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Rashid Karim

2022-08-06T09:21:53Z

2409:4061:4E13:3F0E:0:0:5C4A:760A:

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{{EngvarB|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Rashid Karim
| native_name = রশীদ করীম
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1925|8|14}}<ref name="Salek Khokon">{{cite web|last=Khokon|first=Salek|title=Rashid Karim: Pioneer of modern bangla novels|url=http://www.salekkhokon.me/?p=1327|work=Salek Khokon|publisher=Salek Khokon|accessdate=29 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081023/http://www.salekkhokon.me/?p=1327|archivedate=26 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|11|26|1925|8|14}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| resting_place = Martyred Intellectuals' Graveyard in Mirpur, [[Dhaka]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| genre = Fiction, novel, essay
| relatives = [[Abu Rushd]] (brother)
| awards = [[#Awards|full list]]
}}

'''Rashid Karim''' (14 August 1925 – 26 November 2011)<ref name="Salek Khokon" /> was a Bangladeshi novelist.

==Early life and career==
Karim was born in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal in 1925. He completed his BA from the Calcutta Islamia College (now [[Maulana Azad College]]), an affiliated college of the [[University of Calcutta]]. After the partition of the sub-continent in 1947, his family moved to Dhaka.

Karim began writing during the British period, continued during the Pakistan period but wrote his major novels during the Bangladesh period. It was in independent Bangladesh that his career as a writer reached its zenith. Karim penned his first story at the age of fourteen. So he began quite early. But his first story was published in 1942 in Mohammed Nasiruddin's Saogat. After that he did not write till 1961, when began the second phase of his writing career. His first novel ''Uttam Purush'' was published that year. It made him widely known and brought him the prestigious Adamjee Award. Two years later ''Prashanna Pashan'' instantly turned him into a major novelist of the Bengali language. Again he went into hibernation, this time for a decade.<ref name="Junaidul Haque">{{cite news|last=Haque|first=Junaidul|title=Rashid Karim: voice of modern fiction|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=212634|accessdate=28 December 2011|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=3 December 2022}}</ref> After the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, he published his epic novel, ''Amar Jato Glani'', in 1973. This novel helped his fame reach its peak. Till this period he was known as a gifted writer who wrote less but wrote very well. But from then on he wrote and published regularly. ''Prem Ekti Lal Golap'' was published in 1978.

Karim had battled paralysis for nineteen years before his death. He died at Ibrahim Cardiac Centre in Dhaka on 26 November 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-216442|title=Those who passed on…|date=1 January 2012|work=The Daily Star|access-date=23 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Published works==

===Novels===
* ''Uttam Purush'' (The Best Man, 1961)
* ''Prasanno Pashan'' (The Happy Stone, 1963)
* ''Amar Jato Glani'' (All My Fatigue, 1973)
* ''Prem Ekti Lal Golap'' (Love is a Red Rose, 1978)
* ''Sadharan Loker Kahini'' (A Tale of an Ordinary Man, 1982)
* ''Ekaler Rupkatha'' (A Fairy Tale of This Day, 1980)
* ''Sonar Pathar Bati'' (Gold Plated Cup of Stone)
* ''Mayer Kachhe Jachchi'' (A Journey to Mother)
* ''Chini Na'' (Unrecognized)
* ''Boroi Nissongo'' (So Lonely)
* ''Podotolay Rokto'' (Blood Underneath the Feet)
* ''Lunch-box'' (Lunchbox)

===Short stories===
* ''Prothom Prem'' (First Love): a single collection of scintillating short stories

===Autobiography===
* ''Jibon-moron'' (Life & Death, 1999)

==Critique on his novels==

;''Uttam Purush''
Through the character of ''Shaker'' of ''Uttam Purush'', the Muslim mind of the then Kolkata has been exposed. The Pakistan movement, which was nourished wholeheartedly by all Muslim people for their identity, takes an upper hand in the novel. Shaker is the embodiment of all characteristics available in the Muslim society – not even the political and cultural attitude go beyond. He supports the Muslim League and is a great fan of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and eventually relinquishes a sort of detest against Mahatma Gandhi and other Hindu leaders, though he is in the belief that Pakistan would be a country irrespective of Hindus and Muslims. Possibly, for that very reason, the narrator ‘I’ of the novel speaks about himself at the outset: ''I am not an ideal man…. Not only for lack of power of character but the diversion of my mental attitude''. The novel ends with Shaker's migration from Kolkata to Dhaka. In the novel Karim has delineated the subconscious mind of the humans more acutely than the picture of the society and the compactness of the story.<ref name=BangladeshiNovels.com />

