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Amogha missile

2022-11-04T17:32:35Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{see also|Integrated Guided Missile Development Program}}
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=Amogha Missile
|image=
|caption=
|origin= India
|type=[[Anti-tank guided missile]]
|used_by=
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics|Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|production_date=
|service=2016 (proposed)
|engine=
|weight=
|length=
|height=
|diameter=
|wingspan=
|speed=
|vehicle_range= * Amogha-I: 2.5-2.8 km 
* Amogha-III: 200m–2.5 km
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling=
|guidance= * Amogha-I: [[Semi-automatic command to line of sight]] 
* Amogha-III: [[Imaging infrared]] (IIR) + [[Electro-optical sensor|Electro-optical]] (EO)
|detonation=
|launch_platform=
}}
The '''Amogha-1''' is a second generation [[Anti-tank missile|guided anti-tank missile]] with a range up to {{cvt|2.8|km}}. It is under development by [[Bharat Dynamics]] at [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Anti-tank guided missile test-fired|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/antitank-guided-missile-testfired/article7656731.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-09-16|access-date = 2015-11-01|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> It is the first missile designed and tested by Bharat Dynamics.
The missile will be produced in two versions. The land version has already been tested. The infrared version of the missile uses a "thermal intelligent vision" to attack its target.

==Testing==
The missile has a range of {{cvt|2.5|to|2.8|km}}. It was reported that two missiles were tested in September 2015 at the Babina Army Range in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Both missiles hit their targets in the test.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-heavy-dynamics-test-fires-indigenous-anti-tank-missile/articleshow/48975211.cms|website = The Economic Times|accessdate = 2015-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Arms trade daily - Thu 17th Sep|url = http://www.peacetimes.news/2015/09/17/arms-trade-daily-thu-17th-sep/|website = Peace Times|accessdate = 2015-11-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208135103/http://www.peacetimes.news/2015/09/17/arms-trade-daily-thu-17th-sep/|archive-date = 2015-12-08|url-status = dead}}</ref> These tests found no significant difference between this missile and other anti-tank missiles. The performance of the missile is measured by both the gunner and commander of the Advanced Target Acquisition systems.

== Variant ==

=== Amogha-III ===
On 7 February 2020, BDL unveiled third generation man portable Amogha-III ATGM at Defexpo 2020 in Lucknow. The missile has conventional cylindrical body, eight mid-body foldable fins and four larger aft fins for flight stabilization. It is powered by [[dual-thrust rocket motor]] with [[thrust vector control]] and burns smokeless propellant. The terminal seeker has dual mode [[imaging infrared]] (IIR) and [[Electro-optical sensor|electro-optical]] (EO) assembly. Amogha-III can hit the target at top attack and direct attack mode. Target must be locked before launch. The missile uses an anti-armour tandem warhead that can penetrate 650 mm beyond [[Explosive reactive armour|Explosive Reactive Armour]] (ERA). Operational range is between 200–2,500 m with 18 kg weight although BDL is planning to reduce it to 15-16 kg once the missile hits mass production. The complete system has missile, tripod and a command launch unit (CLU) with remote operation capability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udoshi |first=Rahul |date=6 February 2020 |title=BDL unveils new Amogha-III ATGM |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/bdl-unveils-new-amogha-iii-atgm |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BDL launches Amogha - III |url=https://bdl-india.in/sites/default/files/2020-03/AMOGHA%20-III%20Launch_0.pdf |access-date=25 September 2022 |publisher=Bharat Dynamics Limited |date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

== Future targets ==
The Amogha will be configured to be used on [[HAL Rudra]] and [[HAL Prachand]]. Soon it will have land version, an air-launched version and a portable version.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-heavy-dynamics-test-fires-indigenous-anti-tank-missile/articleshow/48975211.cms|website = The Economic Times|accessdate = 2015-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Bharat Heavy Dynamics Test Fires Indigenous Anti-tank Missile|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Bharat-Heavy-Dynamics-Test-Fires-Indigenous-Anti-tank-Missile/2015/09/15/article3029806.ece|website = The New Indian Express|accessdate = 2015-12-01}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
*[[List of anti-tank guided missiles]]
*[[List of missiles]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]

Nag (missile)

2022-11-04T17:27:06Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Anti-tank guided missile}}
{{see also|Integrated Guided Missile Development Program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Nag (Prospina)
| image = File:ILA Berlin 2012 PD 017.JPG
| image_size = 300
| caption = Nag (Prospina) showcased at ILA Berlin Air Show 2012
| type = [[Anti-tank guided missile]]
| service =
| length = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| diameter = {{convert|0.20|m|in|abbr=on}}
| is_missile = yes
| origin = India
| used_by = [[Indian Army]] [[Indian Air Force]] 
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics|Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost = {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anti-tank-missile-completes-all-trials/article36556641.ece|title=Anti-tank missile completes all trials|author= Dinakar Peri |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 September 2021|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>
| propellant = Nitramine smokeless extruded double base
| production_date =
| engine = [[Solid-propellant rocket]] [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] and [[Sustainer engine|sustainer motor]]<ref name="army-technology">{{cite web|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/nag-anti-tank-guided-missile/|title=Nag Anti-Tank Guided Missile|author=Army Technology|date=12 September 2019|access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref>
| weight = {{convert|43|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| wingspan = {{convert|0.4|m|in|abbr=on}}
| speed = 230 m/s (828 km/h)
| vehicle_range = • Nag (Prospine): 500m–4km • HELINA/Dhruvastra: 7–10km<ref name="ix182">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/army-opts-for-nag-missile-as-it-enters-final-trials/387858/|title=Army opts for Nag missile as it enters final trials|author=Ajai Shukla|date=8 March 2010|access-date=6 February 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> • SANT: 15–20km<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/upgraded-sant-missile-successfully-flight-tested/articleshow/66872743.cms|title=Upgraded SANT missile successfully flight tested|author=TNN|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2018|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = [[Tandem-charge]] [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|HEAT]] (Penetration >900 mm in [[explosive reactive armour|ERA]] + [[rolled homogeneous armor|RHA]])<ref name="the diplomat">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenous-anti-tank-guided-missile/|title=India Successfully Test Fires Indigenous Anti-Tank Guided Missile|author= Franz-Stefan Gady|date=9 July 2019|access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref>
| filling_weight = 8 kg
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Charge-coupled device]] with area correlation and two-way [[datalink]] '''Terminal:'''
* Imaging [[infrared homing]] (HELINA/Dhruvastra)
* [[Extremely high frequency|Millimeter wave]] [[active radar homing]] (SANT)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawhney |first1=Pravin |title=Dr G. Satheesh Reddy (DoD R&D), Defence Research and Development Organisation |url=http://forceindia.net/interview/secretary-department-defence-rd-chairman-defence-research-development-organisation-dr-g-satheesh-reddy/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |publisher=Force}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mallikarjun |first1=Y. |title=DRDO scientists to develop advanced seekers for tactical missiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-scientists-to-develop-advanced-seekers-for-tactical-missiles/article2910934.ece#! |access-date=20 October 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="IBT">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdo-successfully-tests-nag-8-facts-about-indias-deadly-anti-tank-missile-762351|title=DRDO successfully tests NAG: 8 facts about India's deadly anti-tank missile|author=Rohit KVN|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=1 March 2018|access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref>
| detonation =
| launch_platform = [[NAMICA]] [[HAL Rudra]] [[HAL Prachand]] [[Mil Mi-24]]
}}

The '''Nag''' missile ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''[[Nāga]]''; en: Cobra), also called "Prospina" for the land-attack version, is an Indian third-generation, all-weather, [[fire-and-forget]], [[lock-on after launch]], [[anti-tank guided missile]] (ATGM) with an operational range of 500{{nbsp}}m to 20{{nbsp}}km depending on variant. It has a single-shot hit probability of 90%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdo-successfully-tests-nag-8-facts-about-indias-deadly-anti-tank-missile-762351|title=DRDO successfully tests NAG: 8 facts about India's deadly anti-tank missile|last=KVN|first=Rohit|date=2018-03-01|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> and a ten-year, maintenance-free shelf life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aermech.in/indian-army-nag-vs-us-army-fgm-148-javelin-anti-tank-missile-comparisoncontroversy/|title=Indian Army Nag vs US Army FGM-148 Javelin {{!}}Anti Tank Missile Comparison{{!}}Controversy|date=2015-12-16|website=AerMech.IN|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> The Nag has five variants under development: a land version, for a mast-mounted system; the helicopter-launched Nag (HELINA) also known as Dhruvastra; a "man-portable" version ([[MPATGM]]); an air-launched version which will replace the current [[Imaging infrared|imaging infra-red]] (IIR) to [[Millimetric wave|millimetric-wave]] (mmW) [[active radar homing]] seeker;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anti-tank-Nag-missile-Helinas-trial-conducted/articleshow/22955349.cms|title=Anti-tank Nag missile 'Helina's' trial conducted |date=24 September 2013|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> and the Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA) "tank buster", which is a modified [[BMP-2]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]] (IFV) produced under license in India by [[Ordnance Factory Medak]] (OFMK).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalams-unrealised-Nag-missile-dream-to-become-reality-next-year/articleshow/48267342.cms|title=Kalam's unrealised 'Nag' missile dream to become reality next year|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2015|date=30 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DRDO's 'Nag' missile tests successful; ready for induction |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/drdos-nag-missile-tests-successful-ready-for-induction/596423 |work=Outlook |agency=Press Trust of India |date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdo-successfully-tests-nag-8-facts-about-indias-deadly-anti-tank-missile-762351|title=DRDO successfully tests NAG: 8 facts about India's deadly anti-tank missile|last=KVN|first=Rohit|date=2018-03-01|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref>

Development of the Nag is part of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] (IGMDP), run by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). It is manufactured by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL).<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/indias-new-anti-tank-guided-missile-destroys-2-tanks-in-test/|title=India's New Anti-Tank Guided Missile Destroys 2 Tanks in Test|author=Franz-Stefan Gady|publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) announced on 19 July 2019 that the missile was ready for production.<ref name="Jans">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/89985/india-s-nag-atgm-ready-for-series-production-says-mod|title=India's Nag ATGM ready for series production, says MoD {{!}} Jane's 360|website=janes.com|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref> The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) successfully completed the final trial of Nag anti-tank missile using a live warhead on a dud tank at Pokhran army ranges at 6.45 am on 21 Oct 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Defence News, Indian Defence News, IDRW, Indian Armed Forces|first=The Indian Hawk|date=21 October 2020|title=India's Anti-Tank Missile Nag Test-Fired in Pokhran, Ready For Ladakh Deployment|work=[[The Indian Hawk]]|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/10/nag-anti-tank-missile-ready-to-be-inducted-sant-missile-tested-fired-from-balasore.html|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>

==Development and testing==

Development of the Nag missile began in 1988<ref name="Bha">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/atgm/na.html|title=Nag ATGM|date=28 February 2009|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307114843/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/atgm/na.html|archive-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> under [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/dac-approves-purchase-naval-guns-worth-rs-3053-cr-667038.html|title=NAG missile for Army, long-range guns for Navy|date=27 April 2022}}</ref> The first tests were conducted in November 1990.<ref name="Bha" /> Development was delayed for several years because of issues with the IIR-based guidance system.<ref name="Bha" /> The Nag missile underwent successful tests in September 1997 and January 2000.<ref name="Bha" /> In 2000, MoD announced that the Nag was likely to enter full-scale production in early 2001.<ref name="Bha" />{{clarify|reason=What happened between 2001 and 2008?|date=April 2022}}

The Nag was successfully test-fired for two consecutive days in August 2008, from the [[Rocket range|test range]] at [[Pokhran]], [[Rajasthan]], marking the completion of developmental tests. The DRDO and the [[Indian Army]] planned to conduct user trials shortly thereafter.<ref name="nag news">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/07/stories/2008080754951400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813202819/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/07/stories/2008080754951400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Nag test-fired again|date=2008-08-07|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> These would be the final trials to decide whether the system would go into production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frontierindia.net/nag-missile-to-be-tested-by-indian-army-in-july|title=Nag Missile to be tested by Indian Army in July|work=Frontier India|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815142305/http://frontierindia.net/nag-missile-to-be-tested-by-indian-army-in-july|url-status=dead}}</ref> The NAMICA successfully completed amphibious trials in the [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] at Rajasthan on 8 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/08/stories/2008080856751400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815084936/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/08/stories/2008080856751400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Namica amphibious trial successful|date=2008-08-08|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Summer User Trials of Nag Missile successfully Conducted by Indian Army.webm|thumb|left|Summer user trials of the Nag missile]]
In 2008, the Indian Army placed an order for 443 Nag missiles and 13 NAMICA carriers to be delivered within the next three years, starting by December 2009.<ref name="nag induction" /> Nag would be the first ATGM of its type to be included in the army's arsenal. The Army urgently needed the Nag, which uses a [[tandem-charge]] [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead]] to penetrate the armor of modern tanks, to improve kill probability.<ref name="nag news" /> By 2008, the development cost had reached {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=|1}}.<ref name="nag induction">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-12/india/27933425_1_nag-missile-sensor-based-seeker-namica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021041738/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-12/india/27933425_1_nag-missile-sensor-based-seeker-namica|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-21|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Nag anti-tank missile back in reckoning }}</ref>

During the user trials, the Nag missile was tested successfully by the Indian Army on 26 December 2008. The Nag missile zeroed in on the precise location of the target tank from a distance of {{convert|3.3|km|abbr=on}}, as required by the Indian Army. The Indian Army was also extremely satisfied with the performance of the warhead of the missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/26/stories/2008122655801200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628022756/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/26/stories/2008122655801200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Archive News|date=2008-12-26|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> Another successful test was conducted on 28 December 2008. During that test, a moving target at {{convert|1.8|km|abbr=on}} was destroyed, along with a stationary target at a distance of {{convert|3.1|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/29/stories/2008122959211100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215202844/http://hindu.com/2008/12/29/stories/2008122959211100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Two flight tests of Nag missile successful|date=2008-12-29|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> A total of five missiles were fired during day and night against stationary and moving targets. Before the induction of the missile into service, summer trials were carried out in June 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/31/stories/2008123155171100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628022740/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/31/stories/2008123155171100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Army may induct Nag missile soon|date=2008-12-31|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> In July 2009, the Nag ATGM was cleared for production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4177415|title=India Clears Anti-Tank Nag Missile for Production|access-date=6 February 2022}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On 20 January 2010 field tests of the Nag's thermal sight system, the system identified and locked on to a T-55 tank at a range of {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}}. The trials were conducted using an advanced-imaging infrared-seeker head, per the Army's requirements. Another tank was engaged and destroyed at a range of over 4 km in a test of the missile's fire-and-forget capability, using the day version of the IIR passive seeker. In its IIR form, the Nag has limited all-weather capability. This limitation has provided added impetus to development of the mmW active seeker. Efforts were undertaken to provide special embedded on-board hunters that could hunt for targets using 'day seekers' and 'day-&-night seekers'. During trials in June 2010, the short-range capability of the missile to hit targets was validated. The Nag missile hit a target at a range of half a kilometer in just three seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article448188.ece|title=Nag hits target in three seconds after launch|author=Y. Mallikarjun|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> In the follow-on test, a moving target was hit within 3.2 seconds after launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/14/stories/2010061455271200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510083049/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/14/stories/2010061455271200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Archive News|date=2010-06-14|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> The final user trials were held during July 2010 and successfully completed. The missile was cleared for mass production. BDL planned to produce 100 Nag missiles annually to replace the existing [[Konkurs|Konkours]] and [[MILAN]] second-generation missiles in the arsenal.<ref name="News Archives: The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/16/stories/2010071653531500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717101429/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/16/stories/2010071653531500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Archive News|date=2010-07-16|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> The Nag was test-fired as part of user validation trials on 16 July 2010.<ref name="nag validation test">{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Indias-Nag-missile-completes-final-validation-test/4473/1/10.html|title=India's Nag missile completes final validation test |work= Brahmand News}}</ref>

The Nag successfully completed its final validation trials{{clarify|reason=The word "final" is used multiple times in this section, followed by descriptions of more testing. Please clarify which of the tests were actually final, and remove the word "final" from the other descriptions.|date=April 2022}} and was expected to join the Indian Army's arsenal in 2011. Two missiles were launched simultaneously against a moving target, and another two missiles were launched against a stationary [[Vijayanta]] tank in quick succession, and all successfully hit the targets. The Indian Army was happy with the performance and expected to buy 443 missiles for {{INRConvert|335|c|lk=on|1}}.<ref name="News Archives: The Hindu" /> 450 Nag missiles, along with 13 NAMICA carriers, were expected to be added to the Army's arsenal by 2011 with the successful completion of final validation trials in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/16/stories/2010071653531500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717101429/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/16/stories/2010071653531500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2010|title=Nag's final validation trials completed|date=16 July 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2011, the project suffered a one-year delay due to the army's changing of its requirements for the NAMICA at the last moment.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/19/stories/2011041957821000.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420082425/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/19/stories/2011041957821000.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 April 2011 | location= Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Nag induction likely to be delayed | date=19 April 2022}}</ref>[[File:Nag missile closeup.JPG|thumb|right|A closeup of the Nag missile warhead showing the Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker]]

Missile tests during the summer of 2011 in Rajasthan failed to achieve its objective of hitting the target at the intended 4-km range. The scientists found a fault in the heat-seeker: it was unable to distinguish between the heat signature of the target and its surroundings during high temperatures at long distances. This led to the development of a better seeker, with higher resolution and sensitivity, by [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI), that could track and distinguish targets at long distances. The first trials of the new seeker were carried out on 29 July 2013 in hot desert conditions in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/seeker-evaluation-trials-for-nag-carried-out-in-rajasthan/article4970009.ece|title=Seeker evaluation trials for Nag carried out in Rajasthan|author=Y. Mallikarjun|work=The Hindu|date=30 July 2013 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> The evaluation trials of the missile with the improved seeker were carried out in August and September 2013 and provided fairly accurate results. Performance trials were expected to begin in early 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-03/hyderabad/41032611_1_nag-g-satheesh-reddy-drdo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824104154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-03/hyderabad/41032611_1_nag-g-satheesh-reddy-drdo|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-24|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Nag evaluation trials successful }}</ref>

Nag scored a "bull's eye", successfully hitting a target 4 km away during a night trial in the Mahajan Field Firing Range, Rajasthan, in January 2016. During the test, the Thermal Target System (TTS) developed by a DRDO laboratory at Jodhpur was used as target for the missile. The TTS simulated a target similar to an operational tank by generating a thermal signature. The trial validated the enhanced 4-km range capability of the IIR seeker, which guides the missile to the target after its launch. The Nag cleared final developmental trials held by Indian Army in September 2016, making way once again for the weapon system to enter mass production.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Nag-missile-hits-bull%E2%80%99s-eye-with-modified-seeker/article14000033.ece|title=Nag missile hits bull's eye with modified seeker|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=2016-01-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/12/bang-on-nag-hits-bulls-eye-in-final.html|title=BANG ON: NAG Hits Bull's Eye in Final Developmental Trials|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref> [[File:Nag with NAMICA Defexpo-2008.JPG|Nag missile with NAMICA in the background|thumb|alt=]] The missile was tested successfully on 5 June 2017 at its maximum range of {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} in hot-desert conditions in a daytime trial at the Chandan Field Firing Range near [[Jaisalmer]], Rajasthan, with a successful follow-up test taking place on 13 June 2017. DRDO shared that the trials which concluded were successful for the extreme-heat daytime conditions of the desert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/jaipur/prospina-successfully-hits-4-km-target-during-trials/amp_articleshow/59132335.cms|title=Prospina successfully hits 4-km target during trials|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 8 September 2017, MoD announced that the DRDO had twice successfully flight-tested the missile against two different targets in two tests in the ranges of Rajasthan. The missile successfully hit both targets at different ranges and under different conditions with very high accuracy, as desired by the armed forces. With these two successful flight trials, and the flight test conducted earlier in peak of summer, the complete functionality of the Nag ATGM, along with the NAMICA launcher system, was established, marking the successful completion{{clarify|reason=Again, this seems like the fourth or fifth "successful completion" of testing. Please straighten this out.|date=April 2022}} of development trials of the Nag missile.<ref name="pib">{{Cite press release |title=Successful Flight Test of 3rd Generation Anti Tank Guided Missile – NAG |date=9 September 2017 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=170637 |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> In 2017, however, the Army said that the developmental trials of Nag carried out earlier had only demonstrated partial success and that many more user trials would be needed.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/09/29/indian-army-wants-more-tests-before-ordering-homemade-anti-tank-missile/|title=Indian Army wants more tests before ordering homemade anti-tank missile|last=Raghuvanshi|first=Vivek|date=29 September 2022}}</ref> In 2017, the DRDO claimed that the Nag missile would be ready within four years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/dac-clears-acquisition-proposals-worth-over-rs-3600-crore/articleshow/63942467.cms|title=DAC approves procurement of Nag missile system, 13 guns|first=Shaurya Karanbir|last=Gurung|date=27 April 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

The missile was again declared ready for induction on 28 February 2018, after a test in which two tanks destroyed in desert conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=165605|title=Successful Flight Test of ATGM Nag|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/indias-new-anti-tank-guided-missile-destroys-2-tanks-in-test/|title=India's New Anti-Tank Guided Missile Destroys 2 Tanks in Test|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan |work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/anti-tank-missile-nag-successfully-tested-induction-ready-now/articleshow/63116313.cms|title=Anti-tank missile Nag successfully tested, induction-ready now|date=2018-02-28|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref> In 2018, the single-shot hit probability was 77% (later improved to 90%).{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} In 2018, the DRDO chief claimed that the Nag system would be inducted into the Indian Army by 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defenceaviationpost.com/army-to-get-nag-anti-tank-guided-missiles-in-2019-says-drdo-chief/|title=Army To Get Nag Anti Tank Guided Missiles In 2019, Says DRDO Chief|date=14 April 2022}}</ref> On 7 July 2019, the DRDO carried out three successful trials of the Nag missile in the Pokhran firing range. The missiles were tested during both day and night. The missile was reportedly in the final stages of being inducted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-carries-out-three-successful-nag-missile-tests-in-one-day-in-pokhran/articleshow/70123285.cms|title=DRDO carries out three successful Nag missile tests in one day in Pokhran|date=2019-07-08|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> The Nag missile was successfully tested 12 times between 7 and 18 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nag-missile-successfully-test-fired-12-times-in-11-day-period-at-pokhran-rajasthan-2072425|title=Nag Missile Successfully Test-Fired 12 Times in 11-Day Period at Pokhran|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> It was tested under extreme weather conditions during day and night, in indirect attack mode as well as in top attack mode, and achieved a direct hit on each target. These trials completed the summer user trials and the missile was expected to proceed towards induction into the Indian Army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-trials-third-generation-nag-missiles-1571425-2019-07-19|title=Indian Army successfully carries out trials of third generation NAG missiles|date=19 July 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> The missile was expected to enter production by the end of 2019, according to a senior DRDO official.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/indias-new-anti-tank-guided-missile-to-enter-production-by-end-of-2019/|title=India's New Anti-Tank Guided Missile to Enter Production By End of 2019|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=25 February 2019|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref>

On 22 October 2020, India successfully carried out the final trial of the Nag anti-tank guided missile from NAMICA, after which the weapon system is now ready for induction into the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Final-trial-of-Nag-Missile-successful-ready-for-induction-in-Army/22-10-2020-334285|title=Final trial of Nag Missile successful, ready for induction in Army|work=BW BUSINESSWORLD}}</ref>

=== Platforms ===
As of 2017, the Nag missile's only operational launch platform is the purpose-built NAMICA missile carrier.<ref name="auto2" /> A number of other variants were in various stages of development and testing.

