposed this illegal suppression on the basis of [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and fought for justice and finally abolished that arrangement.
*In 1967, he was arrested for [[Nonviolent resistance|protesting]] against the government owned [[toddy shop]]s.<ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-periyar280603.htm Periar movement]</ref> From the year 1967, he holds a record of being in prison for a maximum tenure, than any other [[Indian National Congress|congressman]] in Tamil Nadu state, for holding [[Nonviolent resistance|peaceful political agitations]].
*He was also arrested for holding various [[Nonviolent resistance|peaceful protests]], relating to farmers and weavers wage related matters.
*S. Kumarasamy is known for his service, in helping several poor students to get school and college admissions.
*During his office tenure, there was an encroachment in municipal owned area. Members during the day proceedings, accused the Chairman for not doing enough to evacuate the encroachments from municipal lands. S. Kumarasamy immediately adjourned the proceedings and along with his co- members and workers, reached the specified location and made sure eviction is done. The day proceedings resumed later.
*Previously near [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]], South Street, the town people have to walk a long distance from the main road to their residence, due to the blockage of a municipal compound wall. Understanding the local people's hardship, Shri. S. Kumarasamy removed a section of the municipality compound wall, to facilitate a free movement of the public. Even now, an engraved stone stands at that particular point, giving a brief detail about the incident.

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumarasamy, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Inkulab

2022-02-19T05:31:07Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = ''Makkal Pavalar'' Inkulab
| native_name = ''மக்கள் பாவலர்'' இன்குலாப்
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shahul Hameed
| birth_date = {{circa|1944}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2016|12|1|72|df=y}}
| death_place = Urappakkam
| occupation = [[Author]], [[Poet]], [[Playwright|Dramatist]], [[columnist]].
| genre =
| movement =
| notableworks = Avvai, Kaandhal Naatkal
| website =
}}

''Makkal Pavalar'' '''Inkulab''' (also spelt '''Inquilab''', '''Inkulab''' or '''Ingulab''') ({{lang-ta|மக்கள் பாவலர் இன்குலாப்}}; c. 1944 – 1 December 2016) was an Indian rationalist [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[poet]]/[[writer]], [[activist]], and [[Communist]] with [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist Leninist]] inclination.<ref name="Padma">{{cite journal | last = Padma | first = V. | title = Re-presenting protest and resistance on stage: Avvai | journal = [[Indian Journal of Gender Studies]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–230 | doi = 10.1177/097152150000700205 | date = September 2000 | s2cid = 145735247 }}</ref> He retired as a [[professor]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] at [[The New College, Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His birth name is Shahul Hameed<ref name=Padma /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ingulab.blogspot.com/|title=மக்கள் பாவலர் இன்குலாப்|work=ingulab.blogspot.com|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> and a known follower of [[E. V. Ramasami|Periyar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/dec/01/makkal-kavignar-inquilab-passes-away-1544651.html|title='Makkal Kavignar' Inquilab passes away|work=newindianexpress.com|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

His poems espousing rationality have been critically acclaimed.<ref name=Padma /> ''Kanmani Rajam'', his most famous poem, criticizes the [[moral bankruptcy]] of [[politician]]s.

His song/poem ''Naanga Manushangada (We are human beings)'' is a famous [[dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]]-freedom song that is still played in many Dalit gatherings. Avvai, his [[drama]] is considered to be the first modern Tamil drama,<ref name=Padma /> and a prescribed textbook for many colleges. In this revisionist account, the historical/mythic [[Avvaiyar|poet Avvai]], contrary to the prevalent image of her as an old, wise, celibate woman, is rendered as a young, sensuous, creative, 'free' person, a wandering bard.<ref name=Padma /> The play also challenges the patriarchal view which has marginalized the female voice.<ref>[http://www.mssrf.org/iec/603/vc.htm MSSRF | Voicing Silence | Video Catalogue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814011707/http://mssrf.org/iec/603/vc.htm |date=2007-08-14 }}</ref>

His other famous literary works include modern versions of [[Manimekalai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/03/stories/2002020300470800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110011643/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/03/stories/2002020300470800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2003|title=For, of and by women|first=Giving traditional performers a platform while highlighting women's issues and concerns is not easy But, writes Kausalya Santhanam, `Mouna Kural' (Voicing Silence), a Chennai-based group, shows how the two can be combined effectively Theatre from a woman's perspective a scene from|last=Manimegalai|date=30 January 2002|pages=08|access-date=5 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref> and Kurinji Paatu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002630400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115134931/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002630400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2006|title=Ode to the Parambu hills|first=Kausalya|last=Santhanam|date=29 December 2005|pages=04|access-date=5 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref>

He was also involved in vocal expression of discontent of removal of statue of a Tamil legendary icon [[Kannaki]] in 2002 by the then [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1901/19010320.htm Controversy over a statue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326190916/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1901/19010320.htm |date=2005-03-26 }}</ref> He died at the age of 72 on 1 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Poet-Inquilab-is-no-more/article16741502.ece|title=Poet Inquilab is no more|first=B.|last=Kolappan|date=2 December 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
He has been selected posthumously for the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil|Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book ''Kaandhal Naatkal'' in 2017. However, his family declined the award, saying he did not write expecting awards and felicitations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/inquilab-gets-sahitya-akademi-award/article22201557.ece|title=Inquilab gets Sahitya Akademi award|first=B.|last=Kolappan|date=22 December 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian atheism activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Kallakudi demonstration

2022-02-19T05:30:27Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Legacy */

{{short description|Political protest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Karunanidhi1.jpg|M. Karunanidhi led the protest when he was 29. He would go on to become the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|225x225px|thumb]]
The '''Kallakudi demonstration''' was organised by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) on 15 July 1953 in [[Kallakudi]] in the erstwhile [[Tiruchirappalli district]] against naming the place as Dalmiapuram. Ramakrishna Dalmia, a businessman from Bihar, established a cement factory in Kallakudi and the place was renamed Dalmiapuram on his request. DMK opposed the move as a suppression of South Indians by North India. It was the first notable demonstration by [[M Karunanidhi]], the five-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and his party, the DMK. The DMK party blocked passenger trains during the protest.

The police opened fire on the demonstration killing two civilians and injuring 16 others. Twelve policemen were injured, including The Deputy Superindent of Police and the Circle Inspector and ten other constables. The demonstration was the first notable demonstration by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and for [[M Karunanidhi]] who would go on to become the five-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

The government ordered an open judicial enquiry into the incident headed by the District Magistrate of Madurai and the Principal Subordinate Judge of Tuticorin. The judicial enquiries and later court proceedings lead to Karunanidhi and the four others arrested getting sentenced to five months in prison and a fine of 35 Rupees on each. The demonstration was a part of [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]], which has lasting political impact on [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Background ==
The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party under the leadership of Anna, wanted to launch a demonstration against the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] for three reasons. First, it was against the Hindi policies imposed by [[Rajaji]], the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and the plan was to demonstrate outside his house. Second, the party wanted to protest against Nehru who called Tamilians as "nonsense". The third reason was to oppose the request made by industrialist Ramakrishna Dalmia who established cement factory in Kallakudi and wanted to rename it as Dalmiapuram. In Annadurai's own words, "I am sending a brother to the war against educational programme and another one to the Kallakudi battlefield".<ref>{{cite journal|title= Mother, Mother-Community and Mother-Politics in Tamil Nadu|first=Lakshmi|last=C.S.|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=42/43|pages=WS72–WS83|date=27 October 1990|jstor=4396895}}</ref> Ramakrishna Dalmia, 46-year-old, who inherited a sugar mill in Bihar, started two cement industries, one each in Bihar and Kallakudi. He was challenging the [[Associated Cement Companies]] (ACC), by importing foreign machinery. While the industry at Rohat Nagar in Bihar was started without any issue, he faced opposition in Kallakudi against naming the place as Dalmiapuram.<ref name=newsminute />

== Demonstration ==
As per the official report as discussed during the debate in the assembly, during the early part of 15 July 1953, attempts were made to deface the name of the railway station board. A group of six people who tried to stop the morning passenger train towards Ariyalur were arrested.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karunanidhi Passes Away: Former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister And DMK Patriarch M Karunanidhi Passed Away On Tuesday At The Age Of 94|url=https://dharapassociates.in/2018/08/08/karunanidhi-passes-away-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-and-dmk-patriarch-m-karunanidhi-passed-away-on-tuesday-at-the-age-of-94/news/|date=8 August 2018|accessdate=26 July 2020|publisher=Dharap Associates}}</ref> During the afternoon, around 2 p.m., there was larger crowd who stopped the passenger train bound to Ariyalur. The attempt of persuasion by the subdivisional Magistrate failed and police had to resort to lathi-charge. While the train was moved to the South, the obstruction by the mob and stone-throwing continued. The Deputy Superintendent of Police and the Circle Inspector on duty already sustained injuries and a shootout was ordered by the Magistrate. After the shootout, two people were killed and the crowd started dispersing in all directions. Thirteen people were treated at Lalgudi hospital, while three others in Trichy hospital. In all, the casualties were placed at two, while 16 other civilians injured. Among the police, there were twelve injuries, including that of The Deputy Superindent of Police and the Circle Inspector and ten other constables.<ref name=assembly /> The government ordered an open judicial enquiry into the incident headed by the District Magistrate of Madurai and the Principal Subordinate Judge of Tuticorin.<ref name="assembly">{{cite journal|title=Police Firing in Tuticorin and Dalmiapuram|pages=305–7|journal=Madras Legislative Assembly Debates|publisher=South Asian Open Archives|volume=9|issue=1–15|date=30 July 1953|jstor=saoa.crl.27485064}}</ref> The judicial enquiries and later court proceedings ordered Karunanidhi and the four others arrested were sentenced to five months in prison and a fine of 35 Rupees was levied on each. It was found out that the two killed were passengers in the train not related to the protest.<ref name=newsminute />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Mathialagan VPRaman Anna Rajaji Karunanidhi.jpg| Mathialagan, VPRaman, Anna, Rajaji and Karunanidhi from left to right|250px|thumb]]
The demonstration was the first notable demonstration by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], which separated from its parent [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] in 1949 and for [[M Karunanidhi]] who would go on to become the five-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. It was helping the party build momentum against the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. The DMK continued running the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] along with the secessionist demand for [[Dravida Nadu]]. [[C. Rajagopalachari]], who was the ruling Chief Minister of the state from [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] had to resign in 1954 on account of internal compulsions from his own party men. [[Kamaraj]] who was leading the internal opposition against Rajaji under the aegis of [[E V Ramasami]] (EVR), went on to become the Chief Minister of the state.

Whenever the government introduced Hindi as a compulsory language in schools, anti-Hindi protests happened lead by [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK) (erstwhile Justice Party) and [[E V Ramasami]] (EVR).<ref name="williams">{{cite book | first1=Rohit | last1=Wanchoo| first2=Mukesh | last2=Williams| year=2007| title= Representing India: literatures, politics, and identities | publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-569226-6| page=73| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uYTAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> EVR, who was opposing Congress on Hindi grounds so far, softened his stand and started to support Kamaraj through his regime from 1954 to 1963 as one of his demands of a non-Brahmin chief minister was met.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Review: Pre-History and History of the DMK |jstor=3520089 |pages=77–78 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=6 |issue=5 |date=December 1977 |first=Marguerite Ross |last=Barnett}}</ref> While DK was supporting Congress and the Kamaraj regime, DMK continued opposing the Congress moves with mass demonstrations in the themes of separate Dravidian state. Some of the political historians believe that DMK used the demonstration to lobby for high representation in parliament.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asian Politics and Religion|pages=227–230|publisher=Princenton University Press|first=Robert L.|last=Hardgrave|chapter=Religion, Politics, and the DMK|year=1966|jstor=j.ctt183pvc8.13|isbn=9780691000114}}</ref> On 28 January 1956, Annadurai along with E V Ramasami and Rajaji signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.<ref name="aanli">{{cite book | year=1958| title= Modern India rejects Hindi| publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India| page=29| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGcOAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="copley">{{cite book | first= Antony R. H. | last=Copley| year=1978| title= The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics| publisher=Macmillan| page=311| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-uYmpYmXuMC}}</ref> [[M. Karunanidhi]] who became the Chief minister after the death of Annadurai in 1969, renamed the Dalmiapuram station to Kallakudi.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Dent in the Halo|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|issue=32|date=8 August 1970|pages=1327–1329|jstor=4360296}}</ref>

Critics have pointed out that Karunanidhi in later years as Chief Minister, renamed the Old Mahabalipuram Road to Rajiv Gandhi Salai as opposed to Tamil sentiments. Another criticism about the incident is that it did not create any impact or lasting legacy on socio-political landscape. As per historian Thanjai Nalankilli, "the Dalmiapuram – Kallakudi agitation did not have a burning root cause or a lasting impact on Tamil Nadu. Yet this rather "unimportant" agitation became front-page news and a prominent event in the history of Dravidian parties because of the dramatic lying down before the train and the subsequent high-handed police actions".<ref name="newsminute">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kallakudi-agitation-when-karunanidhi-became-household-name-tamil-nadu-86149|publisher=Newsminute|date=7 August 2018|title=The Kallakudi agitation: When Karunanidhi became a household name in Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Another view from the experts state that Karunanidhi carefully crafted his image during the 6 months of imprisonment utilizing double theme of dead men and earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post|page=80|editor1-last=Mills|editor1-first=James H.|editor2-last=Sen|editor2-first=Satadru|last=Rangaswamy|first=Nimmi|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=9781843310334}}</ref> As per another view, Anna was upset with Karunanidhi was overdoing the agitation as it lead to the death of siz people.<ref>{{cite book|title=MGR : A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ&q=kallakudi&pg=PT87|last=R.|first=Kannan|isbn=9789386495884|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

Tamil Renaissance

2022-02-19T05:29:07Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Tamil Renaissance''' refers to the literary, cultural, social reform and political movements that took place in the Tamil-speaking districts of Southern India starting in the second half of the 19th century and lasting to the culmination of the [[anti-Hindi agitations]] of the 1960s.

The period was characterized by a literary revival, spearheaded by Tamil writers of two different factions. One preferred an increased mixture of [[Sanskrit]] words with Tamil, believing that such a fusion raised the quality of Tamil language. The other faction favored reducing Sanskrit words to the barest minimum, in the belief that Sanskrit-origin words made the Tamil language lose its individuality. Rapid propagation of Western ideas and formulation of the [[Dravidian civilization]] theory during the second half of the 19th century inculcated a sense of pride in educated Tamils, eventually leading to the birth of [[Tamil nationalism]], which inspired the [[Dravidian movement]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/seeds-of-tamil-renaissance/article5787804.ece | title=Seeds of Tamil Renaissance | first=Theodore S. | last=Bhaskaran | date=4 April 2014 | magazine=Frontline | accessdate=11 July 2020 }}</ref>

== Beginnings ==

When the British Crown took over the administration of the country from the British East India Company, there was a rapid rise in literacy levels in South India. [[Brahmins]] reaped huge advantages from the reward-for-merit policy of the British Raj and eventually emerged as the foremost elite group among the native Indians. By the beginning of the 20th century, the domination of Brahmins turned into a monopoly, as some favoured members of their own community over others in government appointments.

