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Daman and Diu

2021-07-07T10:09:32Z

2405:204:2098:C24F:A1AC:2A9:48A5:7124: /* History */

{{short description| Union Territory India}}
{{about|the union territory of India|the current Indian union territory|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox subdivision
| common_name = Daman and Diu<br/>''Damão e Diu''
| conventional_long_name = Daman and Diu
| image ={{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a =
| photo2b =
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
| image_caption =
| nation = India
| status_text = [[Union Territory of India ]]
| capital = [[Daman, India|Daman]]
| date_end = 8 January
| event_end = Formation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
| p1 = Goa, Daman and Diu
| flag_p1 = Emblem of Goa, Daman and Diu.png
| s1 = Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
| flag_s1 = Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png
| image_flag =
| symbol_type = Seal
| image_coat = Seal of Daman and Diu.svg
| image_map = IN-DD.svg
| image_map_caption = Map of Daman and Diu
| coordinates =
| legislature =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| political_subdiv = [[Districts of India|2 districts]]
| title_leader = [[Administrator of Daman and Diu|Administrator]]
| leader1 = Gopal Singh
| year_leader1 = 1987 (''first'')
| leader2 = [[Praful Khoda Patel]]
| year_leader2 = 2019 (''last'')
| title_deputy =
| deputy1 =
| year_deputy1 =
| deputy2 =
| footnotes =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_area1 = 112
|stat_pop1 = 242,911
}}
'''Daman and Diu''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|n|...|'|d|iː|uː}}; [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Damão e Diu''; {{audio|Daman & Diu.ogg|locally}}) is a district of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory in western [[India]]. It was a separate [[union territory]] until January 8, 1983, later it is merged with [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] union territory to form a single UT due to its small landmass. With an area of {{cvt|112|km2}}, it was the smallest federal division of [[India]] on the mainland. The territory comprised two distinct regions—[[Daman District, India|Daman]] and [[Diu District|Diu]]—that are geographically separated by the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. The state of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] bordered the territory. A [[Portuguese India]]n colony since the early 1500s, the territories were [[Annexation of Goa|annexed]] by India in 1961. Daman and Diu were administered as part of the union territory of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] between 1961 and 1987, when they became a separate union territory. In 2019, legislation was passed to merge the union territory of Daman and Diu with its neighbouring union territory, [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], to form the new union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] with effect from January 8 2783.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indusdictum.com/2019/12/04/dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu-uts-merge-for-better-admin-efficiency-service-mos-home/|title=Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu UTs merge for 'better admin efficiency, service': MoS Home|first=The ID|last=Staff|date=4 December 2019|website=Indus Dictum|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: Damão) and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of [[Portuguese India]], along with [[Goa]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by [[Operation Vijay (1961)|military conquest]]. [[Portugal]] did not recognise the Indian annexation of these territories until the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974. The territory has also been ruled by [[Kolis]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC&q=Daman+Diu+Koli&pg=PA136|title=Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide|last=Ward|date=1998|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|isbn=9788125013839|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lS-vD6l8cO8C&q=Daman+Diu+Koli&pg=PP19|title=Daman and Diu|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|last2=Solanki|first2=B. R.|last3=Sinha|first3=N. K.|last4=Pereira|first4=Jaime F.|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171547616|language=en}}</ref>

The territory of Goa, Daman and Diu was administered as a single union territory until 30 May 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory. Each enclave constituted one of the union territory's two [[district]]s. Daman and Diu are approximately 650 kilometres away from each other by road.

On 3 November 2019, Daman [[District magistrate|Collector]] Rakesh Minhas issued a [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144]] order banning peaceful assembly of four or more persons, slogan-shouting and the use of loudspeakers across the entire district and ordered the conversion of Government High School, Bhimpore and the Government Sarvottam High School, Moti Daman into 'temporary jails'.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 November 2019|title=Daman: Section 144 Imposed, Two Government Schools Converted Into 'Temporary Jails'|url=https://thewire.in/rights/section-144-daman-protests-evictions|access-date=2 March 2021|work=The Wire|language=en}}</ref> This was in response to a land ownership dispute between the local indigenous fishing community and the [[List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|local administration]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2019|title=Demolition of houses: Section 144 in Daman after residents protest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/demolition-of-houses-section-144-in-daman-after-residents-protest-6103699/|access-date=2 March 2021|work=Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> that had confiscated their land and bulldozed their homes. The ensuing [[2019 Daman Indigenous Land Clearing Protests]] resulted with the detention of 70 protesters in the 'temporary jails' and another 8 arrests. Few of the [[adivasi]] fisherfolk were rehoused whilst most languished traumatised and homeless on the streets near the rubble of their razed homes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uppal|first=Jas|date=6 January 2020|title=Daman – Land and Property Owned by the Fishing Communities Confiscated and Homes Demolished|url=https://www.justiceupheld.org.uk/daman-land-and-property-owned-by-the-fishing-communities-confiscated-and-homes-demolished/|access-date=2 March 2021|website=Justice Upheld|language=en}}</ref>

