Kharaharapriya

2021-08-30T14:28:11Z

2409:4072:41E:ADB3:944A:9D3C:F79B:FAE7: /* Language:Tamil */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Kharaharapriya
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent = [[Dorian mode]]
| similar =
}}

'''Kharaharapriya''' is a [[rāga]] in [[Carnatic music]]. It is the 22nd ''[[melakarta]]'' [[rāga]] (parent scale) in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāga system. It is possible that the name of the ragam was originally ''Harapriya'' but it was changed to conform to the Katapayadi formula. ''Kharaharapriya'' has a distinct melody and brings out the ''Karuna'' [[rasa (aesthetics)|rasam]], invoking pathos in the listeners. The ''[[Kafi (raga)|Kafi]] thaat'' of [[Hindustani music]] is the equivalent of ''Kharaharapriya''.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> Its Western equivalent is the [[Dorian mode]].

==Etymology==
There are many theories behind the etymology of the name ''Kharaharapriya''. One of the most popular beliefs is that the ragam was initially called Samaganam and when [[Ravana]] was trapped by [[Shiva]], under the [[kailash]] hill trying to lift it, it is believed that, to appease the lord, [[Ravana]] sang many hymns in praise of the lord, but his heart cooled only when a hymn was sung in the ragam and hence the name ([[Shiva|hara]]) shiva and (''priya'') loved hence "Harapriya " - The one dear to Shiva, and to fit it in the [[Katapayadi]] system according to the [[melakarta]] chakra system.

The word Kharaharapriya may also mean the beloved of the killer of the [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khara demon]] (Khara - Khara demon, Hara - Defeater/Killer, Priya - Beloved). The story of Rama killing the Khara demon is narrated in the 28th, 29th and the 30th sub-chapter of the Aranya Khanda of [[Ramayana]].<ref>http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/aranya/aranya_contents.htm</ref> It could be speculated that this was a reason why [[Saint Tyagaraja]] revived this dying ancient raga in the 18th Century and breathed new life into it by creating many compositions in this raga.

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[Image:Kharaharapriya scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Kharaharapriya'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]
It is 4th rāga in the 4th ''chakra Veda''. The mnemonic name is ''Veda-Bhu''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ri gi ma pa dhi ni''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is as follows (see [[Swara#Swaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|foot=yes}}

The notes are ''chatushruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, chatushruti dhaivatam'' and ''kaisiki Nishadam''. It is a [[sampoorna raga|''sampoorna'' rāgam]] – scale having all 7 ''[[swara]]ms''. It is the ''shuddha madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Hemavati (raga)|Hemavati]]'', which is the 58th ''melakarta'' scale. Since the swaras of ''Kharaharapriya'' are quite evenly spaced, and since several different types of ''[[gamaka (music)|gamaka]]s'' are allowed, it is a very versatile, fluid and flexible rāgam that allows for elaborate melodic improvisation within its scale.

Songs sung in ''Kharaharapriya'' ragas typically have long, elaborate ''[[alapana|ālapanās]]'', which exhibit the fluidity of the rāgam. ''Kharaharapriya'' songs are usually meant to be sung slow, medium or medium-fast, in order to bring out the ''Karuna rasa'' and ''[[bhava]]'' of the song.

==''Janya'' rāgams==
Due to the even spacing of ''swaras'', many ''[janya]'' rāgams (derived scales) are associated with ''Kharaharapriya''. It is one of the melakarta scales that has a large number of ''janya'' rāgams. Many of the ''janya'' rāgams are very popular on their own, lending themselves to elaboration and interpretation. Some of them are ''[[Abheri]]'', ''[[Abhogi]]'', ''[[Andolika]]'', ''[[Bhimpalasi|Bhimplaas]]'' (Hindustani music), ''[[Brindabani Sarang|Brindavana Saranga]]'', ''[[Kapi (raga)|Kāpi]]'', ''[[Madhyamavati]]'', ''[[Mukhari]]'', ''[[Reethigowla|Reetigowla]]'', ''[[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Shree]]'', ''[[Dhanashree]]'', ''[[Udayaravichandrika]]'', and ''[[Shree ranjani|Sriranjani]]''.

See [[List of Janya Ragas#Kharaharapriya|List of ''janya'' rāgams]] for full list of scales associated with ''Kharaharapriya''.

==Compositions==

''Kharaharapriya'' has been decorated with compositions by many composers. The ragam is most closely associated with [[Thyagaraja]] who has pioneered in composing many songs in this rāgam, that have become popular and well known. Both [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] and [[Shyama Sastri]], however, have not composed kritis in 'Kharaharapriya'<ref>[http://www.carnatica.net/nvr/kharahara.htm Article from Carnatica.net]</ref> A few of the popular compositions are listed here.