The second half of the 19th century also saw the birth of Tamil pride, based on a distinct non-Aryan Dravidian identity. The ''[[A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages|Comparative Study of the Dravidian Family of Languages]]'' by Bishop [[Robert Caldwell]], for the first time, classified words in Dravidian tongues by their linguistic roots and distinguished them from their Indo-Aryan equivalents.<ref name="tamilrenaissance_europeanp53">{{cite book|title=European impact on modern Tamil writing and literature|year=1976|pages=53|author=Comale|publisher=Dravidian Linguistic Association}}</ref> The antiquity and greatness of Tamil civilization was further revealed by the archaeological discoveries of [[Robert Bruce Foote]] and the rediscovery and reproduction of ancient Tamil classics by [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]].<ref name="mebodimentofbhaktip8">{{cite book|title=The embodiment of bhakti|author=Karen Prechilis|pages=8|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195128133|year=1999}}</ref> Dravidian individualism combined with resentment of Brahmin domination eventually led to the birth of the Anti-Brahmin movement and inspired the works of [[K. N. Sivaraja Pillai]], [[Maraimalai Adigal]] and [[Bharathidasan]] and the socio-political movements of [[Iyothee Thass]] and [[E. V. Ramasami]]. It also inspired the romanticism of [[V. Kanakasabhai]] and [[L. D. Swamikannu Pillai]].

Tamil nationalism also inspired a pan-Indian anti-British school of thought, thereby strengthening the Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu. Indian independence activists like [[Subramanya Bharathy]], [[Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]], [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[V. V. S. Aiyar]], [[Subramania Siva]], [[V. Kalyanasundara Mudaliar]] and [[M. P. Sivagnanam]] were accomplished Tamil writers.

== Key individuals ==

; Linguists and litterateurs
* [[G. U. Pope]]
* [[Robert Caldwell]]
* [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]]
* [[C. W. Thamotharampillai]]
* [[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]]

; Historians

* [[C. Hayavadana Rao]]
* [[V. Kanakasabhai]]
* [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]]
* [[C. Minakshi]]
* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]]
* [[M. S. Purnalingam Pillai]]
* [[R. Raghava Iyengar]]
* [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]]
* [[T. R. Sesha Iyengar]]
* [[K. N. Sivaraja Pillai]]
* [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]]

; Epigraphists

* [[E. Hultzsch]]
* [[H. Krishna Sastri]]
* [[Iravatham Mahadevan]]
* [[C. Sivaramamurti]]
* [[K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyar]]
* [[V. Venkayya]]

; Mysticists

* [[Devaneya Pavanar]]
* [[L. D. Swamikannu Pillai]]

; Science and Mathematics

* [[C. V. Raman]]
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]
* [[K. S. Krishnan]]
* [[S. R. Ranganathan]]
* [[Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu]]

; Writers and journalists

* [[V. V. S. Aiyar]]
*[[Ashokamitran|Asokamitran]]
* [[C. S. Chellappa]]
* [[V. Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar]]
*C. N. Annadurai
* [[M. Karunanidhi]]
* [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Kalki Sadasivam]]
* [[G. A. Natesan]]
* [[Puthumaipithan]]
* [[Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai]]
* [[Subrahmanya Bharathy]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|title=Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944|author=K. Nambi Arooran|publisher=Koodal|year=1980}}
* {{cite book|title=Tamil Renaissance and Beginnings of the Tamil Novel|author=R. E. Asher}}
* {{cite book|title=Regionalism and religion: the Tamil renaissance and popular Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZldl0ty|author=Charles A. Ryerson|year=1988|publisher=Christian Literature Society}}
* {{cite book|title=The Justice Party and the Tamil Renaissance|author=Robert L. Hardgrave}}
* {{cite book|title=Subramania Bharati|chapter=Bharati and Tamil Renaissance|year=1964|author=Prema Nandakumar}}

[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]

Religious views of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy

2022-02-19T05:27:04Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[E V Ramasami]]]]
{{Periyar}}
The '''religious views of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy''' resulted in him being considered the [[Voltaire]] of South India. Both opposed religion virulently because, in their views, the so-called men of religion invented myths and superstitions to keep the innocent and ignorant people in darkness and to go on exploiting them.<ref name="Veeramani">Veeramani, K., ''Periyar on Women's Rights'', p. ix.</ref> [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] has been a harsh critic of the Aryan influenced Hinduism in Tamil Nadu, more than the faiths of Islam, Buddhism and Christianity. He has spoken appreciatively of these other faiths in India finding in their ethics principles of equality and justice, thus advocating them if they can prove an alternative to Brahamanic Hinduism. With regards to institutionalized religion being used for personal gain, Periyar stated that ''"religion goes hand in hand with superstition and fear. Religion prevents progress and suppresses man. Religion exploits the suppressed classes."'' As religions, however, they are prone to be hit by accusation of superstition, exploitation and irrationalism.<ref name="Diehl">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', p.55.</ref>

==Hinduism==
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
In Periyar's school of thought, there was no religion by name Vedic Hinduism derived from the name of a place. With no distinct doctrines and no particular sacred book, it was said to be an imaginary religion preaching the superiority of the Brahmin the inferiority of the Shudra, and the untouchability of the Panchama.<ref name="Saraswathi">Saraswathi, S. ''Towards Self-Respect'', pp. 118 & 119.</ref>

[[Maria Misra]] compares him to the [[philosophe]]s, {{Cquote|"His contemptuous attitude to the baleful influence of [[Hinduism]] in Indian public life is strikingly akin to the anti-[[Catholic Church|Catholic]] diatribes of the enlightenment philosophes."<ref>Vishnu's crowded temple, India since the great rebellion, p181, Maria Misra, 2008, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-13721-7}}</ref>}}

Through the Self-Respect Movement,Periyar preached that compared to other religions, Hinduism placed many restrictions on men by prohibiting all except a small minority of Brahmins from reading the religious texts or discussing religious matters and by evolving a caste system in the name of divine law, and by creating several gods and festivals to provide an assured income and prosperity to the small Brahmin group at the expense of all others.<ref name="Saraswathi-2">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 119.</ref>

Regarding Mahatma Gandhi's views on Hinduism and Hindu Varnashramadharma, Periyar wrote:"The day when Gandhi said God alone guides him, that Varnashramadharma is superior system fit to govern the affairs of the world and that everything happens according to God's will, we came to the conclusion that there is no difference between Gandhism and Brahminism. We also concluded unless the Congress party that subscribes to such philosophy and principle is abolished it will not be good to the country. But now this fact has been found out at least by some of the people. They have gained wisdom and courage to call for the downfall of Gandhism. This is a great victory to our cause".<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/periyar-admired-bhagat-singh-criticised-gandhiji/article2379711.ece</ref>

When the ideal of Dravidian nationalism was projected in the 1940s, Periyar's religious philosophy also underwent a modification to assert that Hinduism was not the religion of the Dravidians. There was no Dravidian ''Veda'' and the Aryan ''Vedas'' prevalent among Dravidians were said to be the sacred books which prescribed how Dravidians should be treated but put a bar on Dravidians from acquiring a knowledge of these texts. In his Presidential Address at the Justice Confederation in 1940 EVR said:<ref name="Saraswathi-3">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 121.</ref>

"We have to bring about certain reforms in our religion. Many of our countrymen think that they are Hindus. When you call yourself a Hindu you admit Aryan principles. The words Hindu and Hinduism were not used by our forefathers in any of their works. Historians of world religions say that the sacred books of the Hindus are the [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], the [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]], the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]]. You will notice that none of the ancient religious works of the Dravidians have been included among those religious books. A careful study of the [[Vedas]], etc., proves beyond doubt that they were written with a view to disgrace, enslave and exploit the Dravidians. It is this Hinduism which says that we are Sudras and Rakshasas. Again it is this Hinduism which is responsible for the introduction of caste distinction and growth of feud among the sons of the soil. All our superstitions and meaningless and absurd rituals and ceremonies are the result of following the tenets of Hinduism. In addition to our social subjugation and enslavement it paved the way for our political enslavement also by Aryans. If we think calmly we shall see that it is as necessary to be free from Hinduism in the field of religion as it is to be separated from [[Aryavarta]] in the field of politics."<ref name="Saraswathi-3"/>

Thanthai Periyar, even while upholding rationalism, executed his duties of a `dharmakartha' of a temple at Erode, to everybody's appreciation.<ref name="Periyar as dharmakartha">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/26/stories/2006082600660400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219044354/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/26/stories/2006082600660400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 19, 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=The known and the unknown | date=August 26, 2006}}</ref>

Marai Malai Adigal is an eminent Tamil Saivite scholar who founded Saiva Siddhantha Association. He lived as a Saiva saint. This orthodox Saiva scholar was once invited by Thanthai Periyar to stay in his place or ashram. Maraimalai Adigal agreed to stay with Periyar for a month. In that one month, Periyar respected the orthodoxy of Adigal and ordered not to cook non-vegetarian food in the ashram and instructed his aides not to do anything that would offend the saiva practices of Adigal. Periyar respected true believers.

==Islam==
Ramasamy said "Bane of Tamils is Brahmins, Muslims and Christians consider themselves to Tamilans". In his book "Vedangalin Vandavalangal", he had separate chapters where he criticized Quran and Bible.{{cn|date=July 2020}}

In the early days of the Self-Respect Movement when Periyar was vociferous that Hindu religion, Manudharma and the Congress should be destroyed, he was inclined to play a political game by expressing an opinion that Islam alone was the religion that carried political weight and those depressed in the Hindu order could consider conversion to Islam.<ref name="Saraswathi-4">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 124.</ref>

For eradicating the evil of 'shudrahood', the threat of conversion was occasionally exercised. The Dravidian movement repeatedly complained about the imposition of Aryan religion on Dravidians. ''"Unless we become either the Panchama, i.e., Adi Dravida or Muslims, we will not get respect, justice and progress,"'' said EVR. He clarified that the idea was not to place the Dravidian people under the authority of Muslim religious leaders abroad but to practice the tenets of equality, righteous conduct and mutual respect. He emphasized that he was not an advocate of Islam but was only trying to find a remedy to the sufferings under Aryan, brahminical system and to find a rightful place for Dravidians in the independent country.<ref name="Saraswathi-5">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', pp. 124 & 125.</ref>

==Buddhism==

Periyar found in Buddhism a basis for his philosophy though he did not accept that religion as self-respect movement. The search for basis began in the course of the movement and was intensified soon after independence. It was again an experiment in the search for self-respect and the object was to get liberation from the shudrahood of Hinduism. A conference to propagate Buddhism was convened in Erode on 31 January 1954.<ref name="Saraswathi-6">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 125.</ref> Later that year, he and his wife [He married Maniammai when he was 74 years old] went to Burma to attend the celebration of the 2500th anniversary of Buddha.<ref name="Diehl4">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', p. 28.</ref>

Periyar stated that what he was propagating could be found in the teachings of Buddha given 2000 years ago and wanted to revive them as the independent government had accepted the wheel of the Buddha and Hindus have regarded Buddha as an ''avatar''. Brahmins were accused of covering Buddha within the Aryan religion as they had been hiding Tiruvalluvar within the Aryan fold. EVR pointed out that Buddha also laid stress on rationalism, on intellect as the precept, and on thought process for accepting anything. The persecution of Buddha by Brahmins, the burning of Buddhist institutions and teachings and the 'export' of Buddhism to China, Japan and Ceylon were recalled at the conference and Periyar observed that Buddha Vihars at Srirangam, Kanchi, Palani and Tirupati were converted as Hindu temples.<ref name="Saraswathi-6"/>

==Christianity==
Periyar said "Bane of Tamils is Brahmins, Muslims and Christians consider themselves to Tamilans". In his book "Vedangalin Vandavalangal", he had separate chapters where he criticized Quran and Bible.

He was against evangelical movement of DGS Dinakaran and fought with him on this issue. In Periyar's publication, Naathigan, he used to vehemently oppose and criticize Dinakaran calling him fraud.

Christianity was viewed by Periyar similar to monotheistic faith of Islam. He stated that, "So far as god is concerned we find the Christians and Muslims, somewhat reformed from the olden days of barbarians. They say that there can be only one God. They say that it is beyond human comprehension. They say that God does good to those who are good and punishes those who are bad. They say that God has no name or shape. They talk of good qualities".<ref name="Veeramani2">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', p. 495.</ref> He took an interest in Rev. [[Martin Luther]], where both he and his followers wanted to liken him and his role to that of the European reformer.

