Languages of Uttar Pradesh

2021-06-30T12:35:24Z

2409:4063:6D8A:A1A0:0:0:554B:4C09:

{{short description|Overview about the languages of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Uttarpradesh-languages.GIF|thumb|500px]]
The '''languages of Uttar Pradesh''' generally belong to two zones in the [[Indo-Aryan languages]], [[Indo-Aryan languages#Central Zone (Madhya or Hindi)|Central]] and [[Indo-Aryan languages#Eastern Zone|East]]. There are approximately 29 languages spoken in Uttar Pradesh. [[Hindi]] is the state's official language ([[Urdu]] is co-official), and according to census data, it is spoken by 91.32% of the population.<ref name="2011lang">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 49–53 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 25 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> However, Hindi is a wide label that covers many dialects, which may or not be considered separate languages and may or may not be fully mutually intelligible. These include [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (all of these belonging [[Indo-Aryan languages#Central Zone (Madhya or Hindi)|Central zone]], considered to be the core of the [[Hindi belt]]) and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. Bhojpuri belongs to the [[Bihari languages]] of the [[Indo-Aryan languages#Eastern Zone|Eastern zone]], and its status as a Hindi language is subject to debate.

==Inventories==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Language data of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kru|title=Kurux|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref>
|label1=[[Hindi]]
|value1=80.16
|label2=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value2=10.93
|label3=[[Urdu]]
|value3=5.4
|label4=[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
|value4=1.9
|label5=Others
|value5=1.61
}}
Linguists generally distinguish the terms "language" and "dialects" on the basis of 'mutual comprehension'. The Indian census uses two specific classifications in a distinctive way: (1) 'language' and (2) 'mother tongue'. The 'mother tongues' are grouped within each 'language'. Many 'mother tongues' so defined would be considered a language rather than a dialect by linguistic standards. This is specifically the case for many 'mother tongues' with tens of millions of speakers that are officially grouped under the 'language' Hindi.

==Official languages==

The languages of state administration are [[Modern Standard Hindi|Hindi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-09-21 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619093010/http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |archivedate=2009-06-19 |df= }}</ref> established by the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951, and [[Urdu]], established by the Amendment to the same in 1989.

==Writing systems==

{{see also|Kaithi|Devanagari|Nastaliq}}

Devanagari is the main script used to write Uttar Pradesh languages, although Urdu is written in the [[Nastaliq]] style of the [[Perso-Arabic script]]. [[Kaithi]] was widely used historically.

The [[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]] was formed in 1893 to promote the usage of the [[Devanagari]] script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tempweb34.nic.in/xnagari/html/index.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-10 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410082202/http://tempweb34.nic.in/xnagari/html/index.php |archivedate=2009-04-10 |df= }}</ref>

==Footnotes and References==
{{reflist}}

==See ==

*[[Languages of India]]
*[[Bhojpuri language]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]

==External links==
* http://www.languageinindia.com/
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN Languages of India] ([[SIL Ethnologue]] list)
*[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html Languages and Scripts of India]
*[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~jason2/papers/natlang.htm Reconciling Linguistic Diversity: The History and the Future of Language Policy in India] by Jason Baldridge
*[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/indi/indicm.htm Titus - Languages of India]
*[http://www.kamat.com/indica/diversity/languages.htm Diversity of Languages in India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090722182936/http://t6labs.com/keytrans '''KeyTrans''' Hindi intelligent transliteration email and spell check]

[[Category:Languages of Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

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Languages of Uttar Pradesh