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<div>{{short description|Indian tribal freedom fighter, religious leader}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Birsa Munda<br />
| image = Birsa_Munda,_photograph_in_Roy_(1912-72).JPG<br />
| caption = Photograph from [[Sarat Chandra Roy|S. C. Roy]]'s ''The Mundas and their Country''<ref>{{cite web |last=Rycroft |first=Daniel J. |title=Capturing Birsa Munda: The Virtuality Of A Colonial-Era Photograph |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/arthist/sharp/issues/0001/Papers_htm/DanielJRycroft.shtml |date=4 January 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827093131/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/arthist/sharp/issues/0001/Papers_htm/DanielJRycroft.shtml |archive-date=27 August 2005 |website=[[University of Sussex]] |access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref><br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1875|11|15}}<br />
| birth_place = Ulihatu, [[Lohardaga district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1900|6|9|1875|11|15}}<br />
| death_place = Ranchi Jail, [[Lohardaga district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]<ref name=cipra>{{cite web |title=The "Ulgulaan" of "Dharati Aba" |trans-title=The Revolt of Birsa Munda |url= http://www.cipra.in/ulgulaanch3.html |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064218/http://www.cipra.in/ulgulaanch3.html |archive-date=21 April 2014 |website=cipra.in |access-date=10 June 2015 |quote=He was lodged in Ranchi jail, for trial along with his 482 followers where he died on 9 June 1900.}}</ref><ref name=TribalZone>{{cite web |title=birsamunda |url=http://www.tribalzone.net/people/birsamunda.htm |date=1999–2015 |website=Tribalzone.net |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610065825/http://www.tribalzone.net/people/birsamunda.htm |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| father = Sugana Munda<br />
| mother = Karmi Hatu<br />
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Birsa Munda''' {{audio|Birsa Munda.ogg|pronunciation}} (15 November 1875 – 9 June 1900) was an Indian tribal freedom fighter, [[tribal religions of India|religious leader]], and folk hero who belonged to the [[Munda people|Munda]] tribe. He spearheaded a tribal religious [[Millenarianism|millenarian]] movement that arose in the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now [[Jharkhand]]) in the late 19th century, during the [[British Raj]], thereby making him an important figure in the history of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Awaaz |first=Aapki |title=बिरसा मुंडा : शक्ति और साहस के परिचायक |trans-title=Birsa Munda: represents strength and courage |url=http://days.jagranjunction.com/2011/06/09/birsa-munda-life-and-history/ |date=9 June 2015 |language=hi |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> The revolt mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of [[Khunti]], [[Tamar block|Tamar]], Sarwada and Bandgaon.<ref>Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh. Oxford University Press, 1983</ref><br />
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His portrait hangs in the Indian [[Parliament Museum]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Birsa Munda |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/b_munda_5.asp |website=Parliament of India: Rajya Sabha – Council of States |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> he is the only tribal leader to have been so honored.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |title=Birsa Munda and His Movement (1872-1901): a Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur |date=2002 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-817046205-7}}</ref><br />
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==Early life==<br />
Birsa Munda was born on 15 November 1875, at the village of [[Ulihatu]] in the Lohardaga district of [[Bengal Presidency]] — now in [[Khunti district]] of [[Jharkhand]] — on a Thursday (Some sources claim he was born on 18 July 1872, and not in 1875) and hence named after that day, according to the then prevalent [[Munda people|Munda]] custom.<ref name=stamp/><ref>{{cite web|title=Villages in Erki (Tamar Ii) Tehsil, Ranchi, Jharkhand|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/jharkhand/ranchi/erki-%28tamar-ii%29/|website=MapsofIndia.com|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=neeraj/> The folk songs reflect popular confusion and refer to Ulihatu or Chalkad as his birthplace. Ulihatu was the birthplace of Sugana Munda, father of Birsa. The claim of Ulihatu rests on Birsa's elder brother Komta Munda living in the village, where his house still exists albeit in a dilapidated condition.<br />
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Birsa's father, mother Karmi Hatu,<ref name=stamp>[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/B/BIRSA%20MUNDA Birsa Mumda commemorative postage stamp and biography] [[India Post]], 15 November 1988.</ref> and younger brother, Pasna Munda, left Ulihatu and proceeded to Kurumbda, near Birbanki, in search of employment as labourers (''sajhedari'') or crop-sharers (ryots). At Kurumbda, Birsa's elder brother, Komta, and his sister, Daskir, were born. From there the family moved to Bamba where Birsa's elder sister Champa was born.<br />
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Birsa's early years were spent with his parents at Chalkad.<br />
