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Sardarji joke

2021-07-05T09:53:37Z

2409:4050:2D92:162B:889:20DB:5D18:F073:

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}

'''Sardarji jokes''' or '''Sardar jokes''' are a class of [[ethnic joke]]s based on stereotypes of [[Sikh]]s (who use the title of "[[Sardar]]", with [[-ji]] being an [[honorific]]). Although jokes about other ethnic and linguistic communities are found in various regions of India, Sardarji jokes are the most widely circulated ethnic jokes and found across the country.<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary">{{cite book| last = Handoo| first = Jawaharlal |editor-last1=Röhrich|editor-first1= Lutz |editor-last2=Wienker-Piepho|editor-first2= Sabine| title = Storytelling in Contemporary Societies| publisher = Gunther Narr| location = Tübingen| year = 1990| oclc = 23274712| isbn = 978-3-8233-4475-9| pages = 155–161| chapter = Folk Narrative and Ethnic Identity: The 'Sardarji' Joke Cycle| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0JCxuKv9EC&pg=FA155}}</ref> Sardarji jokes are generally considered tasteless and inappropriate by members of the Sikh community, and have elicited protests as well as leading to arrests for [[Hate speech laws in India|hurting religious sentiments]].<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=Sikhs ask cops to ban 'Sardar' jokes on Net |date=2007-03-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2009-08-09}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Some of the dominant traits of the Sardar jokes include the Sardar being shown as naïve, inept, unintelligent, or not well-versed with the [[English language]].<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/><ref>{{cite book
| last = Singh
| first = Khushwant
| authorlink = Khushwant Singh
| title = Khushwant Singh's view of India: [lectures on India's people, religions, history & contemporary affairs]
| publisher = IBH Pub. Co.
| location = [[Bombay]]
| year = 1974
| oclc = 2296948
| pages = 88
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Saluja
| first = Kuldeep
| title = The Unofficial Joke Book of Mind Blowing SMS
| publisher = Diamond Pocket Books/Fusion Books
| year = 2004
| isbn = 81-8419-190-1
| pages = 38
}}</ref> Many of the Sardar jokes are variations of other [[ethnic jokes]] or stereotype jokes. Some of them also depict Sardarjis as witty or using other people's stereotyped perceptions against them.<ref>{{cite book
| title = The Unofficial Joke Book of Mind Blowing SMS
| publisher = Diamond Pocket Books/Fusion Books
| year = 2004
| isbn = 81-89182-65-X
| pages = 159–160
}}</ref>

The researcher Jawaharlal Handoo associates some traits of the Sardar jokes with the [[stereotype]] of Sikhs being associated with jobs where physical fitness is more important than knowledge of the English language or intellect.<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/> He also states that "In my opinion, the 'success-story' of the Sikh-community as a whole has taken the form of a deep-rooted anxiety in the collective minds of the non-Sikh majorities especially the Hindus of India....Sikhs are a very prosperous and successful people ....this may have threatened the Hindu ego and created the anxiety which in turn seems to have taken the form of various stereotypes and the resultant joke cycle."<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/> Soumen Sen states that these jokes perhaps reflect the anxiety of the non-Sikh Indian elite, who may have suffered from a sense of insecurity due to the growing competition from the enterprising Sikhs.<ref name="Sen">{{cite book
| last = Sen
| first = Soumen
| title = Khasi-Jaintia Folklore ; Context, Discourse, and History
| publisher = National Folklore Support Centre
| location = [[Chennai]]
| year = 2004
| oclc = 56096400
| isbn = 81-901481-3-3
| pages = 11
}}</ref>