*''Chakkani Rājamārgamu'', ''Pakkala Nilabaḍi'', ''Mitri Bhāgyame'', ''Rāmā nī samānamevaru'', ''Naḍaci Naḍaci'',''Peridi ninnu'', ''Chetulāra shrungāramu'', ''Kori sevimpa rāre'', ''Pāhi rāma rāma anuchu'', ''Vidamu sevayave'', and ''Rāma nīyada'' by saint [[Tyagaraja]] and ''Okapari kokapari'' by saint [[Annamacharya]] in [[Telugu language]]
*''Satatam thaavaka pada sevanam'', by [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Sundara Natarajam'' by [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Oothukadu Venkata Kavi]] in Sanskrit
*''Moovasai konda thirumal'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
*''Senthil andavan'', ''Srinivasa Tava Charanam'', ''Janaki pathe, Appan Avatharitha Kathamritham'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
*''Karunajalarase rama'', by [[K. C. Kesava Pillai]] in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
* ''Bharathi deviya nene'' by [[Purandara Dasa]] in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and ''Okkaparikokkapari'' and ''Nityapujalivigo'' by [[Annamacharya]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] have now been tuned in Kharaharapiya since the original tunes have been lost forever.
* Nama Rasa Manave by [[Kalyani Varadarajan]]

The basic scale of ''Kharaharapriya'' has been used in several [[film songs]] in [[Indian film music]]. Although rarely authentic, there are several film songs that are set in this scale, or scales derived from this ragam. The popular Kannada song 'Arādhisuve madanāri', from the movie [[Babruvahana (1977 film)|Babhruvahana (1977)]] and sung by [[Dr. Rajkumar]], is in typical Kharaharapriya. A popular Tamil film composer [[M.S.Viswanathan]] used this raga brilliantly in many of his songs such as "Maharajan Ullagai" from ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'', "Maadhavi Ponmayilal" in the movie [[Iru malargal]]. Ace singer [[P. Unnikrishnan]] released his 2012 album on Lord [[Ayyappan]] titled ''Shabaimalai Va Charanam Solli Va'' in which he has rendered a song in Kharaharapriya raagam set in classical melody. The song also illustrates how the Lord learnt the Kalari fight in [[Cheerappanchira]] which houses a temple called Mukkal Vattam managed by Lord's Guruvamsam even now.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3zVJZrUHRg Song set in Kharaharapriya on Mukkal vattam Ayyappan]</ref>

