Kanpur

2022-01-19T18:35:08Z

2405:204:A398:9EA1:71AC:3C14:7579:A77E:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Kanpur
| named_for = Raja Kanh Deo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| other_name = Cawnpore
| image_skyline = Cawnporeskyline.jpg
| image_alt = Kanpur
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Left to right (from top): [[JK Temple]], [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur Memorial Church]], [[VIP Road, Kanpur|Civil Lines]], [[Som Dutt Plaza|Landmark Hotel]], Colonial Police Headquarters
| nickname = Leather City of the World<ref name="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/photo-contest/2012/entries/187163/view/">{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/travel/kanpur/index.html |title=Kanpur India - Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur City, Kanpur Guide, Kanpur Location |publisher=Iloveindia.com |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112235/http://www.iloveindia.com/travel/kanpur/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manchester of the East<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.facts-about-india.com/nick-name-indian-places.php |title=Nick Name of Indian Places |publisher=Facts-about-india.com |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221230304/http://www.facts-about-india.com/nick-name-indian-places.php |archive-date=21 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| map_alt = Kanpur
| map_caption = Kanpur
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Kanpur City
| pushpin_map_caption = The City of Kanpur in the [[Kanpur Nagar district|District of Kanpur Nagar]]##Location of Kanpur in India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.449923|N|80.331874|E|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanpur Division|Kanpur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
| leader_party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Pramila Pandey]]
| leader_title1 = [[Divisional Commissioner]], [[Kanpur Division]]
| leader_name1 = Dr. Raj Shekhar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 126
| population_total =5,122,665
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Kanpur City'>{{Cite web|url=https://kanpursmartcity.org/about-us|title=Kanpur Smart City|website=kanpursmartcity.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php|title=Uttar Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|publisher=City population.de|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531223638/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-UttarPradesh.html|title=Uttar Pradesh (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|publisher=City population.de|access-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629125521/http://citypopulation.de/India-UttarPradesh.html|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_metro = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|11th]]
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|12th]]
| population_blank1_title = Metro Rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|11th]]
| population_demonym = Kanpurite, Kanpuriya
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 2080'''XX'''
''(''''X'''' will be a [[natural number]] )''
| area_code = 0512
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|UP 78]] '''YY XXXX'''<br />
''(''''Y''' can be a alphanumeric in [[English Language|English]] and ''' X ''' a natural number)''
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small>
| website = {{URL|https://kanpurnagar.nic.in|Official District Website}}
| leader_title2 = [[District Magistrate]], [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
| leader_name2 = Vishak G, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title3 = [[Inspector General of Police]], Kanpur Range
| leader_name3 = Mohit Agarwal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_name4 = Asim Arun, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title4 = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Police Commisioner Kanpur City]],Kanpur
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]] [[Kanpur Nagar district|(Kanpur Nagar District)]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Rs. 48,528.43 crores (2019-20)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=District Domestic Product Estimates Uttar Pradesh Year 2019-20 |url=http://updes.up.nic.in/esd/Book/DDP2019-20%20M21.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics And Statistics Government Of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
| population_district =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 855 [[female|♀]] / 1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 84.37%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 0.663<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103221/http://www.ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| name =
| governing_body = Municipality, [[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Kanpur City'/>
| area_total_km2 = 260
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-kanpur/|title=Kanpur City Info}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 403
}}

'''Kanpur''' or '''Cawnpore ([[Help:IPA/English|/kɑːnˈpʊər/]] pronunciation ([[Wikipedia:Media help|help]]·[[:File:Kanpur.ogg|info]]),''' is a large city in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. Founded in 1803, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations of [[British India]]. Nestled on the banks of [[Ganges River]], Kanpur stands as the major financial and industrial centre of [[North India]] and also the ninth-largest urban economy in India.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://klpl.in/aboutus.html|title=Welcome to Kanpur Logistics Park Pvt. Ltd.|website=klpl.in}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{cite news |title=From Kanhiyapur to Kanpur in 210 years {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/from-kanhiyapur-to-kanpur-in-210-years/articleshow/19166755.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Today it is famous for its colonial architecture, gardens, parks and fine quality leather products which are exported mainly to the [[Western world|West]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ramblinginthecity.com/tag/kanpur/|title=Kanpur|website=ramblinginthecity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transindiatravels.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/tourist-places-to-visit-in-kanpur/|title=Top 7 Places To Visit In Kanpur - Trans India Travels|website=www.transindiatravels.com}}</ref>

The city is famous for its [[leather]] and [[textile]] industries. It is the [[List of cities in India by population|12th most populous city]] and the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|11th most populous urban agglomeration]] in India. Kanpur was an important British garrison town until 1947, when India gained independence. The urban district of [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur ''Nagar'']] serves as the headquarters of the [[Kanpur division|Kanpur Division]], Kanpur Range and Kanpur Zone.

