Rice production in India

2021-12-24T04:00:03Z

2409:4060:2183:2ECC:0:0:E94:F0A0: /* Rice Production by Year */

'''Rice production in India''' is an important part of the [[Economy of India|national economy]].<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|title=India: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/96019266/|date=1996|editor-last=Heitzman|editor-first=James|edition=5th|pages=406–407|isbn=0-8444-0833-6|oclc=34598209|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}|editor-last2=Worden|editor-first2=Robert L.|entry=Food-Crop Production}}</ref>
[[File:Major crop areas India.png|thumb|right|300px|Major cropping areas in India. Rice shaded in light jade green indicates the most important and extensive growing areas in the east of the country]]
[[File: Paddy Field at Eravathour Thrissur.jpg|thumb|300px|Dry productive Paddy Fields in South India]]
[[File:Mature Rice (India) by Augustus Binu.jpg|thumb|300px|Mature Rice, Thrissur, Kerala, India.]]
[[India]] is the world's second-largest producer of [[rice]], and the largest exporter of rice in the world<ref name="rice ref1">{{cite news |title=India becomes world's largest exporter of Rice: List of top exporters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/top-exporters-305881-2016-01-28 |access-date=12 October 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=28 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>.{{Fact|date=September 2021}} Production increased from 53.6 million tons in FY 1980<ref name=":0" /> to 120 million tons in FY2020-21<ref>{{cite news |title=Food grain production estimated to reach new high of 150 million tonnes in 2021-22: Centre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/food-grain-production-estimate-kharif-rice-sugarcane-7525511/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>.{{Fact|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Paddy crop near Malkapuram, Eluru.jpg|thumb|300px|Paddy Field]]

Rice is one of the chief [[grains]] of India. Moreover, this country has the largest area under rice cultivation, as it is one of the principal food crops. It is, in fact, the dominant crop of the country. India is one of the leading producers of this crop. Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant, it flourishes comfortably in a hot and humid climate. Rice is mainly grown in rain-fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall. That is why it is fundamentally a [[kharif crop]] in India. It demands a temperature of around 25 degrees Celsius and above, and rainfall of more than 100  cm. Rice is also grown through irrigation in those areas that receive comparatively less rainfall.{{Fact|date=September 2021}} Rice is the staple food of [[Eastern India|eastern]] and [[Southern India|southern]] parts of India.<ref name=":0" />

Rice can be [[Agriculture|cultivated]] by different methods based on the type of region. But in India, traditional methods are still in use for harvesting rice. The fields are initially plowed and fertilizer is applied which typically consists of cow dung, and then the field is smoothed. The seeds are transplanted by hand and then through proper [[irrigation]], the seeds are cultivated. Rice grows on a variety of soils like [[silt]]s, [[loam]]s and [[gravel]]s. It can tolerate [[alkaline]] as well as [[acid soil]]s. However, clayey loam is well suited to the raising of this crop. Actually, the clayey soil can be easily converted into the mud in which rice seedlings can be transplanted easily. Proper care has to be taken as this crop thrives if the soil remains wet and is underwater during its growing years. Rice fields should be level and should have low mud walls for retaining water. In the plain areas, excess [[rainwater]] is allowed to inundate the rice fields and flow slowly. Rice raised in the well-watered lowland areas is known as lowland or wet rice. In the hilly areas, slopes are cut into terraces for the cultivation of rice. Thus, the rice grown in the hilly areas is known as dry or [[upland rice]]. The yield of upland rice per hectare is comparatively less than that of wet rice.

The regions cultivating this crop in India are distinguished as the western coastal strip, the eastern coastal strip, covering all the primary deltas, [[Assam]] plains and surrounding low hills, foothills and [[Terai region]]- along the [[Himalaya]]s and states like [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]], northern [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]. India, being a land of the eternal growing season, and the deltas of the [[Ganges Delta|Ganges-Bramhaputra]](in [[West Bengal]]), [[Kaveri River]], [[Krishna River]], [[Godavari River]], [[Indravati River]] and [[Mahanadi River]] with a thick set-up of canal irrigation like [[Hirakud Dam]] and [[Indravati Dam]], permits farmers to raise two, and in some pockets, even three crops a year. Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible. Irrigation has made it feasible even for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], known for their baked climate, to grow rice. They even export their excess to other states. Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes. The hilly terraced fields from [[Kashmir]] to Assam are ideally suited for rice farming, with age-old hill irrigational conveniences. High yielding kinds, enhanced planting methods, promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results. It is the rain fed-area that cuts down average yields per hectare.

In some states like West Bengal, Assam, and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] two crops of rice are raised in a year. The Winter season in northwestern India is extremely cold for rice. Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of eastern India, where during the summer and monsoon seasons, both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice. Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that water is available. Thus, rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana where low-level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season.

