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Masala dosa

2021-08-23T14:28:25Z

2409:4063:2091:72D1:0:0:52B:B8A0:

{{Short description|A variant of South Indian food dosa}}
{{for|the French band|Masaladosa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Masala dosa
| image = Dosai Chutney Hotel Saravana Bhavan.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Masala dosa with [[chutney]]s
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Karnataka]]
| course =
| Serving temperature = Hot
| main_ingredient = Parboiled rice, potato
| variations =Mysore masala dosa, rava masala dosa, onion masla dosa, paper masala dosa
| calories =
| other =
|Place of Origin=[[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
'''Masala dosa''' is a variation of the popular [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian]] [[dosa]], which has its origins in [[Tuluva]] Udupi cuisine [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A taste of the coast|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/epicuriosity/200817/a-taste-of-the-coast.html|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 August 2017 |author=Narayan Poojari }}</ref> It is made from rice, lentils, potato, [[fenugreek]], [[ghee]] and [[curry leaves]], and served with [[chutney]]s and [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]. It is popular in South India,<ref>{{cite news|title=Masala dosa slips out of reach|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/masala-dosa-slips-out-of-reach/article6110691.ece|work=The Hindu | location=Chennai, India|first1=M. P.|last1=Praveen|first2=G.|last2=Krishnakumar|date=13 June 2014}}</ref> it can be found in all other parts of the country<ref name=Ramnath2010 /><ref>{{cite web|title=What A Masala dosa Costs Around The World|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/03/16/masala-dosa-sarvana-bhava_n_6875582.html|website=Huffingtonpost.in|publisher=Huffingtonpost India}}</ref> and overseas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Masala dosa to Die For |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/magazine/masala-dosa-to-die-for.html?_r=0 |website=[[The New York Times]]|first=Rollo|last=Romig|date=7 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dosa's complex spices hit the spot|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Dosa-s-complex-spices-hit-the-spot-6158614.php|website=Sfchronicle.com/|publisher=San Francisco chronicle}}</ref> In South India, preparation of masala dosa varies from city to city.<ref name=Ramnath2010>{{cite news|title=American Dosa|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/12/16/forbes-india-hunt-for-perfect-dosa-in-nyc.html|website=[[Forbes]]|first=N.S.|last=Ramnath}}</ref> There are variations in Masala dosa like Mysore masala dosa, Rava masala dosa, Onion masala dosa, Paper masala dosa, Cheese masala dosa etc.

==Preparation==
Masala dosa is stuffed dosa. The two parts are the Dosa and the Stuffing. The dosa is made in the usual way by soaking rice and lentils overnight in water and then grinding it to a batter. The batter will be fermented overnight to make the dosa soft from inside and crispy texture outside. The stuffing is made from boiled potatoes with a seasoning of [[mustard seed]]s and garnishing of grated [[coconut]], pinch of [[turmeric]] powder, [[coriander|coriander leaves]], and [[lemon juice]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vohra|first1=Asha Rani|title=Modern Cookery Book|date=1993|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-0470-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jX1D-meFyvYC&q=masala+dosa&pg=PA43}}</ref>

===Ingredients===
Typical ingredients include rice, husked [[black gram]], [[Puffed rice|poha / puffed rice]], chana dal, mustard seeds, [[fenugreek]] seeds, salt, vegetable oil, ghee, potatoes, onion, [[green chillies]], curry leaves, and [[turmeric]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Masala dosa|url=http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-masala-dosa-219232| publisher=NDTV food}}</ref>

===Variations===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Paper Masala Dosa.jpg | Paper masala dosa
File:Mysore Masala Dosa.jpg | Mysore masala dosa
File:Madras special masala dosa.jpg | Madras special masala dosa
File:MasalaDosa.jpg|Masala dosa
File:MTR Masala Dosa.JPG |MTR masala dosa
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{commons category|Masala Dosa}}{{Pancakes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Malaysian cuisine}}
{{Flatbreads}}

[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Fermented foods]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]
[[Category:Mangalorean cuisine]]
[[Category:Malaysian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pancakes]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Dosa]]

Dinesh Trivedi

2021-08-23T12:59:45Z

2409:4063:2091:72D1:0:0:52B:B8A0:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dinesh Trivedi
| image = The Union Minister of Railways, Shri Dinesh Trivedi holding a Press Conference to announce the setting up of an expert group for modernization of Indian Railways, in New Delhi on September 21, 2011.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = Portrait of Dinesh Trivedi
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2020
| term_end = 12 February 2021
| predecessor=[[Ahmed Hassan Imran]]
| successor =[[Jawhar Sircar]]
| constituency = [[Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| term_start3 = 13 July 2011
| term_end3 = 18 March 2012
| predecessor3 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| president3 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| successor3 = [[Mukul Roy]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare]]
| president4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister4 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| term_start4 = 22 May 2009
| term_end4 = 13 July 2011
| predecessor4 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]] (independent charge)
| successor4 = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency5 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore, West Bengal]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 2009
| term_end5 = 23 May 2019

| predecessor5 = [[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
| successor5 = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]]
| office1 =
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 1996
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =[[Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| term_start1 = 2002
| term_end1 = 2008
| successor1 =
| constituency1=[[Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|6|4|df=y}}<ref name=loksabha/>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name=loksabha/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Minal Trivedi<ref name=loksabha/>
| party =[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2021–present)
| otherparty= [[Indian National Congress]] (1980–1990) [[Janata Dal]] (1990–1998) [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (1998–2021)
| children =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] ([[BCom]]) [[University of Texas, Austin]] ([[MBA]])
| occupation =
| profession = [[Aviator|Pilot]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date= 12 February 2021
}}
'''Dinesh Trivedi''' (born 4 June 1950) is an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]] and a former [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2009 to 2019) representing Barrackpore constituency of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4487 |title=Lok Sabha |publisher=164.100.47.132 |access-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525223503/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4487 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/profile-trivedi-a-man-of-many-parts/20110712.htm | title=Trivedi, a man of many parts | work=[[Rediff.com]] |author=Sheela Bhatt |place=New Delhi | date=12 July 2011 | access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> Prior to that he was [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha]] for two separate terms (1990-1996, 2002 to 2008). He is the former [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister for Railways]] and the former [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare]] under [[Manmohan Singh]]'s cabinet.