With the first woollen mill of [[British Raj|India]], commonly known as the '''Lal Imli''' (''literally meaning "Red Tamarind"'', for a brand produced by the mill) by the [[British India Corporation]] established here in 1876 by [[Sir Alexander MacRobert, 1st Baronet|Alexander MacRobert]]. The eastern and northern [[facade]]s of the mill are reminiscent of the [[Palace of Westminster]], due to their architecture, proximity to the [[Ganges]] river and with the north-east corner of the mill being topped by a clock tower similar to [[Big Ben]] in [[London]]. This similarity underscores the city's importance and prestige during the [[British Raj|British]] times, which extends till date; making the Lal Imli — a great highlight of the city. The city is also widely regarded as the ''"Leather City of the World"'' and is predominantly nicknamed as the ''"Manchester of the East"'', for its textile industries.

According to 2011 Indian census, it is the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|eleventh most populous urban city]] while the population of city and its suburb were around 5 million making it the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|eighth-most populous metropolitan area]] in India. Furthermore, it is considered the [[List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration|world's most polluted city by particulate matter concentration]]. In 2018, Kanpur was considered by the [[World Health Organization]] as the city with the world's worst air pollution.<ref name="pollution">{{cite news|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/worlds-worst-air-indian-city-struggles-track-pollution-132116286.html|title=With world's worst air, Indian city struggles to track pollution|last=Dasgupta|first=Neha|date=16 May 2018|work=Yahoo News|access-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516183730/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/worlds-worst-air-indian-city-struggles-track-pollution-132116286.html|archive-date=16 May 2018|agency=Reuters|location=United States}}<br />{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/indian-city-struggles-with-worlds-worst-air/2018/05/16/af6d973a-58f1-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_video.html|title=Indian city struggles with 'world's worst air'|author=|date=16 May 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704094424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/indian-city-struggles-with-worlds-worst-air/2018/05/16/af6d973a-58f1-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_video.html|archive-date=4 July 2018|location=United States}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1207, Raja Kanh Deo of the Kanhpuria clan established the village of Kanhpur, which later came to be known as Kanpur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-history.aspx |title=Kanpur History - History of Kanpur City- History of Kanpur India |publisher=Journeymart.com |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702060614/http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-history.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/26681/8/Chapter%207_479-525p.pdf |title=Man |page=479 |publisher=Dspace.wbpublisher.gov.in |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702143405/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/26681/8/Chapter%207_479-525p.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 1857 uprising ===
{{main|Siege of Cawnpore}}
[[file:Kanpur from the river.jpg|thumb|left|Kanpur from the river in 1858]]
In the 19th century, Cawnpore was an important [[United Kingdom|British]] [[garrison]] with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], 900 British men, women and children [[Siege of Cawnpore|were besieged]] in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby [[Satti Chaura Ghat]] whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to [[Allahabad]].<ref name="caleb_wright_historic">{{cite book | last = Wright | first = Caleb | title = Historic Incidents and Life in India | orig-year = 1863 | url = https://archive.org/details/historicinciden00braigoog | publisher = J. A. Brainerd | isbn = 978-1-135-72312-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/historicinciden00braigoog/page/n328 239] | year = 1863}}</ref>

Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Satti Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that, soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at by the rebel sepoys and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sen | first = Surendra Nath | title = Eighteen Fifty-seven | orig-year = 1957 | year = 1995 | publisher = Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India | isbn = 978-81-230-0093-0 | page = 145 }}</ref>

Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British under General Neill retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel Sepoys and those civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Cawnpore Massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.<ref>[[William Dalrymple (historian)|Dalrymple, W.]] 2007. ''The Last Mughal. The Fall of a Dynasty'': Delhi, 1857, Alfred Knopf, New York</ref> "Remember Cawnpore" became a British war cry for the rest of the rebellion.

== Urban structure ==
[[File:Kanpur skyline.jpg|thumb|left|Kanpur skyline]]
The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometres around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages of [[Unnao district]] on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up to [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat]] Nagar Panchayat limit, on the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur and in extended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area of [[Shuklaganj]] Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) and [[Bithoor]] Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) area.<ref name="jnnurm.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Kanpur.pdf |title=Final Report : Kanpur City |publisher=Jnnurm.nic.in |access-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218194818/http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Kanpur.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 }}</ref> In 1997–98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively.

== Climate ==
{{Main|Climate of Uttar Pradesh}}
Like most of lowland northern India, Kanpur has a monsoon-influenced [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]].

