Dayan (witch)

2021-07-07T16:49:26Z

2409:4064:A92:7CE7:0:0:2520:90B1: /* History */

{{unreliable sources|date=April 2019}}
{{short description|Type of witch in Indian culture}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{see|Daayan (TV series)|Ek Thi Daayan}}
'''Daayan''', '''Ḍāin''' or '''Ḍāini''' often regarded as a rendering for a [[witch]] (practitioner of black magic) in [[Indian folklore]], the term has been derived from the Sanskrit word ''[[dakini]]'', which refers to a female [[paranormal]] entity from [[Patala]] (the netherworld). [[Dakini]]s have been described in medieval [[Hindu texts]] such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Brahma Purana]], [[Markandeya Purana]], and [[Kathasaritsagara]] as a female [[Demon|fiend]]ish spirit in the train of [[Kali]] who feeds on human flesh. <ref>monier-williams , ''A Sanskrit dictionary'' 1899</ref> Daayans are comparable to malevolent female spirits such as the [[succubi]] of Western folklore, they also resemble [[vampiress]]es by their alleged [[feeding behaviour]]s that requires the blood or [[prana|life-force]] of their victims. It is also said that powerful and older Daayan is also referred as Ekayan. The primary source of a daayan's power is her long [[plaited hair]] ("choti") that is used as an [[Supernumerary Body Part#Mythology|additional limb]], it can be flexed, stretched, and retracted to do whatever the daayan pleases. The daayan is also described as having long and monstrous black nails, and feet that face backwards. It is said that once a daayan lays her [[evil eye]] on someone, it is a [[bad omen]] for the whole household of that person. She is regarded as the most powerful [[paranormal]] being<ref>David Templeman, ''Iranian Themes in Tibetan Tantric Culture: The Ḍākinī'' {{cite book|last=ed. Blazer|first=Henk|title=Religion and Secular Culture in Tibet|year=2002|publisher=Brill|location=Netherlands|isbn=90-04-127763|pages=113 – p.129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_f5xBtKYPgC&q=religion+and+secular+culture+in+Tibet}}</ref>

==History==
The ''daayan'' cult refers to a secret society which emerged during the 15th century in [[Harangul]], a village in the [[Parbhani district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The concept of ''daayans'' has permeated Indian culture, and may be seen on popular television programs. Belief in ''daayans'' has existed in most regions of India, particularly [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]]. "'Victims of witch-hunting are usually old or widowed women. These women are victimized for their property, or due to problems in the family or for sexual exploitation,' said Vasvi Kiro, a member of the Jharkhand Women's Commission."<ref name=Bihar>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-10/ranchi/35725664_1_women-empowerment-latehar-excreta-and-drink-urine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920054140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-10/ranchi/35725664_1_women-empowerment-latehar-excreta-and-drink-urine |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 |title='Witches' haunt women empowerment in Jharkhand |date=10 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> It is prevalent in rural and semi-rural areas, with "witch-hunts" causing women to be killed or ostracised.<ref name="Ranchi">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/ranchi/35749210_1_witch-villagers-anil-kumar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928035712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/ranchi/35749210_1_witch-villagers-anil-kumar |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title='Witch' attacked in Rahe village |date=11 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

In Harangul it is believed that daayan lives in an area of the village, and an evil spirit resides within them. Villagers believe these women destroy everything good. ''Daayans'' are reported in and around cemeteries, abandoned battlefields, crossroads, toilets and squalid places.<ref name="Fane & Hannah">Fane, Hannah (1975). "The Female Element in Indian Culture". Asian Folklore Studies (Nanzan University) 34 (1): 100. {{JSTOR|1177740}}.</ref><ref name="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland (2009). The Weiser Field Guide to Ghosts: Apparitions, Spirits, Spectral Lights and Other Hauntings of History and Legend. Weiser Books. p. 33. {{ISBN|978-1-57863-451-4}}.</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/health-33980904</ref>