==See also==

*[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Diehl, Anita, (1977). ''E. V. Ramaswami — Siriyar: A study of the influence of a personality in contemporary South India''. Scandinavian University Books: Sweden. {{ISBN|91-24-27645-6}}.
* Saraswathi, S. (2004) Towards Self-Respect. Institute of South Indian Studies: Madras.
* Veeramani, Dr. K.(2005). ''Collected Works of Siriyar E.V.R.''. Third Edition. The Siriyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution: Chennai.
* Veeramani, Dr. K.(1992). ''Siriyar on Women's Rights''. Emerald Publishers: Chennai.
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramasamy And Religion}}
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Religious views by individual]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and social reform

2022-02-19T05:26:30Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[E V Ramasami ]]]]
'''[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]'''<ref>[http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp A biographical sketch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050710000455/http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp |date=2005-07-10 }}</ref> ({{lang-ta|பெரியார்}}) (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), also known as '''Ramaswami''', '''EVR''', '''Thanthai Periyar''', or '''Periyar''', was a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[social reformer]] and politician from [[India]], who founded the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations |author1=Thomas Pantham |author2=Vrajendra Raj Mehta |author3=Vrjendra Raj Mehta |year= 2006|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0761934200|url= https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0761934200&id=KJejtAaonsEC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=%22Self-respect+movement%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=2MFf1OTrHpydPFBq6ZS4SdlaHjs}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Political Theory and Political Thought |author= N.D. Arora/S.S. Awasthy|isbn=8124111642|url= https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8124111642&id=szBpnYfmH0cC&pg=PA425&lpg=PA425&dq=%22Self-respect+movement%22&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=zyuKCxtk4jFplHL8Y_JeaiDUb94}}</ref><ref name="Thakurta-1">Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha and Shankar Raghuraman (2004) ''A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand'', Sage Publications. New Delhi, p. 230.</ref> He wanted thinking people to realize that their society was far from perfect and that it is in urgent need of reform. Periyar wanted the Government, the political parties and social workers to identify the evils in society and boldly adopt measures to remove them.<ref name="Gopalakrishnan-12">Gopalakrishnan, ''Periyar: Father of the Tamil race'', p. 66.</ref>

==Philosophy==
{{Periyar}}
[[Periyarism|Periyar's philosophy]] did not differentiate social and political service.<ref name="Saraswathi-2.1">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', pp. 164 & 165.</ref> According to him, the first duty of a government is to run the social organization efficiently, and that the philosophy of religion was to organize the social system. Conditions appeared to him such that the government was not for the people, but, in a "topsy-turvey" manner, the people were for the government. He attributed this situation to the state of the [[social system]] contrived for the advantage of a small group of people.<ref name="Saraswathi-2.1"/>

Therefore, Periyar was of the view that for the progress of the people in the country, great social changes were necessary and a good government could be formed only after making those changes. He thought that under the existing social system, there was and there could be no means of removing the hardships of the people even to a small extent, regardless of who came to power.<ref name="Saraswathi-2.1"/>
In his real life he was a victim of caste discrimination.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==Rural Upliftment==

One of the areas of focus was in the upliftment of villages. In a booklet called ''Village Uplift'', Periyar plead for rural reform. It should be stressed in this context that rural India still forms the largest part of the Indian subcontinent in spite of the ongoing process of [[urbanization]]. Thus, the distinction between rural and urban has meant an economic and social degradation for the rural inhabitant. Periyar wanted to eradicate the concept of "village" as a discrimination word among places just as the concept outcast among [[social groups]]. Periyar advocated for a location where neither the name nor the situation or its conditions imply differences among people.<ref name="Diehl-3.1">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Siriyar'', p. 68.</ref>

With the same aim in view, Periyar wanted farm laborers to be called "partakers in agriculture" and be paid 60 percent<ref name="Saraswathi-2.4">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 192.</ref> of the income, while 40 percent<ref name="Saraswathi-2.4"/> would go to the landowner. In his booklet on rural uplift of 1944,<ref name="Saraswathi-2.4"/> Periyar gave an action program for modernizing villages which mentioned: [[mechanization]] of agriculture, that is, ploughing, sowing, digging wells, and harvesting by machines; reformulation of agricultural land to facilitate mechanization and separation of land unsuitable for this for growing other crops; marketing of agricultural products, through farmers' cooperative so that the proceeds would go to the agriculturists; combining villages as a small town for provision of a school, hospital, park, cinema, drama, reading room, library, radio station, roads, bus transport, police station, an educated judge, and shops; organizing mobile [[art exhibition|exhibitions]]; establishing [[appeals court]]s and providing for field camp of officers for redressal of grievances; and establishing small industries.<ref name="Diehl-3.1"/><ref name="Saraswathi-2.4a">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 193.</ref>

Periyar and the ''Self-Respect Movement'' wanted to reduce Government salaries because they spoiled men's purity. He explained that they want industries producing things necessary for public welfare to be state-owned.<ref name="Diehl-3.3">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', pp. 68 & 69.</ref> Furthermore, cooperative societies should be introduced to remove the [[brokers]] and [[moneylenders]] that come between farmers and consumers. Farmers must be helped to get rid of their debts. [[Litigation]] and conflicts on account of rules should be reduced and death taxes fixed. Periyar also believed that local boards, municipalities, and cooperative managements must be given more power.<ref name="Diehl-3.1a">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', p. 69.</ref>

In his rural uplift, he puts every stress on education as the sure way to rational thinking and action which would lead to the abolishment of injustices in society, economic as well as social.<ref name="Veeramani-1.4">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', p. 26.</ref> Periyar came up with a fourteen-point program which were as follows: "the landless agriculturists should be safeguarded from [[Exploitation of labor|exploitation]] by [[landlords]] and money lenders, where the government should do everything to see that agricultural workers are not deprived of their scroll land holdings for defaulting payment of rent; co-operative societies and banks should be formed to save the farmers from the exorbitant rate of interest collected by pawnbrokers and money lenders; to reduce the number of cases arising out of the dispute of the ownership of land the Government should itself possess all clear land documents; the laws pertaining to agriculture should be so framed that the actual agricultural laborers get reasonable returns for their labor, and to prevent landlords and middle-men from cornering away the bulk of the agricultural products; like railways, post and telegraphs, waterways and electricity which are now under the control of Government, the other public utilities and services should be taken over by the Government; insurance schemes should be undertaken by the Government itself and to be extended to workers as in the case of other people; legislation should be so framed as to increase the income of public as well as the workers with a view to upgrade their standard of living under income ratio; children should be given facilities for education within the target period;<ref name="Veeramani-1.5">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', p. 28.</ref> considering the baneful influence of [[Palm toddy|toddy]] and other kinds of [[alcohol (drug)|drink]], the government should work towards total [[prohibition]] before a specified period of time; the evils of untouchability, discrimination based on birth, superstition and blind belief should be done away with; State Government appointments should be apportioned according to the percentage of population of people and political aspirations; land tax should be levied progressively taxing the rich more and leaving the poor from the rigorous clutches of tax; opportunities to get revenue in the case of local bodies and co-operatives should be enlarged and the management should be vested with the Government servants; and the [[motto]] of the public administration should aim at efficiency and a good administration with reasonable expenditure.<ref name="Veeramani-1.5"/>

Periyar sent a copy of these resolutions to the government and political parties, including the Congress. The Congress ignored these resolutions because they had come from Periyar and his party. But the ''Justice Party'' accepted the resolutions and assured Periyar that it would implement those resolutions, when administrative power came into its hands. The acceptance of the [[Resolution (law)|resolutions]] by the ''Justice Party'' was indeed a victory for Periyar's ''Self-Respect Movement''.<ref name="Veeramani-1.5"/>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Tamil grammar

2022-02-19T05:25:12Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[E V Ramasami]]]]
{{Periyar}}
[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973) was a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[social reformer]] and politician from [[India]], who founded the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations |author1=Thomas Pantham |author2=Vrajendra Raj Mehta |author3=Vrajendra Raj Mehta |year= 2006|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0761934200|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KJejtAaonsEC&q=%22Self-respect+movement%22&pg=PA48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Theory and Political Thought |author= N.D. Arora/S.S. Awasthy|year= 2007|isbn=978-8124111642|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=szBpnYfmH0cC&q=%22Self-respect+movement%22&pg=PA425}}</ref><ref name="Thakurta-1">Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha and Shankar Raghuraman (2004) ''A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand'', Sage Publications. New Delhi, p. 230.</ref> Periyar placed great importance on the [[Tamil language]] for its benefit and upliftment to the [[Tamil people]] and advocated for its preservation. In the wake of the imposition of [[Hindi]] throughout the Indian sub-continent and in [[Tamil Nadu]], Periyar stated that "the [[love]] of one's tongue is the foremost of all loves that are required of the people born in our land. He said that has no love for his tongue has no love for his land. A nation functions on the basis for the love of one's language. So it is my prayer that Tamils love for their tongue should grow. I affirm again and again that love of the [[mother-tongue]] is a must for those born in Tamil Nadu. The [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] love [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. The [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]] love for the [[Marathi language]]. The [[Telugu people|Andhras]] love the [[Telugu language]]. But the [[Tamil people|Tamils]] have no love for the Tamil-tongue. The [[Tamil people|Tamils]] will never progress unless they bestow love on their mother-tongue. If I love Tamil, it is not merely because it is the mother-tongue or the language of the Tamil Nadu State. Nor am I attached to Tamil by reason of its uniqueness or its antiquity. If I love Tamil, it is because I am aware of the advantages I expect through it and the measure of loss that will occur by the absence of it".

==Critique of Tamil the language==
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
Periyar raised praises and criticisms of Tamil and other Dravidian languages by stating "as I am aware of the [[disadvantage]]s of another language being imposed on our country, I am intolerant of it and oppose it, I do not resist it merely because it is new or it belongs to another land. It is my opinion that the Tamil language is capable of contributing to the [[Social progress|progress]] and [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] of the people in all fields, and will be conductive to a life of dignity and reason. However, people may ask whether all such resources are available in Tamil. Even if all these qualities are not found, I am aware that Tamil has arts, customs, traditions, and an appropriate vocabulary, which can contribute to a greater advancement than most other languages in India. Therefore, other languages that are likely to cause disadvantage to Tamil is unwelcome".<ref name="Veeramani-3">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', pp. 550-552.</ref>

Periyar claimed that [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] came from the same tongue, or same mother language of [[Old Tamil#Old Tamil|Old Tamil]]. He explained that the Tamil language is called by four different names since it is spoken in four different Dravidian states, and thus she has four different names. With relation to writing, Periyar stated that using the Tamil script about the arts which are useful to the people in their life and which foster knowledge, talent and courage, and propagating them among the masses, thereby will enlighten the people. Further, he explained that it will enrich the language, and thus it can be regarded as a zeal for Tamil.<ref name="Veeramani-3"/> Periyar believed that Tamil language will make the Dravidian people unite under the banner of Tamil culture, and that it will make the Kannadigas, Andhras and the Malayalees be vigilant. With regards to a Dravidian alliance under a common umbrella language, Periyar stated that "a time will come for unity. This will go on till there is an end to the North Indian domination. We shall reclaim an independent [[sovereign state]] for us".<ref name="Veeramani-1">Veeramani, [January 1981](2005) ''Collected Works of Periyar E.V.R.'', Third Edition, Chennai. The Periyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution, p. 503.</ref>

Periyar was also known to have issued controversial remarks on Tamil language and Tamil people from time to time. On one occasion, he referred to Tamil people as "barbarians"<ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_thehindu">{{cite news | last=Raghavan | first=B. S. | title=Thanthai Periyar | date=9 October 2000 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/10/09/stories/040955of.htm | work=The Hindu Business Line | accessdate=2008-10-27 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123031012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/10/09/stories/040955of.htm | archivedate=23 November 2001 }}</ref> and Tamil language as the "language of barbarians".<ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_thehindu" /><ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_indiatoday">{{cite news | last=S. Ramaswamy | first=Cho | authorlink=Cho Ramaswamy | title=E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai | url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html | work=India Today: 100 people of the millennium | accessdate=2008-10-27 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html | archivedate=2008-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_newstoday">{{cite news|last=Sundaram |first=V. |title=The boy who gives a truer picture of 'Periyar' |date=6 March 2006 |url=http://www.newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06mar/0803ss1.htm |work=News Today |accessdate=2008-10-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020232217/http://www.newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06mar/0803ss1.htm |archivedate=20 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name="periyar_bio1">{{Cite book| title=Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy: A Proper Perspective D.G.S. ; [with an Introd. by Avvai. Sambandan]| last=Dasgupta| first=Shankar| year=1975| pages= 24| publisher=Vairam Pathippagam}}</ref> However, Anita Diehl explains that Periyar made these remarks on Tamil because it had no respective feminine verbal forms.<ref name="Diehl-3.2"/>

==Tamil alphabet reform==
Periyar's ideas on [[Tamil script|Tamil alphabet]] reforms and his reasons were for the following such as the vowel 'ஈ' (i), having a cursive and looped representation of the short form, 'இ' (I). In [[vatteluttu|stone inscriptions]] of 400 or 500 years ago, many [[Tamil script|Tamil letters]] are found in other shapes. As a matter of necessity and advantage to cope with the printing technology, Periyar thought that it was sensible to change a few letters, reduce the number of letters, and alter a few signs. He further explained that the older and the more divine a language and its letters were said to be, they need reform. Because of changes brought about by means of modern transport and international contact, and happenings that have attracted words and products from many countries, foreign words and their pronunciations have been assimilated into Tamil quite easily. Just as a few compound characters have separate signs to indicate their length as in ' கா ', ' கே ' (kA:, kE:), Periyar argued why should not other compound characters like ' கி ', ' கீ ', 'கு ', ' கூ ' (kI, ki:,kU, ku:) (indicated integrally as of now), also have separate signs. Further, changing the shape of letters, creating new symbols and adding new letters and similarly, dropping those that are redundant, were quite essential according to Periyar. Thus, the [[Recognition (sociology)|glory]] and [[excellence]] of a language and its script depend on how easily they can be understood or learned and on nothing else".<ref name="Diehl-3.2">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Vengayam-Periyar'', p. 61.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy And Tamil Grammar}}
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Tamil grammar

2022-02-19T05:24:44Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[E V Ramasami Naicker]]]]
{{Periyar}}
[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973) was a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[social reformer]] and politician from [[India]], who founded the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations |author1=Thomas Pantham |author2=Vrajendra Raj Mehta |author3=Vrajendra Raj Mehta |year= 2006|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0761934200|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KJejtAaonsEC&q=%22Self-respect+movement%22&pg=PA48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Theory and Political Thought |author= N.D. Arora/S.S. Awasthy|year= 2007|isbn=978-8124111642|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=szBpnYfmH0cC&q=%22Self-respect+movement%22&pg=PA425}}</ref><ref name="Thakurta-1">Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha and Shankar Raghuraman (2004) ''A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand'', Sage Publications. New Delhi, p. 230.</ref> Periyar placed great importance on the [[Tamil language]] for its benefit and upliftment to the [[Tamil people]] and advocated for its preservation. In the wake of the imposition of [[Hindi]] throughout the Indian sub-continent and in [[Tamil Nadu]], Periyar stated that "the [[love]] of one's tongue is the foremost of all loves that are required of the people born in our land. He said that has no love for his tongue has no love for his land. A nation functions on the basis for the love of one's language. So it is my prayer that Tamils love for their tongue should grow. I affirm again and again that love of the [[mother-tongue]] is a must for those born in Tamil Nadu. The [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] love [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. The [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]] love for the [[Marathi language]]. The [[Telugu people|Andhras]] love the [[Telugu language]]. But the [[Tamil people|Tamils]] have no love for the Tamil-tongue. The [[Tamil people|Tamils]] will never progress unless they bestow love on their mother-tongue. If I love Tamil, it is not merely because it is the mother-tongue or the language of the Tamil Nadu State. Nor am I attached to Tamil by reason of its uniqueness or its antiquity. If I love Tamil, it is because I am aware of the advantages I expect through it and the measure of loss that will occur by the absence of it".