His early life could not have been very different from that of an average Munda child. Folklore refers to his rolling and playing in sand and dust with his friends, and his growing up strong and handsome in looks; he grazed sheep in the forest of Bohonda. When he grew up, he shared an interest in playing the flute, in which he became an expert. He went around with the tuila, the one-stringed instrument made from the pumpkin, in the hand and the flute strung to his waist. Exciting moments of his childhood were spent on the [[akhara]] (the village wrestling ground). However, one of his ideal contemporaries and who went out with him heard him speak of strange things.<br />
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Driven by poverty Birsa was taken to Ayubhatu, his maternal uncle's village.<ref name=neeraj>{{cite book|last=Neeraj|title=Birsa Munda|publisher=Ocean Books P Ltd 4/19 Asif Ali Road|location=New Delhi-110 002|isbn=9788188322930|pages=3–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZLBO_lOsnsC&q=birsa+munda&pg=PA3|date=January 2009}}</ref> Komta Munda, his eldest brother, who was ten years of age, went to Kundi Bartoli, entered the service of a Munda, married and lived there for eight years, and then joined his father and younger brother at Chalkad. At Ayubhatu Birsa lived for two years. He went to school at Salga, run by one Jaipal Nag. He accompanied his mother's younger sister, Joni, who was fond of him, when she was married, to Khatanga, her new home. He came in contact with a Christian [[missionary]] who visited a few families in the village which had been converted to [[Christianity]].<br />
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As he was sharp in studies, Jaipal Nag recommended him to join German Mission School and Birsa converted to Christianity and was renamed as Birsa David, which later became Birsa Daud.<ref name=neeraj/> After studying for few years, he left German Mission School.<br />
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== Formative period (1886–1894)==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}<br />
Birsa's long stay at Chaibasa from 1886 to 1890 constituted a formative period of his life. This period was marked by the German and Roman Catholic Christian agitation. In light of the freedom struggle, Sugana Munda withdrew his son from the school. Soon after leaving Chaibasa in 1890 Birsa and his family gave up their membership of the German mission and ceased to be Christian and reverted to his original traditional tribal religious system.<br />
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[[File:Birsa Munda Statue at Naya More.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Birsa Munda statue by [[Nabhendu Sen]] at ''Naya More'', [[Bokaro Steel City]], [[Jharkhand]] ]]<br />
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He left Gorbera in the wake of the mounting Sardar agitation. He participated in the agitation stemming from popular disaffection at the restrictions imposed upon the traditional rights of the Mundas in the protected forest, under the leadership of Gidiun of Piring in the Porhat area. During 1893–94 all waste lands in villages, the ownership of which was vested in the Government, were constituted into protected forests under the Indian Forest Act VII of 1882. In West Singhbhum as in Lohardaga, the forest settlement operations were launched and measures were taken to determine the rights of the forest-dwelling communities. Villages in forests were marked off in blocks of convenient size consisting of village sites and cultivable and wastelands sufficient of the needs of villages. In 1894, Birsa had grown up into a strong young man, shrewd and intelligent, and undertook the work of repairing the Dombari tank at Gerbera damaged by rains.<br />
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While on a sojourn in the neighborhood of village Sankara in [[West Singhbhum district]], he found a suitable companion, presented her parents with jewels, and explained his idea of marriage. Later, on his return from jail, he did not find her faithful to him and left her. Another woman who served him at Chalkad was the sister of Mathias Munda. On his release from prison, the daughter of Mathura Munda of Koensar who was kept by Kali Munda, and the wife of Jaga Munda of Jiuri insisted on becoming wives of Birsa. He rebuked them and referred the wife of Jaga Munda to her husband. Another rather well-known woman who stayed with Birsa was Sali of Burudih.<br />
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Birsa stressed [[monogamy]] at a later stage in his life. Birsa rose from the lowest ranks of the peasants, the ryots, who unlike their namesakes elsewhere enjoyed far fewer rights in the Mundari khuntkatti system; while all privileges were monopolized by the members of the founding lineage, the ryots were no better than crop-sharers. Birsa's own experience as a young boy, driven from place to place in search of employment, given him an insight into the agrarian question and forest matters; he was no passive spectator but an active participant in the movement going on in the neighborhood.<br />
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== New religion ==<br />