Trivedi was recipient of Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for 2016-2017 period and was felicitated at an event at the central hall of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-amid-chaos-in-parliament-mps-awarded-outstanding-parliamentarian-awards-for-2014-2017-period-2644515|title=Amid chaos in Parliament, MPs awarded Outstanding Parliamentarian Awards for 2014-2017 period {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|work=dna|access-date=1 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
He is also the Chairman of the Indo-European Union Parliamentary Forum (IEUPF), and other Parliamentary Forums.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-03/india/27856458_1_rajya-sabha-chairman-external-affairs-minister | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707051131/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-03/india/27856458_1_rajya-sabha-chairman-external-affairs-minister | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 July 2012 | title=Indo-EU parliamentary forum launched | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=3 April 2005 | access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>

On 12 February 2021, Trivedi resigned from Trinamool Congress and also decided to quit his Rajya Sabha seat.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trinamool-congress-mp-dinesh-trivedi-resigns-from-rajya-sabha/articleshow/80877790.cms |title=Trinamool Congress MP Dinesh Trivedi resigns from Rajya Sabha |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 February 2021 |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal News: TMC सांसद दिनेश त्रिवेदी ने किया इस्तीफे का ऐलान, BJP में जाने की अटकलें |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/west-bengal/kolkata/west-bengal-news-tmc-mp-dinesh-trivedi-announces-resignation-may-join-bjp/articleshow/80877298.cms |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 6 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal assembly polls: Former TMC MP Dinesh Trivedi joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-polls-former-tmc-mp-dinesh-trivedi-joins-bjp/articleshow/81362482.cms |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=6 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2016 to Shri Dinesh Trivedi, at a function, at Parliament House, in New Delhi.JPG|thumb|Ram Nath Kovind, the president of India presenting the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2016 to Dinesh Trivedi, at a function, at Parliament House, New Delhi]]

==Early life==
Trivedi is the youngest child of the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] couple, Hiralal Trivedi and Urmilaben Trivedi, who migrated to India from [[Karachi]] during [[Partition of India|India's partition]], where all his other siblings were born.<ref name=rediff/> His parents lived in a number of places before coming to [[New Delhi]], where he was born.<ref name=rediff/> His father then started working for the [[Hindustan Construction Company]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=rediff/> Trivedi attended boarding schools in [[Himachal Pradesh]], before graduating in commerce from [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]].<ref name=rediff/> He then took a loan of Rs. 20,000 and completed his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[The University of Texas at Austin]].<ref name=rediff/> He also trained to be a [[Aviator|pilot]], a result of his childhood dream of flying for the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name=rediff/> He is a trained [[sitar]] player and enjoys classical music.<ref name=bsindia>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/taketwo/news/coffeebs-dinesh-trivedi/462602/ | title=Coffee with BS: Dinesh Trivedi | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=24 January 2012 | access-date=27 February 2012 | author=Aditi Phadnis| author-link=Aditi Phadnis }}</ref> He also applied to train as an [[actor]] at the [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film Institute]], [[Pune]], but did not follow it up as he then believed it not to be a ''serious job'', as reported by Rediff.com.<ref name=rediff/> He was also drawn towards a picture of [[Swami Vivekananda]] in an advertisement by the [[Ramkrishna Mission]], and decided to be a [[monk]], but did not do so due to strong advice by his family and a [[Swami]] in Chicago.<ref name=rediff/> He dons rings with sapphire, emerald and coral on his right hand to ward off the ill-effects of the ''mangal griha'' (planet [[Mars]]).<ref name=rediff/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aajkikhabar.com/en/news/684764/684764.html |title=Dinesh Trivedi: An extraordinary man of Expression |work=aajkikhabar.com |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=27 February 2012 |author=Hashmi , Lubna |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714235213/http://www.aajkikhabar.com/en/news/684764/684764.html |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Early career==
After his MBA in 1974, he worked in [[Chicago]] for two years for the Detex Company, before returning to India, where he worked for a logistics provider Lee and Muirhead.<ref name=rediff/> In 1984, he quit the job to start his own air freight company based in Kolkata. He also started a consumer protection centre.<ref name=rediff/>

==Petitioner==
Trivedi has filed many petitions.<ref name=rediff/> He says, "I was so fed up of corruption then. I thought I can't progress here. But, my father told me to learn to fight corruption, make your way." Trivedi shot into prominence when he asked the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to make the [[Vohra Report]] on the criminalisation of politics in India public. This petition gave a push to the Right to Information movement.<ref name=rediff/>

==Career as a politician==
Trivedi joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] in the 1980s, but switched over to the [[Janata Dal]] in 1990.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-dinesh-trivedi-118613 | title=Who is Dinesh Trivedi | work=[[NDTV]] | date=15 November 2011 | access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> Later, in 1998 he joined [[Mamata Banerjee]] when she started the [[Trinamool Congress]] party and became its first general secretary.<ref name=rediff/>
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil administering the oath as Minister of State to Shri Dinesh Trivedi, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 28, 2009.jpg|thumb|Trivedi sworn in as Minister of State, 2009.]]

He was a [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|member]] of the [[Rajya Sabha|Upper House]] in the [[Indian Parliament]] during years 1990 - 1996 from Gujarat as Janata Dal candidate and during years 2002 - 2008 from West Bengal as AITC candidate.<ref name="RS-list-term">{{cite web|title=List of Former Members of Rajya Sabha (term wise)|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/mpterms.aspx|access-date=4 October 2015|ref=Rajya Sabha Secretariat}}</ref> In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 elections]] he contested for the Trinamool Congress party and won from Barrackpore to join the [[Lok Sabha|lower house]] in the Parliament.<ref name=ndtv/> He joined the [[Cabinet of India|cabinet]] as the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare]] in 2009.<ref name=ndtv/> In 2011, he offered to resign as a minister in support of [[Anna Hazare]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/dinesh-trivedi-trained-pilot-who-will-drive-indian-railways-594 |title=Dinesh Trivedi: Trained pilot who will drive Indian railways |work=Asian Age |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717075927/http://www.asianage.com/india/dinesh-trivedi-trained-pilot-who-will-drive-indian-railways-594 |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> In 2011, after Mamata Banerjee quit as the railway minister to become the [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]], he was elevated as the [[Minister of Railways (India)|Cabinet Minister for Railways]].<ref name=ndtv/> In 2021, he quit TMC to join BJP.
[[File:The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Government of Japan, Mr. Takeshi Maeda meeting the Union Minister for Railways.jpg|thumb|Trivedi with [[Takeshi Maeda]], Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Government of Japan to discuss bilateral issues in the field of rail transportation and various aspects of high speed train corridors in India, in New Delhi on 12 January 2012.]]