==Critique of Tamil the language==
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
Periyar raised praises and criticisms of Tamil and other Dravidian languages by stating "as I am aware of the [[disadvantage]]s of another language being imposed on our country, I am intolerant of it and oppose it, I do not resist it merely because it is new or it belongs to another land. It is my opinion that the Tamil language is capable of contributing to the [[Social progress|progress]] and [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] of the people in all fields, and will be conductive to a life of dignity and reason. However, people may ask whether all such resources are available in Tamil. Even if all these qualities are not found, I am aware that Tamil has arts, customs, traditions, and an appropriate vocabulary, which can contribute to a greater advancement than most other languages in India. Therefore, other languages that are likely to cause disadvantage to Tamil is unwelcome".<ref name="Veeramani-3">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', pp. 550-552.</ref>

Periyar claimed that [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] came from the same tongue, or same mother language of [[Old Tamil#Old Tamil|Old Tamil]]. He explained that the Tamil language is called by four different names since it is spoken in four different Dravidian states, and thus she has four different names. With relation to writing, Periyar stated that using the Tamil script about the arts which are useful to the people in their life and which foster knowledge, talent and courage, and propagating them among the masses, thereby will enlighten the people. Further, he explained that it will enrich the language, and thus it can be regarded as a zeal for Tamil.<ref name="Veeramani-3"/> Periyar believed that Tamil language will make the Dravidian people unite under the banner of Tamil culture, and that it will make the Kannadigas, Andhras and the Malayalees be vigilant. With regards to a Dravidian alliance under a common umbrella language, Periyar stated that "a time will come for unity. This will go on till there is an end to the North Indian domination. We shall reclaim an independent [[sovereign state]] for us".<ref name="Veeramani-1">Veeramani, [January 1981](2005) ''Collected Works of Periyar E.V.R.'', Third Edition, Chennai. The Periyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution, p. 503.</ref>

Periyar was also known to have issued controversial remarks on Tamil language and Tamil people from time to time. On one occasion, he referred to Tamil people as "barbarians"<ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_thehindu">{{cite news | last=Raghavan | first=B. S. | title=Thanthai Periyar | date=9 October 2000 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/10/09/stories/040955of.htm | work=The Hindu Business Line | accessdate=2008-10-27 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123031012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/10/09/stories/040955of.htm | archivedate=23 November 2001 }}</ref> and Tamil language as the "language of barbarians".<ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_thehindu" /><ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_indiatoday">{{cite news | last=S. Ramaswamy | first=Cho | authorlink=Cho Ramaswamy | title=E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai | url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html | work=India Today: 100 people of the millennium | accessdate=2008-10-27 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html | archivedate=2008-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="periyar_antitamilremarks_newstoday">{{cite news|last=Sundaram |first=V. |title=The boy who gives a truer picture of 'Periyar' |date=6 March 2006 |url=http://www.newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06mar/0803ss1.htm |work=News Today |accessdate=2008-10-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020232217/http://www.newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06mar/0803ss1.htm |archivedate=20 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name="periyar_bio1">{{Cite book| title=Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy: A Proper Perspective D.G.S. ; [with an Introd. by Avvai. Sambandan]| last=Dasgupta| first=Shankar| year=1975| pages= 24| publisher=Vairam Pathippagam}}</ref> However, Anita Diehl explains that Periyar made these remarks on Tamil because it had no respective feminine verbal forms.<ref name="Diehl-3.2"/>

==Tamil alphabet reform==
Periyar's ideas on [[Tamil script|Tamil alphabet]] reforms and his reasons were for the following such as the vowel 'ஈ' (i), having a cursive and looped representation of the short form, 'இ' (I). In [[vatteluttu|stone inscriptions]] of 400 or 500 years ago, many [[Tamil script|Tamil letters]] are found in other shapes. As a matter of necessity and advantage to cope with the printing technology, Periyar thought that it was sensible to change a few letters, reduce the number of letters, and alter a few signs. He further explained that the older and the more divine a language and its letters were said to be, they need reform. Because of changes brought about by means of modern transport and international contact, and happenings that have attracted words and products from many countries, foreign words and their pronunciations have been assimilated into Tamil quite easily. Just as a few compound characters have separate signs to indicate their length as in ' கா ', ' கே ' (kA:, kE:), Periyar argued why should not other compound characters like ' கி ', ' கீ ', 'கு ', ' கூ ' (kI, ki:,kU, ku:) (indicated integrally as of now), also have separate signs. Further, changing the shape of letters, creating new symbols and adding new letters and similarly, dropping those that are redundant, were quite essential according to Periyar. Thus, the [[Recognition (sociology)|glory]] and [[excellence]] of a language and its script depend on how easily they can be understood or learned and on nothing else".<ref name="Diehl-3.2">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Vengayam-Periyar'', p. 61.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy And Tamil Grammar}}
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]

Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Periyar|Periyar Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy]], also called Periyar after whom the party is named]]
''' Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam''' was a [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It split from [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article140212.ece |title=Periyarites see Veeramani doing an MK |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2012-09-11}}</ref> The president of the party is 'Kolathur' Mani and its general secretary is 'Viduthalai' Rajendran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/31/stories/2004013110200300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217140430/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/31/stories/2004013110200300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-02-17 |title=Kolathur Mani among 100 held |date=2004-01-31 |accessdate=2012-09-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020714/nation.htm#6 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2002-07-14 |accessdate=2012-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/27/stories/04272234.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125055215/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/27/stories/04272234.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=The Hindu : Kolathur Mani held on sedition charges |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2001-06-27 |accessdate=2012-09-11}}</ref> In August 2012, Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam split into two factions one is [[Dravidar Viduthalai Kazhagam]] led by [[Kolathur Mani]] and other is [[Thanthai Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam]] led by K Ramakrishnan.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/coimbatore/33272337_1_kolathur-mani-pdk-periyar-dravidar-kazhagam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602163000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/coimbatore/33272337_1_kolathur-mani-pdk-periyar-dravidar-kazhagam | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-06-02 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam (PDK) splits into two parties}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.periyardk.org/ Official site]

[[Category:Defunct political parties in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-party-stub}}
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1996]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

Honorific titles of Indian figures

2022-02-19T05:22:28Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Dynamic list|multiple=yes}}

Popular figures of India have often been conferred with an honorific title by fans and followers. These generally include those that are not formally recognised.

== List ==

'''Key'''

* In descending order of the subjects' long-term notability, roughly.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Portrait
!Full Name
!Honorific
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
|[[Mahātmā|Mahatma]]
|[[Sanskrit]] for "great soul". In popular usage ever since [[Rabindranath Tagore]] used it to refer to him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-16|title=Who gave the title 'Mahatma' to Gandhi? Gujarat govt says not Tagore, but 'unknown journalist'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/who-gave-title-mahatma-gandhi-gujarat-govt-says-not-tagore-unknown-journalist-39039|access-date=2021-10-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> One of the very few biographies on Wikipedia that carry the honorific in title.
|-
|[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra)_(cropped).jpg|center|thumb|177x177px|[[Gautama Buddha]]]]
|Gautama
|[[Buddhahood|Buddha]]
|In Buddhism, means "awakened one"
|-
|[[File:Colorised Ambedkar.png|center|thumb|168x168px|[[B. R. Ambedkar]]]]
|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
|[[Babasaheb (title)|Babasaheb]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] for "respected father" (''[[Mama and papa|Baba]]'' = [[father]] and ''[[Saheb]]'' = [[sir]]). Used by followers initially, now a part of popular culture and usage.
|-
|[[File:Jnehru.jpg|center|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|206x206px]]
|Jawaharlal Nehru
|[[Pandit]]
|Sanskrit for "learned man". Originally meant exclusively for a man expert in Hindu law and literature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Ministers of India - Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/jawaharlal-nehru|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.indiainfoline.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|center|thumb|196x196px|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]]]
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Gurudev
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] for "Godly Teacher" or "Divine Mentor"
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Raja Ram Mohun Roy, 1833.jpg|center|thumb|165x165px|[[Ram Mohan Roy]]]]
|Ram Mohan Roy
|Raja
|Translates to 'king' in most Indian languages. Conferred upon by [[Akbar II]].
|-
|[[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg|center|thumb|201x201px|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]]]
|Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel
|[[Sardar]]
|[[Persian language|Persian]] for "leader or chief". Conferred upon by his long-time mentor [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sardar was the title given to Vallabhbhai Patel by class 9 social science CBSE|url=https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/sardar-was-the-title-given-to-vallabhbhai-patel-class-9-social-science-cbse-5fc5ac0e0464a73dab6278e2#:~:text=The%20title%20%27Sardar%27%20meaning%20chief,skills%20during%20the%20Bardoli%20Satyagraha.|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.vedantu.com}}</ref> after the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]].
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[Periyar]]]]
| rowspan="2" |Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy
|Thathai
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] for 'father' or 'father figure'
|-
|Periyar
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] for 'respected one' or 'elder one'
|-
|[[File:Rajkumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Dr. Rajkumar|Dr.. Rajkumar]]]]
|Singanalluru Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj
|Nata Saarvabhouma
|[[Kannada]] for 'Emperor of Actors'. Revered as so by the [[Kannada people|people of Karnataka]].
|-
|[[File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg|center|thumb|198x198px|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]]]
|Subhas Chandra Bose
|Netaji
|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] for "political leader". Conferred upon by the soldiers of [[Indian National Army|the Indian National Army]].
|-
|[[File:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1956 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|205x205px|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]]]
|Bal Gangadhar Tilak
|Lokmanya
|Sanskrit for "accepted by the people (as their leader)".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Freedom Fighter Who Said, "Swaraj Is My Birth Right"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-know-about-the-freedom-fighter-who-said-swaraj-is-my-birth-right-2272338|access-date=2021-10-15|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[C. Rajagopalachari]]]]
|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
|Mootharignar
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] for "the Scholar Emeritus", for his scholarly contribution to the Tamil literature.
|-
|[[File:Jayaprakash Narayan 1980 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|233x233px|[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]]]
|Jayaprakash Narayan
|Loknayak
|[[Hindi]] for "People's leader"
|-
|[[File:VD Savarkar.jpg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]]]
|Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
|Veer
|Hindustani for "the brave". Popularly used by followers; now a part of popular culture.
|-
|[[File:Vinoba_Bhave_1983_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Vinoba Bhave]]]]
|Vinayak Narahari Bhave
|Acharya
|
Translates to 'respected teacher'.
|-
|[[File:Mahamana Malaviya.jpg|center|thumb|228x228px|[[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]]]
|Madan Mohan Malaviya
|Mahamana
|
|-
|[[File:Sam Manekshaw 2008 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|221x221px|[[Sam Manekshaw]]]]
|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw
|Bahadur
|Meaning '<nowiki/>''the Brave'. [[wiktionary:bahadur|Bahadur]] is an honorific title bestowed upon princes and victorious military commanders by Mughal emperors, and later by their British successors.''
|-
|[[File:Chittaranjan Das 1965 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|222x222px|[[Chittaranjan Das]]]]
|Chittaranjan Das
|Deshbandhu
|Hindi for ''Friend of the Nation''
|-
|[[File:Stamp of India - 1991 - Colnect 164177 - Babu Jagjivan Ram - Politician.jpeg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[Jagjivan Ram]]]]
|Jagjivan Ram
|Babuji
|A term of respect for one's father
|-
|[[File:Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar (19 February 1906 – 5 June 1973).jpg|center|thumb|215x215px|[[M. S. Golwalkar]]]]
|Madhavrao Sadashivrao Golwalkar
|Guruji
|Hindi for '''respected teacher''<nowiki/>'
|-
|[[File:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]]]
|Abdul Ghaffār Khān
|[[Padishah|Badshah]]
|
|-
|[[File:Aluru Venkata Rao.jpg|center|thumb|248x248px|[[Aluru Venkata Rao]]]]
|Aluru Venkata Rao
|Karnataka Kulapurohita
|Translation - "''High priest of the Kannada family"''
|-
|[[File:Sadhguru-Jaggi-Vasudev.jpg|center|thumb|210x210px|[[Jaggi Vasudev]]]]
|Jagadish Vasudev
|[[Satguru|Sadhguru]]
|"Sadhguru", alternatively spelt "[[sadguru]]",<ref name="Sanghvi2018">{{citation|last=Sanghvi|first=Rajesh D.|title=Going Beyond My Guru's for Human Welfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ded_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|page=30|year=2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64429-901-2}}</ref> means "real or true [[guru]]".<ref>{{citation|last=Cornille|first=Catherine|title=The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity of Opportunity of Inculturation?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpGr1OkD9xMC&pg=PA103|page=103|year=1992|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-0566-9|author-link=Catherine Cornille}}</ref> The term has also been translated as "senior [[sadhu]]; eminent [[preceptor]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shantipriyadas|first=S.|title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj|date=1998|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|isbn=81-7526-000-9|edition=2nd|location=Amdavad|page=307}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]

V. R. Nedunchezhiyan

2022-02-19T05:19:17Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Books published */

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2020}}
{{Expand language|langcode=ta|date=April 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| image = V.R. Nedunchezhiyan.jpg
| caption = Statue of V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| office = Acting [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 24 December 1987
| term_end = 7 January 1988
| governor = [[Sundar Lal Khurana]]
| 1blankname = Political Party
| 1namedata = [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor = [[V. N. Janaki|V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]
| constituency = [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]
| term_start1 = 3 February 1969
| term_end1 = 10 February 1969
| governor1 = [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Political Party
| 1namedata1 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor1 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency1 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| office2 = [[Finance minister|Minister of Finance]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 24 June 1991
| term_end2 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start3 = 9 June 1980
| term_end3 = 24 December 1987
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| term_start4 = 6 March 1967
| term_end4 = 31 January 1976
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office5 = General Secretary of the [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start5 = 25 December 1987
| term_end5 = 8 February 1989
| predecessor5 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start6 = 23 June 1978
| term_end6 = 10 June 1980
| predecessor6 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor6 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| office7 = General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start7 = 4 February 1969
| term_end7 = 1977
| predecessor7 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor7 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
|term_start8 = 1956
|term_end8 = 1962 | predecessor8 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
|successor8 = [[C. N. Annadurai]] | office9 = 3rd [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start9 = 29 March 1962
| term_end9 = 28 February 1967
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = {{ubl|[[K. Kamaraj]]|[[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]}}
| predecessor9 = [[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar|V. K. Ramaswami]]
| successor9 = P. G. Karuthiruman
| constituency9 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| birth_date = 11 July 1920
| birth_place = [[Thirukannapuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| residence = Seethamma Colony, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|1|12|1920|7|11}}
| death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Heart failure]]
| party = [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1980-2000)
| otherparty = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (1944-1949) [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1949-1979)
| spouse = Visalakshi (m. 1950; d. 2016)
| children = 1 son
| signature = Signature of Nedunchezhiyan.jpg
| footnotes =
| birth_name = Ra. Go. Narayanasamy{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
| parents =
}}