Some of the Sardar jokes, self-deprecatory in nature, were made up by the Sikhs themselves.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Fishlock
| first = Trevor
| title = Gandhi's Children
| publisher = Universe Books
| location = [[New York City|New York]]
| year = 1983
| oclc = 9555744
| isbn = 978-0-87663-436-3
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/gandhischildren0000fish/page/72 72]
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/gandhischildren0000fish/page/72
}}</ref><ref name="timesonline_UP_reliance">{{cite news
| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2998148.ece
| title = Sikhs fail to see funny side of phone jokes
| work = [[The Times]]
| date = December 4, 2007
| access-date = 2008-01-14
| location=London
| first=Ashling O
| last=Connor
}} ([http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=27063&con=18&sec=67 archived])</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Joshi
| first = Manoj
| title = Passport India: Your Pocket Guide to Indian Business, Customs & Etiquette
| series = Passport to the World
| publisher = World Trade Press
| location = [[San Rafael, California]]
| year = 1997
| oclc = 35223049
| isbn = 978-1-885073-23-5
| pages = 77
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070503180100.htm
| title = Those ABSURD jokes
| author = Bageshree S.
| work = [[Metro Plus]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu]]
| date = July 5, 2004
| access-date = 2007-10-29
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood6.htm
| title = VI. Looking For A New Star
| work = Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood
| author = K P S Gill
| publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal
| access-date = 2007-10-29
| authorlink = Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Mācave
| first = Prabhākara
| title = Literary Studies and Sketches
| publisher = United Writers
| location = [[Calcutta]]
| year = 1979
| oclc = 5776368
| pages = 144
}}</ref> In ''The Other Face of India'', [[M. V. Kamath]] wrote about "the [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]'s enormous capacity to poke fun at himself, a trait that seems peculiar to the Punjabi, especially the Sikh."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Kamath
| first = M. V.
| authorlink = M. V. Kamath
| title = The Other Face of India
| publisher = Konark Publishers
| location = [[Delhi]]
| year = 1988
| oclc = 20422938
| isbn = 978-81-220-0088-7
| pages = 29
}}</ref> In his book ''[[Giani Zail Singh|President Giani Zail Singh]]'', the Sikh author Joginder Singh states "...who can enjoy a good joke against himself or against his tribe except a Punjabi and more particularly, a Sikh?"<ref>{{cite book
| last = Singh
| first = Joginder
| title = President Giani Zail Singh
| publisher = Sunder
| location = [[Chandigarh]]
| year = 1982
| oclc = 9829681
| pages = 37
}}</ref><ref>For example, see ''The Unofficial Joke Book'' series by Kuldeep Saluja, who writes: "Since I was born in a lovely and fun loving Sikh family full of love and laughter, the Santa Singh and [[Banta Singh]] inspired us to create "Billoo Badshah".({{cite book
| last = Saluja
| first = Kuldeep
| title = The Unofficial Joke Book of Canada
| publisher = Diamond Pocket Books/Fusion Books
| year = 2004
| isbn = 81-288-0571-1
| pages = 3–4
}}) Several of the books in the series contain Sardarji jokes and feature Sikhs on the cover page:
* The Unofficial Joke Book of India (8128805800)
* The unofficial Joke Book of Smart Couples (8189182471)
* The Unofficial Joke Book of Canada (8128805711)
* The Unofficial Joke Book of UK (8128805576)</ref>

==Joke cycles==
Santa and Banta are two popular names for the [[stock character]]s in the Sardar jokes.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Singh
| first = Khushwant
| authorlink = Khushwant Singh
|author2=Rahul Singh
| title = Around the world with Khushwant Singh
| publisher = Orient Paperbacks
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| year = 1978
| oclc = 7671455
| pages = 86
}}</ref>

A category of Sardar jokes is the "12 o'clock jokes", which imply that Sikhs are in their senses only at night. Preetinder Singh explains the origin of the "12 o'clock joke" as follows:<ref name="expressindia_joke_born">{{cite web
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980105/00550854.html
| title = How the Sikh joke was born
| author = Preetinder Singh
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| date = 5 January 1998
| access-date = 2009-02-11
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130731220215/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980105/00550854.html
|archive-date = 2013-07-31
}}</ref> The real reason for the "12 O'clock Association" with Sikhs comes from [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion of India. His troops passed through Punjab after plundering Delhi and killing hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Muslims, and taking hundreds of women as captive. The Sikhs decided to attack Nadir Shah's camp and free the captive women. Being outnumbered by Nadir Shah's huge army, they could not afford to make a frontal attack. Instead, they used to make midnight guerrilla raids on Nadir Shah's camp, free as many captive women as possible, and return them to their homes in order to "restore the dignity of the Hindu community".<ref name="expressindia_joke_born"/>