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#C71585" |Song
!style="background:#C71585" |Movie
!style="background:#C71585" |Composer
!style="background:#C71585" |Singer
|-
|Enna Seidhaalum
|[[Irumbu Thirai]]
|[[S. V. Venkatraman]]
|[[Radha Jayalakshmi]]
|-
|Ariyaa Paruvamadaa
|[[Missiamma]]
|[[S. Rajeshwara Rao]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Maayavalaiyil
|[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| rowspan="2" |[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Annan Kaatiya Vazhiyamma
|[[Padithal Mattum Podhuma]]
|-
|Maharajan
|[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Aagaya Pandhalile
|[[Ponnunjal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|Madhavi Pon Mayilaal
|[[Iru Malargal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Ponmagal Vandhaal
|[[Sorgam]]
|-
|Attamenna Solladi (I will sing for you)
|[[Manidharil Manikkam]]
|-
|Malligai En Mannan
|[[Dheerga Sumangali]]
|[[Vani Jayaram]]
|-
|Aayiram Nilave Vaa
|[[Adimai Penn]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Isaiyai Thamizhai
|[[Agathiyar]]
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
|-
|Poo Malarinthida
|[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]
|rowspan="22"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Jency Anthony]]
|-
|Thaana Vantha Santhaname
|[[Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu]]
|rowspan="4"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Vaazhavaikum Kaathalukku Jey
|[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]
|-
|Adukku Malli Yeduthu
|[[Aavarampoo]]
|-
|Pattu Onna
|[[Kumbakarai Thangaiah]]
|-
|Mappillaikku
|[[Netrikkan]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Kannukkulle Yaaro
|[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]
|[[S. P. Sailaja]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Maalai Karukkalil
|[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Roja Poo Adivanthathu
|[[Agni Natchathiram]]
|rowspan=2|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Iravu Nilavu
|[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]
|-
|Kaala kaalamaaga Vaazhum
|[[Punnagai Mannan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Aethamayya Aetham
|[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]
|rowspan=2|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Ilam Vayasu Ponna
|[[Paandi Nattu Thangam]]
|-
|Nethu Oruthara Oruthara
|[[Puthu Paatu]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Poongatru Thirumbuma
|[[Muthal Mariyathai]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Anandham Pongida Pongida
|[[Sirai Paravai]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]],Sunanda
|-
|Thooliyile Ada Vantha
|[[Chinna Thambi]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Unnai Vaazhtha Vanthen
|[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Elangaathu Veesudhey
|[[Pithamagan]]
|[[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Kai Veesi
|[[Nandalala]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Swetha Mohan]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]],Raagul,Chandrasekar
|-
|Ilavenirkala Panjami
|[[Manam Virumbuthe Unnai]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Aanenna Pennena
|[[Dharma Durai]]
|rowspan="3"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Neela Vana Odayil
|[[Vazhvey Maayam]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|Indralogathu Sundari
|[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|-
|Pachchai Nirame (Sakiye)
|[[Alaipayuthey]]
|rowspan="3"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
|-
|Kilimanjaro
|[[Enthiran]]
|[[Javed Ali]], [[Chinmayi]]
|-
|Mayiliragae Mayiliragae
|[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Madhushree]]
|-
|Gulmohar Malare
|[[Majunu]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Mudhal Mazhai
|[[Bheemaa]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Mahathi]], [[R. Prasanna]]
|-
|Suttum Vizhi
|[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]
|[[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Bombay Jayashree]]
|-
|Yaaridamum
|[[Thotti Jaya]]
|[[Ramesh Vinayagam]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Sangeetha Swarangal
|[[Azhagan]]
|[[Maragathamani]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]],Sandhya
|-
|Janaki Devi
|[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]
|rowspan=3|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Rendu Kannam Santhana Kinnam
|[[Sivappu Malli]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Panivilum Paruvanila
|Paneer Nadhigal
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Kanava Ninaiva
|[[Aasal]]
|[[Bharadwaj (music director)|Bharadwaj]]
|V. V. Prasanna, [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
|-
|Santhikkadha Kangalil Inbangal
|[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]
|[[Sharreth]]
|[[Unni Menon]], [[K.S. Chitra]], [[S. Sowmya]]
|-
|En Raasi
|[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]
|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]],[[P. Unni Krishnan]]
|-
|Inni Naanum Naanilai
|rowspan="2"|[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke!]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
|Yamini Yamini
|Arvind-Shankar
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
|Aathadi Manasudhan
|[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]
|rowspan=3|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Priya Himesh]], [[Karthik Raja]]
|-
|Dheivangal Ellam
|[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|Kadhal Vaithu
|[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]
|-
|Muzhumadhi Muzhumadhi
|[[Kanimozhi (film)|Kanimozhi]]
|[[Satish Chakravarthy]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]],[[Bela Shende]]
|-
|Ithanai Dhooram
|Koottam
|[[James Vasanthan]]
|[[Haricharan]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|Un Mela Oru Kannu
|[[Rajinimurugan]]
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Jithin Raj]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|}

=== Janya 1:Ragam Karnaranjani [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
'''Ascending:S R2 G2 M1 G2 P D2 S'''

'''Descending:S N2 D2 P M1 G2 R2 S'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Ponmagal Vandhal(in Charanam portion)
|[[Sorgam]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Megame Megame
|[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Theertha Karaithaniley
|Thai Pongal
|rowspan=4|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[Jency Anthony]]
|-
|Aalolam Paadum
|[[Sirayil Pootha Chinna Malar]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]],[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Naan Paadum Mouna Raagam
|[[Idaya Kovil]]
|rowspan=3|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Ilamai Enum Poongaatru
|[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]
|-
|Mani Thooral
|[[Maathangal Ezhu]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|Ragam Pudhu Ragam
|[[Kan Simittum Neram]]
|V. S. Narasimman
|[[K.J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Thaalaattu
|[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|[[Bombay Jayashri]]
|}

The hindi song 'Tumhen Dekhti Hoon To' from movie [[Tumhare Liye]] composed by [[Jaidev]] sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was based on Ragam Karnaranjani too.

==Related rāgams==

This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

''Kharaharapriya's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields 5 other major ''melakarta'' rāgams, namely, ''[[Mechakalyani|Kalyani]]'', ''[[Hanumatodi]]'', ''[[Natabhairavi]]'', ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Shankarabharanam]]'' and ''[[Harikambhoji]]''. ''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration of ''Graha bhedam'' of this rāgam refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Example Illustration|Graha bhedam on Shankarabharanam]]''.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]

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Kharaharapriya