Jain sculpture

2021-04-10T04:31:22Z

2405:204:9124:B30D:0:0:1F3B:F0A4: Fixed typo... There are 24 tirthankaras only, but it was given 25 so I corrected it

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Photo of lord adinath bhagwan at kundalpur.JPG|thumb|Image of Bade Baba ([[Rishabhanatha]]) at [[Kundalpur]] ]]
{{Jainism}}
'''Jain sculptures''' or '''Jain idols''' are the images depicting ''[[Tirthankara]]s'' (teaching gods). These images are worshiped by the followers of [[Jainism]]. The sculpture can depict any of the twenty-four''tirthankaras'' with images depicting [[Parshvanatha]], [[Rishabhanatha]], or [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] being more popular. Jain sculptures are an example of [[Jain art]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/j/jainism/|title=Jainism}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/region_results.asp?RegionID=1&CountryID=1&ChapterID=3 |title=Asia Society: The Collection In Context }}</ref> There is a long history of construction of Jain sculptures. Early examples include [[Lohanipur Torso]]s which has been regarded to be from the [[Maurya period]],<ref>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700, Volume 1 of Indian Sculpture: A Catalogue of the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], Pratapaditya Pal, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, University of California Press, 1986 p. 22</ref> and images from the [[Kushan period]] from Mathura.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&q=lohanipur+jain&pg=PT563|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|first=Roshen|last=Dalal|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184753967|access-date=15 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:Chandraprabh.jpg|thumb|left|Image depicting ''[[Chandraprabha]]'', the eight ''tirthankara'' of present half cycle of time]]
The Jain idols are males depicted in both sitting and standing postures.{{sfn|Cort|2010}} The ''tīrthaṅkaras'' are represented either Padmasana (seated in yoga posture) or standing in the ''[[Kayotsarga]]'' posture.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=209-210}} ''Parshvanatha'' statues are usually depicted with a snake crown on head, [[Bahubali]] statues are usually depicted covered with creepers.{{sfn|Pereira|1977|p=9}} However, there are a few differences in [[Digambara]] and [[Svetambara]] depiction of idols.{{sfn|Cort|2010}} Digambara images are naked without any beautification whereas Svetambara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments.{{sfn|Cort|2010}}

=== Jivantasvami ===
{{Main|Jivantasvami}}
The '''Jivantasvami''' images represent Lord [[Mahavira]] (and in some cases other Tirthankaras) as a prince, with a crown and ornaments. The Jina is represented as standing in the [[kayotsarga]] pose.{{Sfn|Shah|1995|p=15}}{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=35}}

==Examples==
Giant rock-cut statues of Jain Tirthankaras are carved in the [[Gopachal Hill]], Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
<ref>{{citation |url=http://worldvisitguide.com/salle/MS05293.html |title=worldvisitguide.com }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.abiyoyo.com/articles/2203_jain_sculptures_in_gwalior.html |title=Jain sculptures in Gwalior - Abiyoyo }}</ref>

Charans are footprints exclusive to Jain temples. The charan of Tirthankara [[Rishabhanatha]] are present at the Badrinath Temple.{{fact|date=January 2019}}

[[Akota Bronzes]] and [[Vasantgarh hoard]] of Gujarat; [[Hansi hoard]] of Haryana, [[Chausa hoard]] and [[Aluara bronzes]] from Bihar.

==In Tamil Nadu==
[[File:Thirakoil-Parsava nathar.JPG|thumb|Sculpture depicting Tirthankara Parshvanatha, [[Thirakoil]], Tamil Nadu]]
Jainism spread here and there all over [[Tamil Nadu]] during [[Sangam Age]]. One of the [[Tamil literature]], called Paripadal (பரிபாடல்), probably belongs to 3rd century, mentions that there were propelling statues sculptured in stone for different deities in the temple of God Murugan in [[Thirupparankundram]]. One among them was Jain statue. Others are Kaaman-Rathi (the deities of Love), Deity Indra (the king of so-called Heavenly people according to [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]]), Agaligai (wife of Saint Gaudham), and [[Buddha]].