;''Prasanno Pashan''
The second novel of Karim, ''Prasanno Pashan'' received similar appraisal from the readers of Bangladesh. The story of this novel is also set in the city of Kolkata. The protagonist of this novel is ''Tishna'' who is the narrator of the novel herself. The whole novel is related in the first person narrative as her personal accounts. Like his first novel, this second one of Karim lacks the perfection to be a true picture of the then society. A very thin thread of the Kolkata's Muslim society may be observed in the novel. Rather the incidents of Tishna's early life are the main focus of the novel. The novelist has tried to portray the like-sketch of Tishna and the influence of the episode of her Chhotofufu (younger aunt) and Chotochacha (younger uncle) on her life. The other characters like Alim and Karim also play importance roles in the plot of the novel. On the eve of her youth Tishna not only sympathised Kamil, rather she loved him: the proof of it is present in the end of the novel. We now understand that Tishna loved Kamil but the social prejudices prevented her to reach her love. Though Tishna is presented as the main character, her exposition comes through narration, rather than action – she rarely participates in them; rather she only watches. As a result, she fails to create any permanent impression on the reader's mind. On the other hand, Chhotofufu, Tishna's distant aunt Mayna, spans less in the novel but touches more deeply. The character of Kamil is also no better creation.

;''Amar Jato Glani''
The plot of this novel spans from the partition of 1947 to 26 March 1971. The story is narrated, appropriate to say ‘told’, by Erphan Chowdhury. The other characters inserted are Ayesha, Ayesha's husband Samad Saheb, Abid, Kohinur, Akkas, Nabi and others. We observe intermingle of Erphan's personal experience in the socio-political milieu of the novel. In this novel, unlike the earlier two, Karim has been successful in the juxtaposition of psychoanalysis and external society. The successful use of stream of conscious in the frame of socio-political arena is really praiseworthy in ''Amar Jato Glani''.

;''Prem Ekti Lal Golap''
The novel for which Karim earned more reputation is ''Prem Ekti Lal Golap''. This is the most successful novel of him, or of the contemporary Bengali novels, for its meticulous psychoanalytic element. The novelist has placed the outer behaviour and the subconscious thoughts juxtapositionally are a well proportionate way. Karim's expression in this regard is more spontaneous in Prem Ekti Lal Golap. Commenting on this novel Zillur Rahman Siddiqui, an eminent poet and critic of the country said: ''He can visualise the great in the silly, the tiny movement of the soul can take a true picture in his pen and thus Rashid Karim has again proved that he is one of the greatest creative fiction writers of the country''.

In general, it is profound that autobiographical elements are present in Karim's novels, since his novels sketch the middle-class people and their socio-political environment, which is his own.<ref name=BangladeshiNovels.com>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Subrata Kumar|title=Rashid Karim: A Successful Narrator of Middle Class Mind|url=http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Rashid_Karim.html|work=Subrata Kumar Das|publisher=BangladeshiNovels.com|accessdate=29 December 2022}}</ref> If we look into his swan song Jibon Moron we will find the presence of some similar incidents that the novelist himself experienced in his own life. He himself also went through an adolescent love affair with a girl whose name is not even exposed in the swan song. The marriage of the girl imprinted a great shock on his mind and resultantly he gave up any sort of writing. Though the novelist has confessed that if this girl would not appear in his life, he would never be able to be a writer. Once upon a time he had relation with two girls, which is also a common subject in his novels. The shadows of this girl or their marriage are not very faint in Karim's novels also. The shifting of Karim's family to Dhaka from Kolkata is another significant autobiographical element that has taken a large space in his novels.

==Literary style==
The novels of Karim have that capacity to give his readers a sort of cathartic feeling – and everyone will agree with the point that before his novels we did not meet such modern individuals in Bengali fiction. He is the pioneer Bengali novelist to expose the modern man – the flexibility and fickleness that every modern human being goes across regarding his love, sex and everything. No other contemporary Bengali novelist could expose the inner soul so tremendously.<ref name=BangladeshiNovels.com />
Publisher and writer [[Mofidul Haque]] said: ''he was very confident about his writing. He wrote what he believed in. He taught us about the ecstasy of obtaining knowledge and passion''.<ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite news|title=Litterateur Rashid Karim passes away|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=211901|accessdate=30 December 2011|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=28 November 2022}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Adamjee Literary Award]] (1969)
* [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] (1972)
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (1984)
* Lekhika Sangha Award (1991)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-212612|title=Rashid Karim remembered|date=3 December 2011|work=The Daily Star|access-date=17 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, Rashid}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of Bangla Academy Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Burials at Mirpur Martyred Intellectual Graveyard]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Adamjee Literary Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Rashid Karim

2022-08-06T09:21:53Z

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Abu Rushd

2022-08-06T09:21:26Z

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{{Short description|Bangladeshi writer}}
{{infobox person
|name=Abu Rushd
|native_name=আবু রুশদ
|image=Abu-Rushd.jpg
|birth_name=Syed Abu Rushd Matinuddin
|birth_date={{birth date|1919|12|25|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date={{death date and age|2010|2|23|1919|12|25|df=y}}
|awards=[[#Awards|full list]]
|alma_mater=[[Exeter College, Oxford]]
|relatives=[[Rashid Karim]] (brother)
}}