===Railway minister===
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil administering the oath as Cabinet Minister to Shri Dinesh Trivedi, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on July 12, 2011.jpg|thumb|Trivedi sworn in as Cabinet Minister in 2011.]]

As the Railway minister, he has advocated instituting a rail regulator to fix rail fares, a policy that is diametrically opposite to the one by earlier railway ministers.<ref name=bl/> He has also advocated de-politicizing the Railways<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010509_1_fare-hike-dinesh-trivedi-regulatory-body | title=Railway Minister Dinesh Trivedi pitches for regulator to suggest fare hike | work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | date=31 January 2012 | access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> and would like to restructure the Indian Railway Board,<ref name=bl>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2848104.ece | title=Trivedi for regulatory body in railways | work=[[Business Line]] | date=31 January 2012 | access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> which lacked synergy before he joined.<ref name=bsindia/> Trivedi believes that the [[Indian Railways]] can add 2% to India's GDP<ref name=rediff/> and is willing to go against his party's line of not hiking the fares.<ref name=et/> However, he believes the government must modernise the railways, for which a fare hike would not be able to generate adequate funds, and has publicly criticised the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] for not providing funds..<ref name=et>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/railway-budget-2012-dinesh-trivedi-slams-pm-for-not-providing-adequate-funds-to-railways/articleshow/12048855.cms | title=Railway Budget 2012: Dinesh Trivedi slams PM for not providing adequate funds to railways | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=27 February 2012 | access-date=27 February 2012 | author=Jain, Bharti}}</ref> Trivedi is pushing for a national policy on railways, that would continue irrespective of political changes in the government.<ref name=bsindia/> He has also said that the ministry is also open to the idea of privatisation, which would allow more funds to be allocated to help the system cope with capacity. He stepped down as the Railway Minister on 18 March 2012, a couple of days after presenting his first ever Railway Budget in which he increased passenger fare. This did not go down well with his political party, [[Trinamool Congress]] and in particular its head [[West Bengal]] [[Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]].
[[File:Dinesh Trivedi flagged off the Sealdah-Puri Duranto Express and Sealdah-Barrackpur EMU Local train at Barrackpur Station in West Bengal. The Minister of State for Urban Development.jpg|thumb|Trivedi flagged off the Sealdah-Puri Duranto Express and Sealdah-Barrackpur EMU Local train at [[Barrackpore railway station]] in West Bengal along with [[Mukul Roy]], [[Saugata Roy]] and [[Shilbhadra Dutta]].]]

Trivedi also expressed his interest to start [[High-speed rail|high speed passenger trains]] in India with Japanese help<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20111102a6.html | title=India to get shinkansen sales blitz | work=Japan Times | date=2 November 2011 | access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2910088.ece | title=High speed trains: Railways, Japan to form joint working group | work=[[Business Line]] | date=19 February 2012 | access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> or French support.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/france-help-india-realise-high-speed-train-dream-600 | title=France to help India realise high-speed train dream | work=[[Financial Chronicle]] |first=Saahil|last=Anant |date=26 February 2012 | access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, the script of the [[James Bond in film|James Bond film]] ''[[Skyfall]]'', part of which was shot on trains in India, had to be changed when Trivedi insisted that people not be shown travelling on the roofs of trains, which is illegal.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/sep/07/james-bond-23-india-train | title=James Bond 23: India orders backtrack on 'illegal' rooftop train stunt | work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 September 2011 | access-date=24 February 2012 | author=Barnes, Henry}}</ref>

In August 2011, Mamata Banerjee's ministerial room in the Parliament, which has traditionally been allotted to the railway minister, was allotted to another minister as she was his senior colleague in the cabinet. However, before the formal orders could be issued, Trivedi involved the Prime Minister and Mamata Banerjee to get the room allotted to himself to avoid "utter humiliation of the Railway Ministry and 14 lakh Railway employees".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news/29850609_1_dinesh-trivedi-railway-minister-railway-board | title=Railway minister Dinesh Trivedi finally gets room no. 6 on Parliament's ground floor after PM intervention | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=4 August 2011 | access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dinesh-trivedi-ambika-soni-spar-over-room-in-parliament/1/146950.html | title=Dinesh Trivedi, Ambika Soni spar over room in Parliament | work=[[India Today]] | date=3 August 2012 | access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> According to ''The Tribune'', his party also reminded the Prime Minister that the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] owed this to its biggest ally, the [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110804/nation.htm#3 | title=Rly Minister fights 'seating' battle; wins | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=4 August 2011 | access-date=27 February 2012 | author=Tandon, Aditi}}</ref>

====Railway budget controversy====
On 14 March 2012, Trivedi announced the annual rail budget 2012 that included an all over hike in passenger fares, ranging from 2 paise to 30 paise per kilometre for reasons of safety along with network expansion and modernisation. The fare hike was opposed by his own party's leader, [[Mamata Banerjee]]. Senior TMC MPs Sudeep Bandyopadhyay and [[Derek O'Brien (quizmaster)|Derek O'Brien]] both expressed their disagreement.<ref name=ibnlive>{{cite news|title=Trinamool Congress opposes own Railway Budget|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tmc-opposes-own-railway-budget-trivedi-may-quit/239181-7-172.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316221315/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tmc-opposes-own-railway-budget-trivedi-may-quit/239181-7-172.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2012|access-date=14 March 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=14 March 2012}}</ref> However, the budget received support from the general public,<ref name=Firstpost>{{cite news|title=Readers Verdict: Mr Trivedi, you are our hero|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/readers-verdict-mr-trivedi-you-are-our-hero-244453.html|access-date=15 March 2012|newspaper=FirstPost|date=14 March 2012}}</ref> industry groups<ref name=IndiaTVNews>{{cite news|title=India Inc Hails Rail Budget; Calls It Balanced, Pragmatic|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/business/India/India_Inc_Hails_Rail_Budget_Calls-1524.html|access-date=15 March 2012|newspaper=IndiaTVNews|date=14 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=ChennaiOnline>{{cite news|title=SICCI hails Rail budget as forward looking |url=http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=e92d78d5-8c06-488a-a859-bd45121dee8b&CATEGORYNAME=CHN |access-date=15 March 2012 |newspaper=ChennaiOnline |date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207225005/http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=e92d78d5-8c06-488a-a859-bd45121dee8b&CATEGORYNAME=CHN |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name=NavHind>{{cite news|title=It's a balanced rail budget, says GCCI |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/it-s-balanced-rail-budget-says-gcci |access-date=15 March 2012 |newspaper=NavHind Times |date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315115112/http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/it-s-balanced-rail-budget-says-gcci |archive-date=15 March 2012 }}</ref> and all five Rail Unions.<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news|title=Five railway unions write to PM in support of Dinesh Trivedi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/five-railway-unions-write-to-pm-in-support-of-dinesh-trivedi-187085|access-date=19 March 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=17 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=BusinessLine>{{cite news|title=Rly unions against rail fare hike roll back|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2997604.ece|access-date=15 March 2012|newspaper=Business Line|date=15 March 2012}}</ref> [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] chairperson and [[Chief Minister]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]] declared that she will not allow any hike in railway fares proposed in the Railway Budget. Banerjee denied being consulted by Railway Minister on the issue of fare hike.<ref name=ectimes>{{cite news|title=Rail Budget 2012-13: Won't allow hike in rail fares, says Mamata Banerjee|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/rail-budget-2012-13-wont-allow-hike-in-rail-fares-says-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/12263624.cms|access-date=14 March 2012|newspaper=Economic Times|date=14 March 2012}}</ref> On the same day, Mamata Banerjee wrote to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asking him to dismiss Dinesh Trivedi as Minister of Railways and give the portfolio to another AITMC member of parliament [[Mukul Roy]].<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee writes to Manmohan Singh, asks him to sack railway minister Dinesh Trivedi|date=14 March 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/rail-budget/31164482_1_passenger-fares-fare-hike-petrol-price-hike|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409000541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/rail-budget/31164482_1_passenger-fares-fare-hike-petrol-price-hike|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=9 April 2012}}</ref>

