Raichur district

2021-07-07T13:36:52Z

2409:4071:2194:1672:0:0:13F6:30B0:

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = [[Raichur district]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = District
| image_skyline = Raichur District Montage.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Raichur district montage Clockwise from top left:Ek Minar Masjid in [[Raichur]], Sunflower fields near [[Buddinni]], [[Raichur Thermal Power Station]], Channamma Circle [[Sindhanur]], Mudgal fort, Aam Talab Lake in [[Raichur]], outer view of Rock edicts of Ashoka at [[Maski]].
| image_map = Karnataka Raichur locator map.svg
| map_alt = Located in the northeast part of the state
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.21|N|77.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gulbarga Division]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Raichur]], [[Sindhanur]], [[Lingsugur]], [[Manvi]], [[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]], [[sirwar]], [[Maski]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Raichur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = R. Venkatesh Kumar (IAS)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = '''†'''
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8386
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 400.0
| population_total = 1,928,812
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 584101,584102,584103
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08532
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA-RA]]
| registration_plate = KA-36
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.983 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 48.8%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Raichuru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|680.6|mm|in}}
| website = {{URL|raichur.nic.in}}
| footnotes = '''†'''[http://www.raichur.nic.in/RaichurAtAGlance.pdf Raichur district at a glance]
}}

'''Raichur District''' is an administrative [[district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is located in the northeast part of the state and is bounded by [[Yadgir district]] in the north, [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and [[Bagalkot district]] in the northwest, [[Koppal district]] in the west, [[Bellary district]] in the south, [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]] of [[Telangana]] and [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the east.

==Geography==
The district is bounded by the [[Krishna River]] on the north and the [[Tungabhadra River]] on the south. The wedge of land between the rivers is known as the [[Raichuru Doab]], after the city of Raichur. [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and [[Yadgir District|Yadgir]] districts lie to the north across the Krishna River. [[Bagalkot District|Bagalkot]] and [[Koppal District|Koppal]] districts lie to the west. Across the Tungabhadra lies [[Bellary District]] of Karnataka to the southwest and [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]] of [[Telangana]] to the southeast. [[Kurnool District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state lies to the east, and includes the lower portion of the Raichur Doab.

==History==

The recorded history of the district is traced to as far back as the third century B.C. The fact that three minor rock edicts of Ashoka are found in this district one at Maski in the Lingasugur taluk and the other two near Koppal, prove that this area was included in the dominions of the great [[Maurya]]n king [[Ashoka]] (273 - 236 B.C.). At that time, this region was under the governance of the Viceroy or [[Mahamatra]] of Ashoka. Early in the Christian era, the district appears to have been a part of the kingdom of the [[Satavahana]]s. The [[Vakataka]]s, who reigned during the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D., seem to have held sway over Raichur for sometime, after which it appears to have been included in the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] dominions. The next dynasty of importance, which ruled over this region, was that of the [[Chalukyas of Badami]]. According to an inscription from Aihole, [[Pulakeshin II]] having defeated the [[Pallava]]s, occupied this area and made it a province in his empire under the governance of his son Adityavarma. Later the whole of the present Raichur district was included in the dominions of the [[Rashtrakuta]]s, who rose to power in the eighth century, as could be gathered from the inscriptions of that period found in this district. According to an inscription from Manvi taluk, one Jagattunga, a subordinate ruler under the Rashtrakuta king Krishna-II, was ruling the province of Adedore Eradusavirapranta, i.e., the area constituting the present Raichur district. Nripatunga, a Rashtrakuta king, has described Koppal in his Kannada work, Kavirajamarga, as the great Kopananagara.

Numerous inscriptions of the [[Western Chalukyas]], found in the various parts of the district, testify to the fact that this region was under their sway for a considerable length of time between the 10th and 12th centuries A.D. It is learnt from an inscription found at Naoli in Lingsugur taluk that during the reign of Chalukya Vikramaditya-V, the Adedore-pranta, i.e., the Raichur region, was being ruled by his younger brother Jagadekamalla-I. Another inscription from Maski describes the place as a capital and makes a reference to the reign of Jayasimha. There were, however, frequent wars between the [[Chola]] kings of the south and the Chalukyan kings of Kalyani (aka Western Chalukyas) for supremacy over the Raichur region and the territory had passed into the hands of the Cholas for a brief period. The [[Haihaya]]s and [[Sindas]] also seem to have ruled some parts of this region for sometime. Later, after the fall of the Chalukyas, Raichur passed into the hands of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]] and later [[Seuna|Sevna Yadava]] kings. Then came the [[Kakatiya]]s in the 13th century. From an inscription on the fort-wall of Raichur, referred to earlier, it is learn that the original fort was built by one Gona Ganna Reddy, a general of the Kakatiya queen Rudramma Devi of [[Warangal]], in 1294 A.D., at the instance of the latter.<ref>http://www.raichur.nic.in/History.htm</ref> Raichur was sacked by [[Malik Kafur]], was commander of [[Sultanate of Delhi]] in 1312.