{{Weather box|width = auto
|location = [[Kanpur Airport]] (1981-2010, extremes 1901-2006)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 31.1
| Feb record high C = 35.6
| Mar record high C = 42.8
| Apr record high C = 45.6
| May record high C = 47.2
| Jun record high C = 47.3
| Jul record high C = 45.0
| Aug record high C = 40.6
| Sep record high C = 40.0
| Oct record high C = 40.6
| Nov record high C = 36.1
| Dec record high C = 31.3
|year record high C = 47.3
| Jan high C = 22.3
| Feb high C = 25.4
| Mar high C = 32.0
| Apr high C = 38.0
| May high C = 39.8
| Jun high C = 39.0
| Jul high C = 33.8
| Aug high C = 33.2
| Sep high C = 33.1
| Oct high C = 32.5
| Nov high C = 28.6
| Dec high C = 24.4
|year high C = 31.9
| Jan low C = 8.2
| Feb low C = 10.6
| Mar low C = 15.6
| Apr low C = 21.1
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 27.2
| Jul low C = 26.4
| Aug low C = 26.1
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 19.0
| Nov low C = 12.8
| Dec low C = 8.7
|year low C = 18.8
| Jan record low C = 1.6
| Feb record low C = 0.6
| Mar record low C = 7.2
| Apr record low C = 11.1
| May record low C = 16.4
| Jun record low C = 20.6
| Jul record low C = 21.7
| Aug record low C = 21.7
| Sep record low C = 11.8
| Oct record low C = 4.6
| Nov record low C = 0.5
| Dec record low C = -0.9
|year record low C = -0.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 9.2
| Feb rain mm = 9.2
| Mar rain mm = 2.9
| Apr rain mm = 2.7
| May rain mm = 8.2
| Jun rain mm = 61.8
| Jul rain mm = 185.3
| Aug rain mm = 191.7
| Sep rain mm = 138.1
| Oct rain mm = 33.9
| Nov rain mm = 3.4
| Dec rain mm = 2.1
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 0.8
| Mar rain days = 0.4
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 0.8
| Jun rain days = 2.9
| Jul rain days = 9.6
| Aug rain days = 9.0
| Sep rain days = 6.1
| Oct rain days = 1.4
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 59
| Feb humidity = 46
| Mar humidity = 34
| Apr humidity = 27
| May humidity = 31
| Jun humidity = 45
| Jul humidity = 74
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 72
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 62
|year humidity = 54
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Kanpur (A) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 387–388
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M217
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Kanpur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/131-kanpur.html|title=Kanpur City Census 2011 data|work=Census 2011 India|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505015417/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/131-kanpur.html|archive-date=5 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|78.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|19.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|1.01}}
{{bar percent|
[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|0.46}}
{{bar percent |[[Buddhism]]|#FF6600|0.06}}
{{bar percent|Others|#1543BB|0.41}}}}

{{further|Ethnic communities in Kanpur|List of people from Kanpur}}

As per the provisional results of 2011 census, Kanpur city has a population of 4,581,000.<ref name='Kanpur City'/><ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove"/> The literacy rate was 79.65 per cent and sex ratio was 862.<ref name='Kanpur City'/><ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 May 2012 | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="kanpuruapop2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf|title=Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above|year=2011|work=Provisional population totals, census of India 2011|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215163132/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

There are 35 [[Zoroastrianism|Parsis]] in Kanpur with their Fire Temple at [[The Mall, Kanpur|The Mall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zoroastrians.net/2014/02/05/appeal-cawnpore-parsee-anjuman-kanpur/ |title=Appeal – Cawnpore Parsee Anjuman, Kanpur | Parsis, Iranis, Zarathushtis - ALL Under One Roof |publisher=Zoroastrians.net |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220439/http://zoroastrians.net/2014/02/05/appeal-cawnpore-parsee-anjuman-kanpur/ |archive-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hinduism is a majority in Kanpur with sizeable minority of Muslims. Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are below 2 percent.

