Mohanam

2021-08-29T03:09:45Z

2409:4072:41E:ADB3:F905:C9A4:88CF:60EC: /* Language:English */

{{moresources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Mohanam
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent = [[Major pentatonic scale]]
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Mohanam''' is a [[rāga]] in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an ''audava'' rāga (or ''owdava'' rāga, meaning pentatonic scale). It is usually described as a ''[[janya]]'' rāga of Harikamboji (28th Melakartha Raga). However, alternate opinions suggest that ''[[Mechakalyani]]'' may be a more appropriate classification based on the lakshana of the raga.

The equivalent of ''Mohanam'' in [[Hindustani music]] is ''[[Raga Bhopali|Bhoop]]''<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> (or ''Bhopali''<ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>).

It is one of the most common [[pentatonic scale]]s across the world<ref name="ragas" /> and is very popular in East Asian and Southeast Asian music, including China and Japan.

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[File:Mohanam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Mohanam'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

''Mohanam'' is a symmetric rāga that does not contain ''madhyamam'' and ''nishādham''. It is a symmetric pentatonic scale (''audava-audava'' raga<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> in Carnatic music classification - ''audava'' meaning 'of 5'). Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Swaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R2|S|foot=yes}}
(the notes used in this scale are ''shadjam, chathusruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, panchamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham'')

''Mohanam'' is usually classified as a ''janya'' rāga of ''[[Harikambhoji]]'', the 28th ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāga, though alternate opinions exist that prefer classifying it as a janya raga of ''[[Mechakalyani|Kalyani]]'' based on its lakshana. The Hindustani equivalent ''Bhoop'' is associated with ''[[Kalyani (rāga)#Kalyani in Hindustani music|Kalyan thaat]]'' (the equivalent of ''Kalyani'').

One of the first scales employed by the ancient Tamils was the Mullaippann (3 BCE), a pentatonic scale composed of the notes sa ri ga pa da equivalent to C, D, E, G, and A in the western notations. These fully harmonic scales, constitutes the raga Mohanam in the Carnatic music style.

==Popular compositions==
''Mohanam'' rāga lends itself to extensive elaboration and exploration and has many classical music and film music compositions.

===Kritis===
The ''[[geetham]]'' ''Varavina mridupani'' is one of the first short songs taught to beginners in Carnatic music. ''Ninnukori'' composed by [[Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar]] is a popular ''[[Varnam]]'' in this scale. Here are some popular ''[[kriti]]s'' composed in ''Mohanam''.
*''Preenayamo Vasudevam'' By [[Madhwacharya]]
*''Cheri Yasodaku Sisuvithadu'' by [[Annamacharya]]
*''Kolalanooduva Chaduranyare'' By [[Vyasatirtha]]
*''Raja Beediyolaginda'', ''Narayanana Nene Manave'', ''Ava reethiyinda'' By [[Vadiraja Tirtha]]
*''Ranga Nayaka Raajeeva Lochana'', ''Mella mellane bandane'', ''Pillangoviya'', ''Vaidya Banda Nodi'', ''Yaaru Olidarenu'', ''En Savi En Savi'' by [[Purandaradasa]]
*''Intha Prabhuva'', ''Rama Rama Emberadakshara'', ''Linga Ennantaranga'' By [[Vijaya Dasa]]
*''Barayyya Ba ba'' By [[Gopala Dasa]]
*''Mohana rama'', ''Nannu palimpa'', ''Dayarani'', ''Rama ninnu nammina'', ''Evarura ninnuvina'' and ''Bhavanutha'' by [[Thyagaraja]]
*''Narasimha Agaccha'', ''Kadambari Priyayaih'', ''Gopika Manoharam'' by [[Muthuswamy Dikshitar]]
*''Kapaali karunai'' and ''Narayana divyanamam'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Rara Rajiva lochana'' by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
*''En Palli Kondeer Aiyya'' by [[Arunachala Kavi]]
*''Kshemam Kuru'' by [[Narayana Teertha]]
*''Swagatam Krishna'' by [[Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi]]
*''Pari pahimam Nruhara'' by [[Swati Thirunal]]
*''Sada Palaya Sarasakshi'' by [[G N Balasubramaniam]]
*''Mohanam Tavavapurai'' by [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Ninnukkori Varnam'' by [[Ramanathapuram Srinivasa Iyengar]]
*''Hakkiya Hegaleri'' By Prasanna Venkata Dasa

