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Bahlul Lodi

2021-09-10T04:01:33Z

2409:4042:D1A:DB8A:C90D:ADE:1455:A2BC:

{{short description|Chief of the Pashtun Lodi tribe}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahlul Lodi
| succession = 29th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| title =
| image = Coin of Bahlul Lodi.jpg
| caption = Billon Tanka of 80 ratti of Bahlul Lodi
| reign = 19 April 1451– 12 July 1489
| coronation = 19 April 1451
| predecessor = [[Alam Shah]]
| successor = [[Sikandar Lodi]]
| spouse = Shams Khatun<br />Bibi Ambha<br />Bibi Sitti Maghula
| issue = [[Sikander Lodhi]]
| royal house = [[Lodi dynasty]]
| royal anthem =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date = 1402
| death_date = 12 July 1489
| place of burial = [[Tomb of Bahlul Lodi]]
}}

'''Bahlul Lodi''' (1401/1406 – 12 July 1489) was the chief of the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]] tribe.<ref>{{cite book |first=Clifford Edmund |last=Bosworth |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0231107143 |page=304}}</ref> Founder of the [[Lodi dynasty]] from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]<ref>{{cite book |first1=Catherine B. |last1=Asher |first2=Cynthia |last2=Talbot |title=India Before Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521005395 |page=116}}</ref> upon the abdication of the last claimant from the previous [[Sayyid]] rule.<ref>{{cite book |title=History & Civics 9 |first=Sudeshna |last=Sengupta |isbn=9788183323642 |page=126 |year=2008 |publisher=Ratna Sagar (P) Limited}}</ref> Bahlul became [[sultan]] of the dynasty on 19 April 1451<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=122–125}}</ref> (855 [[Hijri year|AH]]).

== Early life ==
Bahlul's grandfather, Malik Bahram Khan Lodhi, a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribal chief of [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodhi tribe]]. He later took service under the governor of Multan, [[Malik Mardan Daulat]] . Malik Bahram had a total of about five sons. His eldest son, Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, later served under the [[Sayyid dynasty]] ruler [[Khizr Khan]] and distinguished himself by killing in the battle later's worst enemy Mallu Iqbal Khan. He was rewarded with the title of Islam Khan and in 1419 appointed the governor of [[Sirhind]]. Bahlul, the son of Malik Kala, the younger brother of Malik Sultan was married to Malik Sultan's daughter.<ref name="Majumdar">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.134–36, 139–142</ref><ref name=Mahajan>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.245–51</ref>

In his youth, Bahlul was involved in the trading of horses and once sold his finely bred horses to the Sayyid dynasty Sultan Mohammad Shah. As a payment he was granted a ''pargana'' and raised to the status of ''amir''. After the death of Malik Sultan, he became the governor of Sirhind. He was allowed to add Lahore to his charge. Once, Sultan Muhammad Shah asked for his help when the Malwa Sultan Mahmud Shah I invaded his territory. Bahlul joined the imperial army with 20,000 mounted soldiers. By his cleverness, he was able to project himself as a victor over the army of the Malwa Sultan and Sultan Muhammad Shah conferred on him the title of ''Khan-i-Khanan''. He also accepted Bahlul's occupation over a large part of Punjab.<ref name="Majumdar"/><ref name=Mahajan/>

In 1443, Bahlul attacked Delhi but he did not succeed. During the reign of last Sayyid ruler Sultan Alam Shah, Bahlul again made another unsuccessful attempt to capture Delhi in 1447. Finally, when Alam Shah retired to [[Badaun]] in 1448, a minister of Alam Shah, Hamid Khan invited him to occupy the throne of Delhi. After the voluntary abdication of the throne by Alam Shah, Bahlul Shah ascended the throne of Delhi on 19 April 1451 and adopted the title of ''Bahlul Shah Ghazi''. Alam Shah continued to live in Badaun till his death in July 1478.<ref name="Majumdar"/><ref name=Mahajan/>

[[File:Tomb of Bahlol Lodi.JPG|thumb|Tomb of Bahlol Lodi ]]
==Reign==

After ascending to the throne, Bahlul decided to dispose of Hamid Khan. His cousin and brother-in-law Malik Mahmud Khan alias Qutb-ud-din Khan (Governor of Samana) imprisoned Hamid Khan.<ref name="Mahajan"/>