Birsa is credited for reviving the traditional tribal culture which was mostly negatively affected by Christian missionary works. Many tribals under his sect had already converted to Christianity. He opposed and criticised the Church and its practices such as levying of taxes and religious conversions. He himself became a preacher and a representative of their traditional tribal religion, and soon, he built up a reputation of a healer, a miracle-worker, and a preacher. The Mundas, [[Oraons]], and [[Kharia people|Kharias]] flocked to Chalkad to see him and to be cured of their ailments. Both the Oraon and Munda population up to Barwari and Chechari became convinced Birsaities. Contemporary and later folk songs commemorate the tremendous impact of Birsa on his people, their joy, and expectations at his advent. The name of ''Dharti Aaba'' was on everybody's lips.<br />
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Birsa Munda started to advise tribal people to pursue their original traditional tribal religious system.<ref name="neeraj" /> Impressed by his teachings, he became a saintly figure to the tribal people and they sought his blessings.<ref name="neeraj" /><br />
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==Tribal movement==<br />
Birsa Munda's slogan threatening the British Raj—''Abua raj ete jana, maharani raj tundu jana'' ("Let the kingdom of the queen be ended and our kingdom be established")—is still remembered in areas of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Suresh|first=Sushma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZPtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22abua+raj+ete+jana,+maharani+raj+tundu+jana%22|title=Who's who on Indian Stamps|date=1999|publisher=Mohan B. Daryanani|isbn=978-84-931101-0-9|language=en}}</ref><br />
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The [[British colonial system]] intensified the transformation of the tribal agrarian system into a feudal state. As the tribals with their primitive technology could not generate a surplus, the non-tribal peasantry was invited by the chiefs in [[Chhotanagpur]] to settle on and cultivate the land. This led to the alienation of the lands held by the tribals. The new class of Thikadars was of a more rapacious kind and eager to make the most of their possessions.<br />
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In 1856 [[Jagir]]s stood at about 600, and they held from a village to 150 villages. But by 1874, the authority of the old Munda or Oraon chiefs had been almost entirely annulled by that of the farmers, introduced by the landlords. In some villages, they had completely lost their proprietary rights and had been reduced to the position of farm labourers.<br />
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To the twin challenges of agrarian breakdown and culture change, Birsa along with the Munda responded through a series of revolts and uprisings under his leadership. In 1895, in Chalkad village of [[Tamar block|Tamar]], Birsa Munda renounced Christianity, asked his fellow tribesmen to worship only one God and give up the worship of ''bongas''.<br />
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He declared himself a prophet who had come to recover the lost kingdom of his people. He said that the reign of Queen Victoria was over and the Munda Raj had begun. He gave orders to the ''[[wikt:raiyats|raiyats]]'' (tenant farmers) to pay no rents. The Mundas called him ''Dharati Aaba'', the father of earth.<br />
[[File:Birsa Munda captured and conducted to Ranchi.jpg|thumb|Birsa Munda captured and conducted to Ranchi|upright=1.1]]<br />
Due to a rumor that those who didn't follow Birsa would be massacred, Birsa was arrested on 24 August 1895 and sentenced to two-year imprisonment. On 28 January 1898, after being released from jail he went with his followers to Chutia to collect the record and to re-establish racial links with the temple. He said that the temple belonged to the [[Kol people|Kols]]. The Christian missionaries wanted to arrest Birsa and his followers, who were threatening their ability to make converts. Birsa went underground for two years but attending a series of secret meetings.<br />
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It is said that around 7000 men and women assembled around Christmas of 1899, to herald the ''Ulgulaan'' (revolution) which soon spread to [[Khunti]], [[Tamar block|Tamar]], Basia, and [[Ranchi]]. The Anglican Mission at Murhu and the Roman Catholic Mission at Sarwada were the main targets. The Birsaits openly declared that the real enemies were the British and not Christian Mundas and called for a decisive war against the British. For two years, they attacked places loyal to the British.<br />
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On 5 January 1900, Birsa's followers killed two police constables at Etkedih. On 7 January, they attacked the Khunti police station, killing a constable and razing the houses of local shopkeepers. The local commissioner, A. Fobes, and deputy commissioner, H.C. Streattfield, rushed to Khunti with a force of 150 men to suppress the growing rebellion. The colonial administration also set a reward of [[Rupee|Rs]] 500 for Birsa. The troops under the command of Fobes and Streattfield attacked and defeated Munda's guerillas at [[Dumbari Hill]], though Munda himself escaped to the Singhbum hills.<br />
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He was arrested at Jamkopai forest in [[Chakradharpur]] on 3 February 1900.<ref>{{Cite book|last=A.K.Dhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEg1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Birsa+Munda,+3rd+February+1900&pg=PT65|title=BIRSA MUNDA|date=2017-08-29|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2544-5|language=en}}</ref> According to Deputy commissioner Ranchi, vide letter, 460 tribals were made accused in 15 different criminal cases, out of which 63 were convicted. One was sentenced to death, 39 to transportation for life and 23 to imprisoned for terms up to fourteen years. There were six deaths, including that of Birsa Munda in the prison during trials. Birsa Munda died in jail on 9 June 1900.<ref name=cipra/><br />