In jest, the Hindus would say that the Sikhs are in their senses only at night. This later became the trait of a widespread category of derisive jokes. Singh opines: "Hindus started referring to the relatively neutral 12 o'clock, rather than midnight" to avoid annoying the armed Sikhs, and the "final result was the safe, bald statement, 'It is 12 o'clock' shorn of all reference to its very interesting history.....When Hindus crack this joke, they are oblivious to the fact that had the Sikhs not intervened, their womenfolk would have been dishonoured and taken into exile".<ref name="expressindia_joke_born"/>

==Reaction from the Sikh community==

===Protests by Sikh groups===
In recent years, there have been several cases of Sikh groups protesting against the Sardarji jokes. In ''Folk Narrative and Ethnic Identity: The 'Sardarji' Joke Cycle'', Jawaharlal Handoo notes that the Sikh members in a group generally do not seem to enjoy a Sardarji joke, although they may pretend to enjoy the humour of the joke by smiling or joining the group laughter.<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/>

In 2005, some Sikhs protested against a scene in the Pritish Nandy Communications (PNC) film ''[[Shabd (film)|Shabd]]''. In the scene, [[Zayed Khan]] tries to cheer [[Aishwarya Rai]] by telling a Sardarji joke. As he begins the joke with the words "There was a Sardarji", Aishwarya starts giggling. A group of angry Sikhs stormed the PNC office, and demanded that the scene be deleted from the film.<ref name="Vir_Sanghvi_free_speech">{{cite news
| title = Free Speech and the Sardarji Joke
| author = Vir Sanghvi
| publisher = [[Hindustan Times]]
| date = February 27, 2005
| author-link = Vir Sanghvi
}}</ref>

An organisation called ''The Sikh Brotherhood International'' wrote letters to the PNC, the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], and the [[National Commission for Minorities]] (NCM), saying that the film had hurt the sentiments of the Sikh community. The Pritish Nandy Communications Limited tendered a written apology, stating that they respect the Sikh community and hold it in high esteem, and they had no intention of ridiculing anybody.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050220/nation.htm#1
| title = Sikhs irked over the use of 'Sardar' in 'Shabd'
| work = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]
| date = February 19, 2005
| access-date = 2007-10-29
}}</ref> The Censor Board issued directions to delete the objectionable scenes in the film.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-25/news-interviews/27847994_1_ncm-sikh-objectionable-content
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201603/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-25/news-interviews/27847994_1_ncm-sikh-objectionable-content
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = November 4, 2012
| title = Censor Board snips scenes in Shabd
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = February 25, 2005
| access-date = 2007-10-29
}}</ref>

=== Complaint by National Commission for Minorities ===

On February 25, 2005, journalist [[Vir Sanghvi]] wrote a column in [[Hindustan Times]], saying that the NCM was curbing [[free speech]] on behalf of the "forces of intolerance", while claiming to fight for minority rights. He wrote that the Sardarji joke is part of the "good-natured Indian tradition", and not an example of anti-minority feeling.<ref name="Vir_Sanghvi_free_speech"/> He pointed out that the best Sardarji jokes are told by the Sikhs themselves, presenting [[Khushwant Singh]] as an example. He further went on to say that the protesters should develop a [[sense of humour]] and that "All truth has the power to offend. Take away the offence and you end up suppressing the truth". Research has indicated however that suggesting truth in such [[stereotypes]] in [[ethnic jokes]] is not supported by facts which are contrary to this suggestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9598717|title=Science gets the last laugh on ethnic jokes|work=NBC News}}</ref>).