Initially, Trivedi requested a written confirmation from Mamata Banerjee before resigning, as he had received conflicting reports on the same from the Leader of the Trinamool Congress parliamentary party - Sudeep Bandyopadhyay and the chief whip of Trinamool Congress in Lok Sabha - Kalyan Banerjee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trivedi asks Trinamool to give orders in writing|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rail-budget-2012-13-dinesh-trivedi-mamata-trinamool/1/178190.html|access-date=19 March 2012|newspaper=IndiaToday|date=17 March 2012}}</ref> Finally, on 18 March 2012, Trivedi resigned after making a direct phone call to Mamata Banerjee for confirmation of the party position.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mamata has her way, Trivedi quits as railway minister|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/mamata-has-her-way-dinesh-trivedi-quits-as-railway-minister-248511.html|access-date=19 March 2012|newspaper=Firstpost|date=19 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trivedi resigns, Mukul Roy to be new railway minister|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/india/31206767_1_dinesh-trivedi-mamata-banerjee-railway-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108034605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/india/31206767_1_dinesh-trivedi-mamata-banerjee-railway-minister|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2014|access-date=18 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Later, Trivedi explicitly clarified that he had resigned because Trinamool Congress and Mamata Banerjee asked him to resign, but that he had received "communication" that neither PM nor Congress would request for his resignation, with the result that "..if I had not resigned on that particular evening (last Sunday), I could have brought uncertainty to government itself and that is not my job".<ref>{{cite news|title=Dinesh Trivedi says PM would have retained him even at cost of TMC|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-23/news/31230095_1_dinesh-trivedi-tmc-mp-passenger-fares|access-date=24 March 2012|newspaper=EconomicTimes|date=23 March 2012}}</ref> On forwarding the resignation to the President with recommendation of acceptance, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh praised the budget presented by Trivedi and expressed "regret" on his "departure".<ref>{{cite news|title=PM's candid talk is unprecedented|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/pm’s-candid-talk-unprecedented-057|access-date=23 March 2012|newspaper=DeccanChronicle|date=21 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM accepts Trivedi's resignation, hails Rly budget|url=http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/384681/TopStory/30|access-date=23 March 2012|newspaper=IANSLive|date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Trivedi is married to Minal, who holds a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in genetics. They have a son.<ref name=rediff/>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position Held
! Detail/Organization
|-
|Lok Sabha Election 1996 Candidate
|For Janata Dal, from [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kachchha]], Gujrat. But he lost.
|-
| [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] 1st (1990–1996) 2nd (2002-2008) 3rd (2020-2021)
| Janata Dal, from Gujarat Trinamool Congress, West Bengal Trinamool Congress, West Bengal
|-
|Member of [[Lok Sabha]] (2009-2019)
| Trinamool Congress, [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
| Chairman
| Passengers Amenities Committee, Ministry of Railways
|-
| Member
| Committee on Rules
|-
| Member
| Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Civil Aviation
|-
| Member
| Civil Aviation Committee
|-
| Member
| Committee on Finance
|-
| Member
| Committee on Commerce
|-
| Vice-Chairman
| Rajya Sabha
|-
| Member
| Committee on Petitions
|-
| Member
| Committee on Public Undertakings Member, General Purposes Committee
|-
| Co-Convener
| Sub-Committee for Special Economic Zones of the Committee on Commerce
|}

==Forums==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4487 |title=Detailed Profile - Shri Dinesh Trivedi - Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |publisher=India.gov.in |date=12 December 1977 |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>
! Forum
|-
| Chairman
| Indo EU Parliamentarians forum
|-
| Member
| Indo American Forum of Parliamentarians
|-
| Member
| Indo British Forum of Parliamentarians
|-
| Member
| Indo France Forum of Parliamentarians
|-
| Member
| Indo German Forum of Parliamentarians
|-
| Member
| Indo UK Forum of Parliamentarians
|-
| Member
| Indo Japan Forum of Parliamentarians
|-
| Member
| Aspan Dialogue Think Tank, USA
|-
| Member
| Aspan Euro
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2009/10/091027_trivedi_wt_sl.shtml Radio interview with Dinesh Trivedi on BBC]

{{15th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{16th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{Railway Ministers of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Dinesh}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:15th Lok Sabha members]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:McCombs School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway Ministers of India]]
[[Category:16th Lok Sabha members]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Trivedi Dinesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:All India Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]

Hasrat Mohani

2021-08-23T12:49:40Z

2409:4063:2091:72D1:0:0:52B:B8A0:

{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Hasrat Mohani
| image = Hasrat Mohani 2014 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Mohani on a 2014 stamp of India
| pseudonym = Hasrat Mohani
| birth_name = Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|10|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mohan, Uttar Pradesh|Mohan]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1951|05|13|1875|10|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Poet, Freedom fighter, Politician, Philosopher
| nationality = Indian
| period = 20th Century
| genre = [[Ghazal]]
| subject = Love and philosophy
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| debut_works =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan''' (14 October 1875 – 13 May 1951), known by his [[Takhallus|pen-name]] '''Hasrat Mohani''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[List of Indian independence activists|activist]], [[Resistance movement|freedom Fighter]] in the [[Indian independence movement]] and a noted poet of the [[Urdu]] language.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite web|title=Chupke chupke raat din… (lyrics of Hasrat Mohani's famous ghazal, article also includes his profile)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chupke-chupke-raat-din/article6361125.ece|publisher=The Hindu (newspaper)|date=29 August 2014|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
He coined the notable slogan ''[[Inquilab Zindabad]]'' (translation of "Long live the revolution!") in 1921.<ref name="illustrated_weekly_1974">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ&q=zindabad+hasrat+mohani|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=October 1974|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|language=en|website=GoogleBooks|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/>
Together with [[Swami Kumaranand]], he is regarded as the first person to demand [[Purna Swaraj|complete independence]] for India in 1921 at the Ahmedabad Session of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=MilliGazette>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/4146-hasrat-mohani-Syed-Fazlul-Hasan|title=Profile: Maulana Hasrat Mohani|website=The Milli Gazette (newspaper)|language=en|date=6 October 2012|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/><ref name=IndianExpress>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/70-years-of-independence-how-communists-kept-pestering-the-british-throughout-the-freedom-struggle-4802855/|title=71 years of Independence: How Communists kept pestering the British throughout the freedom struggle|date=18 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=12 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He was born in 1875 as Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan at [[Mohan (town)|Mohan]], a town in the [[Unnao district]] of [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] in [[British India]].
[[Hasrat]] was his [[Takhallus|pen name (takhallus)]] that he used in his [[Urdu poetry]] whereas his last name 'Mohani' refers to Mohan, his birthplace.<ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/>

His ancestors migrated from [[Nishapur]], in [[Iran]].<ref>Gulam Ali Allana (1988) ''Muslim political thought through the ages: 1562–1947'', Royal Book Company (1988), p. 215, {{ISBN|9694070910}}</ref><ref>Avril Ann Powell (2013) ''Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India'', Routledge, p. 181, {{ISBN|1138878855}}</ref>

Hasrat Mohani championed the freedom struggle. He also wrote verses expressing deep love for [[Krishna]],<ref>C.M. Naim [https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-maulana-who-loved-krishna/279545 The Maulana Who Loved Krishna] ''Outlook India'' (magazine), Published 12 January 2012, Retrieved 12 March 2019</ref> and often went to [[Mathura]] to celebrate [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref name=TheHindu/>

===Education===
He received his primary education at his school in Fatehpur Haswah, a town near Kanpur. He completed his BA in 1903 at [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] which later became [[Aligarh Muslim University]] but before that he had been expelled from the college on three occasions for his criticism of the British government.<ref name=dawnhasrat>{{Cite web|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=2018-05-08|title=Literary Notes: Hasrat Mohani's political and literary world: a blend of old and new|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1406307|access-date=2020-12-18|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Some of his colleagues at Aligarh were [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar|Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]]. His teachers in poetry were Tasleem Lucknawi and Naseem Dehlvi. To honor him, Aligarh Muslim University has a hostel named after him<ref name=TheHindu/>

===Academic===
A few of his books are ''Kulliyat-e-Hasrat Mohani'' (Collection of Hasrat Mohani's poetry), ''Sharh-e-Kalam-e-Ghalib'' (Explanation of Ghalib's poetry), ''Nukaat-e-Sukhan'' ( Important aspects of poetry), ''Mushahidaat-e-Zindaan'' (Observations in Prison), etc. A very popular ghazal [[Chupke Chupke Raat Din]] sung by [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]] and 'Ghazal King' [[Jagjit Singh]] was penned by him. He was also featured in the film [[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]] (1982). The famous slogan of Indian freedom fighters [[Inquilab Zindabad]] was coined by Mohani in 1921.<ref name="book_philately_mohani">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1_BAAAQBAJ&q=zindabad+mohani&pg=PA2|title=Indian Philately Digest|author=Prashant H. Pandya|date=1 March 2014|publisher=Indian Philatelists' Forum|language=en|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=BR>{{Cite news|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050618282881|title=LITERACY NOTES: Hasrat Mohani – a unique poet & politician|date=18 June 2005|work=Business Recorder|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406065746/https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050618282881/|archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/india-remembers-maulana-hasrat-mohani-who-gave-the-revolutionary-slogan-inquilab-zindabad_1963758.html|title=India remembers Maulana Hasrat Mohani who gave the revolutionary slogan 'Inquilab Zindabad'|date=2 January 2017|work=Zee News|access-date=12 March 2019|language=en}}</ref>

===Political===

Mohani was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] for many years and also joined the [[All India Muslim League]], serving as its president in 1919. He [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Naqvi2017">{{cite web |last1=Naqvi |first1=Raza |title=Meet the Muslim freedom fighters who strongly opposed the Partition of India |url=https://www.inuth.com/india/meet-the-muslim-freedom-fighters-who-strongly-opposed-the-partition-of-india/ |publisher=IE Online Media Services |access-date=22 August 2020 |language=en |date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Chopra1979">{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Pran Nath |title=Role of Indian Muslims in the Struggle for Freedom |date=1979 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |page=86 |language=en |quote=Soon after the declaration of the partition plan of June 3, 1947 Hasrat Mohani resigned from the Muslim League as he did not want to have the independence at the cost of the country's unity and integrity. ... After the establishment of Pakistan, Hasrat Mohani preferred to remain in India.}}</ref> After the declaration of the Partition Plan on 3 June 1947, Mohani resigned as a member of the All India Muslim League and when the division of the country occurred, he chose to live in independent India.<ref name="Chopra1979"/> He became a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] which drafted the [[Indian Constitution]]. He saw hypocrisy towards Muslim minorities in the constitution. So he never signed it. In order to represent the remaining Indian Muslims on different platforms, Hasrat Mohani chose to live in India rather than migrate to Pakistan.<ref name=MilliGazette/>

He never accepted Government allowances or stayed at official residences. Instead he stayed in mosques and used to go to the Parliament in a shared tonga. He was a religious practicing Muslim and led a simple life. Maulana had gone for [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]]) several times. He used to travel in third class railroad cars. When asked why he travelled third class, he quipped because there is no fourth class.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=MilliGazette/>

