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Firuz Shah Tughlaq

2021-06-26T02:48:58Z

2405:204:A22A:8452:91C6:449C:8330:635A:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Firoz Shah Tughlaq
|title = Firoz shah Tuglaq ibne Malik Rajjab
<br/>[[Sultan of Delhi]]
|image =
|caption = Firoz Shah Tughlaq
|reign =23 March 1351 – 20 September 1388
|coronation =
|full name = Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|predecessor = [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]
|successor =[[Tughluq Khan]]
|spouse =
|issue = {{unbulleted list
|Fateh Khan
|Zafar Khan
|[[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III]]
}}
|royal house = Tughlaq
|dynasty =[[Tughlaq dynasty]]
|father = Malik Rajab
|mother = Bibi Naila
|birth_date =1309
|birth_place =
|death_date = 20 September 1388 (aged 79)
|death_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
|date of burial = 20 September 1388
|place of burial = Tomb of Firoz Shah at Jaunpur,<br/>[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
|religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq''' (1309 – 20 September 1388) was a [[Muslim]] ruler of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], who reigned over the [[Sultanate of Delhi]]<ref name="Peter Jackson 288">{{cite book|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|page= 288}}</ref> from 1351 to 1388.<ref name="t">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_404.gif Tughlaq Shahi Kings of Delhi: Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, ''p. 369.''.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Jaipur |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |edition=Reprinted, revised |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=978-8-12500-333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA37 |page=37}}</ref> He succeeded his cousin [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] following the latter's death at [[Thatta]] in [[Sindh]], where Muhammad bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit of Taghi the ruler of [[Gujarat]]. For the first time in the history of Delhi Sultanate, a situation was confronted wherein nobody was ready to accept the reins of power. With much difficulty, the camp followers convinced Firoz to accept the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy on throne claiming him to the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Anil Chandra|title=A New History Of Medieval India|date=1983|publisher=S Chand & Company|location=Delhi|pages=61–62}}</ref> who meekly surrendered afterwards. Due to widespread unrest, his realm was much smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was forced by rebellions to concede virtual independence to [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] and other provinces. He established [[Sharia]] across his realm.<ref name="Peter Jackson 288"/>

==Background==
His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq|Ghazi Malik]]) who had the title ''Sipahsalar''. His mother Naila was a [[Bhati|Bhati Rajput]] princess (daughter of Rana Mal) from [[Dipalpur]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Jaipur |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |edition=Reprinted, revised |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=978-8-12500-333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA37 |page=37}}</ref>

==Rule==
We know of Firoz Shah Tughlaq in part through his 32-page autobiography, titled ''Futuhat-e-firozshahi''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tughlaq |first=Firoz Shah |title=Futūḥāt-i Fīrūz Shāhī |year=1949 |edition=Reprinted by Aligarh Muslim University |oclc=45078860}}</ref><ref>See {{Cite book|author=Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad|year=1974|chapter=The ''Futuhat-i-Firuz Shahi'' as a medieval inscription|title=Proceedings of the Seminar on Medieval Inscriptions (6–8th Feb. 1970)|publisher=Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University|location=Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|pages=28–33|oclc=3870911|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049818340}} and {{Cite book|author=Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad|year=1983|title=On History and Historians of Medieval India|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|location=New Delhi|pages=205–210|oclc=10349790}}</ref> He was 42 when he became [[Sultan of Delhi]] in 1351. He ruled until 1388. At his succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, including in Bengal, [[Gujarat]] and [[Warangal]]. Nonetheless he worked to improve the infrastructure of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded several cities around Delhi, including [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Firozpur]], [[Hissar-Firoza|Hissar]], [[Firoz Shah Kotla|Firozabad]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=97–100}}</ref> Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers dismantled its buildings and reused the [[spolia]] as building materials,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000007682u00011000.html |title=West Gate of Firoz Shah Kotla |publisher=British Library}}</ref> and the rest was subsumed as New Delhi grew.