{{Clear}}

== Government and politics ==

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:left; width:800px; margin:0 1em 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:103%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:left;" | '''Officials'''
|-
| '''[[Divisional Commissioner]]'''
|Raj Shekhar<div class="left"> </div>
|-
| '''[[District Magistrate]]'''
|<div class="left"> Vijay Vishwas Pant<ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=Contact Details Of Commissioners and District Magistrates Of U.P.|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|access-date=15 August 2017|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|script-title=hi:जिलाधिकारी/मंडलायुक्त की सूची|trans-title=List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210045547/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2011|access-date=15 August 2017|website=Department of Appointments and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Administrative Officers of Kanpur Nagar|url=http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/Admin.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815045033/http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/Admin.htm|archive-date=15 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|website=Kanpur Nagar District website}}</ref></div>
|-
|'''[[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]], Kanpur Zone'''
|Avanish Chandra<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zoneknp&cd=NgAxADIA|title=Officers posted at Kanpur Zone|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817041339/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zoneknp&cd=NgAxADIA|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]], Kanpur Range'''
|Alok Singh<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangeknp&cd=NgAxADkA|title=Officers posted at Kanpur Range|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817042105/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangeknp&cd=NgAxADkA|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]]/[[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]]'''
|Sonia Singh<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?kanpurngr&cd=NgA2ADIA|title=Officers posted at KANPUR NAGAR|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817042131/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?kanpurngr&cd=NgA2ADIA|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Vice Chairman, [[Kanpur Development Authority]]'''
|Kinjal Singh<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.kdaindia.co.in/contact.aspx|title=Contact Us|website=Kanpur Development Authority|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034724/http://www.kdaindia.co.in/contact.aspx|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|title=List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairmen of Development Authorities|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130308/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Mayor]]'''
|<div class="left">[[Pramila Pandey]]<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/|title=Home Page|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413165642/http://kmc.up.nic.in/|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref></div>
|-
|'''[[Municipal commissioner|Municipal Commissioner]]'''
|Avinash Singh<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/Contacts.htm|script-title=hi:वरिष्ठ अधिकारी|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation|language=hi|trans-title=Senior Officers|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817035547/http://kmc.up.nic.in/Contacts.htm|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|title=PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD)|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211210127/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|archive-date=11 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|'''District Judge'''
|Shashi Kant Shukla<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/District/KanpurNagar.htm|title=Judicial Officers in Kanpur Nagar|website=[[Allahabad High Court]]|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817122327/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/District/KanpurNagar.htm|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Chief Metropolitan Magistrate'''
|<div class="left">Shabistan Aquil<ref name=":8" /></div>
|}

=== Administration ===

====General administration====
[[Kanpur division]] which consists of seven districts, and is headed by the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Kanpur, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of high seniority, the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|commissioner]] is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":422">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=563–572|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=26–129}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=5.1–5.2|edition=2nd}}</ref> The [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] of Kanpur reports to the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]]. The current [[Divisional commissioner (India)|commissioner]] is Pradeep Kumar Mohanty.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" />

Kanpur district administration is headed by the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] of Kanpur, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the city. [[District collector|The DM]] is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=573–597|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":63">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=6.1–6.6|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=50–124}}</ref> The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; four additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, land acquisition, and civil supply; one city magistrat; and seven additional city magistrates.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/WorkDistribution/WorkDistribution.htm|title=Work Distribution :-|website=Kanpur Nagar district website|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213091756/http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/WorkDistribution/WorkDistribution.htm|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The district has three [[tehsil]]s viz. Sadar, Bilhaur and Ghatampur, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]].<ref name=":6" /> The current DM is Vijay Vishwas Pant.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" />

==== Civic Administration ====
{{Main|Kanpur Development Authority|Kanpur Municipal Corporation}}

[[File:MVC-019F.jpg|thumb|right|Kanpur Municipal Corporation HQ]]Kanpur municipality was established on 22 November 1861, and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1959.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Chapter IV: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF KANPUR REGION|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/223280/10/10_chapter%204.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Shodhganga}}</ref> The local government of Kanpur is governed under the Municipal act for the state, Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act|url=http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf}}</ref>

The area under the municipal limits of Kanpur city, or Kanpur Municipal Corporation, is spread over an area of 260 square km.<ref name='Kanpur City'/><ref>{{Cite web|title=District Handbook - Town Amenities - Row 409|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> It oversees civic activities in the city. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]], who is an [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]-appointed [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Civil Service]] officer of high seniority.<ref name=":7" /> The executive wing is headed by municipal commissioner, Avinash Singh<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10" /> and has the following departments: Revenue, City Cleansing, Engineering, Marg Prakash, Health, Accounts, Personnel/HRD, Swasthya Vibhag, Education, Mukya Nagar Lekha Vibhag, Pariyojna, Udyan Vibhag, Chikitsa Vibhag, Encroachment & Cattle Catching Department.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KMC: Organisational Structure|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/#|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation}}</ref> There is also an executive committee present in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2006|title=Corporators spit fire, officers play truant|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/corporators-spit-fire-officers-play-truant/story-s3YDepYD3HukkIUfcfHWtM.html|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Oct 25|first1=TNN /|last2=2013|last3=Ist|first3=12:33|title=Kanpur Municipal Corporation's executive panel to discuss new proposals today {{!}} Kanpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Kanpur-Municipal-Corporations-executive-panel-to-discuss-new-proposals-today/articleshow/24693187.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by [[Kanpur Development Authority]] (KDA), which comes under the Housing Department of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Kanpur acts as the ''[[ex-officio]]'' Chairman of KDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], looks after the daily matters of the authority.<ref>{{cite web|title=About KDA|url=http://www.kdaindia.co.in/aboutkda.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132436/http://www.kdaindia.co.in/aboutkda.aspx|archive-date=9 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|website=Kanpur Development Authority}}</ref> The current vice-chairman of Kanpur Development Authority is K. Vijayendra Pandian.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" />