====NAMICA====
[[File:Nag missile test on 8 July 2019.jpg|thumb|NAG Missile test from NAMICA]]
The [[BMP-2#India|NAMICA]] (Nag Missile Carrier) is a stretched, license-built BMP-2 with additional wheels, nicknamed "Sarath" in India.<ref name="Bha" /> It is classified as a [[Tank destroyer#Modern tank destroyers|tank destroyer]]. It is equipped with various electro-optical systems including a [[thermal imager]] (TI) and a [[laser rangefinder]] (LRF) for target acquisition. The NAMICA carries a total of twelve missiles, with eight in ready-to-fire mode and four in storage.<ref name="Bha" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/06/stories/2008080651801400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809041234/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/06/stories/2008080651801400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Nag missile testfired|date=2008-08-06|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> It has a compact [[auxiliary power unit]] (APU) for silent watch operation, a [[Fire detection system|fire detection]] and [[Fire suppression system|suppression system]] (FDSS) and [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|nuclear]], [[Biological warfare|biological]], and [[Chemical warfare|chemical]] protection system (NBCPS). The carrier weights 14.5 tonnes in full combat load and is capable of moving 7 km/h in water. The carrier was put through transportation trials, covering 155 km during 2008 summer trials.<ref name=":2" /> It has various modes of firing, including top attack and indirect attack mode.<ref name=":1" /> It has a lock-on-before-launch system, where the target is identified and designated before the launch. The range of attack is limited due to its targeting system being based on visual identification.

NAMICA can fire missiles at a target located around 7.5 kilometres with [[hunter-killer sight]] capability and carries 4 military personnel. The total project cost of NAMICA is ₹3000 crore and is developed by [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Ordnance Factory Board]] (OFB). Ministry of Defence (MoD) cleared NAMICA for production as of 14 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manas|date=2020-08-18|title=NAG Missile Carrier NAMICA boosts Indian Army's firepower|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/nag-missile-carrier-namica-india-army-firepower-643061|access-date=2020-08-22|website=indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=2020-08-14|title=Defence Minister Rajnath Singh launches 15 products developed by Defence PSUs|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-launches-15-products-developed-by-defence-psus-11597385301173.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>

==Technical characteristics==
[[File:ILA Berlin 2012 PD 016.JPG|thumb|Inside view (front end)|alt=]] The Nag missile's exterior is made of fibreglass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aermech.in/indian-army-nag-vs-us-army-fgm-148-javelin-anti-tank-missile-comparisoncontroversy/|title=Indian Army Nag vs US Army FGM-148 Javelin {{!}} Anti Tank Missile Comparison {{!}} Controversy|date=2015-12-16|website=AerMech.IN|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/education/drdo-successfully-test-fired-its-fire-and-forget-anti-tank-missile-nag-1572330/|title=DRDO successfully test fired its fire-and-forget anti-tank missile Nag|last=Desk|first=India com Education|date=2016-01-15|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref>

It is developed for engaging heavily armored tanks in all-weather conditions during day and night with a minimum range of 500{{nbsp}}m and a maximum range of 4{{nbsp}}km for the land variant. The third-generation fire-and-forget-class ATGM uses an [[imaging infrared]] (IIR) seeker that locks on to the target before launch.<ref name=":1" /> The airframe is made up of composite materials with high resistance to enemy countermeasures. The forward dome houses the guidance system. The middle portion of the body accommodates sensor packages and the warhead. A booster rocket is located towards the rear end. The Nag consists of four foldable wings and four tail fins that stabilize it during flight. A real-time image processor located next to the guidance package helps enable automatic target detection and tracking capability. The digital autopilot helps in the guidance, stability, and control after launch.

An electric actuation system also helps in flight control. The guidance system is based on an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker that ensures a high target accuracy in both top and front attack modes. A CCD camera integrated into the guidance system is useful as it is hard to jam. The initial guidance is provided by area correlation around the target, to which is added a [[centroid]] tracking mechanism. Homing in the terminal phase is done by area correlation around the centroid.

The Nag rises upwards suddenly and then bends at a steep angle to aim for the target.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defenceupdate.in/nag-missile-indias-indigenous-anti-tank-guided-missile/|title=Nag Missile:-India's indigenous anti tank guided missile|last=defenceupdate|date=2015-12-28|website=Indian Defence Update|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref>

== Variants ==
[[File:DRDO successfully test fires indigenously developed MPATGM missile.jpg|thumb|MPATGM with tripod launcher]]

===MP-ATGM===
{{Main|MPATGM}}
The Man Portable Anti-tank Guided Missile (MP-ATGM) is an Indian-made third-generation anti-tank guided missile derived from the Nag missile.Recently DRDO confirmed its production to start in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/86778/aero-india-2019-drdo-details-short-range-mpatgm|title=Aero India 2019: DRDO details short-range MPATGM {{!}} Jane's 360|website=janes.com|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>

===HELINA / Dhruvastra===
[[File:Helina_ATGM-Rudra_Helicopter.webm|thumb|left|Helina fired from [[HAL Rudra|Rudra]]]]
'''HELINA''' (Helicopter-launched Nag) is air-launched version of the Nag with extended range. It is launched from twin-tube stub wing-mounted launchers on board [[HAL Rudra]] helicopters and [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]]s (LCH) manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/cover-story/armour-piercer/|title=The DRDO has to develop a MPATGM for the Indian Army|website=Force|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref> It is structurally different from Nag and is guided by an infrared imaging seeker (IIR) operating in the lock-on-before-launch mode for target engagement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/helicopter-launched-anti-tank-missile-helina-test-fired/articleshow/67900023.cms|title=Helicopter-launched anti-tank missile 'Helina' test-fired|date=2019-02-08|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> The first ground launch of the missile to check [[lock-on after launch]] (LOAL) capability were conducted in 2011 during which the missile was locked onto a target and launched. While the missile was in flight, a second target was chosen for the missile to hit, which the missile destroyed. This demonstrated the capability of the missile to lock onto and hit a target while in mid-flight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anti-tank-Nag-missile-Helinas-trial-conducted/articleshow/22955349.cms|title=Anti-tank Nag missile 'Helina's' trial conducted |date=24 September 2013|first=Vimal |last=Bhatia |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> In the ground-launched LOAL test, the missile was launched in the general direction of the target. On approaching the target, images of the area ahead were sent from the missile to the operator via a two-way, radio frequency, command-video data link. The operator identified the target in the images and updated the new target location into the seeker, after which the missile homed in on the target and destroyed it.<ref name="ix182" /> It supports both [[top attack]] and [[Direct Attack Guided Rocket|direct attack]] functionality.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=Anti-Tank Guided Missile Helina will soon add to the Indian defence arsenal|url=https://newsonair.com/2021/09/20/anti-tank-guided-missile-helina-will-soon-add-to-the-indian-defence-arsenal/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=NewsOnAIR -|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 13 July 2015, three trials of HELINA were conducted by HAL at the Chandhan firing range in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. The missiles were test-fired from a [[HAL Rudra]]; two missiles succeeded in hitting the targets at a range of 7 km, while one reportedly missed the target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/cgi-bin/client/modele.pl?shop=dae&modele=release&prod=165254&cat=3|title=3 Helinas Test-Fired, 2 Hit Target|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> After successful image capturing trials in Bangalore, DRDO planned to test HELINA with an updated 640x512-pixel resolution IIR seeker instead of the original 128x128-pixel resolution seeker in September 2016 for the [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] under hot desert conditions, with moving and static targets, for different range parameters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HeliNa-set-for-september-showdown/articleshow/52942240.cms|title=HeliNa set for September showdown |date=27 June 2016|first=Jatinder Kaur|last= Tur |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref>

On 19 August 2018, HELINA was successfully test-fired from a [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter|HAL LCH]] at the Pokhran test range.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/indigenous-anti-tank-guided-missile-system-helina-successfully-flight-tested/articleshow/65507706.cms|title=Indigenous anti-tank guided missile system HELINA successfully flight tested |date=23 August 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> DRDO and the Indian Army tested HELINA with a range of 7–8{{nbsp}}km from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in [[Chandipur, Odisha]], on 8 February 2019 to check the maximum missile range and accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/helicopter-launched-anti-tank-missile-helina-test-fired-2029867.html|title=Helicopter-Launched Anti-Tank Missile 'Helina' Test-Fired|website=News18|date=8 February 2019 |access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> The HELINA user trial was expected to be completed by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/14/youngsters-india-defence-technology-satheessh-reddy.html|title=INTERVIEW {{!}} Youngsters can power India into a defence technology leader: Dr Satheesh Reddy|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref> The Indian armed forces successfully test fired the helicopter-launched Nag Missile (HELINA), now named '''Dhruvastra''' anti-tank guided missile in direct and top attack mode that is upgraded with new features.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waje |first1=Hemant |title=India test fires anti-tank guided missile 'Dhruvastra' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/see-india-test-fires-anti-tank-missile-dhruvastra/20200722.htm |access-date=1 October 2020 |agency=PTI |publisher=Rediff |date=23 July 2022}}</ref> Three developmental flight trials were conducted from 15 to 16 July (2020) at ITR [[Balasore]] (Odisha) from a ground based launcher.<ref>{{cite news| title = India successfully test fires Dhruvastra – Helicopter launched anti-tank missile|work =India TV | access-date = 2020-07-22 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-succesfully-test-fires-dhruvastra-helicopter-launched-anti-tank-missile-video-636125}}</ref>

On 19 February 2021, Army variant HELINA and Air Force version Dhruvastra have successfully demonstrated their capabilities in a series of multi-mission user trials from HAL Rudra and is ready for induction into the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anti-tank missiles Helina and Dhruvastra successfully tested, ready for induction in armed forces|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/19/anti-tank-missiles-helina-and-dhruvastra-successfully-tested-ready-for-induction-in-armed-forces-2266170.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> HELINA completed all kind of user trials as of 20 September 2021. The Indian Army is ready for the missile acquisition which is expected to cost under ₹1 crore. The initial demand is of 500 missiles and 40 launching tubes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-09-19|title=Anti-tank missile completes all trials|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anti-tank-missile-completes-all-trials/article36556641.ece|access-date=2021-09-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 12 April 2022, HELINA was test fired from Dhruv Helicopter platform in Pokhran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=India carries out successful flight-test of anti-tank guided missile Helina in Pokhran |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-flight-test-anti-tank-guided-missile-helina-pokhran-7864499/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
HELINA has a range of 7 km which will put the enemy tank commanders in curved terrain at severe disadvantages. The missile weighs only 43 kg which will not cause any burden in limiting conditions of the rarefied atmosphere over Ladakh. In terms of firepower, HELINA can penetrate armour as thick as 800mm which is more than enough for penetrating the armor of the light and medium weight tanks operated in the frontier.

===SANT===
[[File:Sant Missile.webm|thumb|left|SANT missile fired from Mi-24]]
SANT or Standoff Anti-tank Guided Missile is a fourth generation upgraded variant of HELINA missile developed for long distance airborne [[anti-armour]] role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SANT missile clears crucial developmental trial off Odisha coast|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/19/sant-missile-clears-crucial-developmental-trial-off-odisha-coast-2212400.html|access-date=2020-10-20|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In November 2018, DRDO developed SANT was successfully tested at Pokhran range.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/dec/31/2018-landmark-year-for-drdo-1918538.html|title=2018: Landmark year for DRDO|date=31 December 2018|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The upgraded version of the missile is equipped with [[Electro-optical guidance|electro-optical]] [[thermal imager]] (EO/IR) and a new nose-mounted [[Millimeter-wave|millimeter wave]] [[active radar homing]] (MMW) seeker with an extended range of up to 15 km to 20 km.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/upgraded-sant-missile-successfully-flight-tested/articleshow/66872743.cms|title=Upgraded SANT missile successfully flight tested |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>

On 19 October 2020, SANT was again test fired by the DRDO at Chandipur test range. It is developed for the Indian Air Force and Army Aviation Corps with [[Lock-on after launch]] and Lock-on before launch capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-successfully-test-fires-sant-missile-with-lock-on-after-launch-lock-on-before-launch-capabilities/669661|title=India successfully test-fires SANT missile with 'Lock-on After Launch' & 'Lock-on Before Launch' capabilities|work=Times now digital}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/india-successfully-tests-anti-tank-missile-sant-from-chandipur-test-range/|title=India successfully tests anti-tank missile 'SANT' from Chandipur test range|work=Orissa Post|date=19 October 2020 }}</ref>

On 11 December 2021, DRDO and IAF flight-tested SANT from Pokhran ranges. The release mechanism, guidance and tracking algorithms, avionics with integrated software performed well.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|date=11 December 2021|title=IAF, DRDO test fire Stand-Off Anti-Tank missile from Pokhran ranges|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/11/iaf-drdo-test-fire-stand-off-anti-tank-missile-from-pokhran-ranges-2394481.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2021|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[SAMHO (missile)]]
{{Wepscontent
|similar weapons=
*[[PARS 3 LR]]
*[[Spike (missile)|Spike-ER]]
*[[HJ-10]]
*[[ALAS (missile)|ALAS]]
|lists=
*[[List of anti-tank guided missiles]]
*[[List of missiles]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nag missiles}}
* [https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MoDAR2018.pdf, Annual Report 2018-19 Ministry of Defence, Government of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307114843/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/atgm/na.html Nag ATGM]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rWJPi7K1Fc Nag test video]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2020]]
[[Category:Fire-and-forget weapons]]

XRSAM

2022-11-04T17:25:21Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian long range SAM}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = XR-SAM
| origin = India
| type = Long range [[surface-to-air missile]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service = 2024 (planned)
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants =
| speed =
| spec_label =
| weight =
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| crew =
| passengers = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = 
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = 
| filling = [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|Fragmentation]]
| filling_weight =
| detonation = [[Proximity fuze|Optical proximity fuze]]
| yield = 
| wingspan =
| propellant =
| engine =
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform =
| guidance =
| transport =
| vehicle_range = 350-400 km<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=U Sudhakar |title=DRDO reveals 350km XRSAM missile details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/drdo-reveals-350km-xrsam-missile-details/articleshow/73001348.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |agency=TNN |publisher=The Times of India |date=28 December 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''XR-SAM''' (eXtra-long Range Surface to Air Missile) is an Indian long-range mobile [[surface to air missile]] defence system under development by [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO).<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |date=9 March 2021 |title=DRDO Starts Work on Mobile Mast System for XRSAM Air Defence System |publisher=Eletimes |url=https://www.eletimes.com/drdo-starts-work-on-mobile-mast-system-for-xrsam-air-defence-system |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=DRDO readies India's next generation XRSAM-long range air defence missile system|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/DRDO_News_27_Dec_2019.pdf|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organization|format=PDF|date=27 December 2019}}</ref>

It will supplement the Indo-Israeli [[Barak 8]] and Russian [[S-400 missile system|S-400]] missile system in the [[Indian armed forces]].

==Design==

The missile system might used to bridge the gap between [[Barak_8#MRSAM|MR-SAM]] (70 km) and [[S-400]] (400 km). The missile system will have a range of 250 km against [[fighter jet]]s, 350 km against [[cruise missile]]s, [[sea skimming]] [[anti-ship missile]]s, [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] and mid air refuelers and will be capable of bringing down [[ballistic missile]]s and [[Stealth aircraft|stealth fighters]] in the terminal stage. The naval version of the missile might be also developed to supplement the LR-SAM missile in the Indian Navy.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/>

==Operators==
;{{IND}}
* [[Indian Army]] — Planned
* [[Indian Navy]] — Planned
* [[Indian Air Force]] — Planned

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Akash-NG]]
* [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor|Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor]] / AAD
* [[HQ-9]]
* [[David's Sling]]
* [[MIM-104 Patriot]]
* [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM]] (SM-6)
* [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] (THAAD)
* [[S-400 (SAM)|S-400 missile]]
* [[S-500 (missile)|S-500 missile]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]

XRSAM

2022-11-04T17:25:21Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian long range SAM}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = XR-SAM
| origin = India
| type = Long range [[surface-to-air missile]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service = 2024 (planned)
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants =
| speed =
| spec_label =
| weight =
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| crew =
| passengers = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = 
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = 
| filling = [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|Fragmentation]]
| filling_weight =
| detonation = [[Proximity fuze|Optical proximity fuze]]
| yield = 
| wingspan =
| propellant =
| engine =
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform =
| guidance =
| transport =
| vehicle_range = 350-400 km<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=U Sudhakar |title=DRDO reveals 350km XRSAM missile details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/drdo-reveals-350km-xrsam-missile-details/articleshow/73001348.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |agency=TNN |publisher=The Times of India |date=28 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''XR-SAM''' (eXtra-long Range Surface to Air Missile) is an Indian long-range mobile [[surface to air missile]] defence system under development by [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO).<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |date=9 March 2021 |title=DRDO Starts Work on Mobile Mast System for XRSAM Air Defence System |publisher=Eletimes |url=https://www.eletimes.com/drdo-starts-work-on-mobile-mast-system-for-xrsam-air-defence-system |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=DRDO readies India's next generation XRSAM-long range air defence missile system|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/DRDO_News_27_Dec_2019.pdf|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organization|format=PDF|date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

It will supplement the Indo-Israeli [[Barak 8]] and Russian [[S-400 missile system|S-400]] missile system in the [[Indian armed forces]].

==Design==

The missile system might used to bridge the gap between [[Barak_8#MRSAM|MR-SAM]] (70 km) and [[S-400]] (400 km). The missile system will have a range of 250 km against [[fighter jet]]s, 350 km against [[cruise missile]]s, [[sea skimming]] [[anti-ship missile]]s, [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] and mid air refuelers and will be capable of bringing down [[ballistic missile]]s and [[Stealth aircraft|stealth fighters]] in the terminal stage. The naval version of the missile might be also developed to supplement the LR-SAM missile in the Indian Navy.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/>

==Operators==
;{{IND}}
* [[Indian Army]] — Planned
* [[Indian Navy]] — Planned
* [[Indian Air Force]] — Planned

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Akash-NG]]
* [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor|Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor]] / AAD
* [[HQ-9]]
* [[David's Sling]]
* [[MIM-104 Patriot]]
* [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM]] (SM-6)
* [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] (THAAD)
* [[S-400 (SAM)|S-400 missile]]
* [[S-500 (missile)|S-500 missile]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]

QRSAM

2022-11-04T17:23:36Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian surface-to-air missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = QRSAM
| image = Second test of DRDO QRSAM (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = QRSAM during its second flight test
| type = [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service =
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = In Trials
| number =
| variants = 
| spec_label =
| weight =
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| crew =
| passengers = 
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber =
| barrels =
| action =
| rate =
| velocity =
| range =
| max_range =
| feed =
| sights = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = 
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = 
| filling = [[HMX]]/[[TNT]], pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|32|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| detonation = [[Proximity fuze|Optical proximity fuze]]
| yield = 
| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine =
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity = 22 [[tonne]]
| transmission =
| suspension = [[Leaf spring]] and [[air suspension]] with telescopic [[shock absorbers]]
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = Missile: {{cvt|3|km|feet}} - {{cvt|30|km}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2020-12-06 |title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece |access-date=2022-06-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| speed = [[Mach number|Mach]] 4.7
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with two way [[datalink]] '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing]]
| steering = 
| wingspan =
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{cvt|30|m|feet}} - {{cvt|10|km|feet}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2020-12-06 |title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece |access-date=2022-06-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| boost =
| depth =
| accuracy = 90% - 95%
| launch_platform = 6 tube launcher mounted on 8 x 8 [[Ashok Leyland]] or [[Tata Motors]] heavy mobility vehicles<ref name="THDec20"/>
| Range Launcher: ~800 km
| transport =
| ref = <ref name="DRDO">{{Cite web|title=QRSAM|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/qrsam|website=www.drdo.gov.in|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref><ref name="addr-3may16">{{cite magazine |last1=Menon |first1=Jay |title=India to develop Quick-Reaction SAM |journal=Aerospace Daily & Defense Report |date=3 May 2016 |page=4 |publisher=Aviation Week |issn=1553-8591}}</ref><ref name="complete"/><ref>{{cite web|title=QRSAM again successfully test-fired|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/qrsam-again-successfully-test-fired---.html|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|date=24 December 2019|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2020/11/india-wraps-development-trials-for.html|title= India Wraps Development Trials For QRSAM Missile That Can Shoot Plane 25 Km Away |access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile''' ('''QRSAM''') is a [[surface-to-air missile|missile]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] for the [[Indian Army]],<ref name="jdw-6jun17"/> meant for protecting moving armoured columns from aerial attacks.<ref name="DRDO"/>

QRSAM has a fully automated Command and Control System. The missile system possesses two four-walled radars both of which encompass a 360-degree coverage, namely, the Active Array Battery Surveillance Radar and the Active Array Battery Multifunction Radar, apart from the launcher while Laser [[proximity fuze]] ensures that missile can't be jammed.