=== Tamil movie songs in Mohanam ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Movie
! Lyricist
! Composer
! Singer
|-
|''Giridhara Gopala''
| Meera
|
| S. V. Venkatraman
| M. S. Subbulakshmi
|-
|''Thillai Ambala Nadaraajaa''
| [[Soubhagyavathi]]
|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]
|[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|''Nilavum Malarum''
|[[Then Nilavu]]
|rowspan=4|[[Kannadasan]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| ''Aarumugamana Porul''
| Kandhan Karunai
| rowspan="3"|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[S. Janaki]],Rajalakshmi
|-
| ''Om Namasivaya''
| [[Thiruvilaiyadal]]
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| ''Malargal Nanaindhana''
| Idhaya Kamalam
| rowspan="4"|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
| ''Velli Mani Oosaiyil''
| Iru Malargal
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| rowspan="9"|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
| ''Chittukuruvikenna''
| Saavale Samali
|rowspan="3"| [[Kannadasan]]
|-
| ''Iraivan Varuvan''
| Shanthi Nilayam
|-
|''Yaumuna Nadhi Inge''
| Gowaravam
| S. P. Balasubramaniam, P. Susheela
|-
| ''Sangey Mozhangu''
| Kalangarai Vilakam
| [[Bharathidasan]]
| P. Susheela,Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| ''Thanga Thoniyile''
| rowspan="2"|Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban
| rowspan="3"|Vaali
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Susheela
|-
| ''Bansaye''
| T. M. Soundarajan, [[L. R. Easwari]]
|-
| ''Kadaloram Vaangiya Kaatru''
| Rickshawkaaran
|rowspan="2"| T. M. Soundarajan
|-
|''Vanda naal mudhal''
| Paavamannippu
|rowspan=3|[[Kannadasan]]
|-
|'' Thiruchendoorin Kadalorathil Senthilnaathan''
|[[Dheivam]]
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
|''Neelakkadalin Oratthil''
|[[Annai Velankanni]]
|[[G. Devarajan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Madhuri]]
|-
|''Oru Kadhal Samrajyam''
|Nandha En Nila
|
|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]], [[T. K. Kala]]
|-
| ''Ninu Kori Varnam Isaithida''
| Agni Natchatram
|
|rowspan="12"| [[Illayaraja]]
|Chitra
|-
|''Kanmaniye Kadhal Enbadhu''
| Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai
|
| rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki
|-
|''Nilavu thoongum''
| Kungumachimizh
|
|-
|''Meenkodi Theril ''
| Karumbhu Vil
|
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[Jency Anthony]]
|-
|''Vaan Pole Vannam''
| Salangai Oli
| [[Vairamuthu]]
| S. P. Balasubhramaniam, S. P. Sailaja
|-
|'' Oru Thanga Rathathil''
| Dharma Yutham
|
| Malaysia Vasudevan
|-
| ''Kannan Oru kaikulanthai''
| Bhadrakali
|
| KJ Yesudas,P Susheela
|-
| ''Kaathirunthen Thaniye''
| [[Rasa Magan]]
|
| Chandrasekar, Srilekha
|-
| ''Sreeramane Unnai''
| [[Kangalin Vaarthaigal]]
|
|[[ K. S. Chithra]], [[Illayaraja]]
|-
|'' Oru Raagam''
| [[Anandha Ragam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|'' Geetham Sangeetham''
| Kokarako
|rowspan="4"| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''Poovil Vandu''
| Kaadhal Oviyam
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|-
|''Ravi varman oviyamo''
| Puthu vayal
|
| Aravinth
|-
|''Sivappu Lolaku''
|rowspan=2|Kaadhal Kottai
|
|rowspan="5"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|'' Vellarika''
|
| Krishnaraj
|-
|''Nepala Malaiyoram''
| Thaikulame Thaikulame
|
| S. P. Balasubhramaniam,Swarnalatha
|-
|'' Priya Priya''
| Kattabomman (film)
|
|rowspan=2|S. P. Balasubhramaniam,K.S.Chitra
|-
|''Thoonganakuruvi''
| Jallikattu kalai
|
|-
|Kadhal Kaditham
|[[Cheran Pandiyan]]
|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|[[Soundaryan]]
|[[S.A. Rajkumar]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| ''Boom Boom''
| Boys
|rowspan=2|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| rowspan="6"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| Adnan Sami,Sadhana Sargam
|-
| ''Ennodu Nee Irundhaal''
| [[I (film)|I]]
| [[Sid Sriram]],[[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
| ''Porale Ponnuthayi''
| [[Karuthamma]]
| rowspan=6|[[Vairamuthu]]
| [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| ''Pakkada Pakkade''
| [[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]
| Minmini
|-
| ''Varayo Thozhi''
