List of Indian intelligence agencies

2021-08-01T20:38:08Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[India]] has a number of [[intelligence agencies]], of which the best known are the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], India’s external intelligence agency, and the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], the domestic intelligence agency.

==Research and Analysis Wing==
{{Main |Research and Analysis Wing}}
'''Research and Analysis Wing''' ('''RAW''') is the primary [[intelligence agency|foreign intelligence agency]] of India, that solely deals with collection data for the judicial courts.

===Aviation Research Centre===
{{main|Aviation Research Centre}}
[[Image:MiG-25RB cams.jpg|thumb|Cameras of MiG-25RB for aerial surveillance]]
The Aviation Research Centre (ARC) is a part of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) of the Cabinet Secretariat (Special Requirements) [[India]]. The first head of the ARC was [[R. N. Kao]], the founding chief of R&AW. Over the years the ARC has grown into a large operation and flies a large and varied fleet.
Aerial surveillance, [[SIGINT]] operations, photo reconnaissance flights (PHOTINT),<ref>[http://www.cvni.net/radio/nsnl/nsnl052/nsnl52in.html NSNL 52 - Intelligence profile : India]</ref> monitoring of borders, imagery intelligence ([[IMINT]])<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/sa/sa_nov00anv01.html | title=CIAO}}</ref> are the main functions of the Aviation Research Centre (ARC). The aircraft are fitted with state-of-the-art electronic surveillance equipment and long range cameras capable of taking pictures of targets from very high altitudes. ARC also takes the responsibility along with the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] to transport [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF) [[commandos]] from their trans-location at Sarsawa, 250  km north of [[New Delhi]], though the SFF's own base is in [[Chakrata]] in Uttarakhand (UK) state.

===National Technical Research Organisation===
{{Main|National Technical Research Organisation}}
The '''National Technical Research Organisation''' (NTRO)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ntro.gov.in/ |title = National Technical Research Organisation}}</ref> is a [[technical intelligence]] agency under the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] in the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050609000400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508182210/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050609000400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2007 |title=Technical research agency planned in State |date= 6 May 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Special Correspondent}}</ref> It was set up in 2004.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=1067 |title=Spy versus spy |author=Sandeep Unnithan |magazine=India Today |date= 7 September 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> It also includes National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development (NICRD), which is first of its kind in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://im.rediff.com/news/2007/may/05tech.htm |title=Top tech body to come up in Hyderabad |author=Syed Amin |work=Rediff.com |date= 5 May 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref>

===Radio Research Centre===
{{main|Radio Research Centre}}
The Radio Research Centre (RRC) is a part of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) of the Cabinet Secretariat (Special Requirements) [[India]]. The radio research centre (RRC) is a premier communication and signal intelligence agency of India. RRC’s tasks include – communication with the embassies abroad, send cyphered code to agents stationed abroad, interception fixed line and wireless communication and the department closely works with the [[Joint Cipher Bureau|Joint Cypher Bureau]]. The RRC has offices all across the country and the perform the intercepts communication and sends code.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radio Research Centre (RRC)|url=http://indranetworks.in/radio-research-centre/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912002036/http://indranetworks.in/radio-research-centre/|archive-date=12 September 2016|website={{!}}url=https://indranetworks.in/}}</ref>

===Electronics and Technical Services===
{{main|Electronics and Technical Services}}
The Electronics and Technical Services (ETS) is the Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) arm of India's external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). Established in the mid 1980s under the leadership of then R&AW's chief N. F. Suntook, the organisation, it is housed in the CGO complex in New Delhi. ETS is believed to be involved in ELINT roles, not restricted but also includes jamming and spoofing - Electronic Warfare (EW). ETS also involved in Electronic Surveillance Measures (ESMs), Telemetry (TELINT), Tracking and monitoring data links, interception and monitoring of navigation signals and other ELINT and EW methods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strengthening India's External Intelligence Infrastructure: An Assessment|url=https://www.sspconline.org/sites/default/files/india-external-intelligence_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Intelligence Bureau==
{{Main|Intelligence Bureau (India)}}
The '''Intelligence Bureau''' ('''IB''') is India's internal [[intelligence agency]] and reputedly the world's oldest intelligence agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/index.html |title=Intelligence bureau (IB) - India Intelligence Agencies |publisher=Fas.org |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126051106/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/index.html |archive-date=26 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Joint Cipher Bureau==
{{Main|Joint Cipher Bureau}}
The Joint Cipher Bureau works closely with the IB and RAW. It is responsible for cryptanalysis and encryption of sensitive data.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} The inter-services Joint Cipher Bureau has primary responsibility for cryptology and [[signals intelligence|SIGINT]], providing coordination and direction to the other military service organizations with a similar mission. Most current equipment providing tactical intelligence is of Russian origin, including specialized direction finding and monitoring equipment.