==Struggle for Indian independence==
[[File:Ambedkar and Maulana Hasrat Mohani at Sardar Patel's reception.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[B. R. Ambedkar]] and Mohani (left) at [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]'s reception]]
Mohani participated in the struggle for Indian Independence (end of [[British Raj]]); and was jailed in 1903 for many years by British authorities. At that time political prisoners were treated like common criminals and forced to do manual labor.<ref name=TheHindu/>

In 1904, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] Party.<ref name=TheHindu/>
He was the first person in Indian History who demanded 'Complete Independence' (Azadi-e-Kaamil) in 1921 as he presided over an annual session of [[All-India Muslim League]]. In December 1929, his campaign for 'complete independence' resulted in the shape of [[Indian National Congress]] session in [[Lahore]].<ref name=BR/>

Mohani [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Naqvi2017"/><ref name="Chopra1979"/> After complete independence from the British rule, Maulana Hasrat Mohani wanted a confederal set up on the pattern of [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republic]] (USSR). He wanted to see a confederal constitution in India after freedom from the British rule. His proposal had six federations: 1. East Pakistan; 2. West Pakistan; 3. Central India; 4. South-eastern India; 5. South-western India; and 6. Hyderabad Deccan.<ref name=BR/>

===Urdu-e-Mualla===
He was also imprisoned for promoting anti-British ideas, especially for publishing an article against British policies in Egypt, in his magazine 'Urdu-e-Mualla'. Afterwards, unlike some Urdu poets like [[Josh Malihabadi]] and many Muslim leaders, he chose to live in India rather than move to [[Pakistan]] after independence (1947) to represent left over Indian Muslims on various platforms. In recognition for his efforts, he was made a member of the constituent assembly which drafted the Indian constitution. But unlike other members, he never signed it.<ref name=MilliGazette/>

===Communist movement===
He was among the founders of the [[Communist Party of India]] at [[1925 Kanpur Communist Conference|Kanpur in 1925]].<ref name=MilliGazette/>

Hasrat Mohani was deeply influenced by Russian revolution. His house in Kanpur was centre of preparations of the [[1925 Kanpur Communist Conference|first all India Communist conference]] of December 1925. [[K.N. Joglekar]] wrote in his reminiscences that he and Bombay group came to know through VH Joshi, going to meet [[S. A. Dange]] in Kanpur jail, that [[Satya Bhakta]], Hasrat Mohani and others were taking initiative to convene a communist conference in December 1925. Bombay group extended full support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html|title=Foundation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925: product of (...) - Mainstream|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|title=Origins of Indian communism|first=A. G.|last=NOORANI|website=Frontline}}</ref>

Hasrat Mohani was elected Chairman of Reception Committee (RC) of the conference.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

Hasrat Mohani was included in the Central Executive Committee elected at the conference. He was again included in CEC in 1927 extended meeting.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

In the subsequent years, Hasrat Mohani developed some ideological and practical differences, and he was removed from the party.{{cn|date=August 2021}} He insisted on joining and working within the Muslim League, besides the Congress. Party did not agree.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

But even within the League he was not comfortable, and differed with two-nation theory. He was firmly opposed to country’s partition.{{cn|date=August 2021}} He developed serious differences with the League leadership. He had earlier formed his own ‘Azad Party’.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

Hasrat Mohani later attended the foundation conference of [[Progressive Writer's Association|Progressive Writers’ Association]] (PWA) in Lucknow in 1936.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

==Death and legacy==
Maulana Hasrat Mohani died on 13 May 1951 in Lucknow, India.<ref name=MilliGazette/><ref name="zee_news_2017_mohani"/>

Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society was founded by Maulana Nusrat Mohani in 1951. In [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], Hasrat Mohani Memorial Library and Hall Trust, Karachi have been established by Hasrat Mohani Memorial Society. Every year, on his death anniversary, a memorial meeting is conducted by this Trust as well as many other organisations in India and Pakistan.<ref name=BR/> Also [[Hasrat Mohani Colony]], at [[Korangi Town]] in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], was named after Maulana Hasrat Mohani. A famous road is named after him in the financial hub of [[Karachi]].<ref name=MilliGazette/>

There is a Street Named Maulana Hasrat Mohani in Kadar Palace, Mumbra, Dist: Thane, Maharashtra.

Maulana Hasrat Mohani Hospital is situated in [[Chaman Ganj, Kanpur|Chamanganj]], [[Kanpur]]. There is also a road named Maulana Hasrat Mohani Street in Kanpur. Maulana Hasrat Mohani Gallery is situated at [[Bithoor]] Museum.

Hasrat Mohani Memorial Girls' Higher Secondary School in [[Metiabruz]], [[Kolkata]], India, is named after him.{{citation needed|date= March 2018}}
A hostel in Aligarh Muslim University is also named after him.

==Publications==
* Urdu-e-Moalla (magazine)<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=MilliGazette/> (launched in July 1903) <ref name=dawnhasrat/>
* Kulliyat-e-Hasrat Mohani (Collection of Hasrat Mohani's poetry) (Published in 1928 and 1943)<ref name=BR/>
* Sharh-e-Kalam-e-Ghalib (Explanation of Ghalib's poetry)
* Nukaat-e-Sukhan (Important aspects of poetry)
* Tazkira-tul-Shuara (Essays on the Poets)<ref name=BR/>
* Mushahidaat-e-Zindaan (Observations in the Prison)

==See also==
* [[Mawlānā]]

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hasrat Mohani}}
* http://www.hasratmohani.com
* http://www.hasratmohanitrust.net
* [http://www.urdupoetry.com/hasrat.html Urdu Poetry of Hasrat Mohani]
* [https://rekhta.org/poets/hasrat-mohani Hasrat Mohani Ghazals]
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279545 The Maulana Who Loved Krishna]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205735/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/MayLetweForget94.html Profile of Maulana Hasrat Mohani - Archived]

{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohani, Hasrat}}
[[Category:All India Muslim League members]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:People from Unnao district]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]

Chandra Bhanu Gupta

2021-08-23T12:44:55Z

2409:4063:2091:72D1:0:0:52B:B8A0:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Chandra Bhanu Gupta
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Chandra Bhanu Gupta
| office = 3rd [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 26 February 1969
| term_end = 18 February 1970
| predecessor = [[President's rule]]
| successor = [[Charan Singh]]
| term_start1 = 14 March 1967
| term_end1 = 3 April 1967
| predecessor1 = [[Sucheta Kriplani]]
| successor1 = [[Charan Singh]]
| term_start2 = 7 December 1960
| term_end2 = 2 October 1963
| predecessor2 = [[Sampurnanand]]
| successor2 = [[Sucheta Kriplani]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1902|07|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Atrauli]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|3|11|1902|7|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chandra Bhanu Gupta''' (14 July 1902<ref>http://www.kesarwani.net/about/ChandraBhanuGupta.aspx</ref> – 11 March 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indstat4.html |title=Indian states after 1947 M-W |publisher=Rulers.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref>) served three terms as [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]] of Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In 1970s he was a member of Congress (O) and Janata Party.