==Religious and administrative policies==
Tughlaq was a fervent Muslim and adopted [[sharia]] policies. He made a number of important concessions to theologians. He imposed Jizya tax on all non-Muslims. He tried to ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being his prohibition of the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at the graves of saints. He persecuted a number of sects which were considered heretical by the Muslim theologians.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's rule. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor to keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent and lenient as a sultan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |year=2002 |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |pages=67–76 |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA67}}</ref> He decided to keep nobles and the [[Ulema]] happy so that they would allow him to rule his kingdom peacefully.

"The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured [[Cuttack]], desecrated the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] to pay tribute. He converted [[Chauhan]] Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century. They are now known as [[Qaimkhani]]s in [[Rajasthan]].

He laid siege to [[Kangra Fort]] and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute, and did the same with [[Thatta]].<ref name="sen2"/>

Rather than awarding position based on merit, Tughlaq allowed a noble's son to succeed to his father's position and [[jagir]] after his death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |year=1999 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |page=304 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA304 |isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> The same was done in the army, where an old soldier could send his son, son-in-law or even his slave in his place. He increased the salary of the nobles. He stopped all kinds of harsh punishments such as cutting off hands. He also lowered the land taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as the greatest age of corruption in medieval India: he once gave a golden tanka to a distraught soldier so that he could bribe the clerk to pass his sub-standard horse.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |year=2002 |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |page=75 |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA75}}</ref>

==Infrastructure and education==
Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare of his people. Many rest houses (''sarai''), gardens and tombs([[Tughluq tombs]]) were built. A number of [[madrasas]] (Islamic religious schools) were opened to encourage the religious education of Muslims. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of [[Unani medicine]].<ref>Tibb Firoz Shahi (1990) by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], Department of History of Medicine and Science, [[Jamia Hamdard]], New Delhi, 79pp</ref> He provided money for the marriage of girls belonging to poor families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. He commissioned many public buildings in [[Delhi]]. He built [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]] at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in 1354 CE, over 300 villages and dug five major canals, including the renovation of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] era [[Western Yamuna Canal]], for irrigation bringing more land under cultivation for growing grain and fruit. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on [[Malik Maqbul]], previously commander of [[Warangal fort]], who was captured and converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmend |first=Manazir |year=1978 |title=Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, 1351–1388 A.D.|publisher=Chugh Publications |location=Allahabad |pages=46, 95 |oclc=5220076}}</ref> When Tughlaq was away on a campaign to Sind and Gujarat for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk |url-access=limited |first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |first2=Dietmar |last2=Rothermund |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk/page/n177 167] |isbn=0-415-15482-0}}</ref> He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Tughlaq's court and retained the trust of the sultan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |year=1999 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA186 |isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> Sultan Feroze Shah Tughlaq used to call Maqbul as 'brother'. The sultan remarked that ''Khan-i-Jahan'' (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals |first=Satish |last=Chandra |year=2007 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |page=122 |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref>

Hindu religious works were translated from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Medieval India|last=Thapar|first=Romilla|publisher=NCERT|year=1967|isbn=81-7450-359-5|pages=38}}</ref> He had a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and other languages. He brought 2 [[Ashoka Pillar|Ashokan Pillar]]s from [[Meerut]], and Topra near Radaur in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]], carefully cut and wrapped in silk, to Delhi in bullock cart trains. He re-erected one of them on the roof of his palace at Firoz Shah Kotla.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Remains of buildings at Firoze Shah Kotla, Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|Remains of buildings at [[Firoz Shah Kotla]], Delhi, 1795.]]
Transfer of capital was the highlight of his reign. When the [[Qutb Minar]] struck by lightning in 1368 AD, knocking off its top storey, he replaced them with the existing two floors, faced with red sandstone and white marble. One of his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known as Kushak Mahal, is situated within the [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] complex, Delhi. The nearby Kushak Road is named after it, as is the Tughlaq Road further on.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian cavalry's victorious trysts with India's history |url=http://www.asianage.com/ideas/indian-cavalry-s-victorious-trysts-india-s-history-453 |work=Asian Age |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119043942/http://www.asianage.com/ideas/indian-cavalry-s-victorious-trysts-india-s-history-453 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=King's resort in the wild |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/King-s-resort-in-the-wild/Article1-908406.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617092823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/King-s-resort-in-the-wild/Article1-908406.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Legacy==
His eldest son, Fath Khan, died in 1376. He then abdicated in August 1387 and made his other son, Prince Muhammad, king. A slave rebellion forced him to confer the royal title to his grandson, Tughluq Khan.<ref name="sen2"/>