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After his death, the movement faded out. In 1908, the colonial government introduced the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (CNT), which prohibits the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jharkhand-lok-sabha-in-the-land-of-birsa-munda-tribals-to-boycott-polls-on-may-6-5710276/|title=Jharkhand: In the land of Birsa Munda, tribals to boycott polls on May 6|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/chotanagpur-tenancy-act-what-next/cid/451611|title=Chotanagpur Tenancy Act: What next|website=telegraphindia|access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref><br />
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==In popular culture==<br />
[[File:Birsa Munda 1988 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Birsa Munda on a 1988 stamp of India]]<br />
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The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union cabinet]], at a meeting held on 10 November 2021, voted to observe 15 November, Birsa Munda's birth anniversary, as [[Janjatiya Gaurav Divas]], to remember the contribution of tribal freedom fighters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandit |first=Ambika |title=Centre to observe Birsa Munda birth anniversary on November 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-to-observe-birsa-munda-birth-anniversary-on-november-15/articleshow/87638156.cms |date=11 November 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> His birth anniversary is still celebrated by tribal people as far away as [[Mysore]] and [[Kodagu district]]s in Karnataka.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1591329030.cms Tribals celebrate Birsa Munda birth anniversary] ''[[Times of India]], 18 November 2001''.</ref> The official celebration takes place at his ''samadhi sthal'' (mausoleum) in the Kokar neighbourhood of [[Ranchi]], the capital of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>[http://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/homagetobirsamunda.pdf Homage to Bhawan Birsa Munda on his Birth Anniversary at Ranchi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410052629/http://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/homagetobirsamunda.pdf |date=10 April 2009 }} ''[[Raj Bhavan (Jharkhand)]] Official website. 15 November 2008.''</ref><br />
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Today, there are several organizations, bodies, and structures named after him, notably [[Birsa Munda Airport]] Ranchi, [[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri]], Birsa Munda Vanvasi Chattravas, Kanpur, [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]], Purulia, and [[Birsa Agricultural University]]. The [[Battle cry|war cry]] of [[Bihar Regiment]] is ''Birsa Munda Ki Jai'' (Victory to Birsa Munda).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071115163540/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Regiments/Bihar.html Bihar Regiment] ''bharat-rakshak.com''.</ref><br />
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In 2004, a Hindi film, ''Ulgulan-Ek Kranti'' (''The Revolution'') was made by Ashok Saran. Deepraj Rana played Birsa Munda in the film, and 500 ''Birsaits'' (followers of Birsa) appeared as extras.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Ulgulan-Ek Kranti |trans-title=The Revolution |url=http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/47/Ulgulan-Ek-Kranti |date=2004 |type=Motion picture |website=Cultureunplugged.com |language=hi |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Another film, ''Birsa Munda - The Black Iron Man'', by Rajesh Mittal was released the same year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Birsa Munda - The black Iron Man (2004) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CQGF/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><br />
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In 2008, a Hindi film based on the life of Birsa, ''Gandhi Se Pehle Gandhi'' (''Gandhi Before Gandhi''), was directed by Iqbal Durran, based on his own novel of the same name.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film ''Gandhi Se Pehle Gandhi'' is on Birsa Munda |url=http://bollywood-buzz.com/news/4260/film-%E2%80%9Cgandhi-se-pehle-gandhi-%E2%80%9Cis-on-birsa-munda.html |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107075028/http://bollywood-buzz.com/news/4260/film-%E2%80%9Cgandhi-se-pehle-gandhi-%E2%80%9Cis-on-birsa-munda.html |archive-date=7 January 2016 |access-date=10 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{dead link|date=June 2019|reason=no archive snapshot available ("Fail with status: 400") or direct link to website ("502 Bad Gateway")}}</ref> ''Bhagwan Birsa Munda'', an Indian biographical short film by [[Rajan Khosa]], was released in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=खूंटी में शुरू हुई भगवान बिरसा मुंडा पर आधारित बायोपिक फिल्म की शूटिंग |trans-title=Shooting of biopic film based on Bhagwan Birsa Munda has started in Khunti |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/shooting-of-the-biopic-film-based-on-god-birsa-munda-started-in-the-peg-075505-5145630.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi |date=2 August 2019}}</ref><br />