[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]] near Madurai belongs to one century latter is to be compared with Thirpparankunram Jain sculpture.
In addition a propelling stone statue of a Jain monk mentioned in Tamil literature is also present.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402093715/http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=595&cat=42 Cave inscriptions in Brahmi script of Chera kings in Pugalur] probably one century earlier to that of the literature we have taken to our consideration, names some of the Jain Monks vs Yatrur Senkayapan, Pittan, Kotran. Pittan and Kotran are the chieftains of Tamil Nadu also mentioned in Tamil literature more or less to the same period.

==In museums==
[[Lohanipur torso]] found in a central Division of [[Patna]], ancient [[Pataliputra]], dates back to 3rd century BCE.{{Sfn|Olivelle|2006|p=399}} Some of the oldest Jain sculptures excaved at [[Kankali Tila]] are in the [[Government Museum, Mathura]].{{sfn|Das|1980|p=171}}
Many Jain sculptures are kept in [[Government Museum, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/03/jain1.htm|title=Government Museum Chennai|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://archive.is/20150112022638/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/03/jain1.htm#|archive-date=12 January 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/03/jain4.htm|title=Government Museum Chennai|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://archive.is/20150112022633/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/03/jain4.htm#|archive-date=12 January 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The oldest Jain sculpture in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York is of the [[Siddha]] [[Bahubali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1987.142.339|title=Jain Siddha Bahubali, Entwined with Forest Vines|work=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref>

==Jain vs Buddhist iconography==
A Buddhist image can be in one of several [[Mudra#Common_Buddhist_mudrās|mudras]]. However the Jain tirthankara images can only be in one of the two format. In Padmasana, the statues of a [[Five Jinas|Jina]] and a [[Buddha]] can be similar. The Buddha statue has folds of the cloth on the upperbody, with cloth behind the left arm, where as the Jina statue is without clothes, unless it is a Shwetambara image which shows "kandora" folds.

<gallery>
Toluwila Seated Buddha Statue.jpg|[[Toluvila statue]] Buddha from [[Anuradhapura]], 5th Century CE, Colombo
MET - Neminatha Akota.jpg| Lord Neminatha ([[Akota Bronzes]] 7th century)
Rishabhanatha - First Jain Tirthankara - Circa 5th Century CE - Kankali Mound - ACCN 00-B-6 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5402.JPG| Rishabhanatha 5th Century CE, from [[Kankali Tila]]
</gallery>

==Chronological Gallery: Kayotsarga Statues ==
<gallery>
Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-B-67 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6023.JPG|Four Fold Jain Image 1st Century [[Kankali Tila]] [[Mathura]]
File:MET DP216814 - Bahubali 6th century.jpg|[[Bahubali]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (6th CE)
File:Rishabhanatha - First Jain Tirthankara - Circa 6th Century CE - Katra Keshav Dev - ACCN 12-2-68 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5404.JPG|[[Rishabhanatha]], [[Mathura Museum]], 6th century
File:Jain Tirthankara Relief at Padmakshi Gutta 02.jpg|Converted image of [[Parshvanatha]]
File:'Jina Suparsvanatha' from Karnataka, c. 900, schist, Norton Simon Museum.JPG|[[Suparsvanatha]], [[Norton Simon Museum]], c. 900 CE
</gallery>