Tughlaq's death led to a war of succession coupled with nobles rebelling to set up independent states. His lenient attitude had strengthened the nobles, thus weakening the his position. His successor [[Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II]] could not control the slaves or the nobles. The army had become weak and the empire had shrunk in size. Ten years after his death, [[Timur]]'s invasion devastated Delhi. His [[Tughluq tombs#Firoz Shah Tughluq|tomb]] is located in Hauz Khas (New Delhi), close to the tank built by Alauddin Khalji. Attached to the tomb is a madrasa built by Firoz Shah in 1352–53.

==Coin gallery==
<gallery>
File:Firoz Shah (1).jpg|Jital of 40 Rati
File:Firoz Shah (2).jpg|Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Dated AH 771
File:Firoz Shah (3).jpg|Coin of 32 Rati
File:Firoz Shah (4).jpg|Jital of 40 Rati
File:Firoz sh.jpg|Jital of 40 Rati
File:Firoz Tughlaq.jpg|Jital of Firoz Shah
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00024vrb.html The Dargah Qadam Sharif or Shrine of the Holy Foot, Delhi]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] |
title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] |
years=1351–1388 |
after=[[Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II]]
}}

{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tughlaq, Firoz Shah}}
[[Category:Tughluq sultans]]
[[Category:1309 births]]
[[Category:1388 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century Turkic people]]
[[Category:14th century in India]]

Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari

2021-06-26T02:36:22Z

2405:204:A22A:8452:91C6:449C:8330:635A:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background =
| name = Makhdoom Alauddin Ali Ahmad Sabir Kaliyari<ref>Faizan e Hazrat Sabir Pak Kaliyar Sharif</ref>
| image =
| caption =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| alias = Makhdoom-ul-Alam, Sabir E Pak, Makhdoom, Ali Ahmad, Baba Sabir, Charaag e Chisht
| location = Piran kalyar, Roorkee, India
| Title = {{Nastaliq |صابر پیا}} ''Sabir Pia''
| Period =
| Predecessor = [[Baba Fareed]]
| Successor = Shamsuddin Turk Panipati, Hyder Shah At.Panipat
| ordination =
| post = [[Sufi saint|Sufism]]
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| birth_date = 21 February 1196
| birth_place = [[Herat]], [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1291|3|16|1196|2|21}}
| death_place = [[Piran Kaliyar Sharif]], [[Roorkee]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
}}
Makhdoom '''Alauddin Ali Ahmed Sabir''', also known as صابر کلیری '''Sabir Kaliyari''' ("Sabir of Kaliyar"), was a South Asian [[Sunni Muslim]] preacher and [[Sufi]] [[saint]] in the 13th century. He was nephew successor to [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Baba Fareed]] (1188–1280),<ref name=har>''Sheikh Farid'', by [[Harbhajan Singh (poet)|Dr. Harbhajan Singh]]. Hindi Pocket Books, 2002. {{ISBN|81-216-0255-6}}. Page 11.</ref> and the first in the Sabiriya branch of the [[Chishti Order]]. Today, his ''[[dargah]]'' (Sufi [[mausoleum]]) is at Kaliyar town, near [[Haridwar]] in Uttarakhand state, India. The (Dargah) shrine is one of the most revered shrines for Muslims in India, after Ajmer Sharif at Ajmer.