| [[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]
| Sonu Nigam, Harini
|-
| ''Samba Samba''
| [[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]
| Aslam Mustafa
|-
|''Poi Solla Poren''
|[[Thiruttu Payale]]
|[[Bharadwaj (music director)|Bharadwaj]]
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], Kanmani
|-
|''Oru Kathal Enpathu''
|[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Unnai Ninachi
|[[Avathara Purushan]]
|
|rowspan=3|[[Sirpy]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Mudhal Mudhalai
|[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]
|
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|Pottu Mela Pottu
|[[Janakiraman]]
|
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Mainaave Mainaave
|[[Thithikudhe]]
|
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Rosave Rosave
|[[Ellaichami]]
|[[Pulamaipithan]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|'' Maname Thottal''
| Thottachinungi
|
| Phillip Jerry
|rowspan=2|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Kadhalithal Anandham
|[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]
|
|[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|-
|Uchi Mudhal
|[[Sukran]]
|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|[[Vijay Antony]]
|Timmy, Gayathri
|-
|Engeyum Kadhal
|[[Engeyum Kadhal]]
|[[Thamarai]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Aalap Raju]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Malayalam movie songs in Mohanam (Selected)
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Lyricist !! Composer !! singer(s)
|-
| Malini nadiyil || Sakunthala || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || KJ Yesudas, P Suseela
|-
| Manjalayil mungi thorthi || Kalithozhan || P Bhaskaran || G Devarajan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Manjani Poonilaav || Nagarame Nandi || P Bhaskaran || K Raghavan || S Janaki
|-
| Suprabhatham (neelagiriyude) || Panitheeratha Veedu || Vayalar Ramavarma|| MS Viswanathan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Chandrikayilaliyunnu || Bharyamar Sookshikkuka || Sreekumaran Thampi || V Dakshinamoorthy || KJ Yesudas, P Leela, AM Raja
|-
| Pournami Chandrika || Rest House || Sreekumaran Thampi || MK Arjunan || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Madhuchandrikayude || Anachadanam || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Swargaputhri Navarathri || Nizhalattam || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Guruvayurambala Nadayil || Othenante makan || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Ezharapponnana purath || Akkarappacha || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || P Madhuri
|-
| Nin maniyarayile || CID Nazir || Sreekumaran Thampi || MK Arjunan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Arivin Nilave || Rajashilpi || ONV Kurup || Raveendran || KS Chithra
|-
| Etho nidrathan || Ayal Katha Ezhuthukayanu || Kaithapram || Raveendran || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Maarikkuliril neela thulasi || Kouravar || Kaithapram || SP Venkitesh || KJ Yesudas, KS Chithra
|-
| Chandanalepa Sugandham || Oru vadakkan veeragatha || K Jayakumar || Ravi Bombay || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Aareyum Bhava gayakan aakkum || Nakhakshathangal || ONV Kurup || Ravi Bombay || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Maayaponmane || Thalayanamanthram || Kaithapram || Johnson || KS Chithra
|-
| Manje vaa madhuvidhu vela || Thusharam || Yousuf Ali Kechery || Shyam || KJ Yesudas, SP Balasubrahmaniam
|-
| Thaara noopuram chaarthi || Sopanam || Kaithapram || SP Venkitesh || KJ Yesudas, Manju Menon
|-
| Mouliyil mayilpeeli || Nandanam || Gireesh Puthenchery || Raveendran || KS Chithra
|-
| Ponkasavu njoriyum || joker || Yousuf Ali Kechery || Mohan Sithara || P Jayachandran, KS Chithra
|-
| Parvanendu mukhi || Parinayam || Yousuf Ali Kechery || Ravi Bombay || KS Chithra
|-
| Kaliveedurangiyallo || Deshadanam || Kaithapram || Kaithapram || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Aakasha neelima || Kayyum thalayum purathidaruth || Mullanezhi || Raveendran || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Nee en sarga soundaryame || Kathodu kathoram || ONV kurupp || Ouseppachan || KJ Yesudas, Lathika
|}