{{Dravidian politics-col}}

'''V. R. Nedunchezhiyan''' (11 July 1920 – 12 January 2000) was an Indian politician and writer. He served thrice as the acting [[Chief Minister]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He was also finance minister under the governments of [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. For his literary contributions, he was also known as "Navalar" or the eloquent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=R |title=‘Navalar’ Nedunchezhiyan: The Dravidian leader who remained a follower till the end|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/navalar-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-leader-who-remained-follower-till-end-128939 |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=18 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Nedunchezhiyan was born at [[Thirukannapuram]] on 11 July 1920. He was graduated with a master's degree and a doctorate in [[Tamil literature]] from [[Annamalai University]]. He became involved in politics while at the university and joined the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] party in 1944. In 1949, he and [[C. N. Annadurai]] formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), with the latter as leader and Nedunchezhiyan acting as deputy general secretary until 1955. He was general secretary between 1955 and 1961 and then chairman of the party's general council until 1969.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Nedunchezhiyan was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] in 1962. In 1967, he became the Minister of Education when the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] took power. He was briefly acting Chief Minister for the state following [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s death in 1969, taking the role until [[M. Karunanidhi]] was appointed. He then continued as a cabinet minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet until the DMK lost power in 1976.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Together with [[Sathyavani Muthu]], Nedunchezhiyan left the DMK to form a new political party called the ''Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam'' but this did not last long. The party merged with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which was by then in government, in 1978 and from 1980 Nedunchezhiyan was again a cabinet minister, this time as a Minister of Finance under the leadership of AIADMK's [[M. G. Ramachandran]], until 1987. He became acting Chief Minister in 1988 when Ramachandran died. He was a candidate in the subsequent leadership election but lost to Ramachandran's wife, [[Janaki Ramachandran]].<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Nedunchezhiyan briefly aligned himself with the [[J. Jayalalithaa]]-led group within the AIADMK but was expelled from the party in 1988 after disputes with its leaders. He stood in the 1989 state elections and later that year returned to the party fold after Jayalalithaa had successfully reunified it. He served as Minister of Finance again between 1991 and 1996.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

==Legislative election history==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Result !! Seat !! Party
|-
| [[1962 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1962]] || Won || Triplicane || DMK
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]] || Won || Triplicane || DMK
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]] || Won || Triplicane|| DMK
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]] || Won || Triplicane || AIADMK
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]] || Won || Thirunelveli || AIADMK
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]] || Won || Athoor || AIADMK
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]] || Lost || Mylapore || Independent
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]] || Won || Theni || AIADMK
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]] || Lost{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} || Theni || AIADMK
|}

==Personal life==
He married his wife, Visalakshi, in 1950, and they had one son.<ref name="hindu2000">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504064440/http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2012 |title=Nedunchezhiyan dies of heart failure |date=13 January 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

He died on [[heart failure]] at [[Apollo Hospital]] on 12 January 2000.

== In popular culture ==
The character Madhivanan, played by [[Rajesh (actor)|Rajesh]], in the 1997 film ''[[Iruvar]]'' is loosely based on Nedunchezhiyan.

== See also ==
*[[First Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]
*[[Second Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]

==Books published==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Name of the book with year of publication.
Decimal Research (1943)
The Late Dravidian (1948)
Language Struggle (1948)
Repository (1948)
Tears and Red Water Development Corporation (1951)
Rise Murasu
New Path
Veera tamilgam
Ancient Greek (1953)
Giordano Bruno (1953)
Charles Bradley (1953)
Religion and Superstition (1955)
Purananooru Treasure (1961)
DMK (1961)
Brotherhood with Anna (1961)
Heart great pleasure (1982)
Thought Flowers (1982)
Learning love scenes
Narrinai katcigal (1982)
Telling Taste (Short Views) (1985)
Culture Honor (1985)
Novel Announcements to the Novel Country (1988)
Vadakkalathur Raja Gopalanar Biography (1991)
Thirukkural - Novel Clarification (1991)
Biography of #RevolutionaryBharatidasan (1994)

War of Social Justice (1996)
History of the Dravidian Movement (Part I) (1996)
Jain Commission Report - A Study (1997)
What I Saw and Heard in Life (2000)
After His- # Thirukkural Novel Text (Portable Edition) (2001)

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nedunchezhiyan, V R}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Thiruvalluvar Award]]

V. R. Nedunchezhiyan

2022-02-19T05:17:52Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* Legislative election history */

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2020}}
{{Expand language|langcode=ta|date=April 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| image = V.R. Nedunchezhiyan.jpg
| caption = Statue of V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| office = Acting [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 24 December 1987
| term_end = 7 January 1988
| governor = [[Sundar Lal Khurana]]
| 1blankname = Political Party
| 1namedata = [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor = [[V. N. Janaki|V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]
| constituency = [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]
| term_start1 = 3 February 1969
| term_end1 = 10 February 1969
| governor1 = [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Political Party
| 1namedata1 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor1 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency1 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| office2 = [[Finance minister|Minister of Finance]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 24 June 1991
| term_end2 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start3 = 9 June 1980
| term_end3 = 24 December 1987
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| term_start4 = 6 March 1967
| term_end4 = 31 January 1976
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office5 = General Secretary of the [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start5 = 25 December 1987
| term_end5 = 8 February 1989
| predecessor5 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start6 = 23 June 1978
| term_end6 = 10 June 1980
| predecessor6 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor6 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| office7 = General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start7 = 4 February 1969
| term_end7 = 1977
| predecessor7 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor7 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
|term_start8 = 1956
|term_end8 = 1962 | predecessor8 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
|successor8 = [[C. N. Annadurai]] | office9 = 3rd [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start9 = 29 March 1962
| term_end9 = 28 February 1967
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = {{ubl|[[K. Kamaraj]]|[[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]}}
| predecessor9 = [[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar|V. K. Ramaswami]]
| successor9 = P. G. Karuthiruman
| constituency9 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| birth_date = 11 July 1920
| birth_place = [[Thirukannapuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| residence = Seethamma Colony, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|1|12|1920|7|11}}
| death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Heart failure]]
| party = [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1980-2000)
| otherparty = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (1944-1949) [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1949-1979)
| spouse = Visalakshi (m. 1950; d. 2016)
| children = 1 son
| signature = Signature of Nedunchezhiyan.jpg
| footnotes =
| birth_name = Ra. Go. Narayanasamy{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
| parents =
}}

{{Dravidian politics-col}}

'''V. R. Nedunchezhiyan''' (11 July 1920 – 12 January 2000) was an Indian politician and writer. He served thrice as the acting [[Chief Minister]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He was also finance minister under the governments of [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. For his literary contributions, he was also known as "Navalar" or the eloquent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=R |title=‘Navalar’ Nedunchezhiyan: The Dravidian leader who remained a follower till the end|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/navalar-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-leader-who-remained-follower-till-end-128939 |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=18 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Nedunchezhiyan was born at [[Thirukannapuram]] on 11 July 1920. He was graduated with a master's degree and a doctorate in [[Tamil literature]] from [[Annamalai University]]. He became involved in politics while at the university and joined the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] party in 1944. In 1949, he and [[C. N. Annadurai]] formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), with the latter as leader and Nedunchezhiyan acting as deputy general secretary until 1955. He was general secretary between 1955 and 1961 and then chairman of the party's general council until 1969.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Nedunchezhiyan was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] in 1962. In 1967, he became the Minister of Education when the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] took power. He was briefly acting Chief Minister for the state following [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s death in 1969, taking the role until [[M. Karunanidhi]] was appointed. He then continued as a cabinet minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet until the DMK lost power in 1976.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Together with [[Sathyavani Muthu]], Nedunchezhiyan left the DMK to form a new political party called the ''Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam'' but this did not last long. The party merged with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which was by then in government, in 1978 and from 1980 Nedunchezhiyan was again a cabinet minister, this time as a Minister of Finance under the leadership of AIADMK's [[M. G. Ramachandran]], until 1987. He became acting Chief Minister in 1988 when Ramachandran died. He was a candidate in the subsequent leadership election but lost to Ramachandran's wife, [[Janaki Ramachandran]].<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Nedunchezhiyan briefly aligned himself with the [[J. Jayalalithaa]]-led group within the AIADMK but was expelled from the party in 1988 after disputes with its leaders. He stood in the 1989 state elections and later that year returned to the party fold after Jayalalithaa had successfully reunified it. He served as Minister of Finance again between 1991 and 1996.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

==Legislative election history==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Result !! Seat !! Party
|-
| [[1962 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1962]] || Won || Triplicane || DMK
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]] || Won || Triplicane || DMK
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]] || Won || Triplicane|| DMK
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]] || Won || Triplicane || AIADMK
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]] || Won || Thirunelveli || AIADMK
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]] || Won || Athoor || AIADMK
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]] || Lost || Mylapore || Independent
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]] || Won || Theni || AIADMK
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]] || Lost{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} || Theni || AIADMK
|}

==Personal life==
He married his wife, Visalakshi, in 1950, and they had one son.<ref name="hindu2000">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504064440/http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2012 |title=Nedunchezhiyan dies of heart failure |date=13 January 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

He died on [[heart failure]] at [[Apollo Hospital]] on 12 January 2000.

== In popular culture ==
The character Madhivanan, played by [[Rajesh (actor)|Rajesh]], in the 1997 film ''[[Iruvar]]'' is loosely based on Nedunchezhiyan.

== See also ==
*[[First Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]
*[[Second Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]

==Books published==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Name of the book with year of publication.
# பத்துப்பாட்டு ஆராய்ச்சி (1943)
# மறைந்த திராவிடம் (1948)
# மொழிப் போராட்டம் (1948)
# களஞ்சியம் (1948)
# கண்ணீரும் செந்நீரும் வளர்த்த கழகம் (1951)
# எழுச்சி முரசு
# புதிய பாதை
# வீரத் தமிழகம்
# பண்டைக் கிரேக்கம் (1953)
# ஜியார்டனோ புரூனோ (1953)
# சார்லஸ் பிராட்லா (1953)
# மதமும் மூடநம்பிக்கையும் (1955)
# புறநானூற்றுப் புதையல் (1961)
# தி.மு.க (1961)
# அண்ணாவோடு வாழ்ந்த அந்தச்சிறைவாசம் (1961)
# இதயம் பெரும் இன்பம் (1982)
# சிந்தனை மலர்கள் (1982)
# கலித்தொகை தரும் காதற் காட்சிகள்
# நற்றிணைக் காட்சிகள் (1982)
# சொல்லும் சுவையும் (குறுந்தொகை காட்சிகள்) (1985)
# பண்பாடு போற்றுவோம் (1985)
# நாவலர் நாட்டுக்கு அளித்த நல் அறிவிப்புகள் (1988)
# வடக்காலத்தூர் இராச கோபாலனார் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு (1991)
# திருக்குறள் -நாவலர் தெளிவுரை (1991)
# புரட்சிக்கவிஞர் பாரதிதாசன் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு (1994)
# சமூக நீதிப் போர் (1996)
# திராவிட இயக்க வரலாறு (முதல் பகுதி) (1996)
# ஜெயின் கமிசன் அறிக்கை - ஓர் ஆய்வு (1997)
# வாழ்வில் நான் கண்டதும் கேட்டதும் (2000)
# திருக்குறள் நாவலர் உரை (கையடக்கப் பதிப்பு) (2001)
# திருக்குறளில் உவமை நயம் (2004)

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nedunchezhiyan, V R}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Thiruvalluvar Award]]

V. R. Nedunchezhiyan

2022-02-18T14:53:13Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2020}}
{{Expand language|langcode=ta|date=April 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| image = V.R. Nedunchezhiyan.jpg
| caption = Statue of V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| office = Acting [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 24 December 1987
| term_end = 7 January 1988
| governor = [[Sundar Lal Khurana]]
| 1blankname = Political Party
| 1namedata = [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor = [[V. N. Janaki|V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]
| constituency = [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]
| term_start1 = 3 February 1969
| term_end1 = 10 February 1969
| governor1 = [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Political Party
| 1namedata1 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor1 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency1 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| office2 = [[Finance minister|Minister of Finance]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 24 June 1991
| term_end2 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start3 = 9 June 1980
| term_end3 = 24 December 1987
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| term_start4 = 6 March 1967
| term_end4 = 31 January 1976
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office5 = General Secretary of the [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start5 = 25 December 1987
| term_end5 = 8 February 1989
| predecessor5 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start6 = 23 June 1978
| term_end6 = 10 June 1980
| predecessor6 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor6 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| office7 = General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start7 = 4 February 1969
| term_end7 = 1977
| predecessor7 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor7 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
|term_start8 = 1956
|term_end8 = 1962 | predecessor8 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
|successor8 = [[C. N. Annadurai]] | office9 = 3rd [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start9 = 29 March 1962
| term_end9 = 28 February 1967
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = {{ubl|[[K. Kamaraj]]|[[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]}}
| predecessor9 = [[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar|V. K. Ramaswami]]
| successor9 = P. G. Karuthiruman
| constituency9 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| birth_date = 11 July 1920
| birth_place = [[Thirukannapuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| residence = Seethamma Colony, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|1|12|1920|7|11}}
| death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Heart failure]]
| party = [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1980-2000)
| otherparty = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (1944-1949) [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1949-1979)
| spouse = Visalakshi (m. 1950; d. 2016)
| children = 1 son
| signature = Signature of Nedunchezhiyan.jpg
| footnotes =
| birth_name = Ra. Go. Narayanasamy{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
| parents =
}}

{{Dravidian politics-col}}

'''V. R. Nedunchezhiyan''' (11 July 1920 – 12 January 2000) was an Indian politician and writer. He served thrice as the acting [[Chief Minister]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He was also finance minister under the governments of [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. For his literary contributions, he was also known as "Navalar" or the eloquent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=R |title=‘Navalar’ Nedunchezhiyan: The Dravidian leader who remained a follower till the end|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/navalar-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-leader-who-remained-follower-till-end-128939 |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=18 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Nedunchezhiyan was born at [[Thirukannapuram]] on 11 July 1920. He was graduated with a master's degree and a doctorate in [[Tamil literature]] from [[Annamalai University]]. He became involved in politics while at the university and joined the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] party in 1944. In 1949, he and [[C. N. Annadurai]] formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), with the latter as leader and Nedunchezhiyan acting as deputy general secretary until 1955. He was general secretary between 1955 and 1961 and then chairman of the party's general council until 1969.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Nedunchezhiyan was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] in 1962. In 1967, he became the Minister of Education when the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] took power. He was briefly acting Chief Minister for the state following [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s death in 1969, taking the role until [[M. Karunanidhi]] was appointed. He then continued as a cabinet minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet until the DMK lost power in 1976.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Together with [[Sathyavani Muthu]], Nedunchezhiyan left the DMK to form a new political party called the ''Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam'' but this did not last long. The party merged with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which was by then in government, in 1978 and from 1980 Nedunchezhiyan was again a cabinet minister, this time as a Minister of Finance under the leadership of AIADMK's [[M. G. Ramachandran]], until 1987. He became acting Chief Minister in 1988 when Ramachandran died. He was a candidate in the subsequent leadership election but lost to Ramachandran's wife, [[Janaki Ramachandran]].<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Nedunchezhiyan briefly aligned himself with the [[J. Jayalalithaa]]-led group within the AIADMK but was expelled from the party in 1988 after disputes with its leaders. He stood in the 1989 state elections and later that year returned to the party fold after Jayalalithaa had successfully reunified it. He served as Minister of Finance again between 1991 and 1996.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

==Legislative election history==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Result !! Seat !! Party
|-
| [[1962 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1962]] || Won || Triplicane || DMK
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]] || Won || Triplicane || DMK
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]] || Won || Triplicane|| DMK
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]] || || ||
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]] || Won || Thirunelveli || AIADMK
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]] || Won || Athoor || AIADMK
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]] || Lost || Mylapore || Independent
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]] || Won || Theni || AIADMK
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]] || Lost{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} || Theni || AIADMK
|}

==Personal life==
He married his wife, Visalakshi, in 1950, and they had one son.<ref name="hindu2000">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504064440/http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2012 |title=Nedunchezhiyan dies of heart failure |date=13 January 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

He died on [[heart failure]] at [[Apollo Hospital]] on 12 January 2000.