== History ==
As a part of a replacement program for its obsolete [[Osa-AK]] and [[2K12 Kub|Kvadrat]] missile systems, Indian Army received a go-ahead to initiate a global acquisition program for quick-reaction surface-to-air missiles from the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] in September 2007.<ref name="addr-3may16"/> The acquisition program faced multiple issues, including poor response from vendors and re-tendering to avoid single source acquisition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |title=Indian Army Seeks New Source of Surface-to-Air Missile Defense System |url=https://www.defensenews.com/home/2016/04/06/indian-army-seeks-new-source-of-surface-to-air-missile-defense-system/ |work=Defense News |date=8 August 2017}}</ref> In the meanwhile, a DRDO project to develop quick-reaction surface-to-air missiles was sanctioned in July 2014 with a budget of {{INRConvert|476.43|c|year=2014}}.<ref>{{cite press release |title=DRDO Projects |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158007 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=3 February 2017}}</ref> The missile was developed in association with [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] with both firms participating in development and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghaswalla |first1=Amrita Nair |title=BEL's research spend up 10% of revenue |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bels-research-spend-up-10-of-revenue/article9610597.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Sushil |title=Quick Reaction Missile to be developed by BDL and DRDO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Quick-Reaction-Missile-to-be-developed-by-BDL-and-DRDO/articleshow/52054713.cms |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=30 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, Indian Army's global acquisition program was dropped in favour of the locally developed QRSAM.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

The operational version meanwhile is awaiting production in mid-2021 after use trials.<ref name="THDec20"/>

== Description ==
It's a compact and highly mobile [[air defence system]] system mounted on [[Ashok Leyland Defence Systems]] 8x8 truck, designed to provide 360 degree defence coverage. The [[transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) of the system is developed by [[Larsen & Toubro]], while missiles are manufactured by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]. Each launcher has 6 missiles and can target 6 different targets.<ref name="THDec20" /> The QRSAM has [[electronic counter-countermeasure]] capabilities to remain immune to [[Radar jamming and deception|jamming]].<ref name="jdw-6jun17">{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|url=http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|title=Indian DRDO-designed QRSAM successfully tested|date=6 June 2017|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|publisher=Jane's Information Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606141337/http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> The single-staged missile utilized by the system is propelled using [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid propellants]]. The missile is equipped with a midcourse [[inertial navigation system]] with a two-way data link and a [[DRDO]]-developed terminal active radar seeker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-17 |title=DRDO surface-to-air missile shoots down aerial target in latest test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-surface-to-air-missile-shoots-down-aerial-target-in-latest-test/story-XjnHy11SCLkMO7hZ724eHL.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The missile has laser [[proximity fuze]] developed by [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]], to increase accuracy and reduces its susceptibility to jamming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=6 December 2020}}</ref> The system has the capability to search and track targets while moving.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1597212|title=Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile successfully flight-tested off Odisha coast|date=23 December 2019|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|via=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>

Its [[command and control]] system, target acquisition and fire control are fully automated.<ref name="THDec20" /><ref name=":0" /> The surveillance and fire control radars developed by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]], namely, the ''Active Array Battery Surveillance Radar'' and the ''Active Array Battery Multifunction Radar'' are four walled, configured to provide 360 degree coverage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="THDec20" /> The QRSAM has a maximum range of {{cvt|30|km}} and can intercept targets flying at {{cvt|10|km}} altitude. According to DRDO, currently the QRSAM has 90% indigenous component, which is projected to increase 99% incrementally.<ref name="THDec20">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-12-06|title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece|location=New Delhi|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref>

== Testing ==
[[File:QRSAM test.webm|thumb|QRSAM test with live warhead on 17 November 2020. ]]
The first test firing of the missile took place on 4 June 2017. This was followed by the second successful test on 3 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-successfully-test-fired-4733819/|title=Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired|date=3 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=23 December 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The test was conducted from Chandipur, Odisha. Around 100 scientists are working as part of the missile development program led by [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL). DRDO's other labs including [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI), [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)]] (R&DE(E)) and [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR) are also contributing to the missile development effort.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/drdo-s-quick-reaction-missile-hits-target-in-30-seconds-1.2059244|title=DRDO's quick reaction missile hits target in 30 seconds|work=Mathrubhumi|date=3 July 2017|access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> On 22 December, the missile was test fired for the third time. The test was reported to be a success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/23/drdos-homegrown-quick-reaction-missile-qrsam-successfully-test-fired-off-odisha-coast-1734849.html|title=DRDO's homegrown quick reaction missile QRSAM successfully test fired off Odisha coast|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=Setback for Indian missile programme: Two failures in a week, submarine version stuck |url=https://theprint.in/report/setback-for-indian-missile-programme-two-failures-in-a-week-submarine-version-stuck/24671/ |work=The Print |date=24 December 2017}}</ref> The fourth test took place on 8 October 2018 and was reported to be successful.<ref>{{cite news |title=DRDO testfires quick reaction missile off Odisha coast |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/oct/10/drdo-testfires-quick-reaction-missile-off-odisha-coast-1883553.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 October 2018}}</ref> Fifth test was successfully performed on 26 February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1566363#|title=Twin Success for Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile|newspaper=Press Information Bureau|date=26 February 2019|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> The sixth test was conducted on 4 August 2019 at 11:05 am from a mobile truck-based launcher at the launch complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-test-fires-quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile/articleshow/70520608.cms|title=India test-fires Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile|date=2019-08-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref> The seventh-test took place on 23 December 2019 from [[Abdul Kalam Island]], which included two firings of the missile. With this test, the development of the missile was declared complete.<ref name="complete">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-completes-development-trials/article30382246.ece|title=Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile completes development trials|date=2019-12-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-23|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 13 November 2020, DRDO successfully conducted test fire of the system and achieved a major milestone by a direct hit on to a [[Meggitt Banshee|Banshee]] pilot-less target aircraft at medium range and medium altitude.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2020-11-14|title=DRDO successfully test-fires Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile system|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-successfully-test-fires-quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system-120111400264_1.html|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref>

On 17 November 2020, DRDO successfully test-fired QRSAM with live warhead for the first time to check performance parameter of various subsystem. The integrated radar did tracking and target acquisition while mission computer managed automatic launch sequence. Upon missile launch, two way datalink was successfully established and helped activate radar homing guidance at terminal phase. Warhead activation and detonation was achieved when the target was close enough for destruction. The missile managed to hit and bring down an unmanned target vehicle at medium range and altitude.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=Second trial of QRSAM proves DRDO warhead's capabilities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-successfully-test-fires-qrsam-for-second-time-7055028/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Six flight tests were completed on 8 September 2022 off the Odisha coast, where QRSAM managed to intercept high speed maneuvering aerial targets with pin point accuracy under long-range medium altitude and short-range high altitude conditions in quick succession salvo firing. The tests were carried out in final deployment configuration with all indigenously developed subsystems including missile with radio-frequency seeker, mobile launcher, automated command and control system, surveillance and multi-function radars.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-08 |title=DRDO, Indian Army test-fires Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile system today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/drdo-indian-army-test-fires-quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system-today-11662616656699.html |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 September 2022, it was reported by [[The Economic Times]], that deficiencies were observed regarding the mobility, surveillance, detection and firing capability of the system. According to unnamed sources, the system failed to detect and engage hovering helicopters at low altitude and minimum range. There was no official confirmation from [[Indian Army]] or [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] but according to DRDO, all the tests conducted in September 2022 were successful.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |date=22 September 2022 |title=Quick reaction missile induction to be delayed; deficiencies found during trials |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/quick-reaction-missile-induction-to-be-delayed-deficiencies-found-during-trials/articleshow/94383051.cms}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
*[[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]]
*[[Maitri (missile)|Maitri]]
*[[Barak 8]]
*[[Akash-NG]]
*[[Akash (missile)|Akash]]
*[[VL-SRSAM]]
*[[Advanced Air Defence]] (AAD)
*[[Prithvi Air Defence]] (PAD)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|QRSAM}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]
'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

QRSAM

2022-11-04T17:23:36Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian surface-to-air missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = QRSAM
| image = Second test of DRDO QRSAM (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = QRSAM during its second flight test
| type = [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service =
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = In Trials
| number =
| variants = 
| spec_label =
| weight =
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| crew =
| passengers = 
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber =
| barrels =
| action =
| rate =
| velocity =
| range =
| max_range =
| feed =
| sights = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = 
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = 
| filling = [[HMX]]/[[TNT]], pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|32|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| detonation = [[Proximity fuze|Optical proximity fuze]]
| yield = 
| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine =
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity = 22 [[tonne]]
| transmission =
| suspension = [[Leaf spring]] and [[air suspension]] with telescopic [[shock absorbers]]
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = Missile: {{cvt|3|km|feet}} - {{cvt|30|km}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2020-12-06 |title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece |access-date=2022-06-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| speed = [[Mach number|Mach]] 4.7
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with two way [[datalink]] '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing]]
| steering = 
| wingspan =
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{cvt|30|m|feet}} - {{cvt|10|km|feet}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2020-12-06 |title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece |access-date=2022-06-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| boost =
| depth =
| accuracy = 90% - 95%
| launch_platform = 6 tube launcher mounted on 8 x 8 [[Ashok Leyland]] or [[Tata Motors]] heavy mobility vehicles<ref name="THDec20"/>
| Range Launcher: ~800 km
| transport =
| ref = <ref name="DRDO">{{Cite web|title=QRSAM|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/qrsam|website=www.drdo.gov.in|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref><ref name="addr-3may16">{{cite magazine |last1=Menon |first1=Jay |title=India to develop Quick-Reaction SAM |journal=Aerospace Daily & Defense Report |date=3 May 2016 |page=4 |publisher=Aviation Week |issn=1553-8591}}</ref><ref name="complete"/><ref>{{cite web|title=QRSAM again successfully test-fired|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/qrsam-again-successfully-test-fired---.html|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|date=24 December 2019|access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2020/11/india-wraps-development-trials-for.html|title= India Wraps Development Trials For QRSAM Missile That Can Shoot Plane 25 Km Away |access-date=15 November 2022}}</ref>
}}
'''Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile''' ('''QRSAM''') is a [[surface-to-air missile|missile]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] for the [[Indian Army]],<ref name="jdw-6jun17"/> meant for protecting moving armoured columns from aerial attacks.<ref name="DRDO"/>

QRSAM has a fully automated Command and Control System. The missile system possesses two four-walled radars both of which encompass a 360-degree coverage, namely, the Active Array Battery Surveillance Radar and the Active Array Battery Multifunction Radar, apart from the launcher while Laser [[proximity fuze]] ensures that missile can't be jammed.

== History ==
As a part of a replacement program for its obsolete [[Osa-AK]] and [[2K12 Kub|Kvadrat]] missile systems, Indian Army received a go-ahead to initiate a global acquisition program for quick-reaction surface-to-air missiles from the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] in September 2007.<ref name="addr-3may16"/> The acquisition program faced multiple issues, including poor response from vendors and re-tendering to avoid single source acquisition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |title=Indian Army Seeks New Source of Surface-to-Air Missile Defense System |url=https://www.defensenews.com/home/2016/04/06/indian-army-seeks-new-source-of-surface-to-air-missile-defense-system/ |work=Defense News |date=8 August 2022}}</ref> In the meanwhile, a DRDO project to develop quick-reaction surface-to-air missiles was sanctioned in July 2014 with a budget of {{INRConvert|476.43|c|year=2022}}.<ref>{{cite press release |title=DRDO Projects |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158007 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=3 February 2022}}</ref> The missile was developed in association with [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] with both firms participating in development and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghaswalla |first1=Amrita Nair |title=BEL's research spend up 10% of revenue |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bels-research-spend-up-10-of-revenue/article9610597.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Sushil |title=Quick Reaction Missile to be developed by BDL and DRDO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Quick-Reaction-Missile-to-be-developed-by-BDL-and-DRDO/articleshow/52054713.cms |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=30 April 2022}}</ref> In 2017, Indian Army's global acquisition program was dropped in favour of the locally developed QRSAM.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

The operational version meanwhile is awaiting production in mid-2021 after use trials.<ref name="THDec20"/>

== Description ==
It's a compact and highly mobile [[air defence system]] system mounted on [[Ashok Leyland Defence Systems]] 8x8 truck, designed to provide 360 degree defence coverage. The [[transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) of the system is developed by [[Larsen & Toubro]], while missiles are manufactured by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]. Each launcher has 6 missiles and can target 6 different targets.<ref name="THDec20" /> The QRSAM has [[electronic counter-countermeasure]] capabilities to remain immune to [[Radar jamming and deception|jamming]].<ref name="jdw-6jun17">{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|url=http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|title=Indian DRDO-designed QRSAM successfully tested|date=6 June 2017|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|publisher=Jane's Information Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606141337/http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> The single-staged missile utilized by the system is propelled using [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid propellants]]. The missile is equipped with a midcourse [[inertial navigation system]] with a two-way data link and a [[DRDO]]-developed terminal active radar seeker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-17 |title=DRDO surface-to-air missile shoots down aerial target in latest test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-surface-to-air-missile-shoots-down-aerial-target-in-latest-test/story-XjnHy11SCLkMO7hZ724eHL.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The missile has laser [[proximity fuze]] developed by [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]], to increase accuracy and reduces its susceptibility to jamming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=6 December 2022}}</ref> The system has the capability to search and track targets while moving.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1597212|title=Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile successfully flight-tested off Odisha coast|date=23 December 2019|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|via=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>

Its [[command and control]] system, target acquisition and fire control are fully automated.<ref name="THDec20" /><ref name=":0" /> The surveillance and fire control radars developed by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]], namely, the ''Active Array Battery Surveillance Radar'' and the ''Active Array Battery Multifunction Radar'' are four walled, configured to provide 360 degree coverage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="THDec20" /> The QRSAM has a maximum range of {{cvt|30|km}} and can intercept targets flying at {{cvt|10|km}} altitude. According to DRDO, currently the QRSAM has 90% indigenous component, which is projected to increase 99% incrementally.<ref name="THDec20">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-12-06|title=Indigenous quick reaction air defence system to be ready for production next year|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-quick-reaction-air-defence-system-to-be-ready-for-production-next-year/article33260806.ece|location=New Delhi|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref>

== Testing ==
[[File:QRSAM test.webm|thumb|QRSAM test with live warhead on 17 November 2020. ]]
The first test firing of the missile took place on 4 June 2017. This was followed by the second successful test on 3 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-successfully-test-fired-4733819/|title=Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired|date=3 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=23 December 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The test was conducted from Chandipur, Odisha. Around 100 scientists are working as part of the missile development program led by [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL). DRDO's other labs including [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI), [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)]] (R&DE(E)) and [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR) are also contributing to the missile development effort.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/drdo-s-quick-reaction-missile-hits-target-in-30-seconds-1.2059244|title=DRDO's quick reaction missile hits target in 30 seconds|work=Mathrubhumi|date=3 July 2017|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref> On 22 December, the missile was test fired for the third time. The test was reported to be a success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/23/drdos-homegrown-quick-reaction-missile-qrsam-successfully-test-fired-off-odisha-coast-1734849.html|title=DRDO's homegrown quick reaction missile QRSAM successfully test fired off Odisha coast|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=Setback for Indian missile programme: Two failures in a week, submarine version stuck |url=https://theprint.in/report/setback-for-indian-missile-programme-two-failures-in-a-week-submarine-version-stuck/24671/ |work=The Print |date=24 December 2022}}</ref> The fourth test took place on 8 October 2018 and was reported to be successful.<ref>{{cite news |title=DRDO testfires quick reaction missile off Odisha coast |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/oct/10/drdo-testfires-quick-reaction-missile-off-odisha-coast-1883553.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 October 2022}}</ref> Fifth test was successfully performed on 26 February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1566363#|title=Twin Success for Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile|newspaper=Press Information Bureau|date=26 February 2019|access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> The sixth test was conducted on 4 August 2019 at 11:05 am from a mobile truck-based launcher at the launch complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-test-fires-quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile/articleshow/70520608.cms|title=India test-fires Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile|date=2019-08-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref> The seventh-test took place on 23 December 2019 from [[Abdul Kalam Island]], which included two firings of the missile. With this test, the development of the missile was declared complete.<ref name="complete">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-completes-development-trials/article30382246.ece|title=Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile completes development trials|date=2019-12-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-23|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 13 November 2020, DRDO successfully conducted test fire of the system and achieved a major milestone by a direct hit on to a [[Meggitt Banshee|Banshee]] pilot-less target aircraft at medium range and medium altitude.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2020-11-14|title=DRDO successfully test-fires Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile system|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-successfully-test-fires-quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system-120111400264_1.html|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref>

On 17 November 2020, DRDO successfully test-fired QRSAM with live warhead for the first time to check performance parameter of various subsystem. The integrated radar did tracking and target acquisition while mission computer managed automatic launch sequence. Upon missile launch, two way datalink was successfully established and helped activate radar homing guidance at terminal phase. Warhead activation and detonation was achieved when the target was close enough for destruction. The missile managed to hit and bring down an unmanned target vehicle at medium range and altitude.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=Second trial of QRSAM proves DRDO warhead's capabilities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-successfully-test-fires-qrsam-for-second-time-7055028/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Six flight tests were completed on 8 September 2022 off the Odisha coast, where QRSAM managed to intercept high speed maneuvering aerial targets with pin point accuracy under long-range medium altitude and short-range high altitude conditions in quick succession salvo firing. The tests were carried out in final deployment configuration with all indigenously developed subsystems including missile with radio-frequency seeker, mobile launcher, automated command and control system, surveillance and multi-function radars.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-08 |title=DRDO, Indian Army test-fires Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile system today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/drdo-indian-army-test-fires-quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system-today-11662616656699.html |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 September 2022, it was reported by [[The Economic Times]], that deficiencies were observed regarding the mobility, surveillance, detection and firing capability of the system. According to unnamed sources, the system failed to detect and engage hovering helicopters at low altitude and minimum range. There was no official confirmation from [[Indian Army]] or [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] but according to DRDO, all the tests conducted in September 2022 were successful.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |date=22 September 2022 |title=Quick reaction missile induction to be delayed; deficiencies found during trials |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/quick-reaction-missile-induction-to-be-delayed-deficiencies-found-during-trials/articleshow/94383051.cms}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
*[[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]]
*[[Maitri (missile)|Maitri]]
*[[Barak 8]]
*[[Akash-NG]]
*[[Akash (missile)|Akash]]
*[[VL-SRSAM]]
*[[Advanced Air Defence]] (AAD)
*[[Prithvi Air Defence]] (PAD)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|QRSAM}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]
'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

SAMHO

2022-11-04T17:22:48Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Anti-tank guided missile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name= SAMHO
|image=SAMHO.png
|image_size= 300
|caption=
|origin= India
|type= [[Anti-tank guided missile]]

|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=
|is_vehicle=
|is_missile=yes
|is_UK=

|service=
|used_by= [[Indian Army]]
|wars=

|designer= [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] ([[DRDO]])
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=

|spec_label=
|weight=
|length=
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter= {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|crew=
|sights=

|filling= [[Tandem-charge|Tandem]] [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=

|armour=
|primary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
|transmission=
|payload_capacity=
|suspension=
|clearance=
|wingspan=
|propellant=
|fuel_capacity=
|vehicle_range= {{convert|1500|-|5000|m|yd|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Laser-guided anti-tank missile successfully tested from Arjun tank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/laser-guided-anti-tank-missile-successfully-tested-from-arjun-tank-7997306/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |agency=ENS |publisher=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|depth=
|boost=
|speed=
|guidance= [[Semi-active laser homing]]
|steering=
|accuracy=
|launch_platform= [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun MBT]] (tested) [[T-90]] (planned)
|transport=
}}
The '''SAMHO''' is an Indian gun-launched [[anti-tank guided missile]] (ATGM) developed by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) for the [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun tanks]] of the Indian Army.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cannon Launched Missile Development Programme (CLMDP) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/cannon-launched-missile-development-programmeclmdp |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India |access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> Originally intended to be fired from the 120 mm rifled gun of Arjun, the DRDO plans to make it compatible with the [[T-90]] tanks of the Indian Army, which have a 125 mm [[smoothbore]] gun.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=DRDO plans to use Indigenous SAMHO missile on Russian T-90 tanks |url=https://guardingindia.com/diplomacy/drdo-plans-to-use-indigenous-samho-missile-on-russian-t-90-tanks/ |website=Guarding India |language=en-US |access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> The SAMHO has a [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) [[tandem-charge]] warhead designed to defeat [[Reactive armour#Explosive reactive armour|explosive reactive armour]] (ERA) protection of modern armoured vehicles and tanks.<ref name=":0"/> The SAMHO is a multi-purpose anti-armour guided missile effective against tanks and low flying [[attack helicopter]]s.<ref name=":0"/>

== Overview ==
The development of SAMHO gun-launched anti-tank guided missile was announced in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2014-09-21 |title=India drops Israeli missile for Arjun Tank|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-drops-israeli-missile-for-arjun-tank/story-OswmqbSCKEEHEqcbnqmDxM.html|access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The SAMHO missile was developed under the Cannon Launched Missile Development Programme (CLMDP) by the ARDE lab of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) in association with [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] (IRDE).<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author= |date=2020-10-01 |title=DRDO successfully test fires laser-guided anti-tank guided missile from Arjun Tank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile-from-arjun-tank-6663728/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> The missile is intended to enhance the firepower of the indigenous Arjun tanks in service with the Indian Army.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |others=Special Correspondent |date=2020-09-23 |title=DRDO test fires laser guided anti-tank missile |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile/article32676820.ece |access-date=2021-07-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Testing ==
{{Gallery
|title=SAMHO Missile
|width=200 |height=150
|align=right
|File:Arjun CLGM accuracy.webm
|SAMHO missile firing from Arjun
|alt1=SAMHO missile firing from Arjun tank
}}

=== First trial ===
The first trial occurred successfully on 22 September 2020, from an Arjun tank with an inert warhead. The missile engaged a target kept at a distance of 3 km.<ref name=":2"/>

=== Second trial ===
Another successful missile firing occurred 1 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2020-10-05 |title=Not just Arjun, DRDO looking to get indigenous anti-tank missile on Russian T-90 tanks too |url=https://theprint.in/defence/not-just-arjun-drdo-looking-to-get-indigenous-anti-tank-missile-on-russian-t-90-tanks-too/516663/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Third trial ===
On 29 June 2022, DRDO successfully tested the missile engaging a target from minimum and maximum range. This time DRDO also solved the dimensional constraints of a tank launched ATGM.<ref>{{Cite news |others=Special Correspondent |date=2022-06-28 |title=Indigenous ATGM test-fired from Arjun tank at Karakoram range |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-atgm-test-fired-from-arjun-tank-at-karakoram-range/article65577310.ece |access-date=2022-06-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Fourth trial ===
On 4 August 2022, another successful test occurred, engaging a target from minimum to maximum range to check performance consistency.<ref>{{Cite news |author=ANI |date=2022-08-04 |title=DRDO successfully test-fires laser-guided ATGMs |url=https://theprint.in/india/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-atgms/1069363/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=ThePrint |publisher=Printline Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Nag (missile)]]
{{Wepscontent
|similar weapons=
*[[LAHAT]]
*[[9M119 Svir/Refleks]]
|lists=
*[[List of gun-launched missiles]]
*[[List of anti-tank guided missiles]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]

Maitri (missile)

2022-11-04T17:21:57Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indo-French surface to air missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
The '''Maitri missile''' project was a cancelled proposal for a next-generation quick-reaction [[surface-to-air missile]] (QRSAM) with a lethal near-hundred per cent kill probability (according to manufacturer's claim) planned for development by India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]. It is a short-range (strike range varies from 25–30 km) surface-to-air defense missile system.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2014|title=France hopeful of $6-billion Maitri missile project|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/france-hopeful-of-6-billion-maitri-missile-project/articleshow/45667100.cms|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref>

The proposal was shelved and superseded by the [[QRSAM]] and [[VL-SRSAM]] missiles for the use of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Navy]] respectively.

==Introduction==
The Maitri missile should not be confused with the similar Indian Army Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile system (LLQRM) requirement. The missile will fill the gap created by the Indian government's decision to wind up development of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program#Trishul missile system|Trishul]] point defense missile system. It is believed to be a blend of the French [[MICA (missile)|Mica]] and DRDO [[Trishul missile|Trishul]]. Maitri will build on the work done by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] while developing the Trishul missile, using technology transfer from MBDA to fill the technological gaps that led to the failure of the Trishul project.

==Development==
On 15 July 2009, ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' reported that the project was scrapped.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090716/jsp/nation/story_11243098.jsp Junked: France joint missile plan]</ref> But later, on June 4, 2010 ''[[Indian Express]]'' reported that, "After moving ahead with similar projects with Russia and Israel, India is set to finalise a missile co-development project with France to manufacture a new range of Short Range Surface to Air Missiles (SRSAM) for the armed forces." From 2007-2010, [[MBDA]] and [[DRDO]] finalised the design and performance parameters of the missile to suit the needs of the Indian armed forces. Besides providing the Indian armed forces with a modern air defence missile, the project will also add a new capability with France, which does not have a similar missile in production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-russia-and-israel-india-to-develop-missiles-with-france/629252/0 |title=After Russia and Israel, India to develop missiles with France |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2010-06-04 |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref>

The Maitri missile project involved a technological collaboration between [[MBDA]], India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and defence public sector unit Bharat Dynamics Limited. [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL), a premier missile laboratory of DRDO, will act as the main design centre in India.
The project, with a budget of [[US$]]500 million was said to have been signed in May 2007.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2946 india-defence.com: DRDO, MBDA to Jointly Develop Maitri Quick Reaction Missile]</ref>

On 14 February 2013, India and France concluded negotiations on the Short Range Surface to Air Missile nearly worth of $6 billion during the talks between French President Francois Hollande and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-france-conclude-6-bn-deal-on-surface-to-air-missile-113021400447_1.html|title=India, France sign $6 bn deal on Surface to Air Missile|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=14 February 2013|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On 30 March 2015, it was reported that the project was revived specially by the request of [[Indian Navy]] for a point air defence system after stating that Akash missile defence system is not suitable for Indian warships defence. The DRDO with MBDA is planning to develop 9 short-range surface-to-air missile system (SRSAM) with 40 missiles each for Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-revives-joint-missile-project-with-french-firm-2073368|title = India revives joint missile project with French firm|date = 31 March 2015}}</ref> Development of the missile is expected to be completed within three years of the project go-ahead, when initial testing will commence.

As of 2020, The project was expected to be cancelled as DRDO has instead taken up the development of an alternative missile known as [[VL-SRSAM]] derived from the [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk1]] air-to-air missile for use by the [[Indian Navy]] and [[QRSAM]] for the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Successful Launches of VL-SRSAM Missile System |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700039 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=pib.gov.in |agency=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

==Design==
The principal contribution of MBDA will be in providing be the active homing-head, thrust vector control, terminal guidance system and composites for a modified propulsion system for the missile, while the software, command-and-control system, the launchers and system integration work would be carried out by the DRDL.

MBDA has agreed to transfer all sensitive technology such as the seeker and thrust vector control system to India, allowing India to manufacture the Maitri missile locally as well as support them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/06/08/awx_06_08_2010_p0-232603.xml |title=MBDA Eyes Stronger Ties With India |publisher=Aviation Week |date=2010-06-08 |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref>

==Radar==
The Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore, would develop two indigenous radars for the Maitri project. These would be new-generation variants of [[Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)]], with the ability to track 150 targets simultaneously at a distance of 200 kilometers. The naval variant would be called the Revati and the air force version would be called Rohini.