==Biography==
Khawaja Sultan Ul Arifeen Sayyid Sabir Pak Ali Ahmed was the great grandson of Peer Ghous Ul Azam Sayyid Abdul Qadir Jilani. His father was Sayyid Abdus Salaam Abdur Rahim Jilani, son of Sayyid Abdul Wahaab Jilani, eldest son of Sayyid Abdul Qadir Jilani. His mother was Sayyidah Jamilah, elder sister of Baba Farid Ganjshakkar and direct descendant of Umar Al Faruq.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110531044056/http://sabirpia.webs.com/books.htm Tadhkira Anwar-i-Sabiri – An account of Sabir's Enlightenment</ref>
Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari was born in Kohtwaal, a town in the district of Multan in 19 Rabi' al-awwal, 592 Hijri (1196). After the death of his father, Syed Abul Rahim, his mother, brought him to Pakpattan in 1204 to Baba Fareed.<ref name=har>''Sheikh Farid'', by [[Harbhajan Singh (poet)|Dr. Harbhajan Singh]]. Hindi Pocket Books, 2002. {{ISBN|81-216-0255-6}}. Page 11.</ref>

Baba Fareed entrusted him the duty of distribution of food (Langar). He accepted this duty happily and in between engaged himself in prayers. He dispensed with his duties well and also attended the discourse of Baba Freed Ganje Shakar. He did not partake a single morsel from food (langer), kept fasts and went to the jungle and ate wild berries and leaves. He did his duties for 12 years. He prayed continuously and his abstentions were never disrupted. Frequent and continuous fasting and eating leaves and wild food made him weak. When his mother came back again and saw him, she complained to his brother (Baba Fareed) of his weakness. Baba Fareed called upon him and asked the reason. Sabir Pak replied “You ordered me to distribute the food and not to partake from it”. Baba Fareed embraced him happily and remarked “He is sabir (Patient)”. From that day forth He became famous with the name of “Sabir”.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110531044056/http://sabirpia.webs.com/books.htm Tadhkira Anwar-i-Sabiri – An account of Sabir's Enlightenment</ref>

==Dargah==
His resting place Dargah is in Peeran-e- [[Kaliyar]], 7 km from Roorkee, in Haridwar district, besides Ganga canal, and is approachable by a metalled road. The tomb was built by Ibrahim Lodhi, a ruler of Delhi.
A 15-day 'Urs' celebrations are held each year at the shrine, in the Rabi' al-awwal month of the Hijri and the Dargah has become a symbol of national integration as people regardless of their religion, caste and creed throng it, in large numbers.<ref>http://dargahinfo.com/Dargah_History.aspx?HID=39</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chishti Order]]
*[[Nizamuddin Auliya]]
*[[Piran Kaliyar Sharif]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* E-book: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110531044056/http://sabirpia.webs.com/books.htm Tadhkira Anwar-i-Sabiri – An account of Sabir's Enlightenment]'' by Dar-ul-Ehsan Publications and Sabir'ul Baqa Networks
*''Mashaikh-e-Chist'', by Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya, Translated by Mujlisul Ulama of South Africa, 1998
* ''Islam in India'', by Vidyajyoti Institute of Religious Studies Islamic Section. Vikas Pub. House, 1985. {{ISBN|0-7069-2751-6}}. ''page 61''.
* ''Encyclopaedia of Sufism'', Ed. Masood Ali Khan & S. Ram. New Delhi, Anmol, 2003, Vol 1–12. {{ISBN|81-261-1311-1}}. (Vol 5.)
*Rose, H.A., Ibbetson, D., Maclagan, E.D.''A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Vol. 3, L.-Z with Appendices A.-L'', Asian Educational Services, 1990. {{ISBN|978-81-206-0505-3}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari}}
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur]]
[[Category:Haridwar]]
[[Category:1196 births]]
[[Category:1291 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sufis]]
[[Category:People from Multan]]