Jamsetji Tata

2021-07-11T01:04:23Z

2409:4051:2D80:6325:BCC6:33A7:93AD:243F:

{{Short description|Indian industrialist, founder of the Tata Group}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jamsetji Tata
| image = JNTata.jpg
| caption =
| other_names = Founder of [[Tata Group]]<br>Founder of [[Tata Steel]]<br>Founder of [[Jamshedpur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1839|3|3}}
| birth_place = [[Navsari]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]<br>(now in [[Gujarat]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1904|5|19|1839|3|3}}
| death_place = [[Bad Nauheim]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]], [[German Empire]]
| resting_place = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| alma_mater = [[Elphinstone College]]
| occupation = Businessman<br> Pioneer Industrialist
| spouse = Hirabai Daboo
| children = 4 ([[Dorabji Tata|Dorabji]] and [[Ratanji Tata|Ratanji]]) and two daughters
| parents =
| relatives = [[Tata family]]
| networth = £4 million (1900)
}}
'''Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata''' (3 March 1839 – 19 May 1904) was an [[India|Indian]] pioneer [[industrialist]], who founded the [[Tata Group]], India's biggest conglomerate company. He established the city of [[Jamshedpur]].

He founded what would later become the [[Tata Group]] of companies. Jamsetji Tata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Central Archives|url=https://www.tatacentralarchives.com/tata-legacy/recollection.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.tatacentralarchives.com}}</ref> is regarded as the legendary "Father of Indian Industry".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/personal/industry/tata.htm|title=webindia123-Indian personalities-Industrialists-Jamshedji Tata|work=webindia123.com}}</ref> He was so influential in the world of industry that [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] referred to Tata as a One-Man Planning Commission.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=N|first=Benjamin|title=Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata: A Centenary Tribune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=35|pages=3873–3875|jstor=4415463|year=2004}}</ref>

:"When you have to give the lead in action, in ideas – a lead which does not fit in with the very climate of opinion – that is true courage, physical or mental or spiritual, call it what you like, and it is this type of courage and vision that Jamsetji Tata showed. It is right that we should honour his memory and remember him as one of the big founders of modern India." —[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<ref name="tata.com">[http://www.tata.com/aboutus/articles/inside.aspx?artid=1U2QamAhqtA= About us | Heritage | Pioneers]. Tata.com (10 August 2008). Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref>
Tata, who in his early life was a merchant, went on to change the business world of India through his many ventures within the cotton and pig iron industry, and is known as one of the most important builders of the modern Indian economy. Out of his many achievements, Tata is notable for the Tata Iron and Steel Works company in [[Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benjamin|first=N.|date=2004|title=Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata: A Centenary Tribute|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=35|pages=3873–3875|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4415463}}</ref> In addition to the Tata Iron and Steel Works, he went on to establish businesses in many other areas that stood as a foundation to modern Indian business.

Jamsetji Tata topped the rank for being first in the "[[Rupert Hoogewerf|Hurun]] Philanthropists of the Century" (2021) by total donations of nearly $102.4 billion with the start of his key endowments way back in 1892.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hurun Report - Info - 2021 EdelGive Hurun Philanthropists of the Century|url=https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=UWAVNABGQMKW|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www.hurun.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wadhwa|first=Puneet|date=2021-06-23|title=Jamsetji Tata tops global list of top 10 philanthropists from last 100 yrs|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/jamsetji-tata-tops-edelgive-hurun-philanthropists-of-the-century-list-121062300824_1.html|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chakraborty|first=Chiranjivi|title=Not the Gates, Jamsetji Tata is philanthropist of the century with $102 bn in donations|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/not-the-gates-jamsetji-tata-is-philanthropist-of-the-century-with-102-bn-in-donations/articleshow/83774898.cms|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jamsetji Tata was born to Nusserwanji and Jeevanbai Tata on 3 March 1839 in [[Navsari]], a city in the south [[Gujarat]]. Jamsetji Tata and his family were a part of the minority group of Zoroastrians, or Parsees, who came to India from fleeing the persecution of Zoroastrians by [[Arab]] [[Muslims]] in Iran.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Life and Life Work of J.N. Tata|last=Wacha, Dinsha Edulji|date=c. 1915|publisher=[publisher not identified]|oclc=1000351065}}</ref> He was born in a respectable, but poor family of priests. His father, Nusserwanji, was the first businessman in a family of [[Parsi people|Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]] priests. His mother tongue is Gujarati. He broke the tradition to become the first member of the family to start a business. He started an export trading firm in [[Mumbai]]. Unlike other Zoroastrians, Jamsetji Tata had a formal Western education because his parents saw that he was gifted with special mental arithmetic from a young age. However, in order for him to have a more modern education, he was later sent to Bombay.<ref name=":2" />