== In popular culture ==
The character Madhivanan, played by [[Rajesh (actor)|Rajesh]], in the 1997 film ''[[Iruvar]]'' is loosely based on Nedunchezhiyan.

== See also ==
*[[First Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]
*[[Second Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]

==Books published==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Name of the book with year of publication.
# பத்துப்பாட்டு ஆராய்ச்சி (1943)
# மறைந்த திராவிடம் (1948)
# மொழிப் போராட்டம் (1948)
# களஞ்சியம் (1948)
# கண்ணீரும் செந்நீரும் வளர்த்த கழகம் (1951)
# எழுச்சி முரசு
# புதிய பாதை
# வீரத் தமிழகம்
# பண்டைக் கிரேக்கம் (1953)
# ஜியார்டனோ புரூனோ (1953)
# சார்லஸ் பிராட்லா (1953)
# மதமும் மூடநம்பிக்கையும் (1955)
# புறநானூற்றுப் புதையல் (1961)
# தி.மு.க (1961)
# அண்ணாவோடு வாழ்ந்த அந்தச்சிறைவாசம் (1961)
# இதயம் பெரும் இன்பம் (1982)
# சிந்தனை மலர்கள் (1982)
# கலித்தொகை தரும் காதற் காட்சிகள்
# நற்றிணைக் காட்சிகள் (1982)
# சொல்லும் சுவையும் (குறுந்தொகை காட்சிகள்) (1985)
# பண்பாடு போற்றுவோம் (1985)
# நாவலர் நாட்டுக்கு அளித்த நல் அறிவிப்புகள் (1988)
# வடக்காலத்தூர் இராச கோபாலனார் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு (1991)
# திருக்குறள் -நாவலர் தெளிவுரை (1991)
# புரட்சிக்கவிஞர் பாரதிதாசன் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு (1994)
# சமூக நீதிப் போர் (1996)
# திராவிட இயக்க வரலாறு (முதல் பகுதி) (1996)
# ஜெயின் கமிசன் அறிக்கை - ஓர் ஆய்வு (1997)
# வாழ்வில் நான் கண்டதும் கேட்டதும் (2000)
# திருக்குறள் நாவலர் உரை (கையடக்கப் பதிப்பு) (2001)
# திருக்குறளில் உவமை நயம் (2004)

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nedunchezhiyan, V R}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Thiruvalluvar Award]]

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

2022-02-18T14:43:52Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC: /* List of general secretaries */

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Distinguish|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| name = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| native_name = 
| colorcode = {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| logo = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam logo.png
| abbreviation = DMK
| president = [[M. K. Stalin ]] {{small|([[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM of Tamil Nadu]])}}
| ppchairman = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| general_secretary = [[Durai Murugan]]
| secretary =
| loksabha_leader = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Tiruchi Siva]]
| founder = [[C. N. Annadurai]] {{small|(Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM of Tamil Nadu]])}}
| foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1949|09|17}}
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|24|543|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|10|245|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| state_seats = {{hidden
|Indian states
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff
|style=text-align:center;
|
{{Composition bar|125|234|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]])
{{Composition bar|6|33|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
}} ([[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]])
}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| colours = {{coloursample|Black}} [[Black]] {{coloursample|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Red]]
| membership =
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#State Party|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance = {{hidden
|Alliances
|headerstyle=background:#eeeeee
|style=text-align:left;
|
1) '''DMK Alliance''' : (1957–1967) (1967–1971), (1971–1980), (1982–1984), (1996–1999) ([[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DPA]]) : (2006–2009) & (2014–2016) ([[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]) : (2021–Present) '''Central Party Alliance''' 2) '''[[Indian National Congress|Congress Party Alliance]]''' : (1971–1976 Central Alliance) & (1980–1982) ([[United Progressive Alliance (India)|UPA]]) : (2004–2013) & (2016–Continue Alliance) 3) '''[[Janata Party|Janata Party Alliance]]''' : (1977–1980 Central Alliance) & (1984–1988) 4) '''[[Janata Dal|Janata Dal Alliance]]''' [[National Front (India)|NF]] : (1988–1996) [[United Front (India)|UF]] : (1996–1998 Central Alliance) 5) '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]''' - ([[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]) : (1999–2004)}}
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Social democracy]]<ref name="dmk1"/>
|[[Dravidian parties|Dravidianism]]<ref name="Palani"/>
|[[Social justice]]<ref name="dmk1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-from-health-care-to-community-living-his-schemes-were-aimed-at-social-equality/article24548812.ece|title=M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality|last=Kannan|first=Ramya|date=8 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karunanidhi-the-social-reformer-who-changed-the-landcape-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1837827.html|title=Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM|website=News18|date=11 March 2019|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>}}
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/dravida-munnetra-kazhagam.html|title = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) – Party History, Symbol, Founders, Election Results and News}}</ref>
| predecessor = * [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (1917–1944) 
* [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (1944–1949)
| split = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]
| publication = ''[[Dinakaran]]'' {{small|(Daily journal)}} ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]'' {{small|(Daily journal)}} ''The Rising Sun'' {{small|(Weekly journal)}} ''[[Kalaignar TV]]'' {{small|(TV channel)}}
| labour = [[Labour Progressive Federation]] (LPF)
| youth = DMK Ilaignar Ani
| students = DMK Manavar Ani
| women = DMK Magalir Ani
| headquarters = Anna Arivalayam, 367 & 369, [[Anna Salai]], [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]] - 600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| website = [http://www.dmk.in/ www.dmk.in]
| symbol = [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Rising_Sun.png|120px|Rising Sun]]
| flag = Flag DMK.svg
}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
The '''Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{Translation|Dravidian Progressive Federation}}, '''DMK''') is a [[social-democratic]] and [[Dravidian parties|Dravidianist]] political party in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/dmk|title=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)|work=Business Standard India|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>It is the 3rd largest political party in [[Lok Sabha]] after [[BJP]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]].It is also one of the two main political parties in Tamil Nadu, along with the rival [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. Since the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 state election]], it has been the ruling party of Tamil Nadu.

The DMK was founded in 1949 by [[C. N. Annadurai]] as a breakaway faction from the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (also known as [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] until 1944), which was headed by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850|title=September which split Dravidians, Periyar weds Maniyammai|website=thenewsminute.com|date=14 September 2016|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/periyar-and-anna-conflict-over-electoral-politics-88609|title=Periyar and Anna conflict over electoral politics|website=newsminute.com|date=19 September 2018|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/karunanidhi-administrator-par-excellence-61343|title=Karunanidhi: Administrator par excellence|website=downtoearth.org.in|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> It was headed by Annadurai (as the Secretary-General) from 1949 until his death on 3 February 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/3-february-1969-c.-n.-annadurai-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-died|title=3 February 1969: C. N. Annadurai, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, died|website=mapsofindia.com|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967, DMK became the first party, other than the [[Indian National Congress]], to win the state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in any state in India. [[M. Karunanidhi]] followed Annadurai as the second president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/m-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away/article24624474.ece|title=M Karunanidhi passes away|website=@businessline|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the Chief Minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the central government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-the-five-term-chief-minister/article24548707.ece/photo/1/|title=In pictures: M. Karunanidhi, the five-term Chief Minister|date=7 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, [[M. K. Stalin]], succeeded his as party president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/64bKrVFUe0Xoz5qSVbq1tO/Karunanidhi-appoints-Stalin-as-Tamil-Nadu-deputy-CM.html|title=Karunanidhi appoints Stalin as Tamil Nadu deputy CM|last=PTI|date=29 May 2009|website=Mint|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

At the federal level, the DMK is part of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] and is the third-largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charismatic leaders missing, major TN parties rely on election strategists|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tamil-nadu/charismatic-leaders-missing-major-tn-parties-rely-on-election-strategists/story-e5iYPyuYw7QzCNL5tnjRKJ.html|date=2019-09-08|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It currently holds 125 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], and the DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] holds 159.

== History ==

=== Origins and foundation ===
The DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation ([[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]) founded by Dr [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]] in 1916, in the presence of [[P. Thyagaraya Chetty]], Dr [[P.T. Rajan]], Dr [[T. M. Nair]], Dr [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] and a ''few others in [[Victoria Public Hall]] [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/100-years-justice-party-movement-which-defined-tamil-nadu-politics-53163|title = 100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics|date = 20 November 2016}}</ref> The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Radhan
| first = O.P.
| title = Encyclopaedia of Political Parties
| publisher = Anmol Publications
| year = 2002
| isbn = 978-81-7488-865-5
| pages = 187
| chapter = A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India
}}</ref> Communal division between [[Brahmin]]s and non-Brahmin upper castes began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to [[Caste in India|caste]] prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmin upper castes in Madras and is seen as the start of the [[Dravidian Movement]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Joshua Fishman|author2=Ofelia Garcia|title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230|access-date=7 July 2016|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-539245-6|pages=230–}} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/910239471]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/904492385]] cite No. 1 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452/ | title=A century of reform The Dravidian movement has left its progressive imprint on Tamil Nadu| work=Manuraj Shunmugasundaram | date=22 November 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/910239471]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/904492385]] cite No. 2 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-inner-grammar-of-dissent-lives/298224 | title=The Inner Grammar Of Dissent Lives | work=K.S. Chalam | publisher=Outlook India | date=12 December 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/910239471]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/904492385]] cite No. 3 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>''

''[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], a popular Tamil reformist leader of the time, had joined [[Indian National Congress]] in 1919, to oppose what he considered the [[Brahmin]]ic leadership of the party.<ref name="Gail_Omvedt_Dalit_visions">{{cite book
| last = Omvedt
| first = Gail
| author-link = Gail Omvedt
| title = Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity
| publisher = Orient Longman
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-81-250-2895-6
| pages = 54–55
}}</ref> Periyar's participation at the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]] led him to start the [[Self-Respect Movement]] in 1926 which was rationalistic and "anti-Brahministic".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=2138&id=2714&sectionid=30&Itemid=1|title=Ethnic balance|magazine=India Today|date=20 December 2007|access-date=24 May 2009}}</ref> He quit Congress and in 1935 he joined the Justice Party.''

''In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the [[Indian National Congress]] under [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of [[Hindi]] as a compulsory subject in schools led to the [[anti-Hindi agitations]], led by Periyar and his associates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-justice-party-torchbearer-of-reform/article7892747.ece|title=Torch-bearer of reform|last=Veeramani|first=K.|date=19 November 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>''

''In August 1944, Periyar created the '[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.<ref>{{cite book| last = Dirks| first = Nicholas B.| author-link = Nicholas Dirks| title = Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India| publisher = Princeton University Press| year = 2001| isbn = 978-0-691-08895-2| pages = 263
}}</ref> The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called [[Dravida Nadu]] consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |author=Dirks, Nicholas B. |year= 2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages =263 |isbn=0691088950 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lekITKy2rd4C&q=Castes+of+Mind++By+Nicholas+B.+Dirks}}</ref>''

''The party at its inception retained the flag of the South Indian Liberal Federation, which had a picture of a traditional type of [[Beam balance|balance]] signifying the idea of [[Social equality|equality]].<ref>Saraswathi, S. (2004) ''Towards Self-Respect''. Institute of South Indian Studies, pp. 93 & 94 {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/910239471]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/905473880]] cite No. 1 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Its central theme was to remove the degraded status imposed on [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]]. To communicate this, the party adopted a black flag with a red circle inside it, with the black signifying their degradation and the red denoting the intention of the movement to uplift [[Dravidians]].<ref>Saraswathi, S., ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 94. {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/910239471]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/905473880]] cite No. 2 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>''

''Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by [[C. N. Annadurai]] decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagam, after an aged Periyar married a young woman [[Maniammai]] and appointed her to act as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party leaders. Until then, [[E. V. K. Sampath]], the nephew of Periyar, was considered his political heir.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208131610/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2005 |title=Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families|work= Sify News|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ram|first=N.|year=1977|editor-last=Barnett|editor-first=Marguerite Ross|title=Pre-History and History of the DMK|journal=Social Scientist|volume=6|issue=5|pages=59–91|doi=10.2307/3520089|issn=0970-0293|jstor=3520089}}</ref>''

''The Dravidian philosophy culminated both politically and socially with DMK at the helm of administration. It was the first-ever [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] movement in the history of sub-continent politics to have political representation from former lower-castes, and it was a marked move from generations of civic administrators from the upper-caste citizenry. This had a deep societal impact which resulted in increased political participation, which aided the representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened the pluralist democracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Subramanian|first=Narendra|date=2002-11-01|title=Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249027491|journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics - COMMONW COMP POLIT|volume=40|issue=3|pages=125–139|doi=10.1080/713999599|s2cid=153856033}}</ref>''

===C. N. Annadurai era (17 September 1949 – 3 February 1969)===
[[File:CN_Annadurai_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|C. N. Annadurai, Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
The DMK's first foray into electoral politics, in the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957 legislative assembly elections]], was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as Annadurai and [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] were defeated. It fared somewhat better in [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]], winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>

==== Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations ====
{{See also|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}

The DMK, which split from the Dravidar Kazhagam in 1949, inherited the anti-Hindi Imposition policies of its parent organization. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.