In December 2019, the Parliament of India passed legislation to merge Daman and Diu with the nearby union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] to create a new union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Amrita Nayak |title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu |url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=The Print |date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli |title = Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}</ref><ref>http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{IndiaCensusPop
| title = Population growth
| state =
| 1951 = 49000
| 1961 = 37000
| 1971 = 63000
| 1981 = 79000
| 1991 = 102000
| 2001 = 158000
| estimate =
| estyear =
| estref =
| footnote = Source:Census of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{bar box
|title=Literacy rates in Daman and Diu
|titlebar=#ddd
|bars=
{{bar percent|Male|lightblue|91.5}}
{{bar percent|Female|pink|79.5}}
{{bar percent|Total|grey|87.1}}
}}

According to the 2011 census, Daman and Diu had a literacy rate of 87.1%, higher than the national average of 74.04%.<ref>census 2011</ref> Male and female literacy rates are 91.5 and 79.5 per cent respectively. The lowest female-to-male ratio in India (618 females per thousand males) was recorded in Daman and Diu.<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter3.pdf |title=Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001 |work=Government of India (2001) |publisher=Census of India |pages=5–6 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192159/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter3.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Daman district, with a female-to-male ratio of 0.533,{{clarify|This is a number, not a ratio|date=February 2020}} is among the lowest of all the districts.

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Daman and Diu<ref name= "Census 2011 website">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/daman+and+diu.html|title=Daman and Diu |access-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621222156/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/daman+and+diu.html|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|90.50}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|7.92}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|red|1.16}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.41}}
}}

Hinduism was by far the most common religion in Daman and Diu. Muslims were the second-largest religious group in the territory, followed by Christians. The Catholic Christians of Daman and Diu are pastorally served by the Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]], which has its see in Goa, the [[primate (bishop)|primatial see]] of India.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart| thumb = right
|caption=Languages of Daman and Diu (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|value1=50.83
|color1 = purple
|label2=[[Hindi language|Hindi]]|value2=36.31
|color2= orange
|label3=[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|value3=4.53
|color3= yellow
|label4=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value4=2.15
|color4= green
|label5= [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value5 = 1.82
|color5= blue
|label6= [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value6= 0.58
|color6= brown
|label7= [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|value7=0.51
|color7= violet
|label8=[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value8=0.49
|color8= lightblue
|label9 = Others
|value9= 2.78
|color9= grey
}}

[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] was the mother tongue of most of the territory's population, as they belong to the Gujarati-speaking [[Damaniya]] sub-caste. Along with Gujarati, [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are also widely used. Daman and Diu were once part of a combined union territory along with [[Goa]] (a Konkani-speaking region) before Goa became a state in 1987.

The use of Portuguese, which was the territory's official language during the colonial period, is in decline and relegated to home use. It is also used as a liturgical language by the territory's Catholics. Standard Portuguese exists in a [[post-creole continuum]] while [[Daman and Diu Portuguese]] is spoken by about 10,000–12,000 people in Daman.

The languages taught in schools in Daman and Diu under the [[three-language formula]] were:<ref>{{cite web|title=51st REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|date=15 July 2015|access-date=15 February 2018|page=125|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*First language: Gujarati
*Second language: Hindi
*Third language: English

== Administration ==
According to the Constitution of India, the administration of Daman and Diu was carried out by an Administrator, appointed by the President of India as an agent of the President, not a head of state/government or a governor. He was assisted by several other officers in carrying out his duty.

===Districts===
The union territory of Daman and Diu had two districts:
* [[Diu District]], an area of {{cvt|40|km2}}. The main settlement is the town of [[Diu, India|Diu]].
* [[Daman District, India|Daman District]], an area of {{cvt|72|km2}}. The main settlement is the city of [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|India}}
* [[Battle of Diu]]
* [[Damania]]
{{clear right}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikivoyage|Daman and Diu}}
* [https://www.daman.nic.in/ Daman Administration's official website]
* [https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_goa-dep.html#Daman WorldStatesmen, including lists of Portuguese captains/governors of Damão and Diu]

{{Geographic Location
| Centre = Daman and Diu
| North =
| Northeast =
| East = [[Gujarat]]
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West = [[Arabian Sea]]
| Northwest =
}}

{{Daman and Diu}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daman And Diu}}
[[Category:Daman and Diu| ]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:City-states]]
[[Category:Diu, India]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Gulf of Khambhat]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1987]]
[[Category:Former union territories of India]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]

Gondi people

2021-07-07T09:32:55Z

2405:204:2098:C24F:A1AC:2A9:48A5:7124:

{{short description|Tribe of India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Gondi people
| native_name = Koitur
| image = File:Girls students, Chhattisgarh, India.jpg
| caption = School children in [[Chhattisgarh]]
| population = '''{{Circa|13 million|lk=yes}}'''
| total_ref = <ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|access-date=24 March 2017|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>
| popplace = India
| region1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop1 = 5,093,124
| ref1 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region2 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| pop2 = 4,298,404
| ref2 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region3 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop3 = 1,618,090
| ref3 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region4 = [[Odisha]]
| pop4 = 888,581
| ref4 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region5 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pop5 = 569,035
| ref5 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region6 = [[Andhra Pradesh]] (undivided)
| pop6 = 304,537
| ref6 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region7 = [[Bihar]]
| pop7 = 256,738
| ref7 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region8 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop8 = 158,243
| ref8 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region9 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop9 = 53,676
| ref9 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region10 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop10 = 13,535
| ref10 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region11 = [[Gujarat]]
| pop11 = 2,965
| ref11 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| languages = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] • Regional languages
| religions = Native: [[Nature Worship|Gondi Religion]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|publisher=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref> [[Sarnaism]]<br/>Others: [[Hinduism]],<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=B.H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpfUwRl24lgC&pg=PA118 |access-date=26 February 2019 |isbn=9788170222620 |year=1990}}</ref>
| related = [[Dravidian people]] • [[Muria people]] • [[Madia Gond]]
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Gondi''' (Gōndi) or '''Gond''' or '''Koitur'''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poyam |first1=Akash |title=The Koitur community is reclaiming their linguistic identity despite the state's historical biases |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/culture/gond-gondi-koitur-dictionary-adivasi |access-date=8 December 2019 |work=The Caravan |date=9 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> are a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] ethno-linguistic group. They are one of the largest Adivasi groups in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Gonds.html|title=Gonds|website=everyculture}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Adivasi Rights and Exclusion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiBtDwAAQBAJ&q=gond+adivasi&pg=PT99|date=2018|isbn = 9780429792861|last1 = Srinivasa Rao|first1 = V.}}</ref> They are spread over the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&pg=PA16|title=The Gonds of Vidarbha|first=Shashishekhar Gopal|last=Deogaonkar|date=23 November 2017|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180694745}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Western Odisha|Odisha]]. They are listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] for the purpose of India's [[Reservation in India|system of positive discrimination]].<ref name=list>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

The [[Gondi language]] is related to [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded about 2.98 million Gondi speakers, concentrated in southeastern Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra, southern Chhattisgarh and northern Telangana. Most Gonds, however, speak regional languages like [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Census of India 2011}}</ref>

According to the 1971 census, their population was 5.01 million. By the 1991 census, this had increased to 9.3 million<ref name="verma"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}} and by the 2001 census the figure was nearly 11 million. For the past few decades they have been witnesses to the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] in the central part of India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Bringing rural realities on stage in urban India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/bringing-rural-realities-on-stage-in-urban-india/article7592193.ece |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=29 August 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Gondi people, at the behest of the Chhattisgarh government, and at cost of corporate sponsorships formed the [[Salwa Judum]], an armed militant group to fight the Naxalite insurgency; But Salwa Judam was disbanded by order of Supreme court on 5 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Chandan |title=Salwa Judum is the only effective weapon against Maoist terror at present |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/salwa-judum-is-the-only-effective-weapon-against-maoist-terror-at-present-strengthen-it/story-liLxecdkR5hKTAVDtv6eBK.html |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The origin of the name 'Gond', used by outsiders to refer to the tribe, is still uncertain. Some believe the word to derive from ''konda'', meaning hill, in a similar manner to the Khonds of Odisha. The Gonds themselves call themselves Koitur, which colonial scholars thought related to the Khond self-designation Kui in the same way.<ref name=":4" />

==History==
The origins of the Gonds are still in debate. Some have [[claimed]] that the Gonds were a collection of disparate tribes that adopted a proto-Gondi language as a mother tongue from a class of rulers, originally speaking various pre-Dravidian languages.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Beine, David Karl|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/896425593|title=A sociolinguistic survey of the Gondi-speaking communities of Central India|date=1994|oclc=896425593}}</ref> Genetic evidence notes extensive gene flow between the Gonds and Munda peoples to the east, but rules out a common origin, instead noting the Gonds and Munda peoples have distinct origins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Tamang|first2=Rakesh|last3=Pennarun|first3=Erwan|last4=Dubey|first4=Pavan|last5=Rai|first5=Niraj|last6=Upadhyay|first6=Rakesh Kumar|last7=Meena|first7=Rajendra Prasad|last8=Patel|first8=Jayanti R|last9=van Driem|first9=George|last10=Thangaraj|first10=Kumarasamy|last11=Metspalu|first11=Mait|date=12 October 2017|title=Erratum: Reconstructing the population history of the largest tribe of India: the Dravidian speaking Gond|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=25|issue=11|pages=1291|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2017.46|pmid=29023439|pmc=5643977|s2cid=7755962|issn=1018-4813|doi-access=free}} "By considering the case of language shift we modelled the scenario considering Gond originally as an Austroasiatic population, which has recently changed its language to Dravidian. In this case we should expect largely similar amount of chunks donated by an outlier distant Austroasiatic population (Bonda) to Gonds and their present Austroasiatic (both North and South Munda) neighbours. However, this was not the case in our analysis, and we observed significantly higher Bonda chunks among North and South Munda neighbours than any Gond group."</ref>

R. V. Russel believed the Gonds came into Gondwana from the south: up the Godavari into Vidharbha, and from there they moved up the Indravati into Bastar and up the Wardha and Wainganga into the Satpura Range.<ref name=":4" />

The first historical references from the Gonds comes from Muslim writers in the 14th century. Scholars believe that Gonds ruled in [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]], a region extending from what is now eastern Madhya Pradesh to western Odisha and from northern Andhra Pradesh to the southeastern corner of Uttar Pradesh, between the 13th and 19th centuries CE.
[[File:Gond Mahal S-MP-31 (9).jpg|thumb|Gond palace , Bhopal]]
The first kingdom of the Gonds was that of [[Gondwana Kingdom|Chanda]], founded in 1200. Next was the kingdom of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha]], whose founder, Jadurai, deposed the previous [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri]] rulers in the early 14th century. Afterwards the kingdoms of Kherla and [[Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh|Deogarh]] were founded. Mandla is particularly well-known for its warrior-queen [[Rani Durgavati]], who fought against Akbar until her death in 1564. The kingdom of Chanda developed extensive irrigation and the first defined revenue system of the Gond kingdoms. These kingdoms were briefly conquered by the Mughals, but eventually the Gond Rajas were restored and were simply under Mughal hegemony.<ref name=":1" /> In the 1740s, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] began to attack the Gond rajas, causing both rajas and subjects to flee from the plains to the refuges in the forests and hills. Caste Hindus quickly replaced them. Maratha occupation of the Gond rajas' territory continued until the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], when the British took control over the remaining Gond zamindaris and took over revenue collection. The British, who regarded the Gonds as "plunderers" and "thieves" before their takeover, changed their attitude so they saw the Gonds as "timid" and "meek by the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Archana|date=1999-10-01|title=Military Conflict and Forests in Central Provinces, India: Gonds and the Gondwana Region in Pre-colonial History|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734099779568290|journal=Environment and History|volume=5|issue=3|pages=361–375|doi=10.3197/096734099779568290|issn=0967-3407}}</ref> The remaining Gond zamindaris were absorbed into the Indian Union upon independence.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Concept of Race in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1995 |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Robb |first=Crispin |last=Bates |chapter=Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian ...anthropomorphize |isbn=978-0-19-563767-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNkQgAACAAJ |page=233 |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref>

During colonial rule, the Gonds were marginalized by colonial forest management practices. The [[Bastar rebellion]] of 1910, better known in the tribal belt as the ''bhumkal'', was a partly-successful armed struggle against colonial forest policy that denied the Madia and Muria Gonds of Bastar, along with other tribes in the region, access to the forest for their livelihoods. In the early 1920s, [[Komaram Bheem]], a Gond leader from Adilabad in Hyderabad state, rebelled against the Nizam and sought a separate Gond raj. It was he who coined the well-known slogan ''jal, jangal, jameen'' ("water, forest, land") that has symbolized Adivasi movements since independence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=editor.|first=Bodhi, S. R.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/980926378|title=Social work in India|year=2016|isbn=978-93-84465-04-9|oclc=980926378}}</ref>

In 1916, Gondi intellectuals from various parts of Gondwana formed the Gond Mahasabha to protect Gondi culture from the increasing outside influence. The Gond Mahasabha held meetings in 1931 and 1934 to discuss ways to preserve Gond culture from manipulation by outsiders, social norms the Gonds should have and solidarity between the Gonds of different parts of Gondwana. Starting in the 1940s, various Gond leaders agitated for a separate Gondwana state that encompassed the erstwhile territory of Gondwana: especially tribal areas of eastern Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, Vidharbha and Adilabad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1982|title=Transformation of Tribal Society: Integration vs Assimilation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4371265|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=17|issue=34|pages=1376–1384|jstor=4371265|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The demand reached its peak in the early 1950s when Heera Singh founded the Bharatiya Gondwana Sangh to agitate for statehood. Singh held many meetings throughout Gondwana and could mobilize 1 lakh people at his height in 1962-1963, but his movement had died down by the late 1960s and was never taken seriously by the authorities. Other methods of agitation, including petitions and demands by various Gond organisations, were ignored by the state. In the 1990s, Heera Singh Markam and Kausalya Porte founded the [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]] to fight for statehood.<ref name=":2" />

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and oral narratives and history, as per the Gond myth, there are three kinds of Gonds - the ''Sur Gonds'', the ''Nand Gonds'' and the ''Raj Gonds''. The Raj Gonds descend from the elder sister hence they are the eldest in the hierarchy of their clans. The Raj Gonds are well educated, have landholdings, and are wealthier than the other Gonds.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yadav|first=Smita|title=Precarious Labour and Informal Economy Work, Anarchy, and Society in an Indian Village|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-77971-3|location=New York|pages=55}}</ref>

The Gond are also known as the ''Raj Gond''. The term was widely used in the 1950s, but has now become almost obsolete, probably because of the political eclipse of the Gond Rajas.<ref name="verma">{{cite book |title=Indian Tribes Through the Ages |first=R. C. |last=Verma |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-12300-328-3}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}

== Society ==
Gond society is divided into several exogamous patrilineal units known as ''sagas''. The number depends on the region: with Gonds in the hills of Madhya Pradesh and the northern Nagpur plain having only two and those of the southern Nagpur plain and Adilabad having four. In Adilabad, these ''sagas'' are called ''Yerwen'', ''Sarwen'', ''Siwen'' and ''Nalwen'', whose names refer to the number of ancestors for that ''saga''.{{Efn|'Yerlung' means seven, 'sarlung' means six, 'silung' means five and 'nalung' means four in Gondi}} In Adilabad there is a fifth ''saga'': ''Sarpe saga'', which for marriage purposes is linked with ''Sarwen'' although their origin myths are different. According to Gond mythology, each ''saga'' once lived in a single village but soon moved out and established their own villages. The names of these ancestral villages are preserved in culture and sometimes identified with present-day locations. The number of ancestors for each ''saga'' is a symbol of the ''saga'', and on many ceremonial and ritual occasions the number of involved animals, people, actions or objects corresponds to that ''saga''<nowiki/>'s number.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=von Fürer-Haimendorf|first=Christoph|date=1956|title=The Descent Group System of the Raj Gonds|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/610113|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=18|issue=3|pages=499–511|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0008798X|jstor=610113|issn=0041-977X}}</ref>

The ''saga'' exists mostly in the sphere of ritual, and has no real political or organizational significance. The most visible sign of ''saga'' consciousness is in the worship of ''Persa Pen'', although this worship is mainly at the clan level. All worshippers of the same ''Persa pen'' see themselves as agnatically related and so any intermarriage or sexual relations between them is forbidden. Gonds use the term ''soira'' to refer to ''sagas'' whose members they can marry.<ref name=":3" />

Each ''saga'' is regarded as performing actions essential to the society as a whole. During ceremonies and ritual events, the ''saga'' becomes important for determining roles in the proceedings. For instance, in worship of a clan's ''Persa pen'', the clan priest is involved in sacrifice while two members of a ''soira saga'' to the celebrating clan dress the idol and cook the sacrificial food. During certain parts of Gond festivals, participants divide into ''saga'' or ''soira''. And for serving the sacrificial meal at ''Persa Pen'', members of each ''saga'' seat separately and are served in order of which their ancestors emerged from the cave in their origin story. However all ''saga'' have equal status in Gond society. Members of each ''saga'' work cooperatively in issues affecting their relationship with other ''sagas'', such as negotiations about bride price in marriage. In addition, for ritual purposes, any person can be replaced by a person from the same age, generation and ''saga''. So for instance in a marriage where for instance the brides' parents are not present, a couple from the same ''saga'' as the bride can stand in for the bride's parents in the ritual. This applies also to the relations between Gonds and Pardhans: if a Pardhan of the same clan is not found, then a Pardhan belonging to a different clan in the same ''saga'' can be brought in as a suitable replacement.<ref name=":3" />

Subdivided in the ''saga'' is the ''pari'', or clan, the main unit of organisation of Gond society. In each ''saga'' the number of clans is determined by the number of ancestors of that ''saga''. The clans of a ''saga'' are arranged by precendence in when they emerged from the cave in the Gond creation story. This precendence regulates behaviour during some rituals, for instance during the First Fruit festival, all members of a ''saga'' eat at the seniormost member of the seniormost ''pari'' of the ''saga'' represented in the village. Group relations between senior and junior ''pari'' are based on relations between older and younger brothers. For instance, members of a senior ''pari'' cannot marry a widow from a junior ''pari'', since it is seen as analogous to the marriage between elder brother and a younger brother's wife. Clans generally have names relating to specific plants. Some common ''pari'' include Tekam, Uikey, Markam, Dhurwe and Atram.<ref name=":3" />

Each clan is divided into several parallel lineages called ''kita''. Each of these ''kita'' has a specific ritual function within Gond society: for instance the ''katora kita'' is the only ''kita'' which presides over the worship of ''Persa Pen''. ''Kita'' in some clans use Maratha titles like Deshmukh, bestowed on certain Gond chiefs. The ''kita'' functions only in the ritual sphere. Sometimes the clans are also divided into ''khandan'', or subclans, which are generally organic in nature. Each ''khandan'' is like a mini-clan, in that it has its own set of ritual objects for worship of ''Persa Pen'', and is formed when a group in a ''pari'' including a ''katora'' decide to set up a new centre for worship of ''Persa Pen''. Eventually this group becomes solidified into a ''khandan''.<ref name=":3" />

==Culture==
[[File:Gond lady.jpg|thumb|150px|Painting of a Gond lady.]]
[[File:Gond art IMG 8707.jpg|thumb|150px|Gond art]]
Many astronomical ideas were known to ancient Gonds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vahia |first1=M.N. |last2=Halkare |first2=Ganesh |title=Aspects of Gond astronomy |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |date=2013 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=29–44 |arxiv=1306.2416 |bibcode=2013JAHH...16...29V }}</ref> Gonds had their own local terms for the Sun, Moon, Milky Way, and constellations. Most of these ideas were basis for their time-keeping and calendrical activities.{{efn|The [[Banjara]]s and [[Kolam people|Kolams]] are also known to have knowledge of astronomy.<ref name='"arxiv.org"'>{{cite journal |last1=Vahia |first1=M.N. |last2=Halkare |first2=Ganesh |last3=Menon |first3=Kishore |last4=Calamur |first4=Harini |title=The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |date=2014 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |arxiv=1406.3044 |bibcode=2014JAHH...17...65V }}</ref>}}

The Gondi language is spoken by almost 30 [[lakh]] Gonds: mainly in the southern area of their range. This area encompasses southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra, northern Telganana and southern Chhattisgarh (mainly in Bastar division). The language is related to Telugu. In the early 20th century, the language was spoken by 15 lakhs: around half their population at the time, the rest having shifted to other regional languages. Then also almost the entire population was bilingual.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Robert Vane|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|publisher=Gutenberg|year=1916|isbn=9781517408183}}</ref> At present, the language is only spoken by one fifth of Gonds and is dying out even in its traditional linguistic range.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Religion==
Majority of Gond people still follow their traditions of nature worship, but like many other tribes in India, their religion has had significant influence from Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murkute |first1=S. R. |title=Socio-Cultural Study of Scheduled Tribes |page=155 |via=Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&pg=PA155 |year=1984 |quote=With the exception of those who adopted Islam, or Christianity as their religion, and these are very few, the Gonds belong to the Hindu society..}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |series=Everyday Cultures |title=Gonds |url=https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Gonds.html}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=B.H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpfUwRl24lgC&pg=PA118 |access-date=26 February 2019 |isbn=9788170222620 |year=1990}}</ref> The name of the native Gond religion is Koyapunem, which was founded by Pari Kupar Lingo.<ref name="Koreti">{{cite web |last1=Koreti |first1=Shamrao I. |title=Religion of the 'Gond' Tribes of Middle India |url=http://repository.kln.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/11486/86-93.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=South Asia Culture, History & Heritage 2015 |access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> Some Gonds also practice [[Sarnaism]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Human: The definitive visual guide |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-7566-0520-2 |editor-last=Winston |editor-first=Robert |location=New York, NY |page=438}}</ref> Pola, a cattle festival, Phag, and [[Dassera]] are some of their major festivals.<ref name="auto"/>

In Gond folk tradition, adherents worship a high god known as ''Baradeo'', whose alternate names are ''[[Bhagavan]]'', ''Kupar Lingo'', ''Badadeo'', and ''Persa Pen''. Baradeo oversees activities of lesser gods such as clan and village deities, as well as ancestors.<ref name="auto"/> Baradeo is respected but he does not receive fervent devotion, which is shown only to clan and village deities, ancestors, and totems. These village deities include ''Aki Pen'', the village guardian and the {{transl|gon|anwal}}, the village mother goddess, a similar paradigm to folk traditions of other Dravidian peoples. Before any festival occurs these two deities are worshipped. Each clan has their own {{transl|gon|persa pen}}, meaning "great god." This god is benign at heart, but can display violent tendencies. However these tendencies are reduced when a {{transl|gon|pardhan}}, a bard, plays a fiddle.

Three people are important in Gond religious ceremonies: the ''baiga'' (village priest), the ''bhumka'' (clan priest), and the ''kaser-gaita'' (leader of the village).

As Kupar Lingo, the high god of the Gonds is depicted as a clean-shaven young prince wearing a trident-shaped crown, the ''munshul'', which represents the head, heart, and body. There are many shrines to Kupar Lingo in Gondwana, as he is revered as an ancestral hero.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Celebrating Ravan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/omar-rashid-on-ravan-worship/article7799972.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 October 2015 |language=en-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208164424/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/omar-rashid-on-ravan-worship/article7799972.ece|archive-date=8 December 2020}}</ref>

According to the Gond religion, their ancestor Rupolang Pahandi Pari Kupar Lingo was born as the son of the chief Pulsheev, during the reign of Sambhu-Gaura several thousand years ago. Kupar Lingo became the ruler of the Koya race and established the Gondi Punem, a code of conduct and philosophy that the Gondi practice. He gathered thirty-three disciples to teach the Gondi Punem to the distant lands of the ''koyamooree''.

A principle in the Gond religion is ''munjok'', which is non-violence, cooperation, and self-defense. Another part of Gond belief is ''salla'' and ''gangra'', which represents action and reaction, similar to [[karma]] in Hinduism. To prevent people from destroying themselves in conflict and discord, they are supposed to live under the ''Phratrial'' society. Among the beliefs for the Phratrial society include the need to defend the community from enemies, working together and being in harmony with nature, and being allowed to eat animals (but not the animal representing a totem).

Like village deity worship in South India, Gonds believe their clan and village deities have the capability of possession. The person being possessed by the spirit ceases to have any responsibility for their actions. Gonds also believe disease is caused by spirit possession.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mehta, B. H. (Behram H.), 1906–1981|title=Gonds of the central Indian highlands : a study of the dynamics of Gond society|year=2016|isbn=978-81-7022-850-9|location=New Delhi|oclc=971540084}}</ref>

Many Gonds worship [[Ravana]], whom they consider to be the tenth {{transl|gon|dharmaguru}} of their people and the ancestor-king of one of their four lineages. They also worship Kupar Lingo as their supreme deity and their ancestor before Ravana. On [[Dussehra]], the Gondi inhabitants of Paraswadi in Gadchiroli district carry an image of Ravana riding an elephant in a procession to worship him, and protest the burning of Ravana's effigies.{{efn|The Gonds’ worship of Ravana is also a vehicle for resisting pressure from Christian missionaries and right-wing Hindu groups, and to preserve the distinct Gond culture.}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Debarshi |title=Asuras? No, Just Indians |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/asuras-no-just-indians/291677 |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=Outlook |date=25 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Celebrating Ravan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/omar-rashid-on-ravan-worship/article7799972.ece |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=24 October 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The Gonds venerate plants and animals, especially the Saja tree. In some places, death is associated with a {{transl|gon|saja}} ([[Terminalia elliptica]]) tree. Stones representing souls of the dead, or {{transl|gon|hanals}}, are kept in a {{transl|gon|hanalkot}} at the foot of a {{transl|gon|saja}} tree. When there is no specific shrine for the village mother goddess, the saja tree is her abode. In addition, the ''Penkara'', or holy circle of the clan, is under this tree. Gonds in Seoni believe ''Baradeo'' lives in a saja tree. The [[Madhuca longifolia|Mahua plant]], whose flowers produce a liquor considered purifying, is also revered. In many Gond weddings, the bride and groom circle a post made out of a Mahua tree during the ceremony, and the Gonds of Adilabad perform the first ceremonies of the year when Mahua flowers bloom.<ref name=":0" />

Gonds also believe in rain gods. One early British anthropologist noted how during the pre-Monsoon hunting ceremony, the amount of blood spilled by the animals was indicative of the amount of rain to follow.<ref name=":0" />

The gods are known as ''pen'' in singular, and ''pennoo'' in plural. Other gods worshipped by the Gonds include:

* Mata Kali Kankali, the ancestral mother of the Gondi forefathers. She is associated with [[Mahakali]].
* Dulha-Pen, the bridegroom god. He is represented by a stone, a man riding a horse, or a battle-axe.
* Gansam, the protector of villages from tigers. He is represented by a stone on the village boundary or a platform and a pole. Animals were sacrificed to him.
* Hardul, the god of weddings.
* Bhivsen or Bhimal, the god of strength and the earth. He is associated with rocks, mountains, and rivers, and certain hills and rocks are considered holy sites of Bhivsen.
* Nat Awal or Dharti Mata, the goddess of fertility.
* Bhum, the earth and the mother of humanity.
* Nat Auwal, the mother goddess of the village. She is invoked when the village partakes in a ceremony, from seasonal rites to prayers against disasters.
* Thakur Deo, the male guardian of the village.
* Hulera-Pen, the protector of cattle.
* Maitya-Pen, the demon of whirlwinds.
* Narayan-Pen, the sun god.
* Kodapen, the horse god.
* Maswasi Pen, the hunting god.
* Kanya, the water spirits.

In addition to these gods, the Gonds worship ancestral deities known as Angadevs. There were seven groups of Angadevs, organised by numbers up to seven, and rescued by Pari Kupar Lingo from the Kachchargardh caves. In one version, there were twenty-eight Angadevs, and in another version, there were thirty-three Angadevs (or Saga Deva).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pallavi |first1=Aparna |title=Seven brotherhoods and the love of trees, animals and birds |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/seven-brotherhoods-and-the-love-of-trees-animals-and-birds-46698 |website=Down To Earth |access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref>

In the other version, the Angadevs or Saga Deva were the children of the goddess Mata Kali Kankali, after she ate a flower given to her by a sage. They were raised in Raitad Jungo's ashram, and while they were playing, they met the gods Shambu and Gaura. Gaura offered them food, but because they were annoyed by the children's mischief, Shambu and Gaura imprisoned them in the Kachchargardh caves. For twelve years, the children relied on a pond and a mythical bird who provided them food to survive. Kali Kankali pleaded to Shambu to release her children, but he rejected her pleas. Raitad Jungo then asked Pari Kupar Lingo to help him free the children, and Pari Kupar Lingo approached the bard Hirasuka Patalir. Patalir played music on his ''[[kingri]]'', and the children were filled with strength to push the boulder blocking the caves from the outside world. Patalir was then crushed by the boulder. Ever since, the Kachchargardh caves became a site of [[yatra|pilgrimage]], and Kali Kankali became one of the ''dharmagurus'' of the Gondi people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patankar |first1=Mayuri Pralhad |title=Kachargarh Pilgrimage of the Gond Adivasis |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/kachargarh-pilgrimage-of-the-gond-adivasis-0 |website=Saharpedia |access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref>

Their typical reaction to death has been described as one of anger, because Gonds believe death is caused magically, by demons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Santrock|first=John W.|title=Life-Span Development|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2017|isbn=9781259254833|edition=16th International|page=598}}</ref> Gonds usually bury their dead, but their kings usually cremated as per [[Vedic]] practices. cremation has become more and more common. With a person were buried their worldly possessions. According to Gond mythology, the dead have an interest in the future of the living, and so the dead are placated so that the living remain prosperous.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} For the deceased with an unnatural death, the ancestors will invite them to join them as a sacred domestic spirit. Otherwise, they might become an evil spirit.

==Classification==
They are a designated [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] in Andhra Pradesh, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Odisha, and West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013}}</ref>

The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] had classified the Gondi people as a [[Scheduled Caste]] but by 2007, they were one of several groups that the Uttar Pradesh government had redesignated as [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=State At A Glance – Uttar Pradesh |date=July 2007 |journal=Pratiyogita Darpan |volume=2 |issue=13 |page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7egDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT72|last1=Darpan |first1=Pratiyogita }}</ref> As of 2017, that tribal designation applies only to certain districts, not the entire state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010356439267578File1068.pdf |title=State wise Scheduled Tribes — Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India |access-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041643/http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010356439267578File1068.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> The [[2011 Census of India]] for Uttar Pradesh showed the Scheduled Caste Gond population as 21,992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix – Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Komaram Bheem]], freedom fighter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etelangana.org/ebooks/ebook_view/32/Komaram_Bheem_2014-03-19_112218/2014-03-19_112637_Biography_of_Great_Freedom_Fighter_komaram_Bheem.pdf|title=Biography of Great Freedomfighter komaram Bheem|website=etelangana.org}}</ref>
*[[Dalpat Shah]], King of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha]]<ref name="The Gond kingdoms">{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/the-gond-kingdoms-46701|title=The Gond kingdoms|website=downtoearth}}</ref>
*[[Hridayshah]], King of Garha<ref name="The Gond kingdoms"/>
*[[Chakradhar Singh]], King of [[Raigarh State]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey edited by Arnold Wright|date=1922|pages=625–626|isbn=9788120619654|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Raja+of+Raigarh+Chakradhar+Singh+brother+of&pg=PA549-IA7|last1=Bond|first1=J. W.|last2=Wright|first2=Arnold}}</ref>
*[[Bhajju Shyam]], Artist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ignca.nic.in/tribal_art_artist_gond_mp_bhajju.htm|title=Bhajju Shyam - Gond Artist of Madhya Pradesh|author=CIL|publisher=ignca.nic.in|access-date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907053712/http://ignca.nic.in/tribal_art_artist_gond_mp_bhajju.htm|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Jangarh Singh Shyam]], artist<ref>Udayan Vajpeyi. 2008. ''Jangarh Kalam'' .Vanya.</ref>
*[[Venkat Shyam]], Artist<ref>John Bowles. 2009. ''Painted Songs and Stories''. Intach. pp 38</ref>
*[[Durga Bai Vyom]], Artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/durga-bai|title=Durga Bai {{!}} Paintings by Durga Bai|website=Saffronart|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
*[[Motiravan Kangali]], Indian linguist and author<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jothe |first1=Sanjay |last2=Bali |first2=Surya |title=India through Motiravan Kangali's Bahujan eyes |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/06/india-through-acharya-motiravan-kangalis-bahujan-eyes/ |access-date=14 January 2021 |work=Forward Press |date=23 June 2016}}</ref>
*[[Baburao Shedmake]], Indian tribal freedom fighter<ref>{{cite web |title=चंद्रपुर के आदिवासी क्रांतिवीर 'बाबुराव पुल्लेसूर शेडमाके' की जीवन कहानी |url=http://adivasiresurgence.com/2018/02/12/%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be/ |website=Adivasi Resurgence |access-date=14 January 2021 |date=12 February 2018}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

Gondi people have been portrayed in [[Rajkummar Rao]] starrer movie [[Newton (film)]].

==See also==
* [[Godha]]
* [[Ajanbahu Jatbasha]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|1}}{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* The tribal art of middle India – [[Verrier Elwin]] – 1951
* Savaging the Civilized, Verrier Elwin, His Tribals & India – Ramachandra Guha – The University of Chicago Press – 1999
* Beine, David m. 1994. A sociolinguistic survey of the Gondi-speaking communities of central India. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. 516 p.
* Banerjee, B. G., and Kiran Bhatia. ''Tribal Demography of Gonds''. Delhi: Gian Pub. House, 1988. {{ISBN|81-212-0237-X}}
* Elwin, Verrier. ''Phulmat of the Hills; A Tale of the Gonds''. London: J. Murray, 1937.
* Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von, and [[Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf|Elizabeth von Fürer-Haimendorf]]. ''The Gonds of Andhra Pradesh: Tradition and Change in an Indian Tribe''. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1979. {{ISBN|0-04-301090-3}}
* Kaufmann, Walter. ''Songs and Drummings of the Hill Maria, Jhoria Muria and Bastar Muria Gonds. And, the Musical Instruments of the Marias and Murias''. 1950.
* Mehta, B. H. ''Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands: A Study of the Dynamics of Gond Society''. New Delhi: Concept, 1984.
* Museum of Mankind, Shelagh Weir, and Hira Lal. ''The Gonds of Central India; The Material Culture of the Gonds of Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh''. London: British Museum, 1973. {{ISBN|0-7141-1537-1}}
* Pagdi, Setumadhava Rao. ''Among the Gonds of Adilabad''. Bombay: Popular Book Depot, 1952.
* Pingle, Urmila, and Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf. ''Gonds and Their Neighbours: A Study in Genetic Diversity''. Lucknow, India: Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1987.
* Sharma, Anima. ''Tribe in Transition: A Study of Thakur Gonds''. India: Mittal Publications, 2005. {{ISBN|81-7099-989-8}}
* Singh, Indrajit. ''The Gondwana and the Gonds''. Lucknow, India: The Universal publishers, 1944.
* Kangalee, Motiram Chhabiram, Paree Kupar Lingo Gondi Punemi Darshan (In Hindi)'',''Publisher ujjvala society Nagpur,2011
* Vatti, Jalpati,''Mava sagaa padeeng, in'' ''Gondwana sagaa Patrika'' published (In Hindi) in October 1986

==External links==
{{commons category|Gondi people}}
* {{citation | url = http://www.folkpaintingsindia.com/ | title = Gond Tribal Art — Madhya Pradesh | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150622220138/http://www.folkpaintingsindia.com/ | archive-date = 22 June 2015 }}.
* {{citation | url = http://www.artribal.com/ | title = Gond Tribal Art — Madhya Pradesh}}.
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5386418/ Reconstructing the population history of the largest tribe of India: the Dravidian speaking Gond]
* {{citation | url = http://www.sinlung.com/ | title = Sinlung — Indian tribes}}.
* {{citation | url = http://www.gondindia.org/ | title = Gond – The History }}.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXFqaqHJ8Xk « Animating Tribal Art » by Leslie MacKenzie and Tara Douglas with the Pardhan Gond artists], 8:16
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AK0Lp51j0c Gond painting 2], 6:54

''This article includes material from the 1995 [[public domain]] [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Library of Congress Country Study]] on India.''

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Western Odisha}}
{{Nagpur}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gondi People}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Telangana]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]