=== Language:[[Foreign|English]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Album
!Composer
!Singer
|-
| Barbie Girl
|[[Aquarium (Aqua album)|Aquarium]]
|Johnny Jam, Delgado, Rasted, and Norreen
|[[Aqua (band)|Aqua]]
|-
| Don't Matter
|[[Konvicted]]
|[[Akon]]
|[[Akon]]
|-
|Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)
|[[2010 FIFA World Cup|FIFA WC 2010 Official Song]]
|[[Shakira]] & [[John Hill (record producer)|John Hill]]
|[[Shakira]]
|}

===Telugu Film Songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Movie
! Lyricist
! Composer
! Singer
|-
| ''Mounamga Manasu Padina''
| Gundamma Katha
| Pingali Nagendrarao
| S. Rajaswara Rao
| Ghantasala
|-
| ''Seelamu Galavari Chinavada''
| Palnati Yudhham
| Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry
| S. Rajaswara Rao
| Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna, P. Susheela
|-
| ''Echatanunchi Veecheno Ee Challanigaali''
| Appu Chesi Pappukudu
| Pingali Nagendrarao
| Pendyala Nageswarrao
| Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|-
| ''Manasu Parimalinchene Tanuvu Paravasinchene''
| Srikrishnarjuna Yuddham
| Pingali Nagendrarao
| Pendyala Nageswarrao
| Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|-
| ''Mohanraga Maha Murthymanthamaye''
| Mahamantri Timmarasu
| Pingali Nagendrarao
| Pendyala Nageswarrao
| Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|-
| ''Lahirilo Lahirilo''
| Mayabazaar
| Pingali Nagendrarao
| S. Rajaswara Rao
| Ghantasala, [[P. Leela]]
|-
| ''Madhilo Veenalu Mroge''
| Atmeeyulu
| Dasarathi
| S. Rajeswara Rao
| P. Susheela
|-
| ''Padavela Radhika Pranayasudha Geethika''
| Iddaru Mitrulu
| SriSri
| S. Rajeswara Rao
| Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|-
| ''Siva Siva Sankara''
| Bhakta Kannappa
| Veturi Sundarrammurthy
| Sathyam
| V. Ramakrishna
|-
| ''Palikinadi Pilichinadi''
| Seetaaraamulu
| Atreya
| Sathyam
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Suseela
|-
| ''Nemalaki Nerpian Nadakalivi''
| Saptapadi
| Veturi Sundarrammurthy
| K. V. Mahadevan
| S. Janaki
|-
| ''Akasamlo Asala Harivillu''
| Swarnakamalam
| Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| Ilayaraja
| S. Janaki
|-
| ''Ninu Kori Varnam Sarisari''
| Gharshana
| Rajasree
| Ilayaraja
| Chitra, [[Vani Jairam|Vani Jayaram]]
|-
| ''Maaterani Chinnadhani''
| O Papa Lali
| Rajasree
| Ilayaraja
| S. P. Balasubramanyam
|-
| ''Chinnadana Osi Chinnadana''
| Premalekha
| Bhuvanachandra
| Deva
| Krishnaraj
|-
| ''Raave Naa Cheliya''
| Jeans
| Siva Ganesh
| A R Rahman
| [[Sonu Nigam]], Harini
|-
| ''Ye shwasalo Cherithe''
| Nenunnanu
| Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| MM keeravani
| Chitra
|}

== Related rāgas ==
=== ''Graha bhedam'' ===
''Mohanam's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields 4 other major pentatonic rāgas, namely, ''[[Hindolam]]'', ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]'', ''[[Udayaravichandrika]]'' (also known as ''Shuddha Dhanyasi'') and ''[[Madhyamavati]]''. ''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāga. For more details and illustration of this concept refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Mohanam|Graha bhedam on Mohanam]]''.

=== Scale similarities ===
*''[[Mohanakalyani]]'' is a rāga which has the ascending scale of ''Mohanam'' and descending scale of ''Kalyani''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N3 D2 P M2 G3 R2 S
*''[[Bilahari]]'' is a rāga which has the ascending scale of ''Mohanam'' and descending scale of ''Sankarabharanam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N3 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S
*''[[Garudadhvani]]'' is a rāga which has the ascending scale of ''Sankarabharanam'' and descending scale of ''Mohanam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 S : S D2 P G3 R2 S
*''[[Shivaranjani]]'' rāga differs from ''Mohanam'' only by the ''gāndhāram''. It uses ''sadharana gāndhāram'' instead of ''antara gāndhāram'' and its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G2 P D2 S : S D2 P G2 R2 S
*''[[Hamsadhvani]]'' rāga uses ''nishadam'' in place of ''dhaivatam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 P N3 S : S N3 P G3 R2 S
*''[[Vaasantha]]'' rāga differs from ''Mohanam'' only by the ''daivatham''. It uses ''shudda Daivatham'' instead of ''Chatushruti Daivatham'' and its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 P D1 S : S D1 P G3 R2 S
Vasantha used Shudda Rishabham and not Shudda Daivatham
*''[[Niroshta]]'' rāga uses ''nishadam'' in place of ''panchamam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S R2 G3 D2 N3 S : S N3 D2 G3 R2 S

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

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Mohanam