On March 2, 2005, The NCM filed a complaint against the Hindustan Times with the [[Press Council of India]], stating that "the tone, tenor and the content of the article in question has a tendency to hurt the sentiments of Sikh community."<ref name="presscouncil_ncm_ht">{{cite web
| url = http://presscouncil.nic.in/ADJUDICATIONS/july_12_2006_R.pdf
| title = The National Commission for Minorities vs. The Editor, Hindustan Times (File No. 14/580/04-05-PCI)
| publisher = [[Press Council of India]]
| date = March 2, 2005
| access-date = 2007-10-29
}}</ref> The Hindustan Times responded by stating that the article was not aimed to ridicule the Sikh community in any manner, and was a criticism of the NCM, justifiable under the right of free speech under the [[Constitution of India]]. The NCM decided not to proceed with the matter, and the case was closed as withdrawn.<ref name="presscouncil_ncm_ht"/>

===Complaints to police and court cases===

{{Quote box|width=200px|quote=Though some jokes were created by the Sikhs themselves, now it has gone out of hand.|source= — [[P. S. Pasricha]], the second Sikh police commissioner of the Mumbai Police.<ref name="toi_ban_net"/>|}}
In March 2007, around 25 Sikh youths from Sikh Media and Culture Watch (SMCW) demanded arrest of Ranjit Parande, a [[Matunga]]-based book seller, for stocking the ''Santa and Banta Joke Book'', a collection of Sardarji jokes. Based on a complaint filed by a Sikh businessman, the [[Mumbai Police]] arrested Parande under section 295 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], for "hurting religious sentiments."<ref name="toi_ban_net">{{cite news
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = November 4, 2012
| title = Sikhs ask cops to ban 'Sardar' jokes on Net
| date = March 27, 2007
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 2007-10-29
}}</ref> The SMCW members alleged that several of the Sardarji jokes border on the obscene, and have begun to have a demoralising effect on the Sikh youths.<ref name="toi_ban_net"/>

They later requested the cyber cell department of the [[Mumbai police]] crime branch to "ban jokes on the internet" which portray Sikhs as objects of ridicule. Swaranjit Singh Bajaj, the vice-president of SMCW, blamed the Sikh humorists such as [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] and [[Khushwant Singh]] for perpetuating the stereotypical image of Sikhs.<ref name="toi_ban_net"/> Khushwant Singh, a Sikh author who has included several Sardarji jokes in his joke books, received a notice from the secretary of [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee|SGPC]] in 2004, asking him to desist from hurting the sentiments of the community. Singh also received similar notices from some Marwari organisations, the [[Shiv Sena]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. However, he continued to include Sardarji jokes in his subsequent joke books. In the preface to his 7th joke book, he claimed that most of his Sardarji jokes were "pro-Sardarji".<ref>{{cite book
| title = Khushwant Singh's Joke Book 7
| author = Khushwant Singh
| publisher = Orient Paperbacks
| year = 2005
| isbn = 978-81-222-0376-9
| page = 6
| author-link = Khushwant Singh
}}</ref>

In December 2007, India's second biggest mobile operator [[Reliance Communications]] and its head [[Anil Ambani]] were charged by [[Lucknow]] police with "insulting a religion or faith", after Reliance sent a Sardarji joke as its "joke of the day".<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7126184.stm
| title = Indian businessman on joke charge
| work = [[BBC News]]
| date = December 4, 2007
| access-date = 2008-01-14
}}</ref> Many Sikhs in [[Meerut]] staged violent protests.<ref name="timesonline_UP_reliance"/> The joke originated from the website santabanta.com, and was supplied to Reliance by OnMobile, a third party supplier. Reliance stated that it was not responsible for content provided by OnMobile, but apologised its subscribers and the Sikh community in Uttar Pradesh. OnMobile also issued a public apology.<ref name="timesonline_UP_reliance"/>

In 2013, Atul Kumar was arrested in [[Jalandhar]] for texting offensive Santa-Banta jokes, under [[Hate speech laws in India#Laws restricting the freedom of expression|Section 295 (A)]] and [[Information Technology Act 2000|IT Act]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/man-jailed-for-cracking-offensive-sikh-jokes-062348671.html | title = Man jailed for cracking offensive Sikh jokes | date = 2013-09-25 | publisher = Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/PUN-shocking-jalandhar-man-jailed-for-forwarding-santa-banta-jokes-to-friend-4383982-NOR.html | title = BEWARE: Think twice before forwarding Santa-Banta jokes! | date = 2013-09-24| newspaper = Dainik Bhaskar }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu joke]]
* [[Pathan joke]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Indian humour]]
[[Category:Ethnic jokes]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]
[[Category:Joke cycles]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Persecution of Sikhs]]