'''Syed Abu Rushd Matinuddin''' (known by his pen name '''Abu Rushd''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/86435/syed-abu-rushd-matinuddin-the-litterateur-and-the-man.html|title=Syed Abu Rushd Matinuddin: The litterateur and the man|work=The New Nation|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref> 25 December 1919 – 23 February 2010)<ref name=pass>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-127819|title=Prof Abu Rushd passes away|date=2010-02-25|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi writer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/remembering-our-wordsmiths-9376|title=Remembering our wordsmiths|date=2014-02-01|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Rushd started his career as an English lecturer in [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]. He moved to England in 1951 for studying English literature at the [[Exeter College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/dr-a-r-mallick-a-personal-tribute|title=Dr A R Mallick: A Personal Tribute|date=1998-02-04|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref> He later taught English in [[Maulana Azad College|Kolkata Islamia College]], [[Dhaka College]], [[Chittagong College]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-life-of-a-scholar|title=The life of a scholar|date=2013-07-20|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref> [[Rajshahi College]] and [[Jahangirnagar University]].<ref name=pass/> He retired from Jahangirnagar University in 1982.<ref name=scholarship/>

==Works==
Rushd's first publication was a collection of short stories in 1939. In addition to six novels, he wrote 50 short stories, and a three-volume autobiography. Also, he was adept at translating literary works, both from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] to English and English to Bengali, including Shakespeare's poems. Moreover, he was a regular columnist for four Bangladeshi newspapers, writing opinion pieces.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Rushd translated some poems and songs of [[Lalon]] to English in 1964.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-79564|title=The long tradition of Bengal mysticism|date=2009-03-14|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref>

===Novels===
* ''Elomelo'' (This and That, 1946)
* ''Samne Notun Din'' (A New Day Ahead, 1951)
* ''Doba Holo Dighi'' (Pool becomes Lake, 1960)
* ''Nongor'' (Anchor, 1967)
* ''Onishchito Ragini'' (The Unsure Tune, 1969)
* ''Sthagita Dwip'' (The Aborted Island, 1974)<ref name=pass/>

==Awards==
[[File:Abu-Rushd-CSK-Farrukh-Memor.jpg|thumb|Rushd receiving an award in 1999]]
*[[Tamgha-e-Imtiaz]] (1963)
*[[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] (1963)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://banglaacademy.org.bd/?page_id=1315|script-title=bn:পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্তদের তালিকা|language=bn|trans-title=Winners list|accessdate=23 August 2017|publisher=Bangla Academy}}</ref>
*Habib Bank Award (1970)
*[[Ekushey Padak]] (1981)
*[[Adamjee Literary Award]]<ref name=pass/>
*Nasiruddin Gold Medal (1992)
*Alakta Literary Award (1992)
*Bangla Sahitya Parisad Award (1993)
*Sher-e-Bangla Gold Award (1992)<ref name=pass/>
*Lekhika Sangha Award (1992)
*Rotary Club Award (1995)
*Chattagram Sangskriti Kendro Farrukh Memorial Award (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725211844/http://www.cskbd.org/farrukh.html|title=CSK - Farrukh Memorial Award|url=http://www.cskbd.org/farrukh.html|archive-date=2011-07-25|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Abu Rushd-CSK Farrukh Memorial Awarded Person 1999.JPG|thumb|Rushd and his wife in 2000]]
Rush was married to Azija Rushd.<ref name=scholarship>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-197830|title=JU English deptt launches Prof Abu Rushd scholarship|date=2011-08-09|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref> His brother, [[Rashid Karim]], was a novelist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/literature/silent-near-1447282|title=Silent but Near|date=2017-08-12|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-212634|title=Rashid Karim: voice of modern fiction|date=2011-12-03|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rushd, Abu}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male novelists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Jahangirnagar University faculty]]
[[Category:Dhaka College faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of Bangla Academy Award]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Adamjee Literary Award]]
[[Category:Dhaka College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Abu Rushd

2022-08-06T09:21:26Z

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Jadugopal Mukherjee

2022-08-06T08:59:44Z

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{{short description|Indian politician and revolutionary}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jadugopal Mukherjee
| image = File:Jadugopal Mukherjee.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1886|09|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tamluk]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|08|30|1886|09|18|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| organization =[[Jugantar]],
[[Hindustan Republican Association]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Freedom fighter]]
}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Jadu Gopal Mukherjee''' (18 September 1886 – 30 August 1976) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[India]]n revolutionary who, as the successor of [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] or [[Bagha Jatin]], led the [[Jugantar]] members to recognise and accept [[Gandhi]]'s movement as the culmination of their own aspiration.