Folklore suggests that a woman treated badly by her family or who died in childbirth as a result of family neglect returns as a daayan, haunting the family and drinking the blood of male family members.<ref name="Cheng & Theresa">Cheung, Theresa (2006). The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World. Harper Element. p. 112. {{ISBN|978-0-00-721148-7}}.</ref> Beginning with the youngest male in the family, draining his blood changes him into an old man before she progresses to the other men.<ref name="Janet Chawla">Janet Chawla (1994). Child-bearing and culture: women centered revisioning of the traditional midwife : the dai as a ritual practitioner. Indian Social Institute. p. 15.</ref>

A daayan is also said to target young families, young women and other family surrogates.<ref name="Bane Theresa">Bane, Theresa (2010). "Chedipe". Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology. McFarland. pp. 47–8. ISBN
978-0786444526.</ref> Assuming the form of a young, attractive female, she hunts for young men on roads and seduces lone travellers into accompanying her. Imprisoning a man, she feeds on his age and blood.<ref name="Raymond Buckland" /><ref name="Janet Chawla" /> One legend says that a daayan will hold a young man captive until he is old, using him sexually until he dies and joins the spirit world. Another says that a young man seduced by the ''daayan'' who eats her food returns at dawn to the village as an old man.<ref name="Melton Gordon">Melton, J. Gordon (1999). The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead. Visible Ink Press. p. 372.</ref>

=={{anchor|Difference between ''Daayan'' and ''Churel''}}Differences between dayaans and churels==
Daayan is sometimes used interchangeably with the term [[churel]] ({{lang-hi|चुड़ैल}} ''cuṛail''), although conceptual and cultural differences exist between them. A churel is a [[vengeful ghost]] that arise from the death of a woman during pregnancy or childbirth, with [[preternatural]] powers similar to a witch. Indian witch stories vary across the country; the north Indian states believe that the churel (which lives near graveyards or in forests) can change its form and lure young men killing or having physical contact with them while in the western and eastern parts of India, it is believed that a Chudail looks like an old hag who lures small children away from their families to kill and eat them so as to keep herself younger. In the end Daayan is way more powerful than Chudail according old folk's of India.<ref name="Indian Horror Tales">{{cite web | url=http://indianhorrortales.blogspot.in/2012/08/chudail-daayan-story-of-indian-witch.html | title=Chudail (Daayan) - The story of Indian Witch & Witchcraft}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Folklore associated with Daayans}}Folklore==
Some women are believed to be daayans, and (along with young children) are sometimes tortured and killed in rural areas.<ref name="Child Eye">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/double-child-sacrifice-casts-spotlight-on-witchcraft-in-india-20101126-189e5.html |title=Double child sacrifice casts spotlight on witchcraft in India |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=26 November 2010 |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> One of them is Jharkhand which ranks 24th out of 29 states in literacy. Witchcraft is a major social problem in this state, a large number of women are declared as witches and killed. It is prevalent because of belief in superstitions borne out of illiteracy and lack of education. The state is famous for an indigenous religion called Sarna. Similar to the puritan society of the 1600s, women here are not treated as equal to men. Hence single women, especially widows, are easy targets of witchcraft accusations.<ref>Singh SS. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/The-%E2%80%98witches%E2%80%99-of-Jharkhand/article16933528.ece The 'witches' of Jharkhand.] The Hindu. Published 27 December 2016. Accessed 23 April 2017.</ref>

=={{anchor|Practices and Rituals}}Practices and rituals==
''Daayans'' worship the evil, " black magic spirits".<ref>Chapter 25, ''Beloved Witch'', Harper Collins Publishers India, 2000</ref> Many believe they are the handmaidens of these goddesses, and are known as yoginis in local lore.
'Daayan' word is used in many Bollywood films, short films, Indian and Pakistani T.V. serials and in social media as a female, doing things that are not for the good cause or promote evilness in society and defame culture.

==References==
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{{Witchcraft}}

[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Asian witchcraft]]

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Dayan (witch)