The municipality receives revenue from general tax, advertisement tax, income from municipal properties, grants from state government etc.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM (complete document)|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/CDP_Kanpur.pdf|website=India Environment Portal}}</ref>

==== Law and order ====
The Kanpur District Court is headed by the [[District Courts of India|district judge]] of Kanpur, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Kanpur is a notified metropolitan area by UP Government under [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]], and therefore has a chief metropolitan magistrate, who is assisted by several metropolitan magistrates. The current district judge is Shashi Kant Shukla,<ref name=":8" /> and the current chief metropolitan magistrate is Shabistan Aquil.<ref name=":8" />

====Police administration====
{{Main|Kanpur Police}}
Kanpur district comes under the Kanpur Police Zone and Kanpur Police Range, Kanpur Zone is headed by an [[Additional director general of police|additional director general]]-ranked [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, and the Kanpur Range is headed [[Inspector-general of police|inspector general]]-ranked IPS officer. The current ADG, Kanpur Zone is Avanish Chandra,<ref name=":1" /> and IG, Kanpur Range is Alok Singh.<ref name=":2" />

The district police is headed by a [[Deputy inspector general of police|deputy inspector general]]/[[Superintendent of police (India)|senior superintendent of police]] (DIG/SSP), who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, and is assisted by seven [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendents of police]] or [[Additional superintendent of police|additional superintendents of police]] for east, west, south, rural area, crime, traffic and modern control, who are either IPS officers or [[Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Police Service]] (PPS) officers.<ref name=":3" /> Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.<ref name=":3" /> The current DIG/SSP is Sonia Singh.<ref name=":3" />

===Politics===

==== Local politics ====
The city is divided into 6 zones and 110 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000 and 110 [[Councillor|corporators]] directly elected from each ward.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=mayor_corporators|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/mayor_corporators.htm|access-date=20 October 2020|website=kmc.up.nic.in}}</ref> As mandated by the 74th constitutional amendment, there were 11 ward committees in Kanpur municipal corporation in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ward power|url=https://ccs.in/sites/all/books/com_books/ward-power.pdf}}</ref> Local elections were last held in 2017, when the mayor, [[Pramila Pandey]] from the BJP, was elected.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 November 2017|title=Kanpur Municipal Corporation Nagar Nigam elections result 2017: Full List of ward-wise winners|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kanpur-municipal-corporation-nagar-nigam-elections-result-2017-full-list-ward-wise-winners-2012-this-year/952931/|access-date=20 October 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> The previous mayor had been Captain (retired) [[Jagatvir Singh Drona]].<ref name=":5" /> As of 2006, Kanpur Municipal Council has an elected mayor-in-council system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/PDF_Files/Chapter%2013%20-%20Part1%20Institutional%20frame%20work.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation}}</ref>

==== State politics ====
Kanpur Nagar district encompasses one Lok Sabha constituency and ten [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies{{Citation not found|date=October 2020}}. The city of Kanpur has one representative [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]], [[Satyadev Pachauri]].

=== Civic Utilities ===
The first development plan of the city was created by the Kanpur Development Board in 1943. This was followed by the masterplan being designed by the Town and Country Planning Department from 1962-1991, which was adopted after the establishment of the Kanpur Development Authority in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RashmiAshttJJT/61009264 Chapter 5: Land use|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/45951/13/13_chapter%205.pdf|website=Shodhganga}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> The most recent masterplan is the Draft [http://www.kdaindia.co.in/en/masterplan.php Master Plan of 2021] .<ref name=":15" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Town And Country Planning Department , Uttar Pradesh, India. / Introduction of Development Area Kanpur|url=http://uptownplanning.gov.in/post/en/introduction-of-development-area-kanpur|access-date=21 October 2020|website=uptownplanning.gov.in}}</ref>

Electricity is supplied to the city by [[Kanpur Electricity Supply Company]] (KESCO), which is under the [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited|Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation]] Ltd (UPPCL).<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2020|title=UP: State Power Employees Protest Against Privatisation of PuVVNL|url=https://www.newsclick.in/UP-state-power-employees-protest-against-privatisation-PuVVNL|access-date=21 October 2020|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. / About UPPCL / Agencies under the Administrative Control|url=https://www.upenergy.in/uppcl/en/page/agencies-under-the-administrative-control|access-date=21 October 2020|website=www.upenergy.in}}</ref> Fire services are under the state, Uttar Pradesh Fire Service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UP Fire Services|url=http://upfireservice.gov.in/upfire/|access-date=21 October 2020|website=upfireservice.gov.in}}</ref>