P. S. Pasricha

2021-07-05T09:53:10Z

2409:4050:2D92:162B:889:20DB:5D18:F073:

{{short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = 
| image_size = 150px |
| name =
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| birth_name = Parvinder Singh Pasricha
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| education = Ph.D. in infrastructural and logistical management
| employer = [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police]]
| occupation = Director General of Police of [[Maharashtra]] state.
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}}

'''Parvinder Singh Pasricha''' is an [[Indian Police Service|Indian police officer]], who served as the 30th [[police commissioner]] of the [[Mumbai Police]], and as the Director General of Police of [[Maharashtra]] state.

==Biography==

P. S. Pasricha, has a [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] in infrastructural and logistical administration and management.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031120/asp/nation/story_2591929.asp
| title = Mumbai's consensus cop seeks free hand
| author = Anand Soondas
| publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]
| date = 20 November 2003
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
}}</ref>
Date of birth of Mr. P. S. Pasricha is 11 November.

===Career===
P. S. Pasricha is a retired 1970 batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. In 1974, he served as additional Superintendent of Police (crime) in [[Thane]], where took stringent action against smugglers and feared criminals.<ref name="toi_keep_smiling">{{cite news
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/290502.cms
| title = Keep smiling, says new police chief
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 19 November 2003
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
| first1=Somit
| last1=Sen
}}</ref> He also worked as a superintendent of police in [[Kulaba district|Kulaba]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]] and [[Amravati district|Amravati]] districts. His handling of communal riots in Amravati was appreciated by the Maharashtra State government.<ref name="toi_keep_smiling"/>

Pasricha was the deputy commissioner of [[Mumbai traffic police]] in the 1980s, when he introduced several schemes to improve traffic management in Mumbai. He was awarded the Shanti Doot International Award - the honour for Indians conferred by the World Peace Movement India. He also authored a book on road safety and traffic management.<ref name="toi_keep_smiling"/> Pasricha served as the zonal [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP), the DCP of preventive wing and armed police in Mumbai, joint commissioner (law and order), the additional [[Director General|DG]] (training), and commissioner of the Maharashtra state intelligence. He also served in the state [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]] (crime), anti-corruption bureau, Maharashtra Police Academy and the police computer wing.<ref name="toi_keep_smiling"/>

Pasricha played a major role in restoring the confidence of Muslims and various communities following the [[Mumbai riots|1992-93 Mumbai riots]].<ref name="toi_keep_smiling"/> He was conferred with the [[President of India|President]]'s police medal for distinguished service, and the Indian police medal for meritorious service.<ref name="toi_keep_smiling"/>

Pasricha took over as the 30th police commissioner of the Mumbai police in November 2003. Pasricha thus became the second [[Sikh]] officer to head the Mumbai police force, the first being A. S. Samra.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/19mum.htm
| title = Pasricha takes over as Mumbai police chief
| author = Vijay Singh
| work = [[Rediff.com]]
| date = 19 November 2003
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
}}</ref> He succeeded R. S. Sharma, who went on leave after being questioned by a police team probing a counterfeit [[Abdul Karim Telgi|stamp paper racket]].<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03nov20/national.htm#6
| title = Pasricha takes over as Mumbai Police Chief
| publisher = Daily Excelsior
| date = 19 November 2003
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
}}</ref>

On 3 February 2004, Pasricha was transferred to the post of Director General of Police and managing director of the Maharashtra State Police Welfare and Housing Corporation.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/04msg.htm
| title = Why was he moved?
| work = [[Rediff.com]]
| date = 4 February 2004
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
}}</ref> He was replaced by A N Roy.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-03/mumbai/28340014_1_police-commissioner-police-officers-mumbai-top-cop
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105024106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-03/mumbai/28340014_1_police-commissioner-police-officers-mumbai-top-cop
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 November 2012
| title = Mumbai police chief Pasricha kicked upstairs
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 3 February 2004
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Pasricha's family comprises his wife, a son, and a daughter.<ref name="toi_keep_smiling"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasricha, P S}}
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Police Commissioners of Mumbai]]