Winter rice crop is a long duration crop and summer rice crop is a short duration crop. At some places in the eastern and southern parts of India, rice crop of short duration is followed by the rice crop of long duration. Winter rice crop is raised preferably in low-lying areas that remain flooded mainly during the rainy season. Autumn rice is raised in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh. Summer, autumn, and winter rice crops are raised in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Orissa. Summer rice crop is raised on a small scale and a small area. However, the winter rice crop is actually the leading rice crop accounting for a major portion of the total Hectare under rice in all seasons in the country. Moreover, in the last few years, several steps to augment yield per hectare were taken up very seriously at all levels. India ranks fourth in the production of wheat & second in the production of rice in the world. Favorable Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation: In India, wheat is a winter crop. Wheat requires a moderately cool climate with moderate rain. In India, it is grown in winter. It needs a temperature of 10 degrees C to 15 degrees C for its cultivation. It thrives well at an average temperature of 16-degree C. Warm and sunny weather is essential at the time of ripening.

== Rice Production by Year ==

Source: http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/HS-B-Table-01.htm.

{| class="wikitable"

|-.

|-
|| SL || style="width: 20%;" | Year || Area (Million Hectares) || Production (Million Tonnes) || Yield (Kg/Hectare)
|- align="right" bgcolor="#e2f2d2"
|align=left| 1. || 1950-51 || 30.81 || 20.58 || 668
|- align=right
|align=left|2. || 1951-52 || 29.83 || 21.30 || 714
|- align=right
|align=left|3. || 1952-53 || 29.97 || 22.90 || 764
|- align=right
|align=left|4. || 1953-54 || 31.29 || 28.21 || 902
|- align=right
|align=left|5. || 1954-55 || 30.77 || 25.22 || 820
|- align=right
|align=left|6. || 1955-56 || 31.52 || 27.56 || 874
|- align=right
|align=left|7. || 1956-57 || 32.28 || 29.04 || 900
|- align=right
|align=left|8. || 1957-58 || 32.30 || 25.53 || 790
|- align=right
|align=left|9. || 1958-59 || 33.17 || 30.85 || 930
|- align=right
|align=left|10. || 1959-60 || 33.82 || 31.68 || 937
|- align=right
|align=left|11. || 1960-61 || 34.13 || 34.58 || 1,013
|- align=right
|align=left|12. || 1961-62 || 34.69 || 35.66 || 1,028
|- align=right
|align=left|13. || 1962-63 || 35.69 || 33.21 || 931
|- align=right
|align=left|14. || 1963-64 || 35.81 || 37.00 || 1,033
|- align=right
|align=left|15. || 1964-65 || 36.46 || 39.31 || 1,078
|- align=right
|align=left|16. || 1965-66 || 35.47 || 30.59 || 862
|- align=right
|align=left|17. || 1966-67 || 35.25 || 30.44 || 863
|- align=right
|align=left|18. || 1967-68 || 36.44 || 37.61 || 1,032
|- align=right
|align=left|19. || 1968-69 || 36.97 || 39.76 || 1,076
|- align=right
|align=left|20. || 1969-70 || 37.68 || 40.43 || 1,073
|- align=right
|align=left|21. || 1970-71 || 37.59 || 42.22 || 1,123
|- align=right
|align=left|22. || 1971-72 || 37.76 || 43.07 || 1,141
|- align=right
|align=left|23. || 1972-73 || 36.69 || 39.24 || 1,070
|- align=right
|align=left|24. || 1973-74 || 38.29 || 44.05 || 1,151
|- align=right
|align=left|25. || 1974-75 || 37.89 || 39.58 || 1,045
|- align=right
|align=left|26. || 1975-76 || 39.48 || 48.74 || 1,235
|- align=right
|align=left|27. || 1976-77 || 38.51 || 41.92 || 1,088
|- align=right
|align=left|28. || 1977-78 || 40.28 || 52.67 || 1,308
|- align=right
|align=left|29. || 1978-79 || 40.48 || 53.77 || 1,328
|- align=right
|align=left|30. || 1979-80 || 39.42 || 42.33 || 1,074
|- align=right
|align=left|31. || 1980-81 || 40.15 || 53.63 || 1,336
|- align=right
|align=left|32. || 1981-82 || 40.71 || 53.25 || 1,308
|- align=right
|align=left|33. || 1982-83 || 38.26 || 47.12 || 1,231
|- align=right
|align=left|34. || 1983-84 || 41.24 || 60.10 || 1,457
|- align=right
|align=left|35. || 1984-85 || 41.16 || 58.34 || 1,417
|- align=right
|align=left|36. || 1985-86 || 41.14 || 63.83 || 1,552
|- align=right
|align=left|37. || 1986-87 || 41.17 || 60.56 || 1,471
|- align=right
|align=left|38. || 1987-88 || 38.81 || 56.86 || 1,465
|- align=right
|align=left|39. || 1988-89 || 41.73 || 70.49 || 1,689
|- align=right
|align=left|40. || 1989-90 || 42.17 || 73.57 || 1,745
|- align=right
|align=left|41. || 1990-91 || 42.69 || 74.29 || 1,740
|- align=right
|align=left|42. || 1991-92 || 42.65 || 74.68 || 1,751
|- align=right
|align=left|43. || 1992-93 || 41.78 || 72.86 || 1,744
|- align=right
|align=left|44. || 1993-94 || 42.54 || 80.30 || 1,888
|- align=right
|align=left|45. || 1994-95 || 42.81 || 81.81 || 1,911
|- align=right
|align=left|46. || 1995-96 || 42.84 || 76.98 || 1,797
|- align=right
|align=left|47. || 1996-97 || 43.43 || 81.74 || 1,882
|- align=right
|align=left|48. || 1997-98 || 43.45 || 82.53 || 1,900
|- align=right
|align=left|49. || 1998-99 || 44.80 || 86.03 || 1,920
|- align=right
|align=left|50. || 1999-00 || 44.97 || 89.48 || 1,990
|}