==Early life==
Jadugopal or Jadu was born at [[Tamluk]] in the district of [[Medinipur]] on the bank of the [[Rupnarayan River]] in West Bengal, where his father Kishorilal practised law and distinguished himself as a [[Kheyal]] singer. The family came from Beniatola in north [[Kolkata]]. Jadu's mother Bhubanmohini hailed from a [[Vaishnava]] family and transmitted in her children a spirit of devotion. Jadu's younger brother was to settle in the US and to be known in the West the famous writer and cultural scholar [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]]. As an upper class student of the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta|Duff School]] in Kolkata, Jadu learnt to think patriotically, thanks to one of his teachers. He became a member of the Kolkata [[Anushilan Samiti|Anushilan]] Party in 1905, attracted by its physical culture and, on the foil of the Partition, by its political climate. He writes in his autobiography that the single-handed fight of [[Bagha Jatin]] with a Royal Bengal tiger thrilled him and his friends in 1906, and he had an impression of belonging to a heroic epoch. After the F.A. examination, in 1908, Jadu entered the [[Calcutta Medical College]]. Fond of observing and analysing the rising tide of patriotism and the Government measures to repress them, Jadu preferred remaining aloof, confining himself to a couple of close friends.<ref>''biplabi jiban'er smriti'', by Jadugopal Mukherjee, Calcutta, 1982 (2nd edition)</ref>

==First World War==
{{Main|Hindu German Conspiracy}}
Relief work during the 1913 [[Damodar River|Damodar]] floods brought Jadu close to [[Bagha Jatin]] and the latter's important associates. Busy cementing the regional units for organising an armed insurrection during the forthcoming War, Jatin designated [[Rash Behari Bose]] as the responsible for Upper India. Though jealous of [[Naren Bhattacharya]]'s proximity with Jatin, Jadu received the charge of developing the external links, mainly with [[Taraknath Das]] in California and [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] in Germany. With the failure of the [[Indo-German Plan]] and Bagha Jatin's sudden death in 1915, finding [[Atulkrishna Ghosh]], the legitimate right-hand man of Jatin, plunged in a momentary despair, Jadu replaced him and asked the revolutionaries to disperse. During Jadu's absence, [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] maintained the leadership till his arrest in 1917.

==Absconding leader comes home==
Hiding in the hilly forests of Assam-Burma and Tibeto-Bhutan frontiers, Jadu was informed about the impact of the revolutionaries' activities on the Imperialists and about the question of a possible concession of constitutional reforms with the Rowlatt Act at the end of World War I. Returning home in 1921, Jadu obtained a special permission to sit for the Medical degree Examination and passed it with record results in 1922. After Gandhi's first failure, according to their initial contract, the [[Jugantar]] members worked under Deshbandhu [[Chittaranjan Das]] and [[Satyendra Chandra Mitra]] to form the alternative [[Swaraj]] movement and they declared their new programme by celebrating the 8th anniversary of [[Bagha Jatin]]'s self-giving on 9 September 1923, from Bengal to Punjab.

After receiving a message from [[Lala Har Dayal]], Pandit [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] went to [[Allahabad]] where he drafted the constitution of [[Hindustan Republican Association]] in the winter season of 1923 with the help of Dr. Jadugopal Mukherjee and [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] both of these revolutionaries were from [[Bengal]].<ref>Dr. Mehrotra N.C. ''Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka Yogdan'' 1995 Shaheed-E-Azam Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Trust [[Shahjahanpur]] Page 109 & 146</ref> The basic name and aims of the organisation were typed on a ''Yellow Paper'' in Allahabad.

Alerted by this, the British authorities immediately arrested the radicals; arrested for the first time, Jadu was detained under the State Prisoners' Regulation for four years. Released in 1927, he was externed from Bengal. Settled in Ranchi, he earned an outstanding reputation in TB treatment. He married Amiyarani Chaudhuri in 1934 and had two sons. At this juncture, he succeeded in bringing together the [[Jugantar]] and the [[Anushilan Samiti|Anushilan]] radicals, creating the short-lived federated Karmi-Sangha; under the pretext that [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and the [[Jugantar]] leaders were indifferent to their efficiency, the members of the [[Anushilan Samiti|Anushilan]] put an end to this fusion.

Jadu took the initiative, in 1938, and announced that the [[Jugantar]] stopped existing as a Party distinct from the Congress, extending its full support to Gandhi. Arrested again for helping Gandhi to organise the [[Quit India]] movement, in 1942, he was released two years later. He disagreed with the Congress compromise on vital issues such as complete independence and partition of India, and he resigned in 1947. He died in 1976.<ref>''Sadhak-biplabi jatindranath'' by [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]], West Bengal State Book Board, Calcutta</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Jadugopal}}
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from West Bengal]]