==Variants==
Two variants of the missile were planned:

* A ship-borne point and tactical air defense version for the Navy
* A mobile wheeled and tracked system for use by the Air Force and Army

There are two variants which are as below:

* For navy there are naval missile which is the variants of Maitri.
* For airforce there are Rohini missile which is the variants of Maitri.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|France|Rocketry}}
*[[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]]
*[[QRSAM]]
*[[VL-SRSAM]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.domainb.com/aero/20070319_develop.htm Domain-B.com: DRDO to develop quick reaction missile, Maitri, with MBDA]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maitri (Missile)}}
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]

Maitri (missile)

2022-11-04T17:21:57Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indo-French surface to air missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
The '''Maitri missile''' project was a cancelled proposal for a next-generation quick-reaction [[surface-to-air missile]] (QRSAM) with a lethal near-hundred per cent kill probability (according to manufacturer's claim) planned for development by India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]. It is a short-range (strike range varies from 25–30 km) surface-to-air defense missile system.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2014|title=France hopeful of $6-billion Maitri missile project|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/france-hopeful-of-6-billion-maitri-missile-project/articleshow/45667100.cms|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref>

The proposal was shelved and superseded by the [[QRSAM]] and [[VL-SRSAM]] missiles for the use of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Navy]] respectively.

==Introduction==
The Maitri missile should not be confused with the similar Indian Army Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile system (LLQRM) requirement. The missile will fill the gap created by the Indian government's decision to wind up development of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program#Trishul missile system|Trishul]] point defense missile system. It is believed to be a blend of the French [[MICA (missile)|Mica]] and DRDO [[Trishul missile|Trishul]]. Maitri will build on the work done by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] while developing the Trishul missile, using technology transfer from MBDA to fill the technological gaps that led to the failure of the Trishul project.

==Development==
On 15 July 2009, ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' reported that the project was scrapped.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090716/jsp/nation/story_11243098.jsp Junked: France joint missile plan]</ref> But later, on June 4, 2010 ''[[Indian Express]]'' reported that, "After moving ahead with similar projects with Russia and Israel, India is set to finalise a missile co-development project with France to manufacture a new range of Short Range Surface to Air Missiles (SRSAM) for the armed forces." From 2007-2010, [[MBDA]] and [[DRDO]] finalised the design and performance parameters of the missile to suit the needs of the Indian armed forces. Besides providing the Indian armed forces with a modern air defence missile, the project will also add a new capability with France, which does not have a similar missile in production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-russia-and-israel-india-to-develop-missiles-with-france/629252/0 |title=After Russia and Israel, India to develop missiles with France |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2010-06-04 |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref>

The Maitri missile project involved a technological collaboration between [[MBDA]], India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and defence public sector unit Bharat Dynamics Limited. [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL), a premier missile laboratory of DRDO, will act as the main design centre in India.
The project, with a budget of [[US$]]500 million was said to have been signed in May 2007.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2946 india-defence.com: DRDO, MBDA to Jointly Develop Maitri Quick Reaction Missile]</ref>

On 14 February 2013, India and France concluded negotiations on the Short Range Surface to Air Missile nearly worth of $6 billion during the talks between French President Francois Hollande and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-france-conclude-6-bn-deal-on-surface-to-air-missile-113021400447_1.html|title=India, France sign $6 bn deal on Surface to Air Missile|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=14 February 2013|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On 30 March 2015, it was reported that the project was revived specially by the request of [[Indian Navy]] for a point air defence system after stating that Akash missile defence system is not suitable for Indian warships defence. The DRDO with MBDA is planning to develop 9 short-range surface-to-air missile system (SRSAM) with 40 missiles each for Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-revives-joint-missile-project-with-french-firm-2073368|title = India revives joint missile project with French firm|date = 31 March 2022}}</ref> Development of the missile is expected to be completed within three years of the project go-ahead, when initial testing will commence.

As of 2020, The project was expected to be cancelled as DRDO has instead taken up the development of an alternative missile known as [[VL-SRSAM]] derived from the [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk1]] air-to-air missile for use by the [[Indian Navy]] and [[QRSAM]] for the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Successful Launches of VL-SRSAM Missile System |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700039 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=pib.gov.in |agency=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

==Design==
The principal contribution of MBDA will be in providing be the active homing-head, thrust vector control, terminal guidance system and composites for a modified propulsion system for the missile, while the software, command-and-control system, the launchers and system integration work would be carried out by the DRDL.

MBDA has agreed to transfer all sensitive technology such as the seeker and thrust vector control system to India, allowing India to manufacture the Maitri missile locally as well as support them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/06/08/awx_06_08_2010_p0-232603.xml |title=MBDA Eyes Stronger Ties With India |publisher=Aviation Week |date=2010-06-08 |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref>

==Radar==
The Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore, would develop two indigenous radars for the Maitri project. These would be new-generation variants of [[Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)]], with the ability to track 150 targets simultaneously at a distance of 200 kilometers. The naval variant would be called the Revati and the air force version would be called Rohini.

==Variants==
Two variants of the missile were planned:

* A ship-borne point and tactical air defense version for the Navy
* A mobile wheeled and tracked system for use by the Air Force and Army

There are two variants which are as below:

* For navy there are naval missile which is the variants of Maitri.
* For airforce there are Rohini missile which is the variants of Maitri.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|France|Rocketry}}
*[[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]]
*[[QRSAM]]
*[[VL-SRSAM]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.domainb.com/aero/20070319_develop.htm Domain-B.com: DRDO to develop quick reaction missile, Maitri, with MBDA]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maitri (Missile)}}
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]

Trishul (missile)

2022-11-04T17:21:25Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name= Trishul
|image=
|caption=
|origin=[[India]]
|type=[[Surface-to-air missile]]
|used_by=
|designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=[[Solid fuel]]
|production_date=
|service=
|engine=[[Dual-thrust]] [[solid-propellant rocket]]<ref name="Trishul"/>
|engine_power=
|weight={{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|3|m|abbr=on}}
|height=
|diameter= {{convert|200|cm|abbr=on}}
|wingspan=
|speed= [[Mach number|Mach]] 2
|vehicle_range=
* {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeline of India's missile development programme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/timeline-of-indias-missile-development-programme/article18708216.ece?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=DnINwTnOY0mZ1tYDMn.PN_b5MTXAxGY4q8cwTvD1Rnk-1639469954-0-gaNycGzNGBE |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
* {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling= Pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]] warhead
|filling_weight = {{cvt|15|kg}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Trishul missile test-fired successfully |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/trishul-missile-test-fired-successfully-106072300005_1.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=Business Standard |date=19 January 2013}}</ref>
|guidance= [[Command to line-of-sight]]
|detonation=
|launch_platform=
* [[BMP-2]] [[chassis]]
* Truck
* Surface ship
}}

'''Trishul''' ([[IAST]]: triśūla "Trident") is a low-level quick-reaction short range [[surface-to-air missile]] developed in India by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) as part of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP). It can also be used as an [[Sea skimming|anti-sea skimmer]] from [[naval ship]] against low flying missile, [[attack helicopter]] and aircraft.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Anantha Krishnan |date=8 July 2003 |title=DRDO says Trishul is alive and kicking |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-says-trishul-is-alive-and-kicking/articleshow/64686.cms |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=29 November 2006|title=Govt denies Trishul being wound up|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/govt-denies-trishul-being-wound-up/433285|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

In 2008, Minister of Defence [[A. K. Antony]] officially announced the closure of the project on a written reply to [[Rajya Sabha]] after completion of Technology Demonstration (TD) phase.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 February 2008|title=Development of Trishul missile system completed: Antony|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/development-of-trishul-missile-system-completed-antony/articleshow/2820195.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-14}}</ref> The development cost of Trishul Project was {{INRConvert|2.826|b}}.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|date=27 February 2008|title=Govt announces closure of work on Trishul missile|publisher=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-announces-closure-of-work-on-Trishul-missile/articleshow/2819873.cms}}</ref>

==History and development==
The Trishul missile project was commissioned in 1983 as a part of [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]]. The primary objective was to produce short range surface to air missile with a reaction time below 6 seconds. In 1985, Trishul made its first unguided flight from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]]. The missile made its first full range guided flight in 1989 but without [[television guidance]] (TVM) which was originally planned.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Hiranandani|first=Vice Adm (Retd) GM|date=8 April 2015|title=Indian Navy: Anti Missile Defence Systems|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/indian-navy-anti-missile-defence-systems/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=|date=18 October 2006|title=Trishul gets another lease of life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trishul-gets-another-lease-of-life/articleshow/2191764.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-05-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) wanted Trishul to replace the Soviet-era [[9K33 Osa]]. On the other hand, [[Indian Navy]] wanted to purchase [[Barak 1]] and [[Kashtan CIWS]] for [[point-defence]] role since [[Pakistan]] began acquiring [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] and [[Exocet]] from 1980s. By the late 1990's, DRDO pushed Trishul as an alternative to Barak 1 for Indian Navy. One of the biggest challenge faced by DRDO is to make Trishul skim just 5 meters above the sea waves at [[supersonic speed]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=30 October 2006|title=Trishul missile's tardy progress stains DRDO image|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20061030-trishul-missile-tardy-progress-stains-drdo-image-782138-2006-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

The project was planned to be completed by 1992 and to be fitted in [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]]s as an [[Sea skimming|anti-sea skimmer]]. In 1992, the missile was successfully fired reaching [[Supersonic speed|Mach 2]] speed following a predetermined trajectory against a target mounted 7 meter above sea but variation in [[altimeter]] led to test failure. In 1997, the associated radar systems for detecting the incoming sea-skimmer were operational at [[INS Dronacharya]], but Indian Navy expressed its displeasure in the developmental delay of Trishul for the [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]]s and finally opted for Barak 1. Trishul was unable to complete all the static trials from a fixed launcher until 1998.<ref name=":5"/> By May 1998, [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL) was able to produce Trishul while the 27 tonne launch system was developed by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL). The first missile produced by BDL was test fired against [[Northrop BQM-74 Chukar]] in June.<ref name=":6"/>

Upon reviewed by DRDO and the Indian Armed Forces in October 2001, the missile system was found deficient as the tracking radar beam was getting intermittent breaks resulting in the missile missing the target and the heavy [[BMP-2]] chassis did not meet the General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQRs) for swift mobility due to heavy weight.<ref name="DRDO">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Neha|date=31 January 2008|title=DRDO's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|url=http://www.ipcs.org/focusthemsel.php?articleNo=2480|url-status=live|access-date=15 December 2021|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies}}</ref> On 25 January 2002, the naval variant of Trishul was test fired from INS Dronacharya but failed at sea-skimming capability.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2002|title=Trishul missile test fired|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/trishul-missile-testfired/cid/906064|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

In 2003, [[Government of India]] announced that the missile will be a [[technology demonstrator]] and de-linked it from Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=30 October 2006|title=Trishul missile's tardy progress stains DRDO image|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20061030-trishul-missile-tardy-progress-stains-drdo-image-782138-2006-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> But [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) was not interested in downgrading the Trishul Missile project. After modification in guidance, sub-systems and propellant composition, four missiles in full combat configuration was launched from BMP-2 from June 22 to June 25, 2003. The test achieved miss distance against moving targets above the specified requirement of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. All the sub-systems, air frames, controls, integrated with ground control system of the combat vehicle worked well.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=9 July 2013|title='Trishul' project is back on course: Defence ministry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trishul-project-is-back-on-course-defence-ministry/articleshow/67803.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Times of India}}</ref> By this time Trishul became more of a [[research and development]] oriented project instead of a user driven one backed by the armed forces.<ref name=":4" /> Trishul was successfully test fired from [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR) on 10 February, 26 March and 27 March of 2004.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 March 2004|title=India tests Trishul missile for second time in two days|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-tests-trishul-missile-for-second-time-in-two-days-1.317587|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Gulf News|language=en}}</ref> On 5 October 2005, Trishul fired towards the sea from ITR was able to hit a pilot-less target aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=5 October 2005|title=Trishul successfully test fired|work=Outlook|publisher=|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/trishul-successfully-test-fired/326965|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>

Until October 2006, 80 flight tests were already completed and DRDO was in dialogue with the IAF for user trials and induction.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=29 November 2006|title=Govt denies Trishul being wound up|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/govt-denies-trishul-being-wound-up/433285|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> In 2006, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] granted one year extension to Trishul project. Due to project delays, and modification of GSQRs and operational requirements over time, Trishul no longer able to meet the need of the end users. For continuation of the project and funding, it was proposed that the missile will be deployed in certain locations to conduct training, fire control, and air defence practice. As per [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), Trishul Project met the performance parameters set by the original GSQRs but failed to achieve the perfect three-beam guidance and development of [[millimeter-wave]] [[active radar homing]] seeker.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2007-05-17|title=Trishul missile programme not a failure: Antony|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/17/trishul-missile-programme-not-a-failure-antony-1179405956.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=One India|language=en}}</ref> The team of 200 scientists working on Trishul were reassigned for [[Barak 8]], a joint project between DRDO and [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI).<ref name=":1"/> IAF finally selected [[SPYDER]] as an alternative to Trishul.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dubey|first=Ajit Kumar|date=28 February 2017|title=India prepares Israeli SPYDER air defence missile system for Pakistan border|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/india-pakistan-border-iaf-spyder-israel-air-defence-missile-system-963021-2017-02-28|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> To fulfill IAF requirement, DRDO made another attempt with [[MBDA]] on a joint project called [[Maitri (missile)|Maitri]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2014|title=France hopeful of $6-billion Maitri missile project|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/france-hopeful-of-6-billion-maitri-missile-project/articleshow/45667100.cms|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> But it got cancelled due to lack of interest.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 August 2014|title=Rs 30,000 cr Indo-French missile develeopment plan in troubled waters|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-30000-cr-indo-french-missile-develeopment-plan-in-troubled-waters/articleshow/39553749.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> All the proven technologies and learning from Trishul later helped DRDO in [[QRSAM]] and [[VL-SRSAM]]. People who worked on Trishul and Barak 8 termed the basic design flaw as one of the many reasons behind the project failure.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=30 October 2006|title=Trishul missile's tardy progress stains DRDO image|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20061030-trishul-missile-tardy-progress-stains-drdo-image-782138-2006-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Trishul has a range between {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Short range missile-Trishul test fired |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/short-range-missile-trishul-test-fired/articleshow/487271.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 December 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Economic Times |date=10 February 2004}}</ref> DRDO also made an enhanced {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} range variant for the Indian Air Force.<ref name=":1"/> It is powered by a [[Dual-thrust]] propulsion stage using high-energy [[solid propellant]].<ref name="Trishul">{{cite web|title=About Trishul|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=Trishul.jsp|access-date=30 November 2015|publisher=DRDO}}</ref> Trishul weighs {{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}} and is capable of carrying a {{convert|15|kg|abbr=on}} warhead. Trishul is 3 m in length and 20 cm in diameter. The modified naval variant use [[command to line-of-sight]] guidance mechanism. The missile can be employed against [[Sea skimming|sea skimmers]] with a fire control [[radar]]. Trishul flies at [[supersonic]] speed. It has a low altitude [[radio altimeter]] and height lock loop control.<ref name=":0"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
*[[Maitri (missile)]]
*[[QRSAM]]
*[[VL-SRSAM]]
* [[HISAR (surface to air missile system)]]
* [[Raad (air defense system)]]
* [[Sayyad-4]]
* [[Mersad]]
* [[Bavar-373]]
* [[Khordad 15 (air defense system)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]

Trishul (missile)

2022-11-04T17:21:25Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name= Trishul
|image=
|caption=
|origin=[[India]]
|type=[[Surface-to-air missile]]
|used_by=
|designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=[[Solid fuel]]
|production_date=
|service=
|engine=[[Dual-thrust]] [[solid-propellant rocket]]<ref name="Trishul"/>
|engine_power=
|weight={{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|3|m|abbr=on}}
|height=
|diameter= {{convert|200|cm|abbr=on}}
|wingspan=
|speed= [[Mach number|Mach]] 2
|vehicle_range=
* {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeline of India's missile development programme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/timeline-of-indias-missile-development-programme/article18708216.ece?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=DnINwTnOY0mZ1tYDMn.PN_b5MTXAxGY4q8cwTvD1Rnk-1639469954-0-gaNycGzNGBE |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
* {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}}
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling= Pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]] warhead
|filling_weight = {{cvt|15|kg}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Trishul missile test-fired successfully |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/trishul-missile-test-fired-successfully-106072300005_1.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=Business Standard |date=19 January 2022}}</ref>
|guidance= [[Command to line-of-sight]]
|detonation=
|launch_platform=
* [[BMP-2]] [[chassis]]
* Truck
* Surface ship
}}

'''Trishul''' ([[IAST]]: triśūla "Trident") is a low-level quick-reaction short range [[surface-to-air missile]] developed in India by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) as part of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP). It can also be used as an [[Sea skimming|anti-sea skimmer]] from [[naval ship]] against low flying missile, [[attack helicopter]] and aircraft.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Anantha Krishnan |date=8 July 2003 |title=DRDO says Trishul is alive and kicking |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-says-trishul-is-alive-and-kicking/articleshow/64686.cms |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=29 November 2006|title=Govt denies Trishul being wound up|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/govt-denies-trishul-being-wound-up/433285|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

In 2008, Minister of Defence [[A. K. Antony]] officially announced the closure of the project on a written reply to [[Rajya Sabha]] after completion of Technology Demonstration (TD) phase.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 February 2008|title=Development of Trishul missile system completed: Antony|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/development-of-trishul-missile-system-completed-antony/articleshow/2820195.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-14}}</ref> The development cost of Trishul Project was {{INRConvert|2.826|b}}.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|date=27 February 2008|title=Govt announces closure of work on Trishul missile|publisher=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-announces-closure-of-work-on-Trishul-missile/articleshow/2819873.cms}}</ref>

==History and development==
The Trishul missile project was commissioned in 1983 as a part of [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]]. The primary objective was to produce short range surface to air missile with a reaction time below 6 seconds. In 1985, Trishul made its first unguided flight from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]]. The missile made its first full range guided flight in 1989 but without [[television guidance]] (TVM) which was originally planned.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Hiranandani|first=Vice Adm (Retd) GM|date=8 April 2015|title=Indian Navy: Anti Missile Defence Systems|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/indian-navy-anti-missile-defence-systems/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=|date=18 October 2006|title=Trishul gets another lease of life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trishul-gets-another-lease-of-life/articleshow/2191764.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-05-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) wanted Trishul to replace the Soviet-era [[9K33 Osa]]. On the other hand, [[Indian Navy]] wanted to purchase [[Barak 1]] and [[Kashtan CIWS]] for [[point-defence]] role since [[Pakistan]] began acquiring [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] and [[Exocet]] from 1980s. By the late 1990's, DRDO pushed Trishul as an alternative to Barak 1 for Indian Navy. One of the biggest challenge faced by DRDO is to make Trishul skim just 5 meters above the sea waves at [[supersonic speed]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=30 October 2006|title=Trishul missile's tardy progress stains DRDO image|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20061030-trishul-missile-tardy-progress-stains-drdo-image-782138-2006-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

The project was planned to be completed by 1992 and to be fitted in [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]]s as an [[Sea skimming|anti-sea skimmer]]. In 1992, the missile was successfully fired reaching [[Supersonic speed|Mach 2]] speed following a predetermined trajectory against a target mounted 7 meter above sea but variation in [[altimeter]] led to test failure. In 1997, the associated radar systems for detecting the incoming sea-skimmer were operational at [[INS Dronacharya]], but Indian Navy expressed its displeasure in the developmental delay of Trishul for the [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]]s and finally opted for Barak 1. Trishul was unable to complete all the static trials from a fixed launcher until 1998.<ref name=":5"/> By May 1998, [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL) was able to produce Trishul while the 27 tonne launch system was developed by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL). The first missile produced by BDL was test fired against [[Northrop BQM-74 Chukar]] in June.<ref name=":6"/>

Upon reviewed by DRDO and the Indian Armed Forces in October 2001, the missile system was found deficient as the tracking radar beam was getting intermittent breaks resulting in the missile missing the target and the heavy [[BMP-2]] chassis did not meet the General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQRs) for swift mobility due to heavy weight.<ref name="DRDO">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Neha|date=31 January 2008|title=DRDO's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|url=http://www.ipcs.org/focusthemsel.php?articleNo=2480|url-status=live|access-date=15 December 2021|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies}}</ref> On 25 January 2002, the naval variant of Trishul was test fired from INS Dronacharya but failed at sea-skimming capability.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2002|title=Trishul missile test fired|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/trishul-missile-testfired/cid/906064|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

In 2003, [[Government of India]] announced that the missile will be a [[technology demonstrator]] and de-linked it from Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=30 October 2006|title=Trishul missile's tardy progress stains DRDO image|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20061030-trishul-missile-tardy-progress-stains-drdo-image-782138-2006-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> But [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) was not interested in downgrading the Trishul Missile project. After modification in guidance, sub-systems and propellant composition, four missiles in full combat configuration was launched from BMP-2 from June 22 to June 25, 2003. The test achieved miss distance against moving targets above the specified requirement of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. All the sub-systems, air frames, controls, integrated with ground control system of the combat vehicle worked well.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=9 July 2013|title='Trishul' project is back on course: Defence ministry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trishul-project-is-back-on-course-defence-ministry/articleshow/67803.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Times of India}}</ref> By this time Trishul became more of a [[research and development]] oriented project instead of a user driven one backed by the armed forces.<ref name=":4" /> Trishul was successfully test fired from [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR) on 10 February, 26 March and 27 March of 2004.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 March 2004|title=India tests Trishul missile for second time in two days|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-tests-trishul-missile-for-second-time-in-two-days-1.317587|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Gulf News|language=en}}</ref> On 5 October 2005, Trishul fired towards the sea from ITR was able to hit a pilot-less target aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=5 October 2005|title=Trishul successfully test fired|work=Outlook|publisher=|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/trishul-successfully-test-fired/326965|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>

Until October 2006, 80 flight tests were already completed and DRDO was in dialogue with the IAF for user trials and induction.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=29 November 2006|title=Govt denies Trishul being wound up|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/govt-denies-trishul-being-wound-up/433285|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> In 2006, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] granted one year extension to Trishul project. Due to project delays, and modification of GSQRs and operational requirements over time, Trishul no longer able to meet the need of the end users. For continuation of the project and funding, it was proposed that the missile will be deployed in certain locations to conduct training, fire control, and air defence practice. As per [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), Trishul Project met the performance parameters set by the original GSQRs but failed to achieve the perfect three-beam guidance and development of [[millimeter-wave]] [[active radar homing]] seeker.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2007-05-17|title=Trishul missile programme not a failure: Antony|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/17/trishul-missile-programme-not-a-failure-antony-1179405956.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=One India|language=en}}</ref> The team of 200 scientists working on Trishul were reassigned for [[Barak 8]], a joint project between DRDO and [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI).<ref name=":1"/> IAF finally selected [[SPYDER]] as an alternative to Trishul.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dubey|first=Ajit Kumar|date=28 February 2017|title=India prepares Israeli SPYDER air defence missile system for Pakistan border|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/india-pakistan-border-iaf-spyder-israel-air-defence-missile-system-963021-2017-02-28|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> To fulfill IAF requirement, DRDO made another attempt with [[MBDA]] on a joint project called [[Maitri (missile)|Maitri]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2014|title=France hopeful of $6-billion Maitri missile project|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/france-hopeful-of-6-billion-maitri-missile-project/articleshow/45667100.cms|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> But it got cancelled due to lack of interest.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 August 2014|title=Rs 30,000 cr Indo-French missile develeopment plan in troubled waters|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-30000-cr-indo-french-missile-develeopment-plan-in-troubled-waters/articleshow/39553749.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> All the proven technologies and learning from Trishul later helped DRDO in [[QRSAM]] and [[VL-SRSAM]]. People who worked on Trishul and Barak 8 termed the basic design flaw as one of the many reasons behind the project failure.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=30 October 2006|title=Trishul missile's tardy progress stains DRDO image|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20061030-trishul-missile-tardy-progress-stains-drdo-image-782138-2006-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Trishul has a range between {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Short range missile-Trishul test fired |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/short-range-missile-trishul-test-fired/articleshow/487271.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 December 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Economic Times |date=10 February 2022}}</ref> DRDO also made an enhanced {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} range variant for the Indian Air Force.<ref name=":1"/> It is powered by a [[Dual-thrust]] propulsion stage using high-energy [[solid propellant]].<ref name="Trishul">{{cite web|title=About Trishul|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=Trishul.jsp|access-date=30 November 2015|publisher=DRDO}}</ref> Trishul weighs {{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}} and is capable of carrying a {{convert|15|kg|abbr=on}} warhead. Trishul is 3 m in length and 20 cm in diameter. The modified naval variant use [[command to line-of-sight]] guidance mechanism. The missile can be employed against [[Sea skimming|sea skimmers]] with a fire control [[radar]]. Trishul flies at [[supersonic]] speed. It has a low altitude [[radio altimeter]] and height lock loop control.<ref name=":0"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
*[[Maitri (missile)]]
*[[QRSAM]]
*[[VL-SRSAM]]
* [[HISAR (surface to air missile system)]]
* [[Raad (air defense system)]]
* [[Sayyad-4]]
* [[Mersad]]
* [[Bavar-373]]
* [[Khordad 15 (air defense system)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]

Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet

2022-11-04T17:21:05Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{short description|Indian missile propulsion system}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet
| image = File:Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) missile being tested on 8 February 2019.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = SFDR based missile during its second flight
| type = Missile Propulsion System
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
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| is_vehicle =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service =
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| wars = 
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
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| spec_label =
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| engine =
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| pw_ratio =
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| vehicle_range = 350 km
| speed = Mach 4.5
| guidance =
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| wingspan =
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| altitude = 20 km,8 km
| boost =
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| ref = <ref name=pib2 /><ref name=drdo />
}}

'''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms|title = SFDR missile propulsion system successfully tested | India News - Times of India}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> It is an extremely long-range missile with a projected range of 350 km.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO joins exclusive club after long-range air-to-air missile test|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-joins-exclusive-club-after-long-range-air-to-air-missile-test-121030501399_1.html|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>

Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian air-to-air missiles.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" />

In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" />
== Development ==
The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 February 2019|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sushant|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" />

=== Testing ===

* SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile had failed to activate the second [[ramjet]] engine stage during the test.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
*The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
* DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in [[Odisha]]'s [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] on 5 March 2021. "''All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations''", DRDO officials said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology-in-odisha-chandipur/728485|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur|date=5 March 2021|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref>
* Another successful test was carried out on 8 April 2022 .The test demonstrated reliable functioning of all critical components involved in the complex missile system and met all the mission objectives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another feat for DRDO as India successfully flight tests missile system SFDR booster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/08/another-feat-for-drdo-as-india-successfully-flight-tests-missile-system-sfdr-booster-2439610.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Astra (missile)]]
* [[K-100 (missile)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|DRDO Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]

Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet

2022-11-04T17:21:05Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{short description|Indian missile propulsion system}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet
| image = File:Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) missile being tested on 8 February 2019.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = SFDR based missile during its second flight
| type = Missile Propulsion System
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service =
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants = 
| spec_label =
| weight =
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| crew =
| passengers = 
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber =
| barrels =
| action =
| rate =
| velocity =
| range =
| max_range =
| feed =
| sights = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = 
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = 
| filling =
| filling_weight =
| detonation =
| yield = 
| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine =
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity =
| transmission =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = 350 km
| speed = Mach 4.5
| guidance =
| steering = 
| wingspan =
| propellant =
| ceiling =
| altitude = 20 km,8 km
| boost =
| depth =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform =
| transport = 
| ref = <ref name=pib2 /><ref name=drdo />
}}

'''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms|title = SFDR missile propulsion system successfully tested | India News - Times of India}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> It is an extremely long-range missile with a projected range of 350 km.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO joins exclusive club after long-range air-to-air missile test|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-joins-exclusive-club-after-long-range-air-to-air-missile-test-121030501399_1.html|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>

Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian air-to-air missiles.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" />

In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" />
== Development ==
The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 February 2019|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sushant|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" />

=== Testing ===

* SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile had failed to activate the second [[ramjet]] engine stage during the test.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
*The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
* DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in [[Odisha]]'s [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] on 5 March 2021. "''All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations''", DRDO officials said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology-in-odisha-chandipur/728485|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur|date=5 March 2021|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref>
* Another successful test was carried out on 8 April 2022 .The test demonstrated reliable functioning of all critical components involved in the complex missile system and met all the mission objectives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another feat for DRDO as India successfully flight tests missile system SFDR booster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/08/another-feat-for-drdo-as-india-successfully-flight-tests-missile-system-sfdr-booster-2439610.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Astra (missile)]]
* [[K-100 (missile)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|DRDO Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]

Novator KS-172

2022-11-04T17:19:23Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = KS-172
| image = KS-172 NTW - 94.jpg
| image_size = 350
| caption = Mockup of KS–172 in front of Su-30 in 1994
| origin = Russia/India
| type = Long range air-to-air missile
| is_missile = yes
| service =
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer =
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[NPO Novator]] [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants = 
| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|748|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| length = {{convert|6.01|m|ft|abbr=on}} + {{convert|1.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| diameter = {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| filling = HE fragmentation (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| filling_weight = {{convert|50|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}
| detonation =
| yield = 
| engine = [[Tandem]] [[rocket booster]] (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| transmission =
| payload_capacity =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = At least 200 km,<ref name="JDW" /> possibly 300–400 km (160–210 nmi)
| speed = {{convert|4000|km/h|mph km/s Mach|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation]] with mid-course guidance '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing]] (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| steering = 
| wingspan = {{convert|61|cm|in|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}–{{convert|30000|m|ft|abbr=on}} (KS–172)<ref name="Force" />
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Su-27]], [[Su-30]], [[Su-35]],<ref name="JanesALW3600"/> [[Su-30MKI]],<ref name="Force" /> (purposed)
| transport =
}}

The '''Novator KS-172''' was a Russian air-to-air missile project designed as an "[[Airborne Early Warning and Control|AWACS]] killer"<ref name="Fisher" /> at ranges up to 400 km. The missile had various names during its history, including '''K-100''', '''Izdeliye 172''' ('project 172'), '''AAM-L''' ('''RVV-L'''), '''KS–172''', '''KS-1''', '''172S-1''' and '''R-172'''. The airframe appears to have been derived from the [[9K37 Buk]] [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) but development stalled in the mid-1990s for lack of funds.<ref name="Fisher" /> It appears to have restarted in 2004 after a deal with India, who wants to produce the missile in India for their [[Su-30MKI]] fighters. Nowadays the development is stopped and the project is closed.

==Development==
Modern airforces have become dependent on airborne radars typically carried by converted airliners and transport aircraft such as the [[E-3 Sentry]] and [[Beriev A-50|A-50 'Mainstay']]. They also depend on similar aircraft for inflight refuelling (e.g. [[Vickers VC10]]), maritime patrol (e.g. [[CP-140 Aurora]]), reconnaissance and electronic warfare (e.g. [[Tupolev Tu-16|Tu-16 'Badger']] E & J) and [[C4ISTAR]] (e.g. [[Boeing VC-25|VC-25 "Air Force One"]]). The loss of just one of these aircraft can have a significant effect on fighting capability, and they are usually heavily defended by fighter escorts. A long-range air-to-air missile offers the prospect of bringing down the target without having to fight a way through the fighter screen. Given the potential importance of "blinding" Western AWACS, Russia has devoted considerable resources to this area. The [[R-37 (missile)]] (AA-13 'Arrow') is an evolution of their [[R-33 (missile)|R-33]] (AA-9 'Amos') with a range of up to {{convert|400|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, and there have been persistent rumours – if little hard evidence – of an air-to-air missile with a range of {{convert|200|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} based on Zvezda's [[Kh-31]] anti-radar/anti-shipping missile or its Chinese derivative, the [[YJ-91]].

[[NPO Novator]] started work in 1991 on a very long-range air-to-air missile with the Russian project designation ''Izdeliye 172''.<ref name="JanesALW3024">{{citation|title=K-100 (Izdeliye 172, KS–172, AAM-L) |url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3024.html |journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons |date=2009-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913201455/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3024.html |archive-date=13 September 2008 }}</ref> Initially called the AAM-L (RVV-L), it made its first public appearance at the International Defence Exhibition in Abu Dhabi in early 1993,<ref name="Saradzhyan" /> followed by the Moscow Air Show later that year.<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> It was described as having a range of {{convert|400|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}; the mockup on display had a strong resemblance to the [[9K37 Buk|9K37M1 Buk-M]] (SA-11 'Gadfly'). Apparently some flight-testing was done on a Su-27, but it appears that the Russians withdrew funding for the project soon afterwards.

The missile resurfaced as the KS–172 in 1999,<ref name="Saradzhyan">{{citation | last1=Saradzhyan | first1= Simon |last2=Barrie | first2=Douglas | title=Russia Offers Extended Range Missile For Export | journal=Defense News | date=1999-08-16 | page=8}}</ref> as part of a new export-led strategy<ref name="NIC">{{citation | last=Battilega | title=Transformations in Global Defense Markets and Industries: Implications for the Future of Warfare – Russia | url=http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_research/defensemkts/russia.pdf | year=2000 | publisher=National Intelligence Council | page=12 | access-date=2009-01-29 | display-authors=etal | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114053017/http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_research/defensemkts/russia.pdf | archive-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> whereby foreign investment in a {{convert|300|km|nmi|abbr=on}}-range export model<ref name="Saradzhyan"/> would ultimately fund a version for the Russian airforce.<ref name="NIC" /> Again it appears that there were no takers.

In late 2003, the missile was offered again on the export market as the 172S-1.<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> In March 2004, India was reported to have invested in the project and to be "negotiating a partnership" to develop the "R-172".<ref>{{citation | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-02/india/28344543_1_new-missile-supersonic-cruise-missile-brahmos-missile | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023031620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-02/india/28344543_1_new-missile-supersonic-cruise-missile-brahmos-missile | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-23 | title= India, Russia in talks for a new missile | agency=Press Trust of India|location=India | date=2004-03-02 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2009-01-29}}</ref> In May 2005 the Indians were said to have finalised "an arrangement to fund final development and licence produce the weapon" in a joint venture similar to that which produced the successful [[BrahMos]] cruise missile.<ref name="DT">{{citation | title=Missiles in the Asia Pacific | url=http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf | journal=Defence Today | publisher=Strike Publications | location=Amberley, Queensland | date=May 2005 | page=67 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126154153/http://ausairpower.net/DT-Missile-Survey-May-05.pdf | archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Since then the missile has had a higher profile, appearing at the 2005 Moscow Air Show<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> on a Su-30 as the K-172,<ref name="Fisher">{{citation |first=Richard |last=Fisher |title=Chinese Dimensions of the 2005 Moscow Aerospace Show |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.78/pub_detail.asp |date=2005-09-12 |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |access-date=2009-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619174407/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.78/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> and a modified version being shown at the 2007 Moscow Air Show designated as the K-100-1. This name first appeared in a Sukhoi document in 2006,<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> and sources such as Jane's now refer to the missile as the K-100.<ref name="JanesALW3024"/> Nowadays the missile is not in commission whether in Russia nor in India. Supposedly the development was stopped and the project closed by 2010.

==Design==
[[File:Seeker 9B-1103M of AAML(KS-172) missile.jpg|thumb|150px|9B-1103M Seeker head]]
The [[mockup]] shown in 1993 had a strong resemblance to the Buk airframe, but since the Indians became involved there have been some changes. An Indian magazine gave the specifications of the KS–172 in April 2004 as a core 6.01 m long and 40 cm in diameter with a wingspan of 61 cm, with a booster of 1.4 m, and 748 kg total weight.<ref name="Force">{{citation | title=India Starts Defence Exports : Joint Ventures Now yielding rich Dividends |magazine=FORCE magazine | date=April 2004 | volume=1 | issue=6 | page=55 | location=Arun Vihar, India}}</ref> It had a solid fuel tandem rocket booster capable of speeds up to {{convert|4000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, [[g-force|12g]] manoevring, and an adaptive HE fragmentation warhead.<ref name="Force" /> Development would concentrate on the seeker head, autopilot, resistance to jamming and a steering system with 3D [[thrust vector control]] (TVC).<ref name="Force" />

In May 2005 it was reported that there were two versions, with and without a rocket booster, with ranges of 400 km and 300 km respectively.<ref name="DT" /> At the [[MAKS (air show)]] in August 2005, a range of 300 km was quoted for a streamlined missile with a small booster and fins on both booster and fuselage.<ref name="Fisher" /> However the model shown at the 2007 MAKS airshow under the name K-100 was closer to the original 1993 mockup in the photo above, with different-shaped fins that were further up the fuselage, and an even larger booster with TVC vents.<ref name="photos">See photos in "External links" section</ref> At the same show it was shown under the wing of a Su-35BM, implying that at least two could be carried by Flanker-class aircraft rather than just one on the centreline.

Guidance is by [[inertial navigation]] until the missile is close enough to the target to use active radar for terminal homing.<ref name="Force" /> The K-100 has an enlarged ({{convert|350|mm|in|abbr=on}}) derivative of the Agat 9B-1103M seeker used in the [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)]] (AA-10 'Alamo').<ref name="JDW">{{citation | title=Russia develops K-100-1 for Su-35 | first=Reuben F | last=Johnson | journal=Jane's Defence Weekly | date=2007-07-11}}</ref> It has a lock-on range of {{convert|40|km|nmi|abbr=on}}, described by an Agat designer as "one fifth or less of the overall range".<ref name="JDW" />

==Variant==
*KS-172
[[File:Sketch-of-KS-172-missile 1993.svg|350px]]
:Prototype in 1993.
*KS-172S-1
[[File:Sketch-of-KS-172S1-missile 2003.svg|350px]]
:Prototype in 2003.

==Similar weapons==
* [[R-37 (missile)]] (AA-X-13/AA-13 'Arrow') was developed from the [[R-33 (missile)]] (AA-9 'Amos') and is intended for the [[Sukhoi Su-35]] Flanker-E, [[Sukhoi Su-37]] Flanker-F, [[MiG 1.42]] MFI and other future fighters.<ref name="DT" /> According to Defence Today the range depends on the flight profile, from {{convert|80|nmi|km}} for a direct shot<ref name="DT" /> to {{convert|215|nmi|km}} for a cruise glide profile.<ref name="DT" /> Jane's reports two variants, the R-37 and the R-37M; the latter has a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300-400km" (160–220nmi).<ref name="JanesALW3600">{{citation|title=R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), Air-to-air missiles – Beyond visual range |url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html |journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons |publisher=Jane’s Information Group |date=2009-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031309/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw3600.html |archive-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref> Work on the missile appears to have restarted in late 2006,<ref name="JanesALW3600"/> as part of the MiG-31BM programme<ref name="JanesALW3600"/> to update the Foxhound with a new radar and ground attack capability.
* [[Kh-31]] (AS-17 'Krypton') – the Chinese have licensed the anti-radar version (Kh-31P) of this Russian air-to-surface missile, and may be working on an "AWACS killer" variant of their [[YJ-91]] derivative.<ref name="DT" /> The Russians claim the anti-shipping version, the Kh-31A, can be adapted for use as an AWACS killer.<ref name="DT" />
* [[AIM-54 Phoenix]] – Now retired, a {{convert|100|nmi|km}}-range missile that was carried by the US Navy's [[F-14 Tomcat]].
* [[AIM-97 Seekbat]] - based on the [[Standard Missile]] SAM, the Seekbat was an extremely long-ranged missile designed to shoot down the [[MiG-25 Foxbat]], which at the time had almost mythical performance estimates. When the real-world performance of the Foxbat was found to be dramatically less impressive, development was cancelled.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Russia|India|Rocketry}}
* [[AIM-152 AAAM]]
* [[FMRAAM]]
* [[Meteor (missile)]]
* [[R-37 (missile)]]
* [[PL-21]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://maks.sukhoi.ru/maks2007.htm sukhoi.ru] – unofficial site with photos from MAKS air show; photos 10,12 and 13 show the K-100 on the ground of which [http://maks.sukhoi.ru/media/photo/maks2007/maks2007d1013.jpg maks2007d1013.jpg] is perhaps the best.


 
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|AAM}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K-100}}
[[Category:Weapons of Russia]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:NPO Novator products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]

K-5 (ballistic missile)

2022-11-04T17:08:17Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{short description|Indian submarine-launched missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{distinguish|K-5 (missile)}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = K-5
| image =
| caption =
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[SLBM]]
| used_by =
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<ref name="tnie" />
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| number =
| variants =
| service = Under development
| engine = Solid-fuelled<ref name="tnie" />
| weight = 
| length = 
| diameter = 
| wingspan =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|5000-6000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = {{convert|2000|kg|lb|lk=out|abbr=on}} [[strategic nuclear weapon|nuclear war-head]]<ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
| guidance =
| detonation =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Arihant-class submarine]]s , [[S5-class submarine]]s<ref name="tnie" /><ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
}}
'''K-5''' is a [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] under development by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of [[India]]. The missile has a planned range of around 5,000-6,000 kilometres.

== Description ==
The K-5 is a submarine-launched ballistic missile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-nuclear-sub-arihant-returns-after-first-deterrence-patrol-indias-nuclear-triad-complete/articleshow/66515624.cms|title=Nuclear submarine INS Arihant completes patrol, country's N-triad operational|date=5 November 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> The missile consists of three separate stages and uses [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket propellant]].<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html|title=DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon|last=|first=|date=15 December 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174613/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> It is planned to have a range of around {{convert|5000-6000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IndiaToday2017" /> The missile will be able to carry a payload weighing two tonnes.<ref name="IndiaToday2017" /> It is being developed to match the range of the [[Agni-V]] missile.<ref name="et2019" /> It will be equipped on the [[Arihant-class submarine|Arihant-class]] [[Submarine|submarines]] code named ''S4''.<ref name="tnie" /><ref name="IndiaToday2017" />

The K-5 will be equipped with [[Countermeasure|countermeasures]] to avoid [[radar]] detection and will be the fastest missile in its class.<ref name="tnie" />

== Development ==
The K-5 is being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref name=et2019>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/critical-test-for-submarine-launched-nuclear-missile-this-weekend/articleshow/72286330.cms|title=Critical test for submarine-launched nuclear missile this weekend|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-11-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> The development of the missile started in 2015.<ref name="IndiaToday2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=December 10, 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|accessdate=22 October 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|archive-date=20 April 2019}}</ref> After completing the development of the [[K-4 (missile)]] in January 2020, the DRDO shifted its focus towards developing the K-5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-plans-5-000-km-range-ballistic-missile/story-bystz09QSaHJwYvAtlbNeI.html|title=India plans 5,000-km range submarine-launched ballistic missile|date=2020-01-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref>

As of December 2018, preparations for the maiden test of the missile were underway.<ref name="tnie" /> In October 2020, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that the missile is currently under development and is expected to be tested by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=4 missile tests, 1 deployed near LAC in 40 days as India shows intent|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-bolsters-strength-with-missile-tests-deployment/story-LcaxZngN0mvJ31JxTvJXQO.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
* [[K Missile family]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of India]]

K-5 (ballistic missile)

2022-11-04T17:08:17Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{short description|Indian submarine-launched missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{distinguish|K-5 (missile)}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = K-5
| image =
| caption =
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[SLBM]]
| used_by =
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<ref name="tnie" />
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| number =
| variants =
| service = Under development
| engine = Solid-fuelled<ref name="tnie" />
| weight = 
| length = 
| diameter = 
| wingspan =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|5000-6000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = {{convert|2000|kg|lb|lk=out|abbr=on}} [[strategic nuclear weapon|nuclear war-head]]<ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
| guidance =
| detonation =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Arihant-class submarine]]s , [[S5-class submarine]]s<ref name="tnie" /><ref name="IndiaToday2017" />
}}
'''K-5''' is a [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] under development by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of [[India]]. The missile has a planned range of around 5,000-6,000 kilometres.

== Description ==
The K-5 is a submarine-launched ballistic missile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-nuclear-sub-arihant-returns-after-first-deterrence-patrol-indias-nuclear-triad-complete/articleshow/66515624.cms|title=Nuclear submarine INS Arihant completes patrol, country's N-triad operational|date=5 November 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> The missile consists of three separate stages and uses [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket propellant]].<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html|title=DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon|last=|first=|date=15 December 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174613/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> It is planned to have a range of around {{convert|5000-6000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IndiaToday2017" /> The missile will be able to carry a payload weighing two tonnes.<ref name="IndiaToday2017" /> It is being developed to match the range of the [[Agni-V]] missile.<ref name="et2019" /> It will be equipped on the [[Arihant-class submarine|Arihant-class]] [[Submarine|submarines]] code named ''S4''.<ref name="tnie" /><ref name="IndiaToday2017" />

The K-5 will be equipped with [[Countermeasure|countermeasures]] to avoid [[radar]] detection and will be the fastest missile in its class.<ref name="tnie" />

== Development ==
The K-5 is being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref name=et2019>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/critical-test-for-submarine-launched-nuclear-missile-this-weekend/articleshow/72286330.cms|title=Critical test for submarine-launched nuclear missile this weekend|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-11-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> The development of the missile started in 2015.<ref name="IndiaToday2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=December 10, 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|accessdate=22 October 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|archive-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> After completing the development of the [[K-4 (missile)]] in January 2020, the DRDO shifted its focus towards developing the K-5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-plans-5-000-km-range-ballistic-missile/story-bystz09QSaHJwYvAtlbNeI.html|title=India plans 5,000-km range submarine-launched ballistic missile|date=2020-01-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref>

As of December 2018, preparations for the maiden test of the missile were underway.<ref name="tnie" /> In October 2020, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that the missile is currently under development and is expected to be tested by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=4 missile tests, 1 deployed near LAC in 40 days as India shows intent|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-bolsters-strength-with-missile-tests-deployment/story-LcaxZngN0mvJ31JxTvJXQO.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
* [[K Missile family]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of India]]

K-4 (missile)

2022-11-04T17:08:03Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{short description|Indian submarine-launched missile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = K-4
| image =
| caption =
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|Intermediate-range]] [[SLBM]]
| used_by = {{Navy|India}}
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| number =
| variants =
| service = 2020s<ref name="finaltest" />
| engine = Two stage [[rocket motor]]<ref name="9Mar2016"/>
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]<ref name="9Mar2016"/>
| weight = {{convert|17|t|ST|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=ie_hr/>
| length = {{convert|12|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}<ref name=ie_hr/>
| diameter = {{convert|1.3|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}<ref name=ie_hr/>
| wingspan =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|3500|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=K-4 Missile Set for 'Secret' Test |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/K-4-Missile-Set-for-Secret-Test/2016/03/04/article3309150.ece |publisher=THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS |date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="thin27j">{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires underwater missile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfires-underwater-missile/article4350553.ece?homepage=true|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2013}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = [[Strategic nuclear weapon]]
| filling weight = {{convert|2500|kg|lb|lk=out|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/othernavies/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11204&print=Y|title=India to test a submarine-based ballistic missile|website=rusnavy.com}}</ref>
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with [[GPS]]/[[NavIC]] [[satellite guidance]], '''Terminal:''' [[Terrain contour matching]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=CSIS |title=Sagarika/Shaurya |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sagarika-shaurya/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=CSIS |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
| detonation =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Arihant class submarine|''Arihant'' class submarine]]s
}}