The Joint Cipher Bureau is also responsible for issues relating to public and private key management. Cryptographic products are export-controlled licensed items, and licenses to India are not generally available for products of key length of more than 56 bits.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} The domestic Indian computer industry primarily produces PCs, and PC-compatible cryptographic products have been developed and are being used commercially. More robust encryption systems are not commercially produced in India, and progress in this field has been slow due to the general unavailability of technology and know-how. Customised cryptographic products have been designed and produced by organizations in the defence sector are engaged in the implementation of cryptographic techniques, protocols and the products.

==All India Radio Monitoring Service==
{{main|All India Radio Monitoring Service}}
All India Radio Monitoring Service (AIRMS) is the central monitoring service that monitors broadcasts in India as well as from all foreign broadcasts of Interest to India.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandeep Balakrishna |url=http://www.niticentral.com/2012/09/intel-agencies-fact-fiction.html |title=Intel agencies: Fact & Fiction |publisher=Niti Central |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127084111/http://www.niticentral.com/2012/09/intel-agencies-fact-fiction.html |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=book2003>{{cite book|title=India foreign policy & government guide.|year=2003|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0739782983|pages=100–102|edition=Updated repr.}}</ref> AIRMS is located in [[Shimla|Simla]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Desmond|title=Signals intelligence (SIGINT) in South Asia : India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (Ceylon)|year=1996|publisher=Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0731524837|page=27}}</ref> It works in liaison with [[R&AW|RAW]] and [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Military intelligence]].
==Narcotics Control Bureau==
{{Main|Narcotics Control Bureau}}
The '''Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)''' is the chief [[Law enforcement in India|law enforcement]] and [[List of Indian Intelligence agencies|intelligence]] agency of [[India]] responsible for fighting [[drug trafficking]] and the abuse of illegal substances.<ref name="NCB">{{cite web|title=Narcotics Control Bureau|url=http://narcoticsindia.nic.in/Aboutus.htm|publisher=[[National Informatics Center]]|access-date=2009-07-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410074217/http://narcoticsindia.nic.in/Aboutus.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="A">{{cite journal|title=Narcotics Control Bureau - Ministry of Finance|url=http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/budget/annual_report/9596rev7.PDF|publisher=[[National Informatics Center]]|access-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105952/http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/budget/annual_report/9596rev7.PDF|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Economic Intelligence Council==
{{main|Economic Intelligence Council}}
==Regional Economic Intelligence Committee==
{{main|Regional Economic Intelligence Committee}}

==Central Economic Intelligence Bureau==
{{main|Central Economic Intelligence Bureau}}

== Directorate General of GST Intelligence ==
{{Main|Directorate General of GST Intelligence}}
The '''Directorate General of GST Intelligence''' ('''DGGI''') is a [[Law enforcement in India|law enforcement agency]] under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] responsible for fighting [[tax evasion]] in [[India]]. It was founded in 1979 as the '''Directorate General of Anti-Evasion''' and was later renamed the Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence. The agency was renamed as Directorate General of GST Intelligence (DGGI) after the introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]]. The agency is part of [[NATGRID]]. The organisation is staffed by officers of [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]].