== Rice Production by State ==

[[File:Rice Production by States India.png|thumb|Rice Production by States India]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rice Production by States (Million Tons)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/state-wise-production-rice-2010-11-2014-15-ministry-agriculture-and-farmers-welfare|title = State-wise Production of Rice from 2010-11 to 2014-15 (From: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare)|date = 20 July 2016}}</ref>

|-

|- align=center
||States||Rank (2014–15)||Actual Production (2014–15)||''% of Country Total (2014-15)''||''Cumulative % of Country Total (2014-15)''||Average Production (2010-11 to 2014-15)||Estimate (2015–16)

|- align="right" bgcolor="#e2f2d2"
|align=left|'''India'''||-||'''103.73'''||'''''100.0%'''''||'''''100%'''''||'''105.48'''||'''103.61'''
|- align=right
|align=left|[[West Bengal]]||1||14.68||''13.9%''||''14%''||14.54||16.10
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Uttar Pradesh]]||2||12.17||''11.5%''||''25%''||13.45||12.51
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Punjab]]||3||11.11||''10.5%''||''36%''||11.03||11.64
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Odisha]]||4||8.30||''7.9%''||''44%''||7.17||5.80
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Andhra Pradesh]]||5||7.23||''6.9%''||''51%''||7.34||6.94
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Bihar]]||6||6.36||''6.0%''||''57%''||5.93||6.11
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Chhattisgarh]]||7||6.32||''6.0%''||''63%''||6.37||6.29
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Tamil Nadu]]||8||5.73||''5.4%''||''68%''||5.68||5.72
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Assam]]||9||5.22||''4.9%''||''73%''||4.91||5.12
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Telangana]]||10||4.44||''4.2%''||''77%''||5.31||4.19
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Haryana]]||11||4.01||''3.8%''||''81%''||3.84||4.18
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Madhya Pradesh]]||12||3.63||''3.4%''||''85%''||2.65||3.49
|- align
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Maharashtra]]||15||2.95||''2.8%''||''94%''||2.93||2.61
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Gujarat]]||16||1.83||''1.7%''||''96%''||1.66||1.56
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Uttarakhand]]||17||0.60||''0.6%''||''96%''||0.58||0.63
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Kerala]]||18||0.56||''0.5%''||''97%''||0.53||0.70
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]||19||0.52||''0.5%''||''97%''||0.60||0.42
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Rajasthan]]||20||0.37||''0.4%''||''98%''||0.28||0.35
|- align=right
|align=left|[[Himachal Pradesh]]||21||0.13||''0.1%''||''98%''||0.13||0.10
|- align=right
|align=left|Others||-||2.44||''2.3%''||''100%''||2.37||2.31
|}

== Rice export from India ==
India is one of the biggest exporters of rice in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstopexports.com/rice-exports-country/|title=Rice Exports by Country|date=2020-01-12|website=World's Top Exports|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/255947/top-rice-exporting-countries-worldwide-2011/|title=Largest exporter of rice worldwide 2019|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/1006/|title=OEC - Rice (HS92: 1006) Product Trade, Exporters and Importers|website=oec.world|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref>

=== Basmati rice ===
India is the leading exporter of the Basmati Rice to the global market.<ref name="Basmati rice">{{Cite web|url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Basmati_Rice.htm|title=Basmati rice|website=apeda.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> In the financial year 2018-19, India exported around 4.4 million metric tons<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/Rice%20Export.htm|title=Rice Export from India|website=drdpat.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> of Basmati rice worth USD 4.7 billion.<ref name="Basmati rice"/>

The Indian states with the highest areas of Basmati rice under production are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand and Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Basmati rice"/>

Basmati rice is major ingredient in Biriyani,Ghee Rice in India.

=== Non Basmati rice ===
According to [https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/ APEDA], "any rice other than Basmati Rice is named as Non-Basmati rice."<ref name="Non Basmati Rice">{{Cite web|url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Non_Basmati_Rice.htm|title=Non Basmati Rice|website=apeda.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> In 2018-19, India exported 7.5 million metric tons of Non-Basmati rice worth USD 3 billion.<ref name="Non Basmati Rice"/> The main export destinations were Nepal, Benin, Senegal, Bangladesh and Guinea.<ref name="Non Basmati Rice"/>

==References==
{{Commons category|Paddy fields in India}}

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{{Reflist}}

{{Rice production}}
{{Agriculture in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rice Production In India}}
[[Category:Rice production in India| ]]
[[Category:Rice production by country|India]]

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Rice production in India