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[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] winner, writer-activist [[Mahasweta Devi]]'s historical fiction, ''[[Aranyer Adhikar]]'' (Right to the Forest, 1977), a novel for which she won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Bengali|Sahitya Akademi Award for Bengali]] in 1979, is based on his life and the Munda Rebellion against the [[British Raj]] in the late 19th century; she later wrote an abridged version, Birsa Munda, specifically for young readers.<ref>[http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyDeviMah.htm Biography for Mahasweta Devi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326080914/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyDeviMah.htm |date=26 March 2010 }} " [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] Official website. "</ref><br />
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The [[Statue of Ulgulan]] is a proposed 150-foot-tall statue of Birsa Munda to be built in Jharkhand with stones collected from households in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=बिरसा मुंडा 150 फीट ऊंची प्रतिमा लगाएंगे |trans-title=Birsa Munda will get 150-foot-tall statue |url=http://inextlive.jagran.com/150-feet-statue-of-birsa-munda-142413 |date=16 November 2016 |website=Inextlive |language=hi |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><br />
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Ulgulan, the annual college festival of the [[National University of Study and Research in Law]], in Ranchi, is inspired by the freedom struggle of Birsa Munda.<br />
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Gopi Nainar, the director of [[Aramm]], is set to direct a movie, in Tamil, on the life of Birsa Munda.<ref>{{cite web |last=Prasath |first=Rajendra |title=பழங்குடி இன சுதந்திர போராளி பிர்ஸா முண்டா கதையை திரைப்படமாக்குகிறார் கோபி நயினார்! |trans-title=Life of indigenous freedom fighter Bursa Munda being made into a movie |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/gopi-nainar-direct-birsa-munda-biopic-056272.html |date=9 October 2018 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]] |language=ta |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Well known Tamil director and anti-caste activist [[Pa. Ranjith]] will direct a Hindi movie which is based on Birsa Munda's life.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |title='The doors close the minute we know the person was Dalit': The Pa Ranjith Interview |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/doors-close-minute-we-know-dead-person-was-dalit-pa-ranjith-interview-91469 |date=13 November 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref><br />
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==Commemoration==<br />
He is commemorated in the names of the following institutions and organizations:<br />
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* [[Birsa Agricultural University]] <br />
* [[Birsa Institute of Technology]]<br />
* [[Birsa College, Khunti]]<br />
* [[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri]] <br />
* [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]] <br />
* [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium]]<br />
* [[Birsa Munda Airport]]<br />
* Birsa Munda Central Jail <br />
* [[Birsa Seva Dal]], a controversial defunct organization<br />
* [[Birsa Munda Tribal University]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Khan |first=A. H. |title=Birsa Munda |url=http://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/b_show.asp?id=1748 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214045241/http://publicationsdivision.nic.in/b_show.asp?id=1748 |archive-date=14 February 2009 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Rycroft |first=Daniel J. |title=Capturing Birsa Munda: The Virtuality of a Colonial-era Photograph |url=http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFRJ/article/viewFile/174/180 |date=December 2004 |volume=1 |number=4 |journal=Indian Folklore Research Journal |format=PDF |access-date=4 February 2015}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Suresh |title=The Dust-storm and the Hanging Mist: A Study of Birsa Munda and His Movement in Chhotanagpur, 1874–1901 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwAeAAAAMAAJ |date=1966 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |oclc=192213 |access-date=4 February 2015}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |title=Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195614244}} (A reissuance of ''The Dust-storm...'')<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Birsa Munda}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410050152/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/aug2004/engishPdf/Pages14-15.pdf Birsa Munda - ''The Great Hero of the Tribals''] at ''Government of [[Odisha]] website''.<br />
* [https://www.jharkhandjobportal.com/2020/07/birsa-munda-in-hindi.html Birsa Munda Revolt]<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Munda, Birsa}}<br />
[[Category:People from Ranchi district]]<br />
[[Category:Tribal chiefs]]<br />
[[Category:Munda people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:1875 births]]<br />
[[Category:1900 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Adivasi]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian animists]]</div>2409:4064:2B85:5FA7:27B8:235:DEF8:4DC7