==Directorate of Revenue Intelligence==
{{Main|Directorate of Revenue Intelligence}}
Functions with the [[Central Board of Excise and Customs]] (CBEC), in the Department of Revenue, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<ref>[http://www.dri.nic.in/default.asp Directorate of Revenue Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001180125/http://www.dri.nic.in/default.asp |date=1 October 2009 }}</ref> Its charter includes the functions of collection of intelligence about smuggling of contraband goods, narcotics, under-invoicing etc. through sources of India and abroad and to coordinate, direct and control anti-smuggling operations.<ref>[http://www.dri.nic.in/General/aspCharter.asp Charter of the Organization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120042901/http://dri.nic.in/General/aspCharter.asp|date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

==Serious Fraud Investigation Office==
{{main|Serious Fraud Investigation Office}}

== Directorate of Enforcement ==
{{Main|Enforcement Directorate}}
The Enforcement Directorate is a [[Law enforcement in India|law enforcement agency]] and [[Economic warfare|economic intelligence agency]] responsible for enforcing economic laws and fighting economic crime in [[India]]. It is part of the Department of Revenue, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enforcementdirectorate.gov.in/about_ed.html|title=Enforcement Directorate, New Delhi|website=www.enforcementdirectorate.gov.in|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref>

==Directorate of Air Intelligence==
{{main|Directorate of Air Intelligence}}

==Directorate of Military Intelligence==
{{main|Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)}}

==Directorate of Naval Intelligence==
{{main|Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)}}

==Defence Intelligence Agency==
{{Main|Defence Intelligence Agency (India)}}
This agency was established on 5 March 2002 with the appointment of Lt. General [[Kamal Davar]] as the first Director General (DG). The DG reports to the Chief of Defence Staffs (CDS). It is supposed to be the nodal agency for all defence-related intelligence, thus distinguishing it from the [[R&AW|RAW]]. Much of the agency's budget and operations are classified.

DIA has control of MoD's prized technical intelligence assets – the Directorate of Signals Intelligence and the Defence Image Processing and Analysis Centre (DIPAC). While the Signals Directorate is responsible for acquiring and decrypting enemy communications, the DIPAC controls India's satellite-based image acquisition capabilities. The DIA also controls the Defence Information Warfare Agency (DIWA) which handles all elements of the information warfare repertoire, including psychological operations, cyber-war, electronic intercepts and the monitoring of sound waves.

===Signals Intelligence Directorate===
The Signals Intelligence Directorate is a joint service organisation, manned by personnel from the Army, Navy and Air Force. It has a large number of WEUs (Wireless Experimental Units) that carry out the task of monitoring military links of other countries.

The Central Monitoring Organisation (CMO) is directly under the Ministry of Defence. It has several monitoring companies, located at different locations around the country. Task is to monitor the use of radio spectrum by all users, such as Defence, Police, AIR, Railways, PSUs etc.

==Directorate of Income Tax Investigation==
The Directorate of Income Tax Investigation is the law enforcement agency under the Ministry of Finance responsible for investigating violations of India's tax laws, including fraud, evasion and money laundering. It is tasked to,
# To collect intelligence and information regarding aspects of the black economy which require close watch and investigation. Also, keeping in view the scene of economic offences, the Bureau is required to collect information and provide periodical and special reports to the concerned authorities;
# To keep a watch on different aspects of economic offences and the emergence of new types of such offences. The Bureau was made responsible for evolving counter -measures required for effectively dealing with existing and new types of economic offences;
# To act as the nodal agency for cooperation and coordination at the international level with other customs, drugs, law enforcement and other agencies in the area of economic offences.
# To implementation of the COFEPOSA (i.e. Conservation of Foreign Exchange & Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1971 which provides for preventive detention of persons involved in smuggling and foreign exchange rackets under certain specified circumstances)
# To act as a Secretariat of the Economic Intelligence Council which acts as the apex body to ensure full co-ordination among the various Agencies including Central Bureau of Investigation, Reserve Bank of India, Intelligence Bureau etc.
# Head the investigation wing of the Income Tax Department at the Regional Level;
# Collection of intelligence pertaining to evasion of Direct Taxes;
# Organizing search action to unearth black money- from time to time;
# Dissemination of information and intelligence collected- by passing on the same to the concerned authorities including assessing authorities;
# Keep liaison and hold meetings with other organisations in the region to ensure co-ordination and smooth flow of information;
# Take appropriate steps to ensure that information and other persons having information about tax evaders come forward with the same to the Department. Disbursement of rewards would be one of the measures.