Jamsetji Tata joined his father in Mumbai at the age of 14 and enrolled at the [[Elphinstone College]] completing his education as a 'Green Scholar' (an equivalent of a graduate). He was married to Hirabai Daboo<ref name="family tree">{{cite web | title = Family Tree of the Tatas | url = http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/tata-legacy/family-tree.html | access-date = 28 October 2016}}</ref> while he was still a student.<ref name="tifr">{{cite web | title = Biography on TIFR website | url = http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/Jamshedji-tata.html | access-date = 9 September 2006}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref>

After graduating from the Elphinstone College in Bombay in 1858, he joined his father’s export-trading firm, and mainly helped establish its strong branches in Japan, China, Europe, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gras|first=N. S. B.|date=1949|title=A Great Indian Industrialist: Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, 1839-1904|journal=Bulletin of the Business Historical Society|volume=23|issue=3|pages=149–151|doi=10.2307/3111182|issn=1065-9048|jstor=3111182}}</ref> It was a turbulent time to start a business as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] had just been suppressed by the British government. Tata regularly travelled to China in order to become educated with the trade business in opium, that was bustling at the time within a small colony of Parsees and was tightly closed off to outsiders. Jamsetji Tata’s father wanted to be a part of this business, so he sent Jamsetji Tata to China in order to learn about the business there and the details about the opium trade. However, when Tata travelled around China, he began to realize that trade in the cotton industry was booming, and there was a chance of making a great profit.<ref name=":2" /> This influenced his business career, where he invested the most in cotton mills throughout his lifetime.'' ''

The opium trade business was mostly confined Tata made many trips abroad, mainly to England, [[Americas|America]], Europe, China, and Japan to establish branches for his father's business.

==Business==
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2017}}
[[Image:Iisc-Founder.jpg|thumb|Statue of J. N. Tata (top) at [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]] faculty hall with a miniature model of the faculty hall in his hand]]

Tata worked in his father's company until he was 29. He founded a trading company in 1868 with {{INR}}21,000 capital (worth {{USD}}52 million in 2015 prices). He bought a bankrupt oil mill at [[Chinchpokli]] in 1869 and converted it to a [[Tata Textile Mill|cotton mill]], which he renamed as ''Alexandra Mill''. He sold the mill 2 years later for a profit. Later, in 1874, Jamsetji Tata floated the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in [[Nagpur]] because it seemed like a suitable place for him to establish another business venture. Due to this unconventional location, the people of Bombay scorned Tata for not making the smart move by taking the cotton business up in Bombay, known as the “Cottonopolis” of India. They did not understand why he went to the undeveloped city of Nagpur to start a new business.<ref name=":1" /> However, Tata’s decision of choosing Nagpur led to his success. Unlike Bombay, land in Nagpur was cheap and was readily available for resources.<ref name=":1" /> There was abundant farm produce, distribution was easy, and the cheap land later led to the converging of railways at Nagpur, which further developed the city. Shortly after, in 1877, Tata established a new cotton mill, "Empress Mill" when [[Queen Victoria]] was proclaimed as the Empress of India at 1 January 1877.

He had four goals in life: setting up an iron and steel company, a world-class learning institution, a unique hotel and a hydro-electric plant. Only the hotel became a reality during his lifetime, with the inauguration of the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Hotel]] at [[Colaba]] waterfront in [[Mumbai]] on 3 December 1903<ref name="tajhotel">{{cite web |title = Taj Hotels website |url = http://www.tajhotels.com}}</ref> at the cost of {{INR}}11 million (worth {{INR}}11 billion in 2015 prices). At that time it was the only hotel in [[India]] to have electricity.{{Citation needed|date = November 2015}}

In addition, in 1885, Tata floated another company in [[Pondicherry]] for the sole purpose of distributing Indian textiles to the nearby French Colonies and not having to pay duties; however, this was a failed attempt due to insufficient demand in the fabrics.

This led to him buying the Dharamsi Mills at [[Kurla]] in Bombay and later reselling it to buy the Advance Mills in [[Ahmedabad]]. Tata named it Advance Mills because it was one of the most high-tech mills at the time. On top of its technology, the company left a great effect on the city of Ahmedabad because Jamsetji Tata made an effort to integrate the mill within the city in order to provide economic growth to its community. Through these many contributions, Jamsetji Tata advanced the textile and cotton industry in India.