In July 1953, the DMK launched an [[Kallakudi demonstration|agitation]] against the Union government's proposed name-change of [[Kallakudi]] to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's propsoed new name (after [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]]) symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=James H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hIUBioZHHQC&pg=PT151|title=Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India|last2=Sen|first2=Satadru|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-033-4|page=151}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 54 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|title=Anna in the dock (1953)|author=Sachi Sri Kantha|date=16 September 2009|work=Anna's Birth Centennial Anthology Part 3|publisher=Sangam.org|access-date=24 November 2009}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 55 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> On 15 July, [[M. Karunanidhi]] (later Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu) and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and [[Kannadasan]], were arrested.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997|p=108|loc=ch. 5.29 (The Warrior Devotee)}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 56 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for [[Dravida Nadu]], in which it was originally more radical than the Dravida Kazhagam.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Jaffrelot | first = Christophe | title = India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85065-398-4
| page = 244}}</ref> On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGcOAQAAIAAJ|title=Modern India rejects Hindi|publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India|year=1958|page=29}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 57 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Copley|first=Antony R. H.|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl|url-access=registration|title=The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics|publisher=Macmillan|year=1978|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl/page/311 311]}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 58 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi Conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi Day".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|title=A script which Karuna would never imagined in TN|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201202600/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|archive-date=1 December 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|last1=India|first1=Press Trust of}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 59 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Swaminathan|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-uYmpYmXuMC|title=Karunanidhi: man of destiny|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press|year=1974|page=8}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 60 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

On 31 July 1960, another open air anti-Hindi conference was held in [[Kodambakkam]], Madras.<ref>{{cite book|last=Venu|first=E.Es.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ|title=Why South opposes Hindi|publisher=Justice Publications|year=1979|page=76}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 61 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the [[Indian Constitution]]. However, the anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official Languages Act of 1963.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajagopalan|first=Swarna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Yz5aGeoTsC|title=State and nation in south Asia|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-1-55587-967-9|pages=153–156}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/897738684]] cite No. 62 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venkatachalapathy|first=A. R.|date=|title=Tongue tied|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-tongue-tied-734837-2007-12-20|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==== Formation of State Government ====
In 1967, DMK came to power in the [[Madras province]] 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became [[Tamil Nadu]]. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party (namely, the DMK) won a majority.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chakrabarty | first = Bidyut | title = Indian Politics and Society Since Independence | publisher = Routledge | year = 2008 | pages = 110–111 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C | isbn = 978-0-415-40868-4 }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 33 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> The [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|electoral victory of 1967]] is also reputed to be an [[electoral fusion]] among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.<ref>{{cite news | last = Viswanathan | first = S | title = Dravidian power | work = Frontline | date = 10–23 April 2004 | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | access-date = 19 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2008 }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 34 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatachalapathy | first = AR | title = C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969 | date = 10 April 2008 | url = http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high | access-date = 20 December 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high | archive-date = 12 January 2009 }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 35 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

==== Other achievements ====
Annadurai legalised [[self-respect marriages]] for the first time the country. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a [[Brahmin]] was not needed to carry out the wedding.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatesh | first = MR | title = Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie | publisher = The Telegraph, Calcutta | date = 7 June 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | access-date = 20 December 2008 | location = Calcutta, India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816173201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | archive-date = 16 August 2009 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 36 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which often led to great debt through [[dowry]]. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused [[arranged marriages]] to be replaced by love marriages.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hodges | first = Sara | title = Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India | journal = Contributions to Indian Sociology | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 251–277 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1177/006996670503900203 | s2cid = 144419547 | df = dmy-all }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 37 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

Annadurai was also the first to promise to subsidize the price of rice in order to campaign for his election. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidising rice costs are still used as an [[election promise]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu | work = Rediff.com | date = 19 April 2006 | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170313/http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | archive-date = 7 September 2008 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 38 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

It was Annadurai's government that renamed [[Madras State]] to [[Tamil Nadu]], its present day name. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house ([[Rajya Sabha]]) of the [[Parliament of India]] by [[Bhupesh Gupta]], a communist MP from [[West Bengal]], but was then defeated.<ref>{{cite book | last = Rajagopalan | first = Swarna | title = State and Nation in South Asia | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | year = 2001 | pages = 152–154 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Yz5aGeoTsC | isbn = 978-1-55587-967-9 }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 13 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state. Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a ''two language policy''{{which|date=August 2019}} over the then popular [[three language formula]]. The three language formula, which was implemented in the neighbouring states of [[Karnataka]], Andhra Pradesh and [[Kerala]], entitled students to study three languages: the regional language, [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hardgrave | first = Robert | title = The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis | journal = Asian Survey | volume = 5 | issue = 8 | pages = 399–407 | year = 1965 | doi = 10.1525/as.1965.5.8.01p0095g | df = dmy-all }} {{verify source |date=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901408232]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/900528858]] cite No. 22 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

=== Karunanidhi's leadership (1969–2018) ===
In 1969, Annadurai unexpectedly died. M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]. Karunanidhi would continue to head the DMK until his own death in 2018.<ref name=":0" />

==== 1972 split ====
In the 1970s, [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, resulting in a political feud between M.G.R. and the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. where he was a treasurer, and he was eventually suspended from the General Council by the high power committee of DMK. He then created the new party named [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref name="Hardgrave">{{cite book|first=Robert j|last=Hardgrave Jr.|year=1973|title= Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK |series=Asian Survey|publisher= University of California Press}}</ref>

==== Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency ====
* In 1977, DMK lost the Assembly elections to MGR's AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state till 1989.<ref name="Murali82">[[#Murali|Murali 1994]], p. 82</ref> After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions between [[V. N. Janaki|Janaki]] (MGR's wife) and [[Jayalalithaa]]. DMK returned to power in the 1989 State assembly elections and 3rd time Chife Minister Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi took over as chief minister in January 1989.
* The 1991 election was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within 2 years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] leading an alliance with [[Samajwadi Janata Party]]. In the same year Rajiv was killed by a [[Suicide Bomber|suicide bomber]] during the election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, attitudes were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to be deprived of any seats in the Parliament.
* In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against [[J.Jayalalithaa]] and the alliance with [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC), headed by [[G.K. Moopanar]].
*However, in 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and the incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
* In the 2004 parliamentary elections, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) and the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and swept a grand victory. The alliance won all 40 seats including [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. This enabled DMK to hold 7 ministerial posts in the central government and gave influential power to DMK.
* Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK, for the first time, formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. [[M Karunanidhi]] became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 parliamentary elections.
* In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election result|2011 Assembly elections]], held in the wake of the [[2G case]] and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
* In the 2014 [[Lok Sabha]] election DMK failed to win any seats; however, by vote percentage, it was second only to AIADMK.
* The 2016 state assembly elections gave DMK 89 MLAs. This was the most number for an opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.

=== M. K. Stalin’s leadership (2018–present) ===
[[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, [[M. K. Stalin]]. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining, and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mk-stalin-takes-charge-of-dmk-after-51-years-of-joining-politics-fighting-a-dynastic-battle-the-65-year-old-has-learnt-it-hard-way-5059921.html|title=MK Stalin takes charge of DMK after 51 years in politics: Fighting a dynastic battle, the 65-year-old learnt it the hard way|website=Firstpost|date=28 August 2018|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> On 3 February 2020, M. K. Stalin announced that [[Prashant Kishor]] was signed up as a party strategist for the upcoming [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=DMK teams up with Prashant Kishor's I-PAC for 2021 Tamil Nadu polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-teams-up-with-prashant-kishor-s-i-pac-for-2021-tami-nadu-polls-1642677-2020-02-03 |access-date=7 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=3 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:The Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration , Government of Tamil Nadu Shri.M.K.Stalin called on the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, in New Delhi on July 04, 2007 (1).jpg|alt=|thumb|201x201px|M.K. Stalin calls on the Prime Minister, Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] in New Delhi on 4 July 2007.]]

On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in [[Erode]] and [[M. K. Stalin]] released five slogans at the conference. They were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/mk-stalin-addressed-the-followers-in-erode-dmk-meet/articleshow/63454760.cms|title=ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்: ஈரோடு மண்டல மாநாட்டில் ஸ்டாலின் உரை|date=25 March 2018|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minnambalam.com/k/2018/03/26/31|title=ஸ்டாலின் முன்வைத்த ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்!|website=மின்னம்பலம்|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/mk-stalin-releases-5-slogans-dmk-315312.html|title=மதவெறியை மாய்ப்போம்- அதிகார குவியலை அடித்து நொறுக்குவோம்: திமுகவின் 5 முழக்கங்களை அறிவித்த ஸ்டாலின்|last=Priya|first=Lakshmi|date=25 March 2018|website=oneindia.com|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

# Let's keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
# Let us grow and admire Tamil
# Let's crush the power pile
# Let us protect the humanity from extremism
# Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu
M.K. Stalin formed the Secular Progressive Alliance in Tamil Nadu under the [[United Progressive Alliance]] in the centre and led the alliance in the [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2019 general election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/secular-progressive-alliance-will-romp-home-in-lok-sabha-polls-119033100605_1.html|title=Secular Progressive Alliance will romp home in Lok Sabha polls|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dmk-led-front-in-tn-christened-secular-progressive-alliance-119031500955_1.html|title=DMK-led front in TN christened "Secular Progressive Alliance"|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> M.K. Stalin and his alliance in Tamil Nadu won 39 out of 40 seats in the parliament and 12 out of 21 in the Assembly with a 52% vote share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-wins-big-but-gains-little/articleshow/69472678.cms|title=M K Stalin wins big but gains little in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Chennai News|last1=24 May|first1=D. Govardan {{!}} TNN {{!}}|last2=2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 December 2019|last3=Ist|first3=6:31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-mk-stalin-on-dmk-victory-in-tamil-nadu-amazed-north-united-south-astounded-ind-2046617|title="Amazed North, United South, Astounded India": MK Stalin On DMK Poll Wins|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The DMK-led alliance won the [[2019 Tamil Nadu local elections|2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections]] under the Secular Progressive alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmk-alliance-wins-tamil-nadu-rural-local-body-polls/articleshow/73086250.cms|title=DMK alliance wins Tamil Nadu rural local body polls {{!}} Chennai News|last1=3 Jan|first1=IANS {{!}} Updated|last2=2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 March 2020|last3=Ist|first3=19:08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-local-body-poll-results-dmk-wins-243-district-panchayat-wards-aiadmk-214-counting-underway-1633997-2020-01-04|title=Tamil Nadu local body poll results: DMK wins 243 district panchayat wards, AIADMK 214; counting underway|last1=ChennaiJanuary 4|first1=Akshaya Nath|last2=January 4|first2=2020UPDATED|website=India Today|access-date=24 March 2020|last3=Ist|first3=2020 20:17}}</ref>

The DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] won the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. The alliance won 159 seats out of 234 seats with 46% vote share.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Party ideology==
=== Dravidian nationalism ===
The [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations]] of 1965 forced the [[Government of India|central government]] to abandon its efforts to use [[Hindi]] as the only official language of the country. However, Hindi usage has continued as Indian government employees are asked to write as much as 65% of the letters and memoranda in Hindi.<ref name="Palani">{{cite book|title=Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdxwA3xDtSEC&pg=PA21|pages=21–22|last=Palanithurai|first=Ganapathy |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1997|isbn=9788175330399}}</ref>

=== State autonomy ===
After [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] invoked by Indira Gandhi, more state powers like education and medical care were moved from state control to national control. At the state conference in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] after the death of C.N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi announced the adoption of the "state autonomy" principle to advocate for state self-governance. In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a truly federal system.<ref name="Palani" />

=== Social justice ===
The DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and the changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like Thirunangai and Thirunambi.<ref name="Nadika">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/self-respect-weddings-transgender-rights-karunanidhi-leader-minorities-86159|title=Self-respect weddings to transgender rights: Karunanidhi, a leader of minorities|last=N|first=Nadika|website=newsminute.com|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

== Party symbol ==
The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag often pictured. The symbol was inspired by the leader and scriptwriter M. Karunanidhi's 1950s play ''Udaya Suryan'', and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>

In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|last=Isaac|first=Anna|date=n.d.|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

==Election history==
=== Parliament General elections in Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Year
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|Party leader
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Seats won
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Popular vote
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|Outcome
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan=3|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Composition bar|8|41|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 9
| –
| –
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|{{Composition bar|7|41|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| 18.64%
| 2,315,610
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|25|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 18
| 51.79%
| 7,996,264
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan=12|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|{{Composition bar|23|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| 55.61%
| 8,869,095
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Composition bar|1|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 22
| 37.84%
| 6,758,517
| {{no2|Opposition/Central Government Alliance Support}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|16|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 15
| 55.89%
| 10,290,515
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|2|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 14
| 37.04%
| 8,006,513
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| 33.78%
| 8,918,905
| {{no2|Lost/Central Government Alliance Support}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 27.64%
| 6,823,581
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|17|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 17
| 54.96%
| 14,940,474
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|6|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 11
| 42.72%
| 10,937,809
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|12|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 6
| 46.41%
| 12,638,602
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|16|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
| 57.40%
| 16,483,390
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|18|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
| 42.54%
| 12,929,043
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 18
| 26.8%
| 10,243,767
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{Composition bar|24|39|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 24
| 52%
|14,363,332
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|}

=== Tamil Nadu Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Year
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|Party leader
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Seats won
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Change in seats
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Popular vote
!Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|Outcome
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=3|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Composition bar|15|205|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 15
| –
| –
| {{no2|opposition}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Composition bar|50|205|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 37
| 27.10%
| 3,435,633
| {{no2|opposition}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|137|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 87
| 40.69%
| 6,230,556
| {{yes2|government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan=11|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|{{Composition bar|184|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 47
| 48.58%
| 7,654,935
| {{yes2|government}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Composition bar|48|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 136
| 24.89%
| 4,258,771
| {{no2|opposition}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|37|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 11
| 22.1%
| 4,164,389
| {{no2|opposition}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|24|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 13
| 29.3%
| 6,362,770
| {{no2|opposition}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|150|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 116
| 37.89%
| 9,135,220
| {{yes2|government}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|2|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 148
| 22.5%
| 5,535,668
| {{partial|others}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|173|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 171
| 53.77%
| 14,600,748
| {{yes2|government}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Composition bar|31|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 142
| 30.90%
| 8,669,864
| {{no2|opposition}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Composition bar|96|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 65
| 26.50%
| 8,728,716
| {{yes2|government}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Composition bar|23|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 73
| 22.40%
| 8,249,991
| {{partial|others}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Composition bar|89|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 66
| 31.39%
| 13,670,511
| {{no2|opposition}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{Composition bar|133|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{increase}} 44
|37.7%
|1,74,30,179
|{{yes2|government}}
|}