In 1479, Sultan Bahlul Lodi defeated and annexed [[Sharqi dynasty]] based at [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. Bahlul did much to stop rebellions and uprisings in his territories, and extended his holdings over [[Gwalior]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and upper [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Just like the previous [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], he kept [[Delhi]] the capital of his kingdom. In 1486, he appointed his son, Babrak Shah as [[viceroy]] of Jaunpur. In time, this proved to be problematic, as his second son, Nizam Khan ([[Sikandar Lodi]]) was named successor, and a power struggle ensued{{cn|date=January 2019}} upon his death in July 1489.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muntakhabu-'rūkh |url=https://persian.packhum.org/pf?file=03601020&ct=0 |chapter= SULṬĀN BUHLŪL [IBN I KĀLĀ]* LODĪ |chapter-url=https://persian.packhum.org/pf?file=03601021&ct=92 |author=Al-Badāoni |author-link=Al-Badauni |translator1-first=George S. A. |translator1-last=Ranking |translator2-first=Wolseley |translator2-last=Haig |translator3-first=W. H. |translator3-last=Lowe |via=[[Packard Humanities Institute]], Persian Literature in Translation website}}</ref> The site of his grave is disputed. The [[Archeological Survey of India]] has long designated a building close to the shrine of the noted [[Sufi]] saint [[Nasiruddin Chirag-e-Delhi]] in a locality that goes by his name, 'Chirag Delhi', as [[Tomb of Bahlul Lodi|Bahlul Lodi's tomb]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040509191553/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/01/stories/2004030100750200.htm Delhi's Valley of Kings] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 1 March 2004.</ref> Other historians argue that the [[Sheesh Gumbad]] in the [[Lodi Gardens]] is actually to be identified with his tomb.<ref>[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]], ''The Tomb of Buhlul Lodi'', The Bulletin of SOAS, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1975, pp. 550–61.</ref>

==Marriages==
Bahlul married two times:
*Shams Khatun, daughter of Malik Shah Sultan Lodhi, his first cousin;{{cn|date=July 2021}}
*Bibi Ambha, daughter of a [[Hindu]] goldsmith{{cn|date=July 2021}}

== See also ==
* [[Sher Shah Suri]]
* [[Jaunpur Sultanate]]
* [[Shaikh Sama'al-Din Kamboh]]
* [[Tomb of Bahlul Lodi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Ala-ud-Din]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| years = 1451–1489 }}
{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = [[Sikandar Lodi]] }}
{{s-non| reason = New dynasty }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Lodi dynasty]]
| years = 1451–1525 }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodi, Bahlul}}
[[Category:1489 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III

2021-09-10T03:56:55Z

2409:4042:D1A:DB8A:C90D:ADE:1455:A2BC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
| image = 5-6 Billon Tanka of Muhammad bin Firoz.jpg
| caption = 5/6 Billon Tanka of Muhammad bin Firoz Dated AH 794
| reign = 31 August 1390 – 20 January 1394
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Abu Bakr Shah]]
| successor = [[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah]]
| spouse =
| issue = {{unbulleted list
|[[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah]]
|[[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]]
}}
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Tughlaq dynasty]]
| father = [[Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq]]
| mother =
| birth_date = unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 20 January 1394
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| succession = 22th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| title = Sultan of Delhi
}}

'''Muhammad Shah''' was son of [[Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq]] and was ruler of the Muslim [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=100}}</ref> When [[Sultan Abu Bakr Shah Tughluq]] became ruler of the Tughlaq Empire. Muhammad Shah as his uncle was opposed to him, and struggled against Abu Bakr over the control of the throne. Eventually Abu Bakr was defeated, and Muhammad Shah succeeded him as king, reigning from 1390 to 1394.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}

{{succession box |
before=[[Sultan Abu Bakr Shah Tughluq]] |
title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] |
years=1390 – 1394 |
after=[[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]]
}}

{{s-end}}

== See also ==

* [[Delhi Sultanate]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughluq 03}}

[[Category:Tughluq sultans]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]

Tughluq Khan

2021-09-10T03:55:19Z

2409:4042:D1A:DB8A:C90D:ADE:1455:A2BC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq Khan II
| title = 20th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| image = GS T II.jpg
| caption = A half tanka of Tughluq Khan
| reign = 20 September 1388 – 14 March 1389
| coronation = 21 September 1388
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]
| successor = [[Abu Bakr Shah]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Tughlaq dynasty]]
| father = Fateh Khan
| mother =
| birth_date = unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 14 March 1389
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], now [[India]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah II''', born '''Tughluq Khan''', was the son of Fateh Khan, the grandson of [[Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq|Feroze Shah]]. He was a Sultan of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]; he ascended to the throne in 1390 C.E.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=100}}</ref> However, a succession crisis started almost immediately with [[Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughluq|Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah]] staking his claim with the support of his brother Zafar Khan's son [[Sultan Abu Bakr Shah Tughluq|Abu Bakr Khan]]. Tughluq Khan dispatched troops against his uncle towards the foot of the hills of [[Sirmur]]. [[Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughluq|Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah]] after a brief battle took shelter in the fort of [[Nagarkot]], and Tughluq Khan's army returned to [[Delhi]] without pursuing him any further due to the difficulties of the venture & terrain. Eventually though some Amirs joined [[Sultan Abu Bakr Shah Tughluq|Abu Bakri Khan]] son of Zafar Khan and grandson of [[Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq]] and plotted to assassinate Tughluq Khan. In 1389 they surrounded the Sultan and ''Khan Jahan'', his vizier and, put them to death and hung up their heads over the gate of the city; the duration of the reign of Tughluq Khan, was five months and eighteen days.