Raichur district was passed to [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1323 after demise of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] due to invasions of [[Sultanate of Delhi]]. It was captured by [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in 1363. It was passed to [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur Sultanate]] in 1489 after fragmentation of Bahmanids. Vijayanagara recaptured it after [[Battle of Raichur]] in 1520 but Bijapur recaptured it in 1565 after Vijayanagara's defeat at hands of [[Deccan Sultanates]] during [[Battle of Talikota]]. [[Aurangzeb]], emperor of [[Mughal Empire]] captured the district in 1686. Finally 1724 Raichur became part of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] between 1724 and 1948 except [[British Empire]] rule between 1853 and 1860 as part of [[Madras Presidency]]. During Nizam rule it was part of [[Gulbarga Division]].

After the [[Operation Polo]], Hyderabad State was integrated to Indian Union on 17 September 1948. Between 1948 and 1956, it was part of [[Hyderabad State]]. During division of the state on linguistic basis, it became part of [[Mysore]] State and later was renamed at Karnataka.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] [[Raichuru district]] has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,928,812,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Lesotho]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Lesotho 1,924,886
}}</ref> or the US state of [[West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote = West Virginia 1,852,994
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 246th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 228 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.27%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Raichur has a [[sex ratio]] of 992 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 60.46%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

Raichuru District has seven [[taluk]]s: Raichuru, [[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]], [[Sindhanuru]], [[Manvi]], [[Maski]], [[Sirwar]] and [[Lingsuguru]]. The capital of the district is the city of [[Raichuru]], which is 409 km from the state capital, [[Bangalore]].{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,46,375|13=1911|14=4,79,298|15=1921|16=4,33,341|17=1931|18=4,53,788|19=1941|20=5,00,719|21=1951|22=5,31,540|23=1961|24=6,34,097|25=1971|26=8,03,812|27=1981|28=10,35,600|29=1991|30=13,51,809|31=2001|32=16,69,762|33=2011|34=19,28,812|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

==Tourism==
Among the historical attractions in the district is the '''[[Raichur Fort]]''', built in 1294. Also notable is the nearby town of '''[[Anegundi]]''', which has a number of monuments from the [[Vijayanagara]] empire, including the Ranganatha temple, Pampa Lake and ''Kamal Mahal'',

MahaLaxmi Temple is located in a nearby village, Kallur, at a distance of 20 km from Raichur.

*[[Devarsugur]] Sri Sugureshwara Temple (Lord Veerabadhra) at the bank of river Krishna, about 18 km from Raichur. Both temples are easily accessible at all times via bus routes.
*[[Maski]] is a town and an archaeological site. The site has an edict of Emperor Ashoka and it was the first edict of Emperor Ashoka that contained the name Ashoka in it instead of the earlier edicts that referred him as Devanampiye piyadasi.
*[[Mudgal]] The main attractions Mudgal are the remnants of the Mudgal fort and an ancient Roman Catholic church built by the Jesuits before 1557.
*[[Hatti Gold Mines]] This mine is probably one of the most ancient metal mines in the world, dating to the Pre-Ashokan period. It is the only functioning Gold mine in India.
*[[Naradagadde]] is a holy place where Lord [[Narada]] is believed to have performed penance. Naradagadde and Koormagadde are islands famous the temples and are located on [[Krishna river]].
*[[Jaladurga]] is a fortified village. The Adil Shahi Kings of Bijapur built the fort.
*[[Piklihal]] is a pre-historic site belonging to neolithic period is located 5 km south to Mudgal.
*[[Kallur archaeological site]] is a [[Copper Hoard culture]] site in [[Manvi]] taluk of [[Raichur]]. Kallur archaeological site is 30 km from Raichur.

==Economy==
[[File:Raichur Thermal Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Raichur Thermal Power Station]]
The [[Raichur Thermal Power Station]] at Shaktinagar and Yaramaras Thermal Power Station at Yaramaras, generate electricity for [[Karnataka]].

Raichur District is one of few places in India with [[gold]] resources. [[Hatti Gold Mines]] are situated in Raichur District, around 90 km away from Raichur city. All the five talukas mentioned above are well irrigated, with water from the Tungabhadra Dam on the Tungabhadra River, and the Narayanpura Dam on the Krishna River.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Raichur is known for its paddy fields and its [[rice]], which is exported to different countries.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} It also has a good trading market in cotton industry.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Raichur one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640 districts]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the five districts in Karnataka currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF) and that is going to local politicians home.<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yadgir (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130906202708/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/ India Post pincode search]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Raichur district}}
* [http://www.raichur.nic.in/ Official website of Raichur district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061026102709/http://www.raichurcity.gov.in/ Website of Raichur City Corporation]
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/karnataka/districts/raichur.htm Map of Raichur district]
* [http://www.raichurpolice.in Raichur District Police Website]

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