Jamsetji Tata continued to be an important figure in the industrial world even in his later stages of life. Later on, Tata became a strong supporter of Swadeshism.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Swadeshi Movement]] did not start until 1905; however, Jamsetji Tata represented these same principles throughout the time he was alive. Swadeshi was a political movement in British India that encouraged the production of domestic goods and the boycott of imported goods. Fully impressed by its principles, Tata named his new cotton mill built in Bombay the “Swadeshi Mill”.<ref name=":2" /> The original idea for this new mill was to produce finer cloth, like the type coming from Manchester. Manchester was famous for producing softer cloth, and the coarse material produced in India was no longer preferred by the public.<ref name=":2" /> Tata wanted to produce cloth of quality comparable with that of Manchester cloth in an attempt to reduce the number of imports coming from abroad. Additional, Tata had a vision for India to become its own primary manufacturer of all kinds of cloth and eventually become a large exporter.<ref name=":2" /> He wanted India to be the sole maker of these fine cloths that the primitive weavers of India were famous for. Tata started to experiment with various ways to improve the cultivation of cotton grown in different parts of India. He believed that adopting the method of cultivation used by the Egyptian [[ryot]], who were famous for their soft cotton would allow for the cotton industry of India to reach these goals. Tata was also the first to introduce the ring spindle into his mills, which soon replaced the throstle that was once used by manufacturers.<ref name=":2" />

His successors' work led to the three remaining ideas being achieved:
*[[Tata Steel]] (formerly TISCO – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited) is Asia's first and India's largest steel company. It became the world's fifth-largest steel company after it acquired [[Tata Steel Europe|Corus Group]] producing 28 million tonnes of steel annually.<ref name="tatasteel">{{cite web|title=Tata Steel website |url=http://www.tatasteel.com/Company/organisation.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114162059/http://www.tatasteel.com/company/organisation.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2005 |access-date=9 September 2006 }}</ref>
*[[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru, the pre-eminent Indian institution for research and education in Science and Engineering.
*Tata Hydroelectric Power Supply Company, renamed [[Tata Power]] Company Limited, currently India's largest private electricity company with an installed generation capacity of over 8000MW.

==Philanthropy==
Jamsetji donated generously mainly for education and healthcare.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/jamsetji-tata-tops-edelgive-hurun-philanthropists-of-the-century-list-121062300824_1.html</ref> He was named as the greatest philanthrope of the last century by EdelGive Foundation and Hurun Research India.<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/jamsetji-tata-named-greatest-philanthrope-of-last-century-7077721.html</ref> He left behind [[Bill Gates]] and [[Warren Buffett]] and tops the list of the word's top philanthropists of the whole century with an estimated donation of $102 billion {inflation adjusted}.<ref>https://zeenews.india.com/companies/tata-group-s-jamsetji-tata-tops-world-s-top-philanthropist-in-100-years-azim-premji-ranks-12-in-top-50-2371674.html</ref>

==Personal life==
Tata married Hirabai Daboo. Their sons, [[Dorabji Tata]] and [[Ratanji Tata]], succeeded Tata as the chairman of the [[Tata Group]].<ref>dorabji</ref>

Tata's first cousin was [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]], who played an important role in the establishment of Tata Group. His sister Jerbai, through marriage to a Mumbai merchant, became the mother of [[Shapurji Saklatvala]], who Tata employed to successfully prospect for coal and iron ore in Odisha and Bihar. Saklatvala later settled in England, initially to manage Tata's [[Manchester]] office, and later became a [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Member of the British Parliament]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 48|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=675–676}}Article on Saklatvala by Mike Squires. In the article, he is simply called J.N. Tata.</ref> Through his cousin, Ratanji Dadabhoy, he was the father of entrepreneur [[J. R. D. Tata]] and Sylla Tata, the latter was married to [[Petit baronets|Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]], the second baronet of Petits.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/How-Jinnah-lost-his-love-and-political-relevance/articleshow/47845905.cms|title=How Jinnah lost his love, and political relevance - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/jinnah-and-ruttie-life-love-and-lament/articleshow/57105149.cms|title=Jinnah and Ruttie: Life, love and lament - Mumbai Mirror -|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> Their daughter and Jamsetji's grandniece, [[Rattanbai Petit]], was the wife of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of [[Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/886400838/in/set-72157600711943677 The life of Ruttie Jinnah in pictures]</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Jamsetji Tata Mausoleum Brookwood.jpg|thumb|right|Mausoleum of Jamsetji Tata in [[Brookwood Cemetery]]]]
While on a business trip to Germany in 1900, Tata became seriously ill. He died in [[Bad Nauheim]]<ref>[http://www.tatasteel100.com/heritage/history/history05.asp Jamsedji Tata’s guiding spirit- growth of Indian Steel industry by Tata legacy]. Tatasteel100.com. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref> on 19 May 1904, and was buried in the Parsi burial ground in [[Brookwood Cemetery]], [[Woking]], England.