'''K-4''' is a nuclear capable [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|Intermediate-range]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of [[Government of India|India]] to arm the [[Arihant-class submarine]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-inches-closer-to-credible-nuclear-triad-with-k-4-slbm-test/|title=India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad With K-4 SLBM Test|last=Diplomat|first=Ankit Panda, The|website=The Diplomat|access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> The missile has a maximum range of about 3,500 km.<ref name="thin27j"/><ref>http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==Development==

The development of the K-4 was undertaken after facing significant difficulties in compacting similarly capable [[Agni-III]] to equip [[INS Arihant]] which has a limited {{convert|17|m|adj=on}} diameter hull. K-4 has range comparable to Agni-III with major length reduction from {{convert|17|m}} to {{convert|12|m}}. The gas-booster designed for K-4 was successfully tested from a submerged pontoon in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/DRDO-plans-another-K-15-missile-launch/article15537037.ece|title=DRDO plans another K-15 missile launch|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=28 January 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Agencies responsible ===
The [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and the Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM) of the [[DRDO]] have been involved in developing the three motors responsible for propelling the K-4, the systems responsible for separating the stages of K-4, the low-thrust boosters, the gas generator and other components. The launch system of K-4 has been developed by the Naval Systems Group of the [[Research and Development Establishment|Research and Development Establishment (Engineers)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/key-components-of-k-4-missile-designed-developed-in-pune-6226854/|title=Key components of K-4 missile designed, developed in Pune|date=2020-01-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>

==Description==
{{external media
| width = 210px
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_feco6vn7E Video of K-4 missile launch]
}}
The K-4 is a [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] which is composed of two stages.<ref name="9Mar2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/mar/09/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-India-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-SLBM-K-4-Secretly-901404.html|title=India Test Fires Nuke Capable SLBM K-4 Secretly|date=9 March 2016|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> The missile is reported to be {{convert|12|m}} long with a diameter of {{convert|1.3|m}} and weighs nearly {{convert|17|tonne}}. It can carry a warhead weighing up to {{convert|2|tonne}} and is powered [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid rocket propellant]]. The DRDO stated that the aim of the missile was to achieve a high accuracy.<ref name="ie_hr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/dec/10/Longest-Range-Ballistic-Missile-All-Set-for-Undersea-Launch-548253.html|title=Longest Range Ballistic Missile All Set for Undersea Launch|date=10 December 2013|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> As a countermeasure against [[Anti-ballistic missile|ballistic missile defence]] systems, the K4 can perform three-dimensional maneuvers.<ref name="finaltest" />

==Testing==
The developmental testing of K-4 started in January 2010, when the missile successfully ejected from a pontoon submerged 50 metres below the surface of water and breached the surface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-20|title=The secret 'K' missile family|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=20 November 2010|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045029/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-20|archive-date=14 June 2018|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> The missile was originally scheduled to be initially tested in September 2013 from a [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]] submerged 50 feet underwater, but the test was delayed due to unspecified issues.<ref name="ie_hr" /><ref>{{cite news|title=India's K-4 SLBM awaits first launch|url=http://www.janes.com/article/26334/india-s-k-4-slbm-awaits-first-launch|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=Jane's|date=27 August 2013}}</ref> In the event, the first test was carried out on 24 March 2014 from a depth of 30 metres. The test was successful and the missile was tested to a range of 3,000 km. The launch took place from a pontoon submerged more than 30 metres deep in the sea off the [[Visakhapatnam]] coast. After a powerful gas generator ejected it from the pontoon submerged in the [[Bay of Bengal]], the K-4 missile rose into the air, took a turn towards the designated target, sped across 3,000 km in the sky and dropped into the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite news | first1= Ankit | last1= Panda| url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-inches-closer-to-credible-nuclear-triad-with-k-4-slbm-test/ | title=India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad With K-4 SLBM Test| date=13 May 2014 | work=TheDiplomat }}</ref>

It is reported that on 7 March 2016<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|title=EXPRESS EXCLUSIVE: Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> the K-4 was successfully tested from a submerged platform in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/K-4-Missile-Test-A-Roaring-Success/2016/03/16/article3329130.ece|title=K-4 Missile Test A Roaring Success|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

In April 2016, it was reported that the missile was successfully tested on 31 March 2016 from [[INS Arihant]], 45 nautical miles away from Vishakhapatnam coast in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The missile with a dummy payload was launched from the submarine in full operational configuration. The trial was carried out with the support of the personnel of [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) and the DRDO provided all the logistics. The missile was fired from 20-metre deep and covered more than 700 km before zeroing on the target with high accuracy reaching close to zero error.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-successfully-tests-long-range-nuclear-missile-developed-secretly/1/641609.html|title=India tests most ambitious nuclear missile|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/nuclear-capable-k-4-ballistic-missile-tested-from-ins-arihant-2727516.html|title=Nuclear-capable K-4 ballistic missile tested from INS Arihant - Firstpost|website=Firstpost|date=13 April 2016|language=en-US|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/india-successfully-tests-intermediate-range-nuclear-capable-submarine-launched-ballistic-missile/|title=India Successfully Tests Intermediate-Range Nuclear-Capable Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile|last=Diplomat|first=Ankit Panda, The|website=The Diplomat|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdos-nuclear-capable-k-4-underwater-missile-test-fired-again-this-time-ins-arihant-report-673978|title=DRDO's nuclear capable K-4 underwater missile test-fired again, this time from INS Arihant: Report|website=International Business Times, India Edition|date=9 April 2016|language=en|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

On 17 December 2017, an attempt to launch K-4 missile ended in a failure.<ref name="print-failure">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/report/setback-for-indian-missile-programme-two-failures-in-a-week-submarine-version-stuck/24671/|title=Setback for Indian missile programme: Two failures in a week, submarine version stuck|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=24 December 2017|website=The Print|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jan/03/drdo-lines-up-crucial-trials-of-agni-v-and-k-4-missiles-1742984.html|title=DRDO lines up crucial trials of Agni-V and K-4 missiles|work=The New Indian Express|date=3 January 2018}}</ref> The failure was attributed to a discharged battery.<ref name="print-failure"/>

A test of the K-4 was planned in October 2019 but got postponed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-test-fire-3500-km-range-k-4-nuclear-missile/articleshow/71934973.cms|title=India to test-fire 3,500 km range K-4 nuclear missile|date=2019-11-06|work=[[Asian News International]]|access-date=2019-11-06|via=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/DRDO_News_25_Oct_2019.pdf|title=Submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM) K-4 test imminent|date=25 October 2019|website=DefenceNews|via=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101011915/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/DRDO_News_25_Oct_2019.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2019|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> A test of the K-4 missile was expected to be held on 8 November 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/nov/04/four-nuclear-capable-missiles-lined-up-for-test-this-month-2056717.html|title=Four nuclear capable missiles lined up for test this month|date=4 November 2019|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> but got postponed due to unfavorable weather conditions caused by the [[cyclone]] Bulbul.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/critical-test-for-submarine-launched-nuclear-missile-this-weekend/articleshow/72286330.cms|title=Critical test for submarine-launched nuclear missile this weekend|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-11-29|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> A test of the missile was expected to be conducted in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/submarine-launched-k4-missile-test-now-likely-in-mid-december/articleshow/72305389.cms|title=Submarine launched K4 missile test now likely in mid December|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-11-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>

On 19 January 2020, K-4 was successfully tested from a submerged platform located in the coastal waters of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-test-fires-3500-km-k-4-slbm/article30601739.ece|title=India successfully test-fires 3,500-km range submarine-launched ballistic missile K-4|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-01-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-k-4-ballistic-missile-off-andhra-pradesh-coast20200119194506/|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable K-4 ballistic missile off Andhra Pradesh coast|date=19 January 2020|website=[[Asian News International]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> This test was undertaken in full operational configuration during which the missile traversed a distance of over 3,500 [[km]] in approximately 21 minutes, achieving a near-zero [[Circular error probable|circular error probability]].<ref name="tnieJan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/20/india-successfully-test-fires-3500-km-nuclear-capable-missile-k-4-2091838.html|title=India successfully test-fires 3,500 km nuclear-capable missile K-4|date=20 January 2020|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

Another test was successfully carried out on 24 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-k-4-submarine-launched-nuclear-capable-missile/articleshow/73591070.cms|title=India successfully test-fires K-4 submarine-launched nuclear capable missile|date=2020-01-24|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|via=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> This was the final developmental test of K-4 and the missile was ready to enter serial production.<ref name="finaltest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/25/sub-launched-k-4-ready-for-induction-2094389.html|title=Sub-launched K-4 ready for induction|date=25 January 2020|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-test-fires-k-4-submarine-launched-missile/articleshow/73589861.cms|title=Arihant's N-capable missile 'ready to roll'|date=24 January 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
*[[K Missile family]]
*[[Arihant class submarine]]
*[[Sagarika (missile)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K-4 (SLBM)}}
[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]

K-4 (missile)

2022-11-04T17:08:03Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{short description|Indian submarine-launched missile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = K-4
| image =
| caption =
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|Intermediate-range]] [[SLBM]]
| used_by = {{Navy|India}}
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| number =
| variants =
| service = 2020s<ref name="finaltest" />
| engine = Two stage [[rocket motor]]<ref name="9Mar2016"/>
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]<ref name="9Mar2016"/>
| weight = {{convert|17|t|ST|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=ie_hr/>
| length = {{convert|12|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}<ref name=ie_hr/>
| diameter = {{convert|1.3|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}<ref name=ie_hr/>
| wingspan =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|3500|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=K-4 Missile Set for 'Secret' Test |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/K-4-Missile-Set-for-Secret-Test/2016/03/04/article3309150.ece |publisher=THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS |date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="thin27j">{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires underwater missile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfires-underwater-missile/article4350553.ece?homepage=true|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = [[Strategic nuclear weapon]]
| filling weight = {{convert|2500|kg|lb|lk=out|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/othernavies/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=11204&print=Y|title=India to test a submarine-based ballistic missile|website=rusnavy.com}}</ref>
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with [[GPS]]/[[NavIC]] [[satellite guidance]], '''Terminal:''' [[Terrain contour matching]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=CSIS |title=Sagarika/Shaurya |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sagarika-shaurya/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=CSIS |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>
| detonation =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = [[Arihant class submarine|''Arihant'' class submarine]]s
}}

'''K-4''' is a nuclear capable [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|Intermediate-range]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of [[Government of India|India]] to arm the [[Arihant-class submarine]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-inches-closer-to-credible-nuclear-triad-with-k-4-slbm-test/|title=India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad With K-4 SLBM Test|last=Diplomat|first=Ankit Panda, The|website=The Diplomat|access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> The missile has a maximum range of about 3,500 km.<ref name="thin27j"/><ref>http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==Development==

The development of the K-4 was undertaken after facing significant difficulties in compacting similarly capable [[Agni-III]] to equip [[INS Arihant]] which has a limited {{convert|17|m|adj=on}} diameter hull. K-4 has range comparable to Agni-III with major length reduction from {{convert|17|m}} to {{convert|12|m}}. The gas-booster designed for K-4 was successfully tested from a submerged pontoon in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/DRDO-plans-another-K-15-missile-launch/article15537037.ece|title=DRDO plans another K-15 missile launch|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=28 January 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Agencies responsible ===
The [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and the Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM) of the [[DRDO]] have been involved in developing the three motors responsible for propelling the K-4, the systems responsible for separating the stages of K-4, the low-thrust boosters, the gas generator and other components. The launch system of K-4 has been developed by the Naval Systems Group of the [[Research and Development Establishment|Research and Development Establishment (Engineers)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/key-components-of-k-4-missile-designed-developed-in-pune-6226854/|title=Key components of K-4 missile designed, developed in Pune|date=2020-01-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>

==Description==
{{external media
| width = 210px
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_feco6vn7E Video of K-4 missile launch]
}}
The K-4 is a [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] which is composed of two stages.<ref name="9Mar2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/mar/09/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-India-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-SLBM-K-4-Secretly-901404.html|title=India Test Fires Nuke Capable SLBM K-4 Secretly|date=9 March 2016|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> The missile is reported to be {{convert|12|m}} long with a diameter of {{convert|1.3|m}} and weighs nearly {{convert|17|tonne}}. It can carry a warhead weighing up to {{convert|2|tonne}} and is powered [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid rocket propellant]]. The DRDO stated that the aim of the missile was to achieve a high accuracy.<ref name="ie_hr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/dec/10/Longest-Range-Ballistic-Missile-All-Set-for-Undersea-Launch-548253.html|title=Longest Range Ballistic Missile All Set for Undersea Launch|date=10 December 2013|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> As a countermeasure against [[Anti-ballistic missile|ballistic missile defence]] systems, the K4 can perform three-dimensional maneuvers.<ref name="finaltest" />

==Testing==
The developmental testing of K-4 started in January 2010, when the missile successfully ejected from a pontoon submerged 50 metres below the surface of water and breached the surface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-20|title=The secret 'K' missile family|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=20 November 2010|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045029/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-20|archive-date=14 June 2018|access-date=17 September 2022}}</ref> The missile was originally scheduled to be initially tested in September 2013 from a [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]] submerged 50 feet underwater, but the test was delayed due to unspecified issues.<ref name="ie_hr" /><ref>{{cite news|title=India's K-4 SLBM awaits first launch|url=http://www.janes.com/article/26334/india-s-k-4-slbm-awaits-first-launch|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=Jane's|date=27 August 2022}}</ref> In the event, the first test was carried out on 24 March 2014 from a depth of 30 metres. The test was successful and the missile was tested to a range of 3,000 km. The launch took place from a pontoon submerged more than 30 metres deep in the sea off the [[Visakhapatnam]] coast. After a powerful gas generator ejected it from the pontoon submerged in the [[Bay of Bengal]], the K-4 missile rose into the air, took a turn towards the designated target, sped across 3,000 km in the sky and dropped into the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite news | first1= Ankit | last1= Panda| url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-inches-closer-to-credible-nuclear-triad-with-k-4-slbm-test/ | title=India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad With K-4 SLBM Test| date=13 May 2014 | work=TheDiplomat }}</ref>

It is reported that on 7 March 2016<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|title=EXPRESS EXCLUSIVE: Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> the K-4 was successfully tested from a submerged platform in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/K-4-Missile-Test-A-Roaring-Success/2016/03/16/article3329130.ece|title=K-4 Missile Test A Roaring Success|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>

In April 2016, it was reported that the missile was successfully tested on 31 March 2016 from [[INS Arihant]], 45 nautical miles away from Vishakhapatnam coast in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The missile with a dummy payload was launched from the submarine in full operational configuration. The trial was carried out with the support of the personnel of [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) and the DRDO provided all the logistics. The missile was fired from 20-metre deep and covered more than 700 km before zeroing on the target with high accuracy reaching close to zero error.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-successfully-tests-long-range-nuclear-missile-developed-secretly/1/641609.html|title=India tests most ambitious nuclear missile|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/nuclear-capable-k-4-ballistic-missile-tested-from-ins-arihant-2727516.html|title=Nuclear-capable K-4 ballistic missile tested from INS Arihant - Firstpost|website=Firstpost|date=13 April 2016|language=en-US|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/india-successfully-tests-intermediate-range-nuclear-capable-submarine-launched-ballistic-missile/|title=India Successfully Tests Intermediate-Range Nuclear-Capable Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile|last=Diplomat|first=Ankit Panda, The|website=The Diplomat|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdos-nuclear-capable-k-4-underwater-missile-test-fired-again-this-time-ins-arihant-report-673978|title=DRDO's nuclear capable K-4 underwater missile test-fired again, this time from INS Arihant: Report|website=International Business Times, India Edition|date=9 April 2016|language=en|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>

On 17 December 2017, an attempt to launch K-4 missile ended in a failure.<ref name="print-failure">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/report/setback-for-indian-missile-programme-two-failures-in-a-week-submarine-version-stuck/24671/|title=Setback for Indian missile programme: Two failures in a week, submarine version stuck|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=24 December 2017|website=The Print|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jan/03/drdo-lines-up-crucial-trials-of-agni-v-and-k-4-missiles-1742984.html|title=DRDO lines up crucial trials of Agni-V and K-4 missiles|work=The New Indian Express|date=3 January 2022}}</ref> The failure was attributed to a discharged battery.<ref name="print-failure"/>

A test of the K-4 was planned in October 2019 but got postponed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-test-fire-3500-km-range-k-4-nuclear-missile/articleshow/71934973.cms|title=India to test-fire 3,500 km range K-4 nuclear missile|date=2019-11-06|work=[[Asian News International]]|access-date=2019-11-06|via=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/DRDO_News_25_Oct_2019.pdf|title=Submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM) K-4 test imminent|date=25 October 2019|website=DefenceNews|via=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101011915/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/DRDO_News_25_Oct_2019.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2019|access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> A test of the K-4 missile was expected to be held on 8 November 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/nov/04/four-nuclear-capable-missiles-lined-up-for-test-this-month-2056717.html|title=Four nuclear capable missiles lined up for test this month|date=4 November 2019|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> but got postponed due to unfavorable weather conditions caused by the [[cyclone]] Bulbul.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/critical-test-for-submarine-launched-nuclear-missile-this-weekend/articleshow/72286330.cms|title=Critical test for submarine-launched nuclear missile this weekend|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-11-29|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> A test of the missile was expected to be conducted in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/submarine-launched-k4-missile-test-now-likely-in-mid-december/articleshow/72305389.cms|title=Submarine launched K4 missile test now likely in mid December|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-11-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>

On 19 January 2020, K-4 was successfully tested from a submerged platform located in the coastal waters of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-test-fires-3500-km-k-4-slbm/article30601739.ece|title=India successfully test-fires 3,500-km range submarine-launched ballistic missile K-4|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-01-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-k-4-ballistic-missile-off-andhra-pradesh-coast20200119194506/|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable K-4 ballistic missile off Andhra Pradesh coast|date=19 January 2020|website=[[Asian News International]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> This test was undertaken in full operational configuration during which the missile traversed a distance of over 3,500 [[km]] in approximately 21 minutes, achieving a near-zero [[Circular error probable|circular error probability]].<ref name="tnieJan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/20/india-successfully-test-fires-3500-km-nuclear-capable-missile-k-4-2091838.html|title=India successfully test-fires 3,500 km nuclear-capable missile K-4|date=20 January 2020|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref>

Another test was successfully carried out on 24 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-k-4-submarine-launched-nuclear-capable-missile/articleshow/73591070.cms|title=India successfully test-fires K-4 submarine-launched nuclear capable missile|date=2020-01-24|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|via=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> This was the final developmental test of K-4 and the missile was ready to enter serial production.<ref name="finaltest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/25/sub-launched-k-4-ready-for-induction-2094389.html|title=Sub-launched K-4 ready for induction|date=25 January 2020|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-test-fires-k-4-submarine-launched-missile/articleshow/73589861.cms|title=Arihant's N-capable missile 'ready to roll'|date=24 January 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
*[[K Missile family]]
*[[Arihant class submarine]]
*[[Sagarika (missile)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K-4 (SLBM)}}
[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]

Sagarika (missile)

2022-11-04T17:07:33Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian short-range submarine-launched ballistic missile}}
{{Redirect|B-05||B5 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox weapon|is_missile=yes
|name=''Sagarika'' {{nobold|(}}K-15 {{nobold|or}} B-05{{nobold|)}}
|image=File:B05 SLBM (cropped).jpg
|image_size=300
|caption=A Sagarika flight test on 27 January 2013.
|origin= {{Flag|India}}
|type=[[Short-range ballistic missile|Short-range]] [[submarine launched ballistic missile]]
|used_by= {{Navy|India}}
|designer=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|service= from August 2018-present <ref name="operational" />
|speed= Mach 7.5 ([[Shaurya (missile)|Shaurya missile]], which is land-based version<ref name=H20081113>{{cite journal|title=Shourya test-fired successfully|date=November 2008|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/13/stories/2008111358700100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216101859/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/13/stories/2008111358700100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-16|journal=[[The Hindu]]|author=T.S. Subramanian}}</ref> of sagarika K-15 missile)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |title=India To Begin Production of Nuke Missile |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20110927/DEFSECT01/109270304/India-Begin-Production-Nuke-Missile |website=Defense News |date=21 January 2013 |publisher=Gannett Company |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121171314/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20110927/DEFSECT01/109270304/India-Begin-Production-Nuke-Missile |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|engine=Two stage [[Rocket engine|rocket motor]]
|propellant=[[Solid fuel]]
|weight={{convert|6|-|7|t|ST|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=thin1f>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires underwater missile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfires-underwater-missile/article4350553.ece|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=thinf27>{{cite news|title=Sagarika missile test-fired successfully|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229234524/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 February 2008|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 February 2008}}</ref>
|length={{convert|10|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}
|diameter={{convert|0.74|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|wingspan=
|vehicle_range=750 km<ref name=toi26mar>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/India-tests-new-underwater-nuclear-missile/articleshow/32694060.cms|title=India tests new underwater nuclear missile|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 March 2014|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> (435 mi) with 1,000 kg payload 
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling=[[High explosives]], [[strategic nuclear weapon]]
|filling weight={{convert|1000|kg|lb|lk=out|abbr=on}}
|guidance='''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with [[GPS]]/[[NavIC]] [[satellite guidance]] '''Terminal:''' [[Terrain contour matching]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=CSIS|title=Sagarika/Shaurya|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sagarika-shaurya/|website=Missile Threat|publisher=CSIS|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
|detonation=
|accuracy= <10 m<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Anantha Krishnan |title=‘K-15 SLBM is a beast with gen-next tech’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/30/k-15-slbm-is-a-beast-with-gen-next-tech-445756.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=30 January 2013}}</ref>
|launch_platform=[[Arihant class submarine|''Arihant''-class submarine]]s, [[S5-class submarine]]s
}}

'''Sagarika''' (pronounced: [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|sɑːgərikɑː]]){{efn|from Sanskrit ''sāgarikā'' meaning 'Oceanic}}, also known by the code names '''K-15''' or '''B-05''', is an Indian [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (SLBM) with a range of {{convert|750|km|0}}<ref name=toi26mar/><ref>{{cite news|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|title=The secret 'K' missile family|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-20|work=[[India Today]]|date=20 November 2010|language=en}}</ref> that was designed for retaliatory nuclear strikes. It belongs to the [[K Missile family]] and forms a part of India's [[nuclear triad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india-gets-submarinebased-nuclear-missile/44268-3.html|title=India gets sub-marine missile power|publisher=Ibnlive.com|date=2007-07-07|access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref>

== Description ==
The K-15 is a two-stage [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] which uses a gas booster to eject out of its launch platform and rise up to the surface of water. A [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket motor]] is fired after the missile reaches a fixed altitude. The missile has a range of around {{convert|750|km|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20080128-the-secret-undersea-weapon-735178-2008-01-17|title=The secret undersea weapon|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=January 17, 2008|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>

==Development==
Development of the K-15 missile started in the late 1990s with the goal of building a submarine-launched ballistic missile for use with the [[Indian Navy]] nuclear-powered {{Sclass|Arihant|submarine|1}}s.<ref name=it-k15-test>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/5002/LATEST%20HEADLINES/Final+test+of+K-15+ballistic+missile+on+Tuesday.html |title=Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday : Latest Headlines, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2008-02-25 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/164792.stm |title=India ready for new missile test |work=BBC News |date=1998-09-04 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> It was developed at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]’s (DRDO) missile complex in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229234524/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-02-29 |title=Sagarika missile test-fired successfully |date=2008-02-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref>

The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420, was completed in 2001 and handed over to the [[Indian Navy]] for trials. The missile launcher is developed at Hazira in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010528/nat21.html |title=In a workshop at Hazira, Indian underwater missile launcher gets ready for trial |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> The Sagarika missile began integration with India's [[nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[Arihant class submarine]] that began harbor trials on 26 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/india-joins-elite-group-with-launch-of-the-ins-arihant-nuclear-sub_100223340.html |title=thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news India joins elite group |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=2009-07-27 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref>