==Chronological Gallery: Padmasana Statues, ==
<gallery>
File:Shrine with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha)), Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira) LACMA M.85.55 (1 of 4).jpg|Rishabhanatha, Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira, LACMA, Uttar Pradesh, circa 600
File:Uttar pradesh, jaina tirthankara parshvanatha con cappuccio di serpenti, vi secolo.jpg|[[Parshvanatha]], [[Art Institute of Chicago]], 6th century
File:India, madhya pradesh, jina parshvanatha dalla tempèesta, 600-700.JPG| Parshvanatha, 600-700
File:MET - Neminatha Akota.jpg|[[Neminatha]], 7th C, [[Akota Bronzes]]
File:India, uttar pradesh, jina rishabhanatha, 800-900.JPG| Rishabhanatha, 800-900
File:India, Rajasthan, Medieval period - Jina (Tirthankara) - 2001.88 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|[[Jain]] [[tirthankara]], [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], 10th century
</gallery>

== Deities Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Goat-faced God Harinaigamesha - Kushan Period - ACCN 2547 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5995.JPG|[[Naigamesha]], [[Mathura Museum]], 1st-3rd century CE
File:A Jain Family Group LACMA M.77.49.jpg|Jain Family Group, 6th century
File:WLA lacma Jain Goddess Ambika.jpg|[[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], 6th century
File:Yaksha Gomukha and his beloved.jpg|[[Gomukha]], c. 8th century
File:MET - Padmavati Idol (1).jpg|[[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]], 10th century, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
File:'Digambara Yaksha Sarvahna' from Karnataka, India, c. 900, Norton Simon Museum.JPG|Yaksha Sarvahna, c. 900, [[Norton Simon Museum]]
</gallery>

== Colossal statues ==
<gallery>
File:Shravanabelagola2007 - 11.jpg|{{convert|17.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanabelagola]], 10th century
File:Tirumalai_Neminatha_Statue.jpg|The {{convert|16|m|ft|abbr=on}} statue of Neminath at [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]], the tallest Jain sculpture in Tamil Nadu
File:Gwalior-adinath1.jpg|[[Rishabhanatha]] statue at [[Gopachal Hill]], [[Gwalior Fort]], {{convert|58.4|feet}}
File:Jain statues, Gwalior.jpg|Rock cut [[Tirthankara]] statues at [[Gopachal Hill]], [[Gwalior]]
File:Mahaveerji_Shantinath_Statue.png|Shantinatha Statue at {{convert|9.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Shri_Mahavirji#Shantinath_Jinalaya|Shantinath Jinalaya]], [[Shri Mahavirji]]
File:Lord Vasupujya.jpeg|31 ft [[statue of Vasupujya|statue of Lord Vasupujya]] at Champapur, Bhagalpur
File:Shri_1008_Munisuvratnath_Bhagwan_Statue.JPG|Munisuvrata statue at {{convert|8.23|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Shantinath Jain Teerth]]
File:StatueOfAhimsa.jpg|{{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Statue of Ahimsa]], [[Mangi-Tungi]], [[Maharashtra]], the largest Jain idol in world
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Lohanipur torso]]
* [[Akota Bronzes]]
* [[Chausa hoard]]
* [[Thirakoil]]
* [[Jain architecture]]
* [[Jain temple]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Pereira |first=José |author-link=José Pereira (scholar) |title=Monolithic Jinas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMTgiygj4-oC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=1977 |isbn=0-8426-1027-8 }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort | title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |orig-year=1953 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}
*{{citation |last=Zimmer|first=Heinrich|author-link=Heinrich Zimmer|title=Philosophies of India|year=1953|editor=Joseph Campbell|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd|location=London, E.C. 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC|isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Olivelle |first1=Patrick |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199775071 |page=399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC|language=en}}
*{{citation|title=Early Inscriptions of Mathurā|last1=Das|first1=Kalyani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuwLAAAAIAAJ|year=1980}}
* {{Citation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC | title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah | first=Umakant Premanand | last=Shah | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | publisher=Abhinav Publications | date=1995 | isbn=9788170173168 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }} }}

== External links ==
*Guy, John. “Jain Sculpture.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jais/hd_jais.htm online] (January 2012)
{{commonscat|Jain sculptures}}

{{Jainism Topics|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Jain art]]
[[Category:Indian sculpture]]

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Jain sculpture