Water supply, sewerage is done by the Jal Kal vibhag of KMC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jal Kal|url=http://jalkalkanpur.in/AboutUs|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Jal Kal}}</ref> Infrastructure development and maintenance is done by the state's body, UP Jal Nigam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Jal Nigam, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} About Department {{!}} About Jal Nigam, Uttar Pradesh|url=http://jn.upsdc.gov.in/page/en/about-jal-nigam,-uttar-pradesh|access-date=21 October 2020|website=jn.upsdc.gov.in}}</ref> The piped water supply of Kanpur City was started in 1892.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Kanpur City Development Plan|url=http://www.rcueslucknow.org/jnnurm/Kanpur/9%20Chapter%209%20Municipal%20Services.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Rcues Lucknow}}</ref> After construction of Ganga Barrage on the river, a permanent and reliable source for the water supply got available to provide 1600 mld raw water.<ref name=":13" /> The city also receives water from the catchment areas of rivers Ganga and Pandu.<ref name=":13" /> However, while the total water supply requirement is 600 mld only 385 mld of potable water is being supplied.<ref name=":13" /> The city loses water due to leaky pipes and contamination of natural water sources.<ref name=":13" /> There is a severe water crisis in Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 September 2020|title=The water crisis is another alarm bell|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/opinion/the-water-crisis-is-another-alarm-bell/152016/|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Avenue Mail|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2015, Ganga Pollution Control Unit in Kanpur got about Rs 200 crores to make 4 STPs functional.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last1=Sep 21|first1=Neha Shukla / TNN / Updated|last2=2015|last3=Ist|first3=14:01|title=New sewage treatment plants on Ganga in Kanpur {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/New-sewage-treatment-plants-on-Ganga-in-Kanpur/articleshow/49043905.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The city then reported having 3 STPs for domestic waste.<ref name=":14" /> In 2017, there was only one sewage treatment plant for waste from tanneries, biggest source of industrial pollution to the Ganga, was to be replaced by a newer one costing 400 cr as the old one could only treat 9 MLD at the most. 823.1 MLD of untreated sewage and 212.42 MLD of industrial effluent flow into the river.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|date=15 December 2017|title=New ₹400-cr effluent treatment plant to come up in Kanpur|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-400-cr-effluent-treatment-plant-to-come-up-in-kanpur/article21713861.ece|access-date=21 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2019, another STP costing worth Rs 816.25 was to be set up.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sewage treatment plant worth Rs 816.25 cr to come up in Kanpur|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Sewage-treatment-plant-worth-Rs-81625-cr-to-come-up-in-Kanpur|access-date=21 October 2020|website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref> As of 2020, While the government has stopped pollution from Kanpur's biggest drain, Sishamau, of Kanpur's 48 drains, eight still have no devices to stop effluents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2020|title=New Ganga law will define cleanliness levels, make polluters pay|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-govt-to-bring-new-law-to-keep-ganga-clean/story-XT0sNAofJAyBiUcF6STg8L.html|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Solid waste management is handled by the KMC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Workshop organised by CSE and Govt. of UP|url=http://cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/kanpur_municipal_corporation.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Centre for Science and Environment}}</ref> As of 2015, Kanpur generates 1,500 tonnes of solid wastes from domestic and industrial sources, 64,000 tonnes of hazardous waste annually which includes metals and waste generated by tanneries, dye industries and chemical industries; while coal ash produced in Kanpur amounts to 71,000 tonnes per annum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A miserable place to live|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/a-miserable-place-to-live-10170|access-date=21 October 2020|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref>{{-}}

== Economy ==
Kanpur is a major industrial centre in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check out the list of India's manufacturing hubs - What India makes|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/check-out-the-list-of-indias-manufacturing-hubs/what-india-makes/slideshow/64619849.cms|access-date=2022-01-19|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Kanpur is home of many government and private textile mills from the pre-Independence era but today most of them have shut down. Now better known for leather products and automobile and machinery parts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check out the list of India's manufacturing hubs - What India makes|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/check-out-the-list-of-indias-manufacturing-hubs/kanpur/slideshow/64619807.cms|access-date=2022-01-19|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In the 1990s, the leather industry employed over 1 mn workers, Now the number is estimated to be less than half. Kanpur is home to numerous corporate companies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-16|title=THESE 5 famous corporates are carrying forward the legacy of Kanpur as an industrial town|url=https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/5-famous-companies-from-kanpur|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Knocksense|language=en}}</ref> Kanpur stands as the major financial and industrial centre of [[North India]] and also the ninth-largest urban economy in India.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> Kanpur houses major leather, cement, power, cotton, leather, textile, steel, forging, automobile and chemical industries.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=Industries in Kanpur, Major Industrial Areas in Kanpur|url=https://www.kanpuronline.in/city-guide/industries-in-kanpur|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.kanpuronline.in}}</ref>