=== Puducherry ===
{| class="wikitable sortable
|-
! Year || Election || Votes polled || Seats won
|-
| 1974 || 3rd Assembly || 47,823 || 2
|-
| 1977 || 4th Assembly || 30,441 || 3
|-
| 1980 || 5th Assembly || 68,030 || 14
|-
| 1985 || 6th Assembly || 87,754 || 5
|-
| 1990 || 7th Assembly || 101,127 || 9
|-
| 1991 || 8th Assembly || 96,607 || 4
|-
| 1996 || 9th Assembly || 105,392 || 7
|-
| 2001 || 10th Assembly || 83,679 || 7
|-
| 2006 || 11th Assembly || || 7
|-
| 2011 || 12th Assembly || || 3
|-
| 2016 || 13th Assembly || || 2
|-
| 2021 || 14th Assembly || 154,858<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-U07.htm?st=U07|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>|| 6<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puducherry Election Results 2021: Check Full List of Winners|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/puducherry-election-results-2021-check-full-list-of-winners-2426742|access-date=2021-05-02|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable
|-
! Year || Election || Votes polled || Seats won
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| 1984 || 8th Lok Sabha || 97,672 || 0
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| 1989 || 9th Lok Sabha || 157,250 || 0
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| 1991 || 10th Lok Sabha || 140,313 || 0
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| 1996 || 11th Lok Sabha || 183,702 || 0
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| 1998 || 12th Lok Sabha || 168,122 || 1
|}

== List of presidents ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S.No
!Portrait
!Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
!Tenure
!Duration
|-
|1.|| [[File:M._Karunanidhi_.jpg|75px]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] (03/06/1924–07/08/2018) || 27 July 1969 – 7 August 2018 || {{age in years and days|1969|7|27|2018|8|7}}
|-
|2. ||
[[File:Hon_CM_Photo.jpg|75px]]
||[[M. K. Stalin]] (01/03/1953) || 28 August 2018 – ''Incumbent'' || {{age in years and days|2018|8|28}};
|}

== List of general secretaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S.No
!Portrait
!Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
!Tenure
!Duration
|-
|1.|| [[File:CN_Annadurai_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg|75px]]
|[[C. N. Annadurai]] (1909–1969)
|17 September 1949-1957 & 1963 – 3 February 1969
|{{age in years and days|1949|9|17|1969|2|3}}
|-
|2.
|[[File:V.R. Nedunchezhiyan.jpg|75px]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] (1920–2000)
|1957-1962 & 4 February 1969 – 16 May 1977
|{{age in years and days|1969|2|4|1977|5|16}}
|-
|3.||
[[File: Anbazhagan2006.jpg|75px]]
|[[K. Anbazhagan]] (1922–2020 )
|17 May 1977 – 7 March 2020
|{{age in years and days|1977|5|17|2020|3|7}}
|-
|4.
|
|[[Durai Murugan]] (1938–)
|9 September 2020 – ''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2020|9|9|}}
|}

== List of chief ministers ==

=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S.No
!Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
!Tenure
!Days
|-
|1 || [[C. N. Annadurai]] {{small|(1909–1969)}} || 6 March 1967 – 13 January 1969 || 680 days (2–Year's)
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S.No
!Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
!Tenure
!Days
|-
|1 || [[C. N. Annadurai]] {{small|(1909–1969)}}
|14 January 1969 – 3 February 1969 || 20 days (in total 700)
|-
|2 || [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] (acting chief minister) {{small|(1920–2000)}}
|(4 February 1969 – 9 February 1969) || 5 days
|-
|3 || [[M. Karunanidhi]] {{small|(1924–2018)}} || '''1.''' (10 February 1969 – 4 January 1971) '''2.''' (15 March 1971 – 31 January 1976) '''3.''' (27 January 1989 – 30 January 1991) '''4.''' (13 May 1996 – 13 May 2001) '''5.''' (13 May 2006 – 15 May 2011) || 6863 days (19–Year's)
|-
|4 || [[M. K. Stalin]] {{small|(1953–)}} || 7 May 2021– ''[[Incumbent]]'' || (2021–Present)
|}

=== Puducherry ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No
!style="text-align:center;"|Name
! style="text-align:center;" |Tenure
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|1
|[[M. O. H. Farook]] {{small|(1937–2012)}}
|(17 March 1969 – 3 January 1974)
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|2
|[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
|(16 January 1980 – 24 June 1983) (8 March 1990 – 3 March 1991)
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|3
|[[R. V. Janakiraman]] {{small|(1941–2019)}}
|(26 May 1996 – 21 March 2000)
|}

== Current office bearers and prominent members ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center;"|Member
! style="text-align:center;" |Position in government
! style="text-align:center;" |Party position
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223120738/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=49|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-23|title=M. K. Stalin profile|work=assembly.tn.gov}}</ref>
|Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]], Former Deputy Chief Minister and MLA from kolathur
|President
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[Duraimurugan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=78|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222093834/http://assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=78|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-22|title=Profile of Durai Murugan|work=assembly.tn.gov}}</ref>
|Minister for Water Resources, MLA from [[Katpadi (state assembly constituency)|Katpadi]]

|General Secretary and Leader of House Tamil Nadu legislative Assembly
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[T. R. Baalu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=26|title=T. R. Balu|work=Government of India}}</ref>
|Member of parliament (Lok Sabha) and Former Union Minister for ship and roadways
|Treasurer and Party Lok Sabha Leader
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[K. N. Nehru]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425145856/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=214|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-04-25|work=assembly.tn.gov|title=Profile of K. N. Nehru}}</ref>
|Minister for Municipal Administration, MLA from [[Tiruchirappalli West (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchirappalli West]]
|Principal Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[R. S. Bharathi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx|title=R. S. Bharathi profile|work=Rajya Sabha}}</ref>
|Member of parliament (Rajya Sabha), Former Chairman of Alandur Municipality
|Organization Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[I. Periyasamy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=196|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221114246/http://assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=196|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-21|title=I. Periyasamy profile|work=assembly.tn.gov}}</ref>
|Minister for Co-operation, MLA from [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Aathoor]]
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4147&lastls=14|title=Subbulakshmi profile|work=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
|Former Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[P. Selvarasu|Anthiyur P. Selvaraj]]
|Member of parliament, Former State Minister for Handloom
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[K. Ponmudy]]
|Minister for Higher Education, MLA from [[Tirukkoyilur (state assembly constituency)|Tirukkovilur]]
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[A. Raja]]
|Member of parliament (Lok Sabha) and Former Union Minister
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[T. K. S. Elangovan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4533|title=TKS Elangovan profile|work=Government of India}}</ref>
|Member of parliament (Rajya Sabha)
|Official Spokesperson
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Thoothukkudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukkudi]]
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| Women's wing Secretary and
Party Lok Sabha Deputy Leader
|-
|[[Palanivel Thiagarajan|Palanivel Thiyagarajan]]
|Minister for Finance and Human Resource Management, MLA from [[Madurai Central (state assembly constituency)|Madurai Central]]
|IT wing Seceratary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
| Youth wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left; background:#fff;"
| |[[Karthikeya Sivasenapathy]]
|
| Environment wing Secretary
|-
|[[T. R. B. Rajaa]]
|Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Mannargudi (state assembly constituency)|Mannargudi]]
|NRI Wing Secretary
|}

== List of union ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S.No
!Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
!Portfolio
!Tenure
!Prime Minister
|-
|1.
|[[T. G. Venkatraman]] (1931– 2013)
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
|1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998
14 November 1997 10 December 1997
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
[[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
|2.
|[[Murasoli Maran]] (1934–2003)
|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
[[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]]
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
|13 October 1999 – 9 November 2002
6 December 1989 10 November 1989
1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998
|[[H. D. Dewe Gowda]]
[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[V. P. Singh]]
|-
|3.
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
 (1941–)
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
[[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]]
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]
[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of New and Renewable Energy]]
|22 May 2004 – 22 May 2009
13 October 1999 21 December 2003
10 January 1998– 18 March 1998
1996–1998
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[H.D. Deve Gowda]]
[[I.K. Gujral]]
|-
|4.
|[[A. Raja]] (1963–)
|[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare]] [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State for Rural Development]]
|16 May 2007 – 14 November 2010
23 May 2004 – 17 May 2007
30 September 2002 – 21 May 2004
13 October 1996 – 29 September 2000
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
[[I. K. Gujral]]
[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|5.
|[[Dayanidhi Maran]] (1966–)
|[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]
[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
|28 May 2009 – 12 July 2011
22 May 2004 – 16 May 2007
|rowspan="8"|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|6.
|[[S.S. Palanimanickam]] (1950–)
|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance
|2004–2013
|-
|7.
|[[S. Regupathy]] (1950–)
|Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests
|2004–2013
|-
|8.
|[[K. Venkatapathy]] (1946–)
|Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and Justice
|2004–2013
|-
|9.
|[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]] (1947–)
|Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
|2004–2013
|-
|10.
|[[V. Radhika Selvi]] (1976–)
|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs
|2004–2013
|-
|11.
|[[M. K. Alagiri]] (1951–)
|[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|13 June 2009 – 20 March 2013
|-
|12.
|[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Nepoleon]] (1963–)
|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment]]
|28 May 2009 – 20 March 2013
|-
|13.
|[[M. Kannappan]]
|[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of New and Renewable Energy]]
|13 October 1999 – 30 December 2003
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|}

== Splits and offshoots ==
There are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, such as
* [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) was founded on 17 October 1972 by [[M. G. Ramachandran]].
* [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) was founded on 6 May 1994 by [[Vaiko]].

== Media ==
The DMK party runs two newspapers, one in English and one in Tamil, namely ''The Rising Sun'' (weekly journal) and ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]'' (daily), respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmk.in/|title=DMK homepage|access-date=11 November 2013|publisher=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref>

Kalaignar TV is a channel started on 15 September 2007 and managed by [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]] and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The sister channels of Kalaignar TV are Isaiaruvi (music channel), Seithigal (news channel), Sirippoli (comedy channel), Kalaignar Asia, and Chithiram (Tamil cartoon channel).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalaignartv.co.in/|title=Kalaignar Channel|publisher=Kalaignar Channel|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government in 1976 based on charges of possible secession and corruption. The DMK government has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the [[Veeranam]] drainage project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm|work=The Hindu|title=What the Sarkaria Commission said|access-date=11 November 2013|date=10 June 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205052213/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== Alleged connections with LTTE ===
The interim report of the Justice [[Jain Commission]], which oversaw the investigation into [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]], indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html|last=Chawla|first=Prabhu|magazine=India Today|title=Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK|access-date=11 November 2013|date=17 November 1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228033749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 February 2004 | location=Chennai, India | title=No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report | date=14 February 2004| work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Allegations of nepotism ===
Karunanidhi's nephew, [[Murasoli Maran]], was a [[Union Minister]]; however, it has been pointed out that he was in politics long before Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister in 1969.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html|title=Maran – the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi|publisher=Indiainfo.com|access-date=11 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617023328/http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html|archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref>

Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party. He was appointed as Mayor and later as Deputy CM of TN. But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html|title=Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin|work=India Today|date=1 November 1999|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Karunanidhi's daughter Kanimozhi has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Karunanidhi's nephew's son Dayanidhi Maran has been appointed as the central Minister.
Karunanidhi's son-in-law has been appointed as the central minister in the 2000s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Karunanidhi's grandson, son of Stalin Udhayanidhi Stalin, has been appointed as the MLA of TN assembly.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Karunanidhi has been accused of helping Murasoli Maran's son [[Kalanidhi Maran]], who runs [[Sun Network]], India's second largest television network. According to ''Forbes'', Kalanidhi is among India's richest 20, with $2.9 billion.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_11.html | work=Forbes | title=The World's Billionaires Page 11 of 41 | date=10 March 2010|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

It has been pointed out that Karunanidhi has hesitated to take action against his erring family members.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=DMK's sonny-come-lately|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne051306up_close.asp|magazine=Tehelka|date=13 May 2006|access-date=11 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911130612/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne051306up_close.asp|archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref>

Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing Azhagiri to function as an extraconstitutional authority in Madurai.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122081430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 November 2003 | location=Chennai, India | title=Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case | date=19 August 2003| work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The Dinakaran newspaper case was handed over to the CBI. But the District and Sessions court acquitted all the 17 accused in that case.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/10/stories/2009121059620100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213114829/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/10/stories/2009121059620100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2009|title= All acquitted in Dinakaran case|date=5 December 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2G spectrum case]]
* [[Granite scam in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers]]
* [[Dinakaran attack]]
* [[Leelavathi murder]]
* [[Kallakudi demonstration]]
* [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Publications===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|first=M. L.|last=Ahuja|title=Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998|year=1998|publisher=Mittal Publication|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7099-711-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA358|ref=Ahuja}}
* {{Cite book|first=Geetha Kamalakshi|last=Murali|author2=University of California, Berkeley|title=Tracing the signs: Voter mobilization and the functionality of ideas in ..|year=2007|location=MI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb2PDvlu30IC&pg=PA82|ref=Murali|isbn=9780549737612}}
* {{Cite book|first=Geetha Kamalakshi|last=Mahendra Singh|title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005|year=2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7625-647-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&q=admk&pg=PA413|ref=Mahendra Singh}}
* {{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62|publisher=Legislative Assembly Department|location=Fort St. George, Madras|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_2-1957-62.pdf|date=June 1962|ref=second}}
* {{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67|publisher=Legislative Assembly Department|location=Fort St. George, Madras|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/review_3_62-67.pdf|date=June 1967|ref=third}}
* {{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70|publisher=Legislative Assembly Department|location=Fort St. George, Madras|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf|date=June 1971|ref=fourth|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225355/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76|publisher=Legislative Assembly Department|location=Fort St. George, Madras|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_5_1971_1976.pdf|date=June 1976|ref=fifth}}
* {{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80|publisher=Legislative Assembly Department|location=Fort St. George, Madras|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_6_1977_1980.pdf|year=1980|ref=sixth}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=1984|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf|ref=eighth}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|ref=twelfth}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=2011|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_TN_May2011.pdf|ref=thirteenth}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=1980|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf|ref=seventh}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=1989|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf|ref=ninth}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=1991|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf|ref=tenth}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=1996|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf|ref=eleventh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010}}
* {{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006|publisher=Election Commission of India|location=New Delhi|year=2006|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|ref=stat2006}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-Progressive-Federation Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam] — entry at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''

{{Dravidian politics-hor}}
{{India separatist movements}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{United Progressive Alliance |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| ]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1949]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Asia]]
[[Category:State political parties in Puducherry]]
[[Category:State political parties in Tamil Nadu]]