==Early life==
He was born in [[Atrauli]], [[Aligarh district]] in 1902.
Gupta joined the [[Indian independence movement]] at 17, when he took part in [[Rowlatt Act|anti-Rowlatt Bill]] demonstrations in [[Sitapur]].<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031207/spectrum/book6.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Books |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> He was elected President of [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] for [[Lucknow]] in 1929.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" />

==Social contribution==
Gupta was the main force behind the Motilal Nehru Memorial Society, which set up various educational, social welfare and cultural centres in [[Lucknow]]. These include Ravindralaya, Children Museum, [[Bal Vidya Mandir, Lucknow|Bal Vidya Mandir]], Acharya Narendra Dev Hostel, Homeopathic Hospital, a number of Degree Colleges and a Public Library in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80nQTsxE5tEC&q=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%2C+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8A&pg=PA267 |title=Bhartiya Charit Kosh |author= Lila Dhar |publisher=Sharma Rajpal & Sons|date=2009 |isbn=9788174831002 |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> Actively advised by Nirmal Chandra Chaturvedi, he introduced a number of schemes for social, cultural and educational development of the city.

==Electoral Politics==
Chandra Bhanu Gupta won UP assembly election from Lucknow City East in 1952, defeating his Jana Sangh rival. But in 1957 he lost from the same seat to Triloki Singh of Socialist Party. Later he became Chief Minister during that assembly's five year run. He might have won a bypoll or become MLC. In 1962 he became MLA from Ranikhet South seat. In 1967 and 1969 elections, he was elected from Ranikhet assembly seat. In 1970, he supported Tribhuvan Narayan Singh's bid to become CM of Uttar Pradesh as a member of Congress (O), but the government did not last long. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19771130-central-leaders-trying-to-find-a-replacement-for-up-chief-minister-ram-naresh-yadav-823508-2014-09-16|title=Central leaders trying to find a replacement for UP Chief Minister Ram Naresh Yadav|work=India Today|accessdate=8 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-15/lucknow/27833951_1_lu-teachers-association-cb-gupta-lu-officials LU to be renamed after CB Gupta]. Times of India, July 2005.

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Sampurnanand]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 7 December 1960 – 2 October 1963
| after = [[Sucheta Kriplani]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Sucheta Kriplani]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 14 March 1967 – 3 April 1967
| after = [[Charan Singh]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= ''President's Rule'' Administered by the [[List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]], Dr B G Reddy title/post previously held by- [[Charan Singh]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 26 February 1969 – 18 February 1970
| after = [[Charan Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Chandra Bhanu}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Suryakant Tripathi

2021-08-23T12:26:43Z

2409:4063:2091:72D1:0:0:52B:B8A0:

{{short description|Indian poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer}}
{{More citations needed|date= July 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'
| birth_name =
| image = Suryakant Tripathi 1976 stamp of India.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'(Hindi - सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी 'निराला')
| caption =
| pseudonym = Nirala
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Midnapore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|10|15|1896|2|21}}
| death_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* poet
* essayist
* novelist
}}
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period = [[Chhayavaad]]
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = Saroj Smriti, Raam Ki Shaktipuja
| spouse = Manohara Devi
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp = o0
}}'''Suryakant Tripathi''' "'''Nirala'''" (21 February 1896 – 15 October 1961) was an Indian poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer who wrote in [[Hindi]]. He also drew many sketches.

== Biography ==
His family had roots in [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="unnao">[http://unnao.nic.in/person.htm Famous Personalities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084339/http://unnao.nic.in/person.htm |date=16 October 2013 }} [[Unnao district]] Official website.</ref> He participated in literary circles such as the [[Kavi sammelan|Kavi Sammelan]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} Though a student of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Nirala took a keen interest in [[Sanskrit]] from the very beginning.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

Nirala's life, barring short periods, was one long sequence of misfortunes and tragedies. His father, Pandit Ramsahaya Tripathi, was a government servant and was a tyrannical person. His mother died when he was very young. Nirala was educated in the Bengali medium at [[Mahishadal]], Purba Medinipur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MahishadalRajCollege/Mahishadal_Raj_College.shtml |title = Mahishadal Raj College | publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 9 April 2019}}</ref> However, after passing the matriculation exam, he continued his education at home by reading Sanskrit and [[English literature]]. Subsequently, he shifted to [[Lucknow]] and thence to village Gadhakola of [[Unnao district]], to which his father originally belonged. Growing up, he gained inspiration from personalities like [[Ramakrishna Paramhansa]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

After his marriage at a young age, Nirala learned Hindi at the insistence of his wife, Manohara Devi. Soon, he started writing poems in Hindi, instead of Bengali. After a bad childhood, Nirala had a few good years with his wife. But this phase was short-lived as his wife died when he was 20, and later his daughter (who was a widow) also expired. Nirala lost half of his family, including his wife and daughter, in [[1918 flu pandemic in India|1918 Spanish flu influenza outbreak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-literature-has-helped-us-make-sense-of-pandemics/articleshow/74841225.cms|title=How literature has helped us make sense of pandemics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/|title=References to death and disease in Hindi literature|date=12 April 2020}}</ref> He also went through financial troubles during this time. During that phase, he worked for many publishers, worked as a proof-reader and also edited publications including ''[[Matvala]]''<ref>Ruth Vanita, "The New Homophobia: Ugra's ''Chocolate''", in ''Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature'', ed. by Ruth Vanita, Saleem Kidwai (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 246-52 (p. 246).</ref> and ''Samanvaya''.