==References==
{{reflist}}

<br>
{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq]] |
title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] |
years=1388–1389 |
after=[[Sultan Abu Bakr Shah Tughluq]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Tughluq}}
[[Category:Tughluq sultans]]
[[Category:14th-century births]]
[[Category:1389 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:14th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Shamsuddin Kayumars

2021-09-10T03:46:51Z

2409:4042:D1A:DB8A:C90D:ADE:1455:A2BC:

{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi (r. 1 February 1290–13 June 1290}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shams ud-Din Kayumars
| title = Shamsuddin II
| succession = 11th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| image = Copper coin of Shamsuddin kayumars.jpg
| caption = Coin of Kayumaras
| reign = 1 February 1290 – 13 June 1290
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]]
| successor = [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]]
| spouse =
| dynasty = [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]]
| father = [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]]
| mother =
| birth_date = unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 13 June 1290
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Shams ud-Din Kayumars''' (reigned: 1290) was a son of [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]], the eleventh sultan of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

His father [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]] is said to have been murdered by a [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] noble, [[Jalal-al-Din Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]]. Khalji assumed the throne after murdering Kayumars, ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Qaiqabad Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=80}}</ref> By that time Kaiqubad was struck down with paralysis and Turkish nobles had raised his three-year old son Kayumars to the throne as the Sultan.

==See also==
*[[Muslim history]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[List of Indian monarchs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01368/web/html_slave_pg-2.html India Through the Ages]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060210033417/http://www.amritworld.com/slave_dynasty.html The Slave Dynasty]
*[http://www.amritworld.com/Khalji_revolution.html The Khalji Revolution]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]]|
title=[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Mamluk Sultan of Delhi]]|
years=1290|
after=[[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] <br> ([[Khalji Dynasty]])
}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:Child rulers from Asia]]
[[Category:Rulers deposed as children]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah

2021-09-10T03:42:53Z

2409:4042:D1A:DB8A:C90D:ADE:1455:A2BC:

{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Ala ud din Masud
| image = Coin of Ala ud din Masud.jpg
| caption = Coin of Ala ud din Masud
| reign = May 1242 – 10 June 1246
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Muiz ud din Bahram]]
| successor = [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date = unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 10 June 1246
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| succession = 7th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| title = Sultan of Delhi
}}

'''Ala ud-Din Masud''' (fl. 1242–46) was the seventh sultan of the [[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Mamluk dynasty]] (Slave dynasty).

He was the son of [[Rukn ud din Firuz|Rukn ud-Din Firuz]] (1236), son of Sultan [[Illtutmish]] and [[Shah Turkan]] and the nephew of [[Razia Sultana|Sultan Raziyyat]] (1236–40). After his predecessor and uncle [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz ud-Din Bahram]] was murdered by the army in 1242 after years of disorder, the chiefs chose for him to become the next ruler. However, he was more of a puppet for the chiefs and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. Instead, he became infamous for his fondness for entertainment and wine. Like his predecessor, he was considered "incompetent and worthless." By 1246, the chiefs became upset with his increasing hunger for more power in the government, and replaced him with his cousin [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] (1246–66), grandson of [[Iltutmish]] through his son [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]. The [[Mongols]] plundered [[Lahore]] in 1246.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=74–76}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Coinage}}Coins==
Gold, Silver and Billon coins are known for Ala al-Din Masud Shah. Gold coins and silver coins were issued from [[Lakhnauti Turk|Lakhnauti]] and [[Dehli]]. Billon coins were struck from both Budayun and Dehli.
<gallery style="text-align:center">
Silver Tanka of Alaudin Masud of Dehli Sultanat.jpg|Silver Tanka of Ala al-Din Masud Shah, Dehli Mint with the obverse legend "fi Ahd Al Imam Mustasim Amir-ul-Mominin" and Reverse legend "Al Sultan Al Azam 'Ala-al-dunya wa Al-din Abu'l Muzaffar Masud Shah bin Al-Sultan"
Billon Jital of Alaudin Masud of Dehli Sultanat Bull & Horseman Type.jpg|Billon Jital of Ala al-din Masud
Billon Jital of Alaudin Masud of Dehli Sultanat.jpg|Billon Jital of Ala al-din Masud
Billon Jital Ala ud din masud Budayun.jpg|Billon Jital Ala al-din Masud, [[Budaun]] Mint
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[Islamic history]]
*[[List of Indian monarchs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313103053/http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01368/web/html_slave_pg-2.html India Through the Ages]
*[http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=6705&page=2 Delhi Sultanat Coin Gallery]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Muiz ud din Bahram]]|
title=[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Mamluk Dynasty]]|
years=1206–1290|
after=[[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Muiz ud din Bahram]]|
title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]|
years=1242–1246|
after=[[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian Muslims]]

{{India-royal-stub}}