Companies including [[J. K. Organisation|J. K. Cement]], [https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/5-famous-companies-from-kanpur/frost-international-limited Frost International Limited Frost International Limited], [https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/5-famous-companies-from-kanpur/jk-cement-limited RSP Limited RSP Limited], [https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/5-famous-companies-from-kanpur Rimjhim Ispat] and [[Lohia Machinery|Lohia Group]] are based in Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-16|title=THESE 5 famous corporates are carrying forward the legacy of Kanpur as an industrial town|url=https://www.knocksense.com/kanpur/5-famous-companies-from-kanpur|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Knocksense|language=en}}</ref> An IT Park will be established with the help of Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) at Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Technologies|first=Omni-Net|title=IT Park Kanpur – IT & Start-up Policy|url=http://itpolicyup.gov.in/it-park-kanpur/|access-date=2022-01-19|language=en-US}}</ref> The mega leather park project, which will be built in [[Ramaipur]] village in Kanpur, will help improve Kanpur's position among the ten largest leather-producing states of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-18|title=UP govt to set up country's first leather park in Kanpur under Mega Leather Cluster Project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-to-set-up-country-s-first-leather-park-in-kanpur-under-mega-leather-cluster-project-101624016679354.html|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Unlike the industries in manufacturing sector cluster which have a national and international reach, the industrial units in service sector cater to the requirements of Kanpur city and localities in its vicinity.<ref name=":18" /> Startup company GD International manufacturing safety products is based in the city. The [[Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway]] is now being developed as defense corridor to house defense industries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jan 6|first=TNN / Updated:|last2=2022|last3=Ist|first3=06:35|title=Lucknow-Kanpur expressway will be backbone of defence corridor: Minister Rajnath Singh {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-kanpur-expressway-will-be-backbone-of-defence-corridor/articleshow/88720939.cms|access-date=2022-01-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[Image:Kanpur Central Station.jpg|thumb|[[Kanpur Central|Kanpur Central Railway Station]]]]
'''Airways'''

[[Kanpur Airport|Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Airport]] has scheduled commercial flights to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]] and other cities of India. The nearest International Airport is the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in [[Lucknow]], which is around 77.1 km from Kanpur.

'''Railways'''

[[Kanpur Central]] is a major railhead and is among the busiest railway stations in the country. Rail routes connect it to all major cities in the state and the country. It is an A-1 category railway station coming under the [[Allahabad railway division]] of [[North Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. Around 300 trains pass through the station daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Around-300-trains-pass-through-Kanpur-Central-daily/articleshow/6884554.cms|title=Around 300 trains pass through Kanpur Central daily|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2010|access-date=15 April 2018|author=TN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617134415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Around-300-trains-pass-through-Kanpur-Central-daily/articleshow/6884554.cms|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major railway stations serving the city include [[Kanpur Anwarganj railway station|Kanpur Anwarganj]], [[Govindpuri railway station|Govindpuri]], [[Panki railway station|Panki]], [[Kalyanpur railway station|Kalyanpur]], [[Rawatpur railway station|Rawatpur]], [[Chandari Junction railway station|Chandari]], [[Kanpur Bridge Left Bank railway station|Kanpur Bridge]] and [[Chakeri railway station|Chakeri]].

'''Roadways'''

The city has had chronic problems with maintaining local roads.<ref name="Slum-2014">''Potholed roads, eight to ten hours long power cut, overflowing drains and contaminated drinking water which lead to bad health and contagious diseases tell the tale of the Industrial town, which is fast turning into a big slum.'' {{Cite news|author=Siddiqui, Faiz Rahman |title='Outsider' Joshi takes on 'local' Jaiswal |date=29 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Outsider-Joshi-takes-on-local-Jaiswal/articleshow/34371469.cms |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6RExN9yav?url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Outsider-Joshi-takes-on-local-Jaiswal/articleshow/34371469.cms |archive-date=21 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several important National Highways that pass through Kanpur.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!NH No
!Route
!Total Length
|-
|[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]
|[[Delhi]] » [[Mathura]] » [[Agra]] » Kanpur » [[Allahabad]] » [[Varanasi]] » [[Mohania]] » [[Aurangabad]] » [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] » [[Palsit]] » [[Asansol]] » [[Kolkata]]
|1435
|-
|[[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]]
|[[Porbandar]] » [[Udaipur]] » [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] » [[Shivpuri]] » [[Jhansi]] » Kanpur » [[Lucknow]] » [[Darbhanga]] » [[Alipurduar]] » [[Guwahati]] » [[Silchar]]
|3507
|-
|[[National Highway 34 (India)|NH 34]]
|[[Gangotri Dham]] » [[Rishikesh]] » [[Haridwar]] » [[Bijnore]] » [[Ghaziabad]] » [[Aligarh]] » [[Kannauj]] » Kanpur » [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] » [[Mahoba]] » [[Chhatarpur]] » [[Jabalpur]] » [[Lakhnadon]]
|1426
|-
|NH(Proposed)
|Kanpur » [[Raebareli]] » [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] » [[Shahganj]] » [[Azamgarh]] » [[Gaura Barhaj]] » [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] » [[Muzaffarpur]]
|581
|}
The [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] Inter State Bus Station (ISBT) of Kanpur officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman Khan Bus Station". It is locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station". It provides buses to important cities of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/amenities.htm |title=UPSRTC |publisher=UPSRTC |access-date=19 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128084712/http://www.upsrtc.com/amenities.htm |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref> Other [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] controlled Important Bus stations are Chunniganj Bus Stand for Farrukhabad, Bareilly and Uttranchal routes, Naubasta Bus Stand for Hamirpur route, Fazalganj is another hub for Private carriers.