Most of his life was somewhat in the [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] tradition. He wrote strongly against social injustice and exploitation in society. Since he was more or less a rebel, both in form and content, acceptance did not come easily. What he got in plenty was ridicule and derision. All this may have played a role in making him a victim of [[schizophrenia]] in his later life and he was admitted to [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]], Ranchi.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-39967752 निराला, नज़रुल, मजाज़ भी रहे हैं रांची पागलखाने में – BBC News हिंदी]. Bbc.com. Retrieved on 13 December 2018.</ref> (Incidentally Bengali poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (who was later declared national poet of Bangladesh) had also been admitted to the same institute for schizophrenia).

Nirala died in [[Allahabad]] on 15 October 1961. The world of Hindi literature is remarkable for ideological and aesthetic divisions.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} But today, the same reviled Nirala is one of the very few people in Hindi literature who are admired and respected by almost all, across all divisions.

== Work ==
Many of Nirala's poems have been translated by the late scholar, [[David Rubin (author)|David Rubin]], which are available in the collections, ''A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala'' (Columbia University Press, 1977), ''The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets'' (Oxford University Press, 1993), and ''Of Love and War: A Chayavad Anthology'' (Oxford University Press, 2005). ''Nirala : Aatmhanta Astha'' was a critical analysis of his works written by [[Doodhnath Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nirala : Aatmhanta Astha|url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/lok/literary-criticism/nirala-aatmhanta-astha|publisher=[[Rajkamal Prakashan]]|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Today, a park, ''Nirala Uddyan'', an auditorium, ''Nirala Prekshagrah'', and a degree college, ''Mahapran Nirala Degree College'', in the [[Unnao district|Unnao District]] are named after him.<ref name="unnao" /> His life-size bust has been installed at the main market square of [[Daraganj]], Allahabad, a place where he lived for most of his life. His family still lives in Daraganj, Allahabad. The road on which his modest house was situated is now named "Nirala Marg".

=== In popular culture ===
The [[Films Division of India]] produced a [[Short film|short]] [[documentary film]] on his life, titled ''Suryakant Tripathi Nirala'', directed by Rajiv Kumar it covers his works and achievements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SURYAKANT TRIPATHI NIRALA {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/suryakant-tripathi-nirala|access-date=2021-06-12|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Eugenia Vanina notes ‘Mahārāj Śivājī kā patr Mirzā Rājā Jai Siṅgh ke nām’ to endear its audience into Hindu Nationalism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanina|first=Eugenia|date=2020-09-14|title='Blackened face': Emotional Community and the Hindu Nationalist Interpretation of History|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ehcs/4/1/article-p66_6.xml|journal=Emotions: History, Culture, Society|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=66–90|doi=10.1163/2208522X-02010078|issn=2206-7485}}</ref>

== Works ==
===Poetry===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''Ram Ki Shakti Puja'' (''राम की शक्ति पूजा'')
* ''Dhwani'' (''ध्वनि'')
* ''Apara'' (''अपरा'')
* ''Saroj Smriti'' (''सरोज स्मृति'')
* ''Parimal'' (''परिमल'')
* ''Priyatam'' (''प्रियतम'')
* ''Anaamika'' (''अनामिका'', 1938)
* ''Geetika'' (''गीतिका'')
* ''Kukurmutta'' (''कुकुरमुत्ता'', 1941)
* ''Adima'' (''अणिमा'')
* ''Bela'' (''बेला'')
* ''Naye Patte'' (''नये पत्ते'')
* ''Archana'' (''अर्चना'')
* ''Geet Gunj'' (''गीतगुंज'')
* ''Aradhana'' (''आराधना'')
* ''Tulsidas'' (''तुलसीदास'', 1938)
* ''Janmabhumi'' (''जन्मभूमि'')
* ''Jago Phir Ek Bar'' (''जागो फिर एक बार'')
* ''Bhikshuk'' (''भिक्षुक'')
* ''Todti Patthar'' (''तोड़ती पत्थर'')

===Novels===
* ''Apsara'' (''अप्सरा'')
* ''Alka'' (''अलका'')
* ''Prabhavati'' (''प्रभावती'')
* ''Nirupama'' (''निरुपमा'')
* ''Chameli'' (''चमेली'')
* ''Choti ki Pakad'' (''चोटी की पकड़'')
* ''Indulekha'' (''इन्दुलेखा'')
* ''Kale Karname'' (''काले कारनामे'')

===Collections of stories===
* ''Chhaturi Chamar'' (''चतुरी चमार'')
* ''Sukul ki Biwi'' (''सुकुल की बीवी'', 1941)
* ''Sakhi'' (''साखी'')
* ''Lily'' (''लिली'')
* ''Devi'' (''देवी'')

===Essay-collections===
* ''Prabandha-Parichaya'' (''प्रबंध परिचय'')
* ''Bangbhasha ka Uchcharan'' (''बंगभाषा का उच्चारण'')
* ''Ravindra-Kavita-Kannan'' (''रवीन्द्र-कविता-कानन'')
* ''Prabandh-Padya'' (''प्रबंध पद्य'')
* ''Prabandh-Pratima'' (''प्रबंध प्रतिमा'')
* ''Chabuk'' (''चाबुक'')
* ''Chayan'' (''चयन'')
* ''Sangraha'' (''संग्रह'')

===Prose===
* ''Kullibhat'' (''कुल्लीभाट'')
* ''Billesur Bakriha'' (''बिल्लेसुर बकरिहा'')

===Translations===

* ''[[Anand Math]]'' (''आनन्दमठ'')
* ''Vish-Vriksh'' (''विष वृक्ष'')
* ''Krishnakant ka Vil'' (''कृष्णकांत का विल'')
* ''Kapal Kundala'' (''कपाल कुण्डला'')
* ''Durgesh Nandini'' (''दुर्गेश नन्दिनी'')
* ''Raj Singh'' (''राज सिंह'')
* ''Raj Rani'' (''राज रानी'')
* ''Devi Chaudharani'' (''देवी चौधरानी'')
* ''Yuglanguliya'' (''युगलांगुलीय'')
* ''Chandrasekhar'' (''चन्द्रशेखर'')
* ''Rajni'' (''रजनी'')
* ''Sri Ramkrishna Vachnamrit'' (''श्री रामकृष्ण वचनामृत'')
* ''Bharat mein Vivekanand'' (''भारत में विवेकानंद'')
* ''Rajyog'' (''राजयोग'')
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%22%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%22 Nirala at Kavita Kosh] – A large collection of Hindi Poetry

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nirala, Suryakant Tripathi}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:People from Unnao]]
[[Category:People from Allahabad]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Allahabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]