By 2008, the missile was successfully test fired seven times, and tested to its full range up to four times. The tests of 26 February 2008, were conducted from a submerged pontoon {{convert|50|m|ft}} beneath the surface off the coast of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=it-k15-test/><ref name="hindu.com"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-19/india/27756585_1_sagarika-project-agni-iii-strike-range |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019185327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-19/india/27756585_1_sagarika-project-agni-iii-strike-range |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-19 |title=India ready to join elite N-strike club |date=2008-02-19 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india-can-now-fire-missiles-from-under-water/65124-3.html |title=India can now fire missiles from under water |publisher=Ibnlive.com |date=2008-05-12 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> A land-based version of the K-15 Sagarika was successfully test-fired on 12 November 2008.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gQTgW2zpizQZH7DpSLy50BMsNbdQD94D84300 India test-fires nuclear-capable missile] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A full range test of the missile was done on 11 March 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k15-test-fired/238705-60-117.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316231105/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k15-test-fired/238705-60-117.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-16 |title=K15 test fired |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-03-13 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/india-tests-3000-km-range-n-missile-in-secret|title=India tests 3,000 km range n-missile in secret}}</ref> The twelfth and final development trial of the missiles was conducted on 27 January 2013. According to DRDO Director General [[V. K. Saraswat]], the missile was again tested for its full range of 700 km and met all its objectives with a single digit impact-accuracy.<ref name=tnix>{{cite news|title=K-15 SLBM is a beast with gen-next tech|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article1441769.ece|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=30 January 2013}}</ref> The test will be followed by integration of the missile with {{INS|Arihant}}.<ref name=ndtv27j>{{cite news|title=India test fires missile from under sea, completes nuclear triad|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-test-fires-missile-from-under-sea-completes-nuclear-triad-322839|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=hin27j>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires underwater missile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfires-underwater-missile/article4350553.ece|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=wp27j>{{cite news|title=Report: India successfully tests nuclear-capable, medium-range missile|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/report-india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-medium-range-missile/2013/01/27/5c6789f4-6880-11e2-9a0b-db931670f35d_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128033736/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/report-india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-medium-range-missile/2013/01/27/5c6789f4-6880-11e2-9a0b-db931670f35d_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2013|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=27 January 2013}}</ref> On 25 November 2015, a dummy or unarmed K-15 ''Sagarika'' missile was successfully test fired from INS ''Arihant''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/49935508.cms |title=Nuclear capable Arihant submarine successfully test-fires unarmed missile |first=Gulshan |last=Luthra |work=The Economic Times |access-date=26 November 2015 |date=26 November 2015 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The missile was tested for a total of three times on August 11 and August 12, 2018. This completed the first phase of user trials of the missile.<ref name=operational>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2018/aug/19/nuke-capable-submarine-launched-missile-operationalised-india-in-select-triad-club-1859992.html|title=Nuke-capable submarine-launched missile operationalised, India in select triad club|date=19 August 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>

The missile was fully operationalised in August 2018.<ref name="operational" />

==Operators==
; {{IND}}
* {{navy|India}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
*[[K Missile family]]
*{{sclass|Arihant|submarine|1}}
*[[K-4 (SLBM)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sagarika-shaurya/ CSIS Missile Threat - Sagarika/Shaurya]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRBrfrkdtXU Video of the 12th test of Sagarika, on 27 January 2013]

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagarika (Missile)}}
[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

Sagarika (missile)

2022-11-04T17:07:33Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian short-range submarine-launched ballistic missile}}
{{Redirect|B-05||B5 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon|is_missile=yes
|name=''Sagarika'' {{nobold|(}}K-15 {{nobold|or}} B-05{{nobold|)}}
|image=File:B05 SLBM (cropped).jpg
|image_size=300
|caption=A Sagarika flight test on 27 January 2013.
|origin= {{Flag|India}}
|type=[[Short-range ballistic missile|Short-range]] [[submarine launched ballistic missile]]
|used_by= {{Navy|India}}
|designer=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|service= from August 2018-present <ref name="operational" />
|speed= Mach 7.5 ([[Shaurya (missile)|Shaurya missile]], which is land-based version<ref name=H20081113>{{cite journal|title=Shourya test-fired successfully|date=November 2008|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/13/stories/2008111358700100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216101859/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/13/stories/2008111358700100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-16|journal=[[The Hindu]]|author=T.S. Subramanian}}</ref> of sagarika K-15 missile)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |title=India To Begin Production of Nuke Missile |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20110927/DEFSECT01/109270304/India-Begin-Production-Nuke-Missile |website=Defense News |date=21 January 2013 |publisher=Gannett Company |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121171314/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20110927/DEFSECT01/109270304/India-Begin-Production-Nuke-Missile |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|engine=Two stage [[Rocket engine|rocket motor]]
|propellant=[[Solid fuel]]
|weight={{convert|6|-|7|t|ST|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=thin1f>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires underwater missile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfires-underwater-missile/article4350553.ece|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=thinf27>{{cite news|title=Sagarika missile test-fired successfully|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229234524/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 February 2008|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 February 2022}}</ref>
|length={{convert|10|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}
|diameter={{convert|0.74|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|wingspan=
|vehicle_range=750 km<ref name=toi26mar>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/India-tests-new-underwater-nuclear-missile/articleshow/32694060.cms|title=India tests new underwater nuclear missile|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 March 2014|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> (435 mi) with 1,000 kg payload 
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling=[[High explosives]], [[strategic nuclear weapon]]
|filling weight={{convert|1000|kg|lb|lk=out|abbr=on}}
|guidance='''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with [[GPS]]/[[NavIC]] [[satellite guidance]] '''Terminal:''' [[Terrain contour matching]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=CSIS|title=Sagarika/Shaurya|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sagarika-shaurya/|website=Missile Threat|publisher=CSIS|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>
|detonation=
|accuracy= <10 m<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Anantha Krishnan |title=‘K-15 SLBM is a beast with gen-next tech’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/30/k-15-slbm-is-a-beast-with-gen-next-tech-445756.html |access-date=27 October 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=30 January 2022}}</ref>
|launch_platform=[[Arihant class submarine|''Arihant''-class submarine]]s, [[S5-class submarine]]s
}}

'''Sagarika''' (pronounced: [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|sɑːgərikɑː]]){{efn|from Sanskrit ''sāgarikā'' meaning 'Oceanic}}, also known by the code names '''K-15''' or '''B-05''', is an Indian [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (SLBM) with a range of {{convert|750|km|0}}<ref name=toi26mar/><ref>{{cite news|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|title=The secret 'K' missile family|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-20|work=[[India Today]]|date=20 November 2010|language=en}}</ref> that was designed for retaliatory nuclear strikes. It belongs to the [[K Missile family]] and forms a part of India's [[nuclear triad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india-gets-submarinebased-nuclear-missile/44268-3.html|title=India gets sub-marine missile power|publisher=Ibnlive.com|date=2007-07-07|access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref>

== Description ==
The K-15 is a two-stage [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]] which uses a gas booster to eject out of its launch platform and rise up to the surface of water. A [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket motor]] is fired after the missile reaches a fixed altitude. The missile has a range of around {{convert|750|km|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20080128-the-secret-undersea-weapon-735178-2008-01-17|title=The secret undersea weapon|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=January 17, 2008|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>

==Development==
Development of the K-15 missile started in the late 1990s with the goal of building a submarine-launched ballistic missile for use with the [[Indian Navy]] nuclear-powered {{Sclass|Arihant|submarine|1}}s.<ref name=it-k15-test>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/5002/LATEST%20HEADLINES/Final+test+of+K-15+ballistic+missile+on+Tuesday.html |title=Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday : Latest Headlines, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2008-02-25 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/164792.stm |title=India ready for new missile test |work=BBC News |date=1998-09-04 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> It was developed at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]’s (DRDO) missile complex in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229234524/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-02-29 |title=Sagarika missile test-fired successfully |date=2008-02-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref>

The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420, was completed in 2001 and handed over to the [[Indian Navy]] for trials. The missile launcher is developed at Hazira in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010528/nat21.html |title=In a workshop at Hazira, Indian underwater missile launcher gets ready for trial |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2001-05-28 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> The Sagarika missile began integration with India's [[nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] [[Arihant class submarine]] that began harbor trials on 26 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/india-joins-elite-group-with-launch-of-the-ins-arihant-nuclear-sub_100223340.html |title=thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news India joins elite group |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=2009-07-27 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref>

By 2008, the missile was successfully test fired seven times, and tested to its full range up to four times. The tests of 26 February 2008, were conducted from a submerged pontoon {{convert|50|m|ft}} beneath the surface off the coast of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=it-k15-test/><ref name="hindu.com"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-19/india/27756585_1_sagarika-project-agni-iii-strike-range |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019185327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-19/india/27756585_1_sagarika-project-agni-iii-strike-range |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-19 |title=India ready to join elite N-strike club |date=2008-02-19 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india-can-now-fire-missiles-from-under-water/65124-3.html |title=India can now fire missiles from under water |publisher=Ibnlive.com |date=2008-05-12 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref> A land-based version of the K-15 Sagarika was successfully test-fired on 12 November 2008.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gQTgW2zpizQZH7DpSLy50BMsNbdQD94D84300 India test-fires nuclear-capable missile] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A full range test of the missile was done on 11 March 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k15-test-fired/238705-60-117.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316231105/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k15-test-fired/238705-60-117.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-16 |title=K15 test fired |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-03-13 |access-date=2013-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/india-tests-3000-km-range-n-missile-in-secret|title=India tests 3,000 km range n-missile in secret}}</ref> The twelfth and final development trial of the missiles was conducted on 27 January 2013. According to DRDO Director General [[V. K. Saraswat]], the missile was again tested for its full range of 700 km and met all its objectives with a single digit impact-accuracy.<ref name=tnix>{{cite news|title=K-15 SLBM is a beast with gen-next tech|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article1441769.ece|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=30 January 2022}}</ref> The test will be followed by integration of the missile with {{INS|Arihant}}.<ref name=ndtv27j>{{cite news|title=India test fires missile from under sea, completes nuclear triad|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-test-fires-missile-from-under-sea-completes-nuclear-triad-322839|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=hin27j>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires underwater missile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfires-underwater-missile/article4350553.ece|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=wp27j>{{cite news|title=Report: India successfully tests nuclear-capable, medium-range missile|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/report-india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-medium-range-missile/2013/01/27/5c6789f4-6880-11e2-9a0b-db931670f35d_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128033736/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/report-india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-medium-range-missile/2013/01/27/5c6789f4-6880-11e2-9a0b-db931670f35d_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2013|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=27 January 2022}}</ref> On 25 November 2015, a dummy or unarmed K-15 ''Sagarika'' missile was successfully test fired from INS ''Arihant''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/49935508.cms |title=Nuclear capable Arihant submarine successfully test-fires unarmed missile |first=Gulshan |last=Luthra |work=The Economic Times |access-date=26 November 2015 |date=26 November 2015 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The missile was tested for a total of three times on August 11 and August 12, 2018. This completed the first phase of user trials of the missile.<ref name=operational>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2018/aug/19/nuke-capable-submarine-launched-missile-operationalised-india-in-select-triad-club-1859992.html|title=Nuke-capable submarine-launched missile operationalised, India in select triad club|date=19 August 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>

The missile was fully operationalised in August 2018.<ref name="operational" />

==Operators==
; {{IND}}
* {{navy|India}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
*[[K Missile family]]
*{{sclass|Arihant|submarine|1}}
*[[K-4 (SLBM)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sagarika-shaurya/ CSIS Missile Threat - Sagarika/Shaurya]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRBrfrkdtXU Video of the 12th test of Sagarika, on 27 January 2013]

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagarika (Missile)}}
[[Category:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

Agni-IV

2022-11-04T16:56:40Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian intermediate-range ballistic missile}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=''Agni-IV''
|image=Agni-IV 2014 (cropped).jpg
|caption=Agni-IV missile being launched from [[Abdul Kalam Island|Wheeler Island]], [[Odisha]].
|origin= India
|type=[[Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile]]
|used_by=[[Strategic Forces Command]]
|designer=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|service=Active<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/agni-v-to-undergo-one-more-pre-induction-test/story-a9OcIgjWaRUyMbBoSOnM5M.html|title=Agni-V set to be inducted by December after one more test {{!}} india news|date=14 August 2018|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
|propellant= [[Solid fuel]]
|engine=Multi-stage [[Composite material|composite]] [[rocket motor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aermech.in/agni-4-irbm-intermediate-range-ballistic-missileindian-armed-forces/|title=AGNI-4 IRBM (Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile),Indian Armed Forces|date=9 September 2015|website=AerMech.IN|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-22|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922203842/https://aermech.in/agni-4-irbm-intermediate-range-ballistic-missileindian-armed-forces/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|weight= {{Convert|17000|kg|lb}}<ref name=hindu4>{{cite news|title=Agni - IV successfully test fired|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2629274.ece|access-date=15 November 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 November 2011|location=chennai, India|first=T.S.|last=Subramanian}}</ref>
|length= {{convert|20|m|ft}}<ref name=hindu4/>
|diameter=
|speed=
|vehicle_range= 4,000 km<ref name="India Test Fires Long Range Strategic Missile Agni-IV">{{cite news |access-date=19 September 2012 |title=India Test Fires Long Range Strategic Missile Agni-IV |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=775628 |newspaper=The Outlook India |date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922222319/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=775628 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article3914340.ece|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|title=Long range strategic missile Agni-IV test-fired |date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
|ceiling=
|altitude={{convert|900|km|mi}}
|filling= Conventional, [[Thermobaric weapon|thermobaric]], [[strategic nuclear weapon]]
|guidance= [[Ring laser gyroscope|Ring laser gyro]] [[inertial navigation system]] with redundant micro inertial navigation and [[digital control]] system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-4/|title=Agni-4|website=Missile Threat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>
|detonation=
|launch_platform= 8 × 8 [[transporter erector launcher]]/Rail Mobile Launcher
|accuracy=<100 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-4/ | title=Agni-4}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Agni missile range.svg|thumb|301px|Range comparison of Agni missiles]]

'''Agni-IV''' ("Fire") is the fourth in the [[Agni (missile)|Agni series]] of [[missiles]] which was earlier known as ''Agni II prime''. It has been developed by India's DRDO and displayed a number of new technologies and significant improvement in missile technology. The missile is light-weight and has two stages of solid propulsion and a payload with re-entry heat shield.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://livefist.blogspot.in/2011/11/video-todays-successful-agni-iv-test.html |title=Livefist: VIDEO: Today's Successful Agni-IV Test |access-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150723/http://livefist.blogspot.in/2011/11/video-todays-successful-agni-iv-test.html |archive-date=23 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With 4,000 km range,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/india/|title=Missiles of India|website=Missile Threat|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> it is capable of striking targets in nearly all of mainland China, if launched from northeastern part of India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indian nuclear forces, 2017 |first1=Hans M.|last1=Kristensen|first2=Robert S.|last2=Norris|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|volume=73|issue=4|pages=205–209|doi=10.1080/00963402.2017.1337998|year = 2017|bibcode=2017BuAtS..73d.205K|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Development==

This missile is one of a kind, proving many new technologies for the first time, and represents a significant leap in India's missile technology. The missile is lighter in weight and uses a [[Multistage rocket|two-stage]] [[rocket engine]] powered by [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid propellant]]. The Composite Rocket Motor which has been used for the first time has given excellent performance. The missile system is equipped with modern and compact [[avionics]] with [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]] to provide a high level of reliability. The indigenous-built [[ring laser gyroscope]] is used in the high accuracy with Micro Inertial Navigation System (MINGS), which complement each other as a redundancy.<ref name="th2" /> The high performance onboard computer with distributed Avionics architecture, high speed reliable communication bus and a full [[Digital Control]] System have controlled and guided the missile to the target. The missile reached the target with a high level of accuracy. Radars and electro-optical systems along the Coast of Odisha have tracked and monitored all the parameters of the missile. Two Indian Naval ships located near the target witnessed the final event.

Dr Vijay Kumar Saraswat, Scientific Advisor to Raksha Mantri, Secretary, Department of Defence R&D and Director General DRDO, who witnessed the launch, congratulated all the scientists and employees of DRDO and the Armed Forces for the successful launch of AGNI-IV. Sri Avinash Chander, Chief Controller (Missiles & Strategic Systems), DRDO and Programme Director of AGNI, while addressing the scientists after the launch, called it as a new era in the modern Long Range Navigation System in India. He said, "this test has paved the way ahead for the success of [[Agni-V]] Mission, which will be launched shortly".

Project Director of Agni-IV, [[Tessy Thomas]] with her team prepared and integrated the missile system and launched the missile successfully. According to her, DRDO has produced and proven many new state of the art technologies in the Missile System like Composite Rocket Motors, very high accuracy Ring Laser Gyro based Inertial Navigation System, Micro Navigation System, Digital Controller System and very powerful onboard computer system. The missile, having capability to carry strategic nuclear warheads for the forces, has provided a fantastic deterrence to the country and it will be produced in numbers and delivered to the Armed Forces as early as possible. Sri S.K. Ray, Director RCI, Sri P. Venugopalan, Director DRDL, Dr V.G. Sekaran Director ASL and Sri S.P. Dash, Director ITR were also present during the launch and reviewed all the activities.

The DRDO had produced and proven many new state of the art technologies with the Agni-IV like composite rocket motors, very high accuracy Ring Laser Gyro based Inertial Navigation System, Micro Navigation System, Digital Controller System and very powerful onboard computer system.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
Agni-IV bridges the gap between [[Agni-II]] and [[Agni-III]]. Agni IV can carry a warhead of 1 tonne. It is designed to increase the kill efficiency along with a higher range performance. Its length is 20 meters and launch weight 17 tonnes. It can be fired from a road mobile launcher.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/bhubaneshwar/India-test-fires-nuclear-capable-Agni-IV-missile/Article1-769286.aspx |title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Agni-IV missile |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 November 2011 |access-date=15 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116001820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/bhubaneshwar/India-test-fires-nuclear-capable-Agni-IV-missile/Article1-769286.aspx |archive-date=16 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/india-tests-nuclear-capable-surface-to-surface-agni-iv-missile/articleshow/10737019.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707193531/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/india-tests-nuclear-capable-surface-to-surface-agni-iv-missile/articleshow/10737019.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|title=India tests nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Agni-IV missile|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2022}}</ref>
Efforts are being made to fine-tune the Agni missiles to defeat anti-ballistic missile systems. The [[radar cross-section]] and other detectable signatures of Agni-IV have been significantly reduced to make them much more immune to counter-measures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-17/india/30409335_1_agni-v-agni-iv-agni-programme-director|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419150207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-17/india/30409335_1_agni-v-agni-iv-agni-programme-director|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Eyeing China, India to enter ICBM club in 3 months |date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

==Testing==
Agni-IV has undergone seven successful tests over the course of six years.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ballistic-missile-Agni-IV-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial/articleshow/49720522.cms|title=Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial|access-date=9 November 2015|newspaper=Times of India|date=9 November 2022}}</ref>

*15 November 2011: Agni-IV was successfully test fired for the first time, from a road-mobile launcher at 9{{nbsp}}am from [[Wheeler Island (India)|Wheeler Island]] off the coast of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The missile followed its trajectory, attained a height of about 900 km and reached the pre-designated target in international waters of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. All mission objectives were fully met. All systems functioned perfectly till the end encountering re-entry temperatures of more than {{convert|3000|C|F}}.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
*19 September 2012: The missile was successfully test-fired again for its full range of 4,000 km from the Wheeler Island, off the [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] coast.<ref>{{cite news|title=India test-fires nuclear-capable strategic missile Agni-IV|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951612_1_india-test-fires-nuclear-capable-wheeler-island-agni-iv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022124829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951612_1_india-test-fires-nuclear-capable-wheeler-island-agni-iv|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|access-date=19 September 2012|date=19 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Balasore (Orissa), India}}</ref> The missile lifted off from a road mobile launcher at 11:48{{nbsp}}a.m. and after zooming to an altitude of over 800 km, it re-entered the atmosphere and impacted near the pre-designated target in the Indian Ocean with remarkable degree of accuracy following a 20-minute flight. Carrying a payload of explosives weighing a tonne, the missile re-entered the atmosphere and withstood searing temperatures of more than {{convert|3000|C|F}}.<ref name="India Test Fires Long Range Strategic Missile Agni-IV"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article3914340.ece|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|title=Long range strategic missile Agni-IV test-fired|access-date=19 September 2012|date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
*20 January 2014: The missile was test-fired in the actual weapon and road-mobile configuration of the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC), from the launch complex-4 of the [[Integrated Test Range]] at Wheeler Island off Orissa coast. The missile traveled a vertical distance of 850 km and covered its full range of 4,000 km. The onboard ring laser gyro-based inertial navigation system (RINS) and the micro-navigation system (MINGS) enabled the missile to fall within 100 meters of its target. The re-entry shield withstood outside temperatures as high as {{Convert|4000|C|F}}, enabling the avionics to work at less than {{convert|50|C|F}} inside.<ref name=th2>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=Agni-IV missile successfully test fired|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/agniiv-missile-successfully-test-fired/article5596563.ece|access-date=20 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 January 2014|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Agni-IV test successful, ready for induction|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Agni-IV-test-successful-ready-for-induction/articleshow/29133752.cms|access-date=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
*2 December 2014: The missile was successfully test-fired by the Army's Strategic Forces Command (SFC). This was the first user trial and fourth consecutive successful flight.<ref>{{cite news|title=Agni-IV launch successful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/agniiv-launch-successful/article6654494.ece|access-date=2 December 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 December 2022}}</ref> The missile has been inducted into the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully tests nuclear capable Agni IV missile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-agni-iv-missile/article6656285.ece|access-date=1 February 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 December 2022}}</ref>
*9 November 2015: Agni IV was successfully test-fired as part of a user trial by the tri-Service Strategic Forces Command (SFC). According to DRDO officials, the missile met all mission parameters.<ref name=timesofindia/><ref>{{cite news|title=Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial off Odisha coast|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ballistic-missile-agni-iv-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial-off-odisha-coast/|access-date=9 November 2015|newspaper=Times of India|date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
*2 January 2017: Agni IV was successfully test-fired as part of a user trial by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) at 11:55{{nbsp}}am from launch complex-4 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Wheeler Island. According to DRDO officials, the user trial met all mission objectives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-agni-iv-missile/articleshow/56291127.cms|title=India successfully test-fires Agni IV missile - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Agni-IV-missile-successfully-test-fired/article16977450.ece|title=Agni-IV missile successfully test fired|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/agni-iv-india-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missile-test-fired-successfully-drdo/493804/|title=Agni IV nuclear-capable ballistic missile test-fired successfully|date=2 January 2017|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref>
*23 December 2018: The Agni IV was successfully test fired from Launch Complex-4 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Abdul Kalam Island at around 8:35{{nbsp}}am.<ref>{{cite web |last1=BalasoreDecember 23 |first1=Press Trust of India |last2=December 23 |first2=Press Trust of India |last3=Ist |first3=Press Trust of India |title=Nuclear-capable Agni-IV missile successfully test-fired |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nuclear-capable-agni-iv-missile-successfully-test-fired-1415683-2018-12-23 |website=India Today |access-date=28 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*6 June 2022: A successful training launch of an Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile Agni-IV was carried out at approximately 19.30 pm hours on June 6 from APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha{{nbsp}} <ref>{{cite web |last1=BalasoreJune06 |first1=Press Trust of India |last2=June 06 |first2=Press Trust of India |last3=Ist |first3=Press Trust of India |title=Nuclear-capable Agni-IV missile successfully test-fired |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nuclearcapable-agni-4-ballistic-missile-successfully-tested-from-in-odisha-101654527929059.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
{{Aircontent
|see also=
*[[India and weapons of mass destruction]]
*[[DF-26]]
|related=
*[[Agni VI]]
|lists=
*[[List of nuclear weapons]]
*[[List of states with nuclear weapons]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO9GGurO6rA&feature=player_embedded Video of Agni IV test]
#[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r08WRuFOvpM/TsIMlozN-3I/AAAAAAAAOIQ/8ROJQhBXH1A/s1600/ITR_7570-753822.JPG Picture of Agni IV being launched]

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Intermediate-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

Project Devil

2022-11-04T16:33:31Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

'''Project Devil''' was one of two early [[Liquid-fuel rocket|liquid-fueled missile]] projects developed by India, along with [[Project Valiant]], in the 1970s. The goal of Project Devil was to produce a short-range [[surface-to-surface missile]]. Although discontinued in 1980 without achieving full success, Project Devil led to the later development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile in the 1980s.