'''Ring road'''

In 2011 it was reported by [[The Indian Express]] that "The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is all set to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the industrial city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which will help the heavy vehicles to bypass the city, will be developed on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kanpur-to-get-outer-ring-road-to-bypass-traf/739887/ |title=Kanpur to get outer ring road to bypass traffic blues |publisher=Indianepress.com |access-date=20 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303231012/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kanpur-to-get-outer-ring-road-to-bypass-traf/739887/ |archive-date=3 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Kanpur Metro'''

[[Kanpur Metro]] is a rail based mass transit system in the city of Kanpur, [[India]] which shall further be extendable to [[Kanpur metropolitan area]]. It consists of two lines-Orange and Blue. The priority corridor of the Orange Line, which connects [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] to Motijheel was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] on 28th December, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-28|title=PM Modi takes Metro ride in Kanpur after inauguration of first section {{!}} Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/pm-modi-takes-metro-ride-in-kanpur-after-inauguration-of-first-section-watch-101640707860618.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Education and research==
{{see also|List of educational institutions in Kanpur}}

===Higher education===
[[File:A building at IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|Faculty Building, IIT Kanpur]]
[[Image:CSJM University.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
Educational institutions in the city include three state universities. [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]] is one of the largest universities in Asia catering to urban and rural students offering professional and academic courses in disciplines of Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Applications, Management and Medicine. [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]] is an agricultural university named after the Indian revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad which caters to the needs of the farming community of 29 districts of Uttar Pradesh. [[Harcourt Butler Technical University]] (HBTI) offers Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs in engineering, as well as Masters programs in Business Administration, and Computer Applications. The prestigious public engineering institution [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] is in the city. It was one of the first Indian Institutes of Technology established in 1959, created with the assistance of a consortium of nine US research universities as part of the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP).<ref>Norman Dahl: Kanpur Indo-American Program; http://csg.csail.mit.edu/Dahl/kiapbooklet.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812034015/http://csg.csail.mit.edu/Dahl/kiapbooklet.pdf |date=12 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>Financial Statements and Performance Indicators. Jump up ^ Kelkar, P.K. (17 March 2006). "IIT Kanpur — History". IIT Kanpur</ref> There is also a private university in the city: [[Rama University]] part of the Rama Group.<ref>Private University Uttar Pradesh; http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=33&Unitype=3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907080541/http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=33&Unitype=3 |date=7 September 2017 }}</ref> There are several private Technical and Management institutions.

===Medical education===
[[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]] (GSVM Medical College) is a state-run medical college in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1956 and named after Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, a freedom fighter and journalist from Kanpur. [[Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital]], which is also known as Hallet Hospital, is associated with GSVM, Kanpur.

*

==See also==
* [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur Dehat (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Ethnic communities in Kanpur]]
* [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of engineering colleges in Kanpur]]
* [[List of renamed Indian public places#Cawnpore/Kanpur|Renamed places in Kanpur]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[Second Battle of Cawnpore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Cawnpore}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193735/http://kmc.up.nic.in/ Kanpur city portal]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170455/http://www.kanpurdehat.nic.in/ Kanpur Dehat portal]
*[http://kmc.up.nic.in/smartcity.htm kanpur Smart city]
*[https://khaskhabar.online Kanpur News]

{{Geographic location
|Northwest = GT Amusement Park Town (GTAPT)
|North = Gangotri Township
|Northeast = [[Shuklaganj]]
|West = [[New Kanpur City]]
|Center = Kanpur City
|South = Fazalganj
|Southwest = [[Rawatpur]], shivrajpur, bilhaur, kannuj
|Southeast = [[Govind Nagar]]
|East = [[Kanpur Cantonment]]
|}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Kanpur}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Kanpur Nagar district}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kanpur| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]

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