==Directorate of Income Tax (Intelligence and Criminal Investigation)==
This is the [[Income Tax]]'s intelligence arm. It is India's official [[FATF]] unit. The Directorate of Intelligence is an allied and compact investigative setup. The DGIT (Intelligence) reports directly to the Member (Investigation), Central Board of Direct Taxes. The office will be attached to the office of the Board. The Directorate is required to take up intensive investigation of selected cases / class of cases and develop them for further action / specialized operation; study and analyze emerging trends in tax evasion, new modus operandi etc.; create an economic offence database; develop a profiling system etc. both in traditional and non-traditional fields. The Directorate liaise/interact with other intelligence/investigating agencies such as FIU, NCB, ED, DRI, DGCEI, SFO, CEIB etc. The Directorate has access to all the information received by the Department viz. AIR, TDS, BCTT, STT, CIB, AST etc. Departmental national net work, Departmental records etc.

The DGIT and his directorate are located at Delhi. They have an all India jurisdiction and are assigned concurrent powers with the other DG’sIT (Inv.).[[Criminal Investigation]] (CI) investigates potential criminal violations of the Direct Tax Code and related financial crimes in a manner intended to foster confidence in the tax system and compliance with the law. While other federal agencies also have investigative jurisdiction for money laundering and some bank secrecy act violations, the Income Tax Department is the only federal agency that can investigate potential criminal violations of the Direct Tax Code. Criminal Investigation must investigate and assist in the prosecution of those significant financial investigations that will generate the maximum deterrent effect, enhance voluntary compliance, and promote public confidence in the tax system.

Special agents and agents (ITO and Inspector rank) are allowed to carry firearms when they are posted in the Directorate of Criminal Investigation (DCI) in the IT department. The Finance Ministry has recently notified bringing under one umbrella the intelligence and criminal investigation units of the Income Tax department to effectively deal with terror financing cases and transactions that pose a threat to national security. The department will now recruit special agents and agents (criminal investigation) under the new wing, half of whom would be recruited or brought on deputation from premier investigative agencies and police organisations of the country.

The special agents who will form part of the premier DCI would be able to carry firearms under the rules prescribed by their parent organisation and would be able to tackle any intimidation in course of their new duty of checking and gathering intelligence on tax evasion.

The DCI is headed by the [[Director General]] of Intelligence (Income Tax) and was notified in May this year to tackle the menace of black money with cross-border ramifications.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tax-evasion-cases-it-special-agents-to-carry-arms/843036/0 Tax evasion cases: I-T 'special agents' to carry arms]</ref> Commissioners of the Intelligence directorate of Income Tax are posted in cities such as Delhi, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Lucknow will also take up criminal investigation work under the DCI.

==Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes==
{{main|Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes}}

==State Intelligence Department (Maharashtra)==
The State Intelligence Department (SID) is the [[intelligence agency]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The agency's primary function is gathering [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]], counter-terrorism, [[Counter-proliferation]], and advising [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra policymakers]].

==Wildlife Crime Control Bureau==
{{main|Wildlife Crime Control Bureau}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Central Monitoring System]]
* [[DRDO NETRA|NETRA]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]
* [[Mass surveillance in India]]
* [[Multi-Agency Centre|Multi Agency Centre (India)]]
* [[NATGRID]]
* [[National Counter Terrorism Centre]]
* [[NIA Most Wanted]]
* [[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Military Intelligence in India: An Analysis Bhashyam Kasturi: The [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/ Indian Defence Review], 1997
* Cryptography Technology and Policy Directions in the Context of NII Gulshan Rai, R.K.Dubash, and A.K.Chakravarti. Information Technology Group Dept. of Electronics Govt. of India December, 1997

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Indian intelligence agencies}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Indian Intelligence Agencies}}
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List of Indian intelligence agencies