==Legacy==

Tata's iron and steel plant was set up at [[Sakchi]] village in [[Jharkhand]]. The village grew into a town and the railway station there was named [[Tatanagar]]. Now, it is a bustling metropolis known as [[Jamshedpur]] in Jharkhand, named in his honour.
The old village of [[Sakchi]] (now urbanised) now exists within the city of Jamshedpur.
Tata became the founding member of the [[Tata family]].
[[File:Jamsetji Tata 1965 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A commemorative postage stamp on Jamsetji Tata was issued on 07 Jan 1965 by India Post.]]
[[File:PM Modi at release of a commemorative coin to mark the 175th Birth Anniversary of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata.jpg|thumb|
PM’s remarks at the release of a commemorative coin to mark the 175th Birth Anniversary of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata]]

==Quotes==
{{Copy section to Wikiquote|reason=Wikipedia is not a collection of quotes}}
[[File:JAMSETJI N. TATA.jpg|thumb|Tata painting by Edwin Arthur Ward]]
"Freedom without the strength to support it and, if need be, defend it, would be a cruel delusion. And the strength to defend freedom can itself only come from widespread industrialisation and the infusion of modern science and technology into the country's economic life."

"In a free enterprise, the community is not just another stakeholder in business, but, is in fact, the very purpose of its existence."

"There is one kind of charity common enough among us... It is that patchwork philanthropy which clothes the ragged, feeds the poor, and heals the sick. I am far from decrying the noble spirit which seeks to help a poor or suffering fellow being... [However] what advances a nation or a community is not so much to prop up its weakest and most helpless members but to lift up the best and the most gifted, so as to make them of the greatest service to the country."

"Be sure to lay wide streets planted with shady trees, every other of a quick-growing variety. Be sure that there is plenty of space for lawns and gardens. Reserve large areas for football, hockey and parks. Earmark areas for Hindu temples, Mohammedan mosques and Christian churches."
—''Tata in a letter to son Dorab about his vision for the township that would eventually become Jamshedpur.''

"He was not a man who cared to bask in the public eye. He disliked public gatherings, he did not care for making speeches, his sturdy strength of character prevented from fawning on any man, however great, for he himself was great in his own way, greater than most people realised. He sought no honour and he claimed no privilege, but the advancement of India and her myriad peoples was with him an abiding passion."
—''The Times of India on Tata's death''

"While many others worked on loosening the chains of slavery and hastening the march towards the dawn of freedom, Tata dreamed of and worked for life as it was to be fashioned after liberation. Most of the others worked for freedom from a bad life of servitude; Tata worked for freedom for fashioning a better life of economic independence."
—''[[Dr Zakir Hussain]], the former president of [[India]]''

"That he was a man of destiny is clear. It would seem, indeed, as if the hour of his birth, his life, his talents, his actions, the chain of events which he set in motion or influenced, and the services he rendered to his country and to his people, were all pre-destined as part of the greater destiny of India."
—''[[J. R. D. Tata]]''

"No Indian of the present generation had done more for the commerce and industry of India."
—''[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the viceroy of India, following Tata's demise''<ref name="tata.com"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=R. M. Lala|title=For the Love of India: The Life and Times of Jamsetji Tata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hicrS8S7FRMC|date=1 May 2006|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306206-6|author-link=R. M. Lala}}
* {{cite book|author=Dinshaw Edulji Wacha|title=The Life and Life Work of J. N. Tata: With a Portrait|url=https://archive.org/details/lifelifeworkofjn00wach|year=1915|publisher=Madras|author-link=Dinshaw Edulji Wacha}}n

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Tata, Jamsetji Nasarwanji|Jamsetji Tata}}
* [http://www.tata.com/aboutus/articlesinside/The-giant-who-touched-tomorrow TataGroup/Jamsetji official biography webpage]
*[http://tata.com/htm/heritage/HeritageOption1.html History of Tata through images]
*[http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index.asp "Jamsetji Tata: A Profile"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080228172046/http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/8045.pdf "Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata A Centenary Tribute"], ''EPW'', www.epw.org.

{{Chairmen of Tata Group}}
{{Tata Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tata, Jamsetji}}
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in textiles]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Steel industry of India]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Tata family|Jamsetji]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]
[[Category:1870s in India]]
[[Category:1880s in India]]
[[Category:1890s in British India]]
[[Category:1900s in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Indian Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Industrial history of India]]

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Jamsetji Tata