== Development ==
Both projects were overseen by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defense Research & Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) of [[India]], which had begun in 1958 with a specialization in anti-tank missiles but expanded in subsequent years.<ref name=NTI>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |title=Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035750/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> Project Devil was intended to be a short-range surface-to-air missile utilizing 3-ton engines.<ref>{{cite book | title = South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China | first = Lowell | last = Dittmer | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7656-1419-7 | page = 54}}</ref> The model for Project Devil was the [[SA-2 Guideline]], a [[Soviet Union]] missile which the DRDL intended to reverse engineer.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2512 | title = Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat | date = 8 March 2008 | publisher = [[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]] | last = Khan | first = M. Shamsur Rabb | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref>

Project Devil was officially launched under V.S. Narayanan, who became director of the DRDL in January 1972.<ref name=Chron>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |title=Missile Chronology, 1971-1979 |date=July 2003 |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106181639/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref> In June 1972, DRDL received 160 million [[rupee]]s to fund both Project Devil and Project Valiant, though it came with a veil of secrecy; the [[Union Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] had publicly declined the funding request, but [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] had granted it secretly through her discretionary powers.<ref name=Chron/> In turn, DRDL took pains to disguise the purpose of the funds so that their real work would not be immediately apparent. Project Devil specifically was given a budget of 50 million [[rupee]]s to use within a three-year period. DLDR spent nearly half of the budget on importing equipment and supplies; it also subcontracted some of its labor, hiring the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] to cast a 350 kg magnesium liquid-fuel engine frame and a solid-booster rocket respectively. DRDL also began to expand rapidly, increasing its workforce from 400 to 2,500 people in a two-year period in an effort to meet staffing needs of both the projects.<ref name="Chron"/>

However, internal disputes soon disrupted the DRDL, as the leader of the Valiant project believed Narayanan was disproportionately invested in Project Devil, and external interest in both programs waned, particularly as the SA-2 model for the Devil project had not performed well in combat.<ref name=Chron/> In 1974, Project Valiant was terminated and Devil re-conceived as a project to gather information on technology rather than an effort to produce an actual missile.<ref name=Chron/> In January 1975, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] was appointed to run an external review of Project Devil and in March 1975 found it had been successful in several areas, if not in liquid propulsion, and should be permitted to continue. It ran for several more years before being completely discontinued in 1980, by which point DRDL had produced several components for Devil, including two [[solid rocket booster]]s with high-strength steel casings and a [[specific impulse]] of 200 seconds, and a second stage three-ton liquid-propellant engine fueled by G-fuel (a combination of Xylidiene and Tri-ethylamine), [[Oxidizing agent|oxidized]] by [[red fuming nitric acid]].<ref name=NTI/><ref name=Chron/> Narayanan, who disagreed with the decision, resigned his post at DRDL and was replaced by S. L. Bansal.<ref name=Chron2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2021.html |title=Missile Chronology, 1980-1985 |date=July 2003 |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414051234/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2021.html |archive-date=April 14, 2010 }}</ref> Devil components were subsequently modified and utilized as components in other systems.

== Aftermath ==
According to a 2006 article by [[Praful Bidwai]] in ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', Project Valiant "totally failed", while its sister project was a partial success.<ref>{{cite news | last = Bidwai | first= Praful | date = July 17, 2006 | work = [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] | volume = 5 | number = 760 | url = http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/07/17/d607171502138.htm | title = After the Agni-III crash | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> Though neither reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the Prithvi missile developed in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.time4education.com/briefcase/Articles-from-MBAMag/National/Defence%20Forces%20of%20India%20-%20Part%20III.pdf | title = Defence Forces of India (Part III) | date = August 2005 | publisher = time4education.com | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
*[[IGMDP]]
*[[Project Valiant]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]

Project Valiant

2022-11-04T16:32:56Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

'''Project Valiant''' was one of two early [[Liquid-fuel rocket|liquid-fueled missile]] projects developed by India, along with [[Project Devil]] in the 1970s. The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]. Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving success, Project Valiant, like Project Devil, led to the later development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile in the 1980s.

== Development ==
Both projects were overseen by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defense Research & Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) of India, which had begun in 1958 with a specialization in anti-tank missiles but expanded in subsequent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |title=Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035750/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> Project Valiant was intended to be an intercontinental ballistic missile utilizing 30-ton engines to achieve a range variously reported as {{convert|1500|km|mi}} and {{convert|8000|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite book | title = South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China | first = Lowell | last = Dittmer | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7656-1419-7 | page = 54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2512 | title = Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat | date = 8 March 2008 | publisher = [[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]] | last = Khan | first = M. Shamsur Rabb | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref><ref name=IDR>{{cite journal | title = Strategic Missiles | last = Vishwakarma | first = Arun S. | journal = Indian Defence Review | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | url = http://www.indiandefencereview.com/articles/04-06-07/Strategic-Missiles.html | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> The secret project was initially funded with a few hundred thousand rupees after the presentation of a feasibility report in April 1971, but in June 1972, DRDL received 160 million rupees to fund both projects. The money came with a veil of secrecy; the [[Union Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] had publicly declined the funding request, but [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] had granted it secretly through her discretionary powers.<ref name=Chron/> In turn, DRDL took pains to disguise the purpose of the funds so that their real work would not be immediately apparent. That year, the DRDL began to expand rapidly, increasing its workforce from 400 to 2,500 people over a two-year period in an effort to meet staffing needs of both the Valiant and Devil projects.<ref name=Chron>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |title=Missile Chronology, 1971-1979 |date=July 2003 |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106181639/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref>

The Valiant missile was anticipated to weigh 85 tons and to use three liquid fuel stages.<ref name=IDR/> In 1972, the lab began to work on designing and developing various components for the Valiant,<ref name=Chron/> and the project reached the phase of ground testing on 10 May 1974.<ref name=IDR/> However, internal disputes disrupted the DRDL, as the leader of the Valiant project believed the DRDL's director was disproportionately invested in Project Devil, and external interest in both programs waned.<ref name=Chron/> That same year, the Union Cabinet asked the director of the DRDL to evaluate whether civilian uses could be found at the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) for Valiant's liquid-fuel engine.<ref name=Chron/> The ISRO declined, and since the Valiant project was not progressing satisfactorily and it was not well-managed, the project was terminated.<ref name=IDR/><ref name=Chron/>

== Aftermath ==
According to a 2006 article by [[Praful Bidwai]] in ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', Project Valiant "totally failed", while its sister project was a partial success.<ref>{{cite news | last = Bidwai | first= Praful | date = July 17, 2006 | work = [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] | volume = 5 | number = 760 | url = http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/07/17/d607171502138.htm | title = After the Agni-III crash | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> Though neither reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile developed in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.time4education.com/briefcase/Articles-from-MBAMag/National/Defence%20Forces%20of%20India%20-%20Part%20III.pdf | title = Defence Forces of India (Part III) | date = August 2005 | publisher = [[Triumphant Institute of Management Education]] | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
*[[SS-45 Missile]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090704020626/http://frontierindia.net/liquid-propulsion-engine-development-drdo frontierindia.net Valiant engine ]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of India]]

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

2022-11-04T16:32:27Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian Ministry of Defence programme}}
{{more citations needed|date= March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Agni-V missile during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2013.jpg|thumb|300px|Agni-V missile during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2013]]
The '''Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme''' ('''IGMDP''') was an Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] programme for the [[research and development]] of the comprehensive range of [[missile]]s. The programme was managed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and [[Ordnance Factories Board]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=ofi&page=my_2&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Itarsi |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=2012-12-24}}</ref> in partnership with other [[Indian government]] political organisations.<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp">{{cite web
|title = Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
|url = http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|website = brahmos.com
|access-date = 9 June 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120321081536/http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|archive-date = 21 March 2012
}}</ref> The project started in 1982–83 under the leadership of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]] who oversaw its ending in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed.

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful rated guided missile programme was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the programme had been developed and inducted by the [[Indian armed forces]].<ref name="hindu-igmdp-over">{{cite news
| title = India scraps integrated guided missile programme
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| location = Chennai, India
| date = 9 January 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200801090301.htm
| access-date = 9 June 2012
}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|Guided Missiles of India#History}}
By the start of the 1980s, the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|DRDL]] had developed competence and expertise in the fields of propulsion, navigation and manufacture of aerospace materials based on the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Soviet space program|rocketry technologies]]. Thus, India's political leadership, which included [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[R. Venkataraman]], [[V. S. Arunachalam|V.S. Arunachalam]] (Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister), decided that all these technologies should be consolidated.

This led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme with [[Abdul Kalam|Dr. Abdul Kalam]], who had previously been the project director for the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3 programme]] at [[ISRO]], was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. While the scientists proposed the development of each missile consecutively, the Defence Minister R. Venkataraman asked them to reconsider and develop all the missiles simultaneously. Thus, four projects, to be pursued concurrently, were born under the IGMDP:
* Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam started multiple projects simultaneously to develop the following types of Indian Guided Missiles missiles.
*# Short Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Prithvi’
*# Long Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Agni’
*# Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Akash’
*# Short Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Trishul’
*# Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) ‘Nag’ ([https://www.itworkss.in/best-indian-guided-missiles-part-1/ Read More] )

The [[Agni (missile)|Agni missile]] was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp" /> As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Odisha was also developed for missile testing.<ref name="fl-missile-shield">{{cite news
|last=T. S.
|first=Subramanian
|title=Missile shield
|newspaper=Frontline
|location=India
|date=31 January 2009
|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm
|access-date=31 May 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207034302/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm
|archive-date=7 February 2013
}}</ref>

=== Hurdles ===
{{main|Guided Missiles of India#Diplomatic and Technological Hurdles}}
After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. To counter the [[MTCR]], the IGMDP team formed a consortium of [[DRDO]] laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR.<ref name="fl-missile-shield" />

== Prithvi ==
{{main|Prithvi missile}}

The '''Prithvi missile''' (from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] पृथ्वी ''[[prithvi|{{IAST|pṛthvī}}]]'' "Earth") is a family of tactical [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] short-range [[ballistic missile]]s (SRBM) and is India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile. Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it was first test-fired on 25 February 1988 from Sriharikota, SHAR Centre, Pottisreeramulu Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. It has a range of up to 150 to 300 km. The land variant is called '''Prithvi''' while the naval operational variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi III class missiles are code named '''Dhanush''' (meaning '''Bow'''). Both variants are used for surface targets.

The Prithvi is said to have its propulsion technology derived from the Soviet [[SA-2]] surface-to-air missile.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/prithvi.htm |title=Prithvi – India Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=2010-10-08}}</ref> Variants make use of either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its role as a tactical [[nuclear weapon]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Missile !! Type !! Warhead !! Payload (kg) !! Range (km) !! Dimension (m) !! Fuel/Stages !! Weight (kg) !! In service !! CEP (m)
|-
| Prithvi-I || Tactical || Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical || 1,000 || 150 || 8.55X1.1 || Single stage liquid || 4,400 || 1988 || 30–50
|-
| Prithvi-II || Tactical || Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical || 350–750 || 350 || 8.55X1.1 || Single stage liquid || 4,600 || 1996 || 10–15
|-
| Prithvi-III || Tactical || Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical || 500–1,000 || 350–600 || 8.55X1 || Single stage solid || 5,600 || 2004 || 10–15
|}

The initial project framework of the IGMDP envisioned the Prithvi missile as a short-range ballistic missile with variants for the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.<ref>[http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011202044243/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm |date=2 December 2001 }} ''accessed'' 18 October 2006.</ref> Over the years the ''Prithvi'' missile specifications have undergone a number of changes. The Prithvi I class of missiles were inducted into the Indian Army in 1994, and it is reported that Prithvi I missiles are being withdrawn from service, being replaced with Prahar missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/20130701_prahar_to_replace_privthi.html |title=After 17 years in service, the Prithvi I missile will give way to smaller and better Prahar |date=July 2013 |publisher=defense-update.com |access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> Prithvi II missiles were inducted in 1996. ''Prithvi III'' class has a longer-range of 350 km, and was successfully test fired in 2004.<ref name=janes-dhanush>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Weapon-Systems/Dhanush-Sagarika-Project-K-15-India.html |title=Dhanush/Sagarika (Project K-15) (India) – Jane's Naval Weapon Systems |publisher=Janes.com |access-date=2012-12-24}}</ref>

== Agni Re-entry Technology ==
A technology demonstrator for re-entry technology called Agni was added to IGMDP as Prithvi was unable to be converted to a longer ranged missile. The first flight of Agni with re-entry technology took place in 1989.<ref name="frontline-13feb09">{{cite magazine|author=T. S. Subramanian|date=31 January – 13 February 2009|title=Missile shield|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm|magazine=Frontline|volume=26|issue=3|publisher=Kasturi|issn=0970-1710}}</ref> The re-entry system used resins and carbon fibres in its construction and was able to withstand a temperature of up to 3000 °C.<ref name="frontline-13feb09"/><ref>{{cite magazine|author=T. S. Subramanian|date=21 August 2015|title=Technologist to the core|url=http://www.frontline.in/other/obituary/technologist-to-the-core/article7499055.ece|magazine=Frontline|publisher=Kasturi|issn=0970-1710}}</ref> The technologies developed in this project were eventually used in the [[Agni (missile)|Agni series]] of missiles.<ref>{{cite web|author1=PIB Delhi|title=Missile Development Programme|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=85986|date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

== Trishul ==
{{main|Trishul (missile)}}
'''Trishul''' ([[Sanskrit]]: त्रिशूल, meaning ''[[trident]]'') is the name of a short range [[surface-to-air missile]] developed by India as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It has a range of 12 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg [[warhead]]. Designed to be used against low-level (sea skimming) targets at short range, the system has been developed to defend [[naval]] vessels against missiles and also as a short-range surface-to-air missile on land. According to reports, the range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The weight of the missile is 130 kg. The length of the missile is 3.5 m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3210 |title=Trishul Surface To Air Missile Not A Failure Says Government |publisher=India-defence.com |date=17 May 2007 |access-date=2010-08-31}}</ref> India officially shut down the project on 27 February 2008.<ref name=trishul_shut/> In 2003, Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] had indicated that the Trishul missile had been de-linked from user service and would be continued as a technology demonstrator.

== Akash ==
{{main|Akash missile}}
[[File:Akash SAM.jpg|thumb|200px|An Akash missile being test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Orissa. The launch platform is a BMP-2 vehicle]]
'''Akash''' (Sanskrit: आकाश meaning ''Sky'') is a medium-range surface-to-air missile developed as part of India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles. It is the most expensive missile project ever undertaken by the Union government in the 20th century. Development costs skyrocketed to almost {{USD}}120 million, which is far more than other similar systems.<ref name=trishul_shut>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/27trishul.htm "India Shuts Down Trishul Missile Project" ] ''[[Rediff.com]]'' 27 February 2008</ref>

Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 30 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.8 metres. Akash flies at [[supersonic]] speed, reaching around [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 18 km. A digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is propelled by a solid fuelled booster stage. The missile has a terminal guidance system capable of working through [[electronic countermeasures]]. The entire Akash SAM system allows for attacking multiple targets (up to 4 per battery). The Akash missile's use of [[ramjet]] propulsion system allows it to maintain its speed without deceleration, unlike the Patriot missiles.<ref>T.S. Subramanian (11 December 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212070048/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102871000.htm "Akash missile achieves a milestone"] ''[[The Hindu]]'.' Retrieved 18 October 2006.</ref> The missile is supported by a multi-target and multi-function [[phased array]] fire control [[radar]] called the '[[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra]]' with a range of about 80 km in search, and 60 km in terms of engagement.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/akash.htm Global Security.Org] article ''accessed'' 18 October 2006.</ref>

The missile is completely guided by the radar, without any active guidance of its own. This allows it greater capability against jamming as the aircraft self-protection jammer would have to work against the high-power Rajendra, and the aircraft being attacked is not alerted by any terminal seeker on the Akash itself.

Design of the missile is similar to that of the [[SA-6]], with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However, internal schema shows a completely modernised layout, including an onboard computer with special optimised trajectories, and an all-digital proximity fuse.

The Akash system meant for the Army uses the [[T-72]] tank chassis for its launcher and radar vehicles. The Rajendra derivative for the Army is called the Battery Level Radar-III. The Air Force version uses an [[Ashok Leyland]] truck platform to tow the missile launcher, while the Radar is on a [[BMP-2]] chassis and is called the Battery Level Radar-II. In either case, the launchers carry three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers are automated, autonomous and networked to a command post and the guidance radar. They are slewable in azimuth and elevation. The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.

The IAF has initiated the process to induct the [[Akash missile|Akash]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s developed as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. The Multiple target handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in a C4I environment during the trials. Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005 itself. The Akash System's 3-D central acquisition radar (3-D car) group mode performance was then fully established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams/ |title=IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's |publisher=Frontierindia.net |date=3 May 2007 |access-date=2010-08-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325051818/http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams/ |archive-date=25 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3629 |title=Air Force Impressed With Akash Surface To Air Missiles Performance |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=2010-08-31}}</ref>

In December 2007 [[Indian Air Force]] completed user trials for the Akash missile system. The trials, which were spread over ten days, were successful, and the missile hit its target on all five occasions. Before the ten-day trial at Chandipur, the Akash system's ECCM Evaluation tests were carried out at Gwalior Air force base while mobility trials for the system vehicles were carried out at Pokhran. The IAF had evolved the user Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency in engaging targets. The following trials were conducted: Against low-flying near-range target, long-range high-altitude target, crossing and approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low-altitude receding target.<ref>[http://www.drdo.com/bnews/jan08/akash_test.htm "DRDO report on Akash Air Defence Weapon System"]''[[DRDO]]''</ref>
Following this, the IAF declared that it would initiate the induction of 2 squadrons strength (each squadron with 2 batteries) of this missile system, to begin with. Once deliveries are complete, further orders would be placed to replace retiring SA-3 GOA (Pechora) SAM systems.<ref name="Sify News">{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14580887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231181012/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14580887 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2007 |title=IAF to induct indigenous Akash missile |access-date=27 December 2007 |date=26 December 2007|publisher=[[Sify News]]}}</ref><ref>Ajai Shukla (23 January 2008)[http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=lmnu2&subLeft=1&autono=311447&tab=r "Missile mission meets target" ] ''[[Business Standard]]''</ref> In February 2010, the Indian Air Force ordered six more squadrons of the Akash system, taking orders to eight of the type. The Indian Army is also expected to order the Akash system.

== Nag ==
{{main|Nag Missile}}

[[File:Nag with NAMICA Defexpo-2008.JPG|thumb|[[Nag Missile]]]]
'''Nag''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: नाग meaning ''cobra'') is India's third generation "[[Fire-and-forget]]" [[Anti-tank guided missile|anti-tank missile]]. It is an all weather, [[top attack]] missile with a range of 0.5 to 4 km.

The missile uses an 8 kg [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) [[tandem warhead]] capable of defeating modern armour including [[Explosive reactive armour#Explosive reactive armour|Explosive Reactive Armour]] (ERA) and [[composite armour]]. Nag uses [[infrared homing|Imaging Infra-Red (IIR)]] guidance with day and night capability. Mode of launch for the IIR seeker is LOBL (lock-on before launch). Nag can be mounted on an infantry vehicle; a helicopter launched version will also be available with integration work being carried out with the [[HAL Dhruv]].

Separate versions for the Army and the Air Force are being developed. For the Army, the missiles will be carried by specialist carrier vehicles (NAMICA-Nag Missile Carrier) equipped with a [[thermographic camera]] for target acquisition. NAMICA is a modified [[BMP-2]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]] licence produced as "Sarath" in India. The carriers are capable of carrying four ready-to-fire missiles in the observation/launch platform which can be elevated with more missiles available for reload within the carrier. For the Air Force, a nose-mounted thermal imaging system has been developed for guiding the missile's trajectory "Helina". The missile has a completely [[fiberglass]] structure and weighs around 42 kg.

Nag was test fired for the 45th time on 19 March 2005 from the Test Range at [[Ahmednagar]] ([[Maharashtra]]), signalling the completion of the developmental phase. It will now enter production phase, subject to user trials and acceptance by the [[Indian Army]].

Further versions of the missile may make use of an all-weather [[Extremely high frequency|Milli-metre Wave]] (mmW) seeker as an additional option. This seeker has reportedly been developed and efforts are on to integrate it into the missile.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Rajendra Radar]]
* [[SA-6|SA-6 Gainful]]
* [[Agni missile system]]
* [[List of missiles]]
* [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng]]

== External links ==
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/india/ CSIS Missile Threat – India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105011002/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Akash.html Bharat Rakshak's page of Akash]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105010952/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Trishul.html Bharat Rakshak's page on Trishul]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105010959/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Nag.html Nag Missile]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Missile defense]]
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons of India]]
[[Category:Military projects]]
[[Category:Secret military programs]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in India]]

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

2022-11-04T16:32:27Z

2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian Ministry of Defence programme}}
{{more citations needed|date= March 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Agni-V missile during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2013.jpg|thumb|300px|Agni-V missile during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2013]]
The '''Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme''' ('''IGMDP''') was an Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] programme for the [[research and development]] of the comprehensive range of [[missile]]s. The programme was managed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and [[Ordnance Factories Board]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=ofi&page=my_2&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Itarsi |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=2012-12-24}}</ref> in partnership with other [[Indian government]] political organisations.<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp">{{cite web
|title = Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
|url = http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|website = brahmos.com
|access-date = 9 June 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120321081536/http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=25
|archive-date = 21 March 2012
}}</ref> The project started in 1982–83 under the leadership of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]] who oversaw its ending in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed.

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful rated guided missile programme was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the programme had been developed and inducted by the [[Indian armed forces]].<ref name="hindu-igmdp-over">{{cite news
| title = India scraps integrated guided missile programme
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| location = Chennai, India
| date = 9 January 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200801090301.htm
| access-date = 9 June 2012
}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|Guided Missiles of India#History}}
By the start of the 1980s, the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|DRDL]] had developed competence and expertise in the fields of propulsion, navigation and manufacture of aerospace materials based on the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Soviet space program|rocketry technologies]]. Thus, India's political leadership, which included [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[R. Venkataraman]], [[V. S. Arunachalam|V.S. Arunachalam]] (Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister), decided that all these technologies should be consolidated.

This led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme with [[Abdul Kalam|Dr. Abdul Kalam]], who had previously been the project director for the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3 programme]] at [[ISRO]], was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. While the scientists proposed the development of each missile consecutively, the Defence Minister R. Venkataraman asked them to reconsider and develop all the missiles simultaneously. Thus, four projects, to be pursued concurrently, were born under the IGMDP:
* Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam started multiple projects simultaneously to develop the following types of Indian Guided Missiles missiles.
*# Short Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Prithvi’
*# Long Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Agni’
*# Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Akash’
*# Short Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Trishul’
*# Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) ‘Nag’ ([https://www.itworkss.in/best-indian-guided-missiles-part-1/ Read More] )

The [[Agni (missile)|Agni missile]] was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.<ref name="brahmos-site-igmdp" /> As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Odisha was also developed for missile testing.<ref name="fl-missile-shield">{{cite news
|last=T. S.
|first=Subramanian
|title=Missile shield
|newspaper=Frontline
|location=India
|date=31 January 2009
|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm
|access-date=31 May 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207034302/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm
|archive-date=7 February 2013
}}</ref>

=== Hurdles ===
{{main|Guided Missiles of India#Diplomatic and Technological Hurdles}}
After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. To counter the [[MTCR]], the IGMDP team formed a consortium of [[DRDO]] laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR.<ref name="fl-missile-shield" />

== Prithvi ==
{{main|Prithvi missile}}

The '''Prithvi missile''' (from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] पृथ्वी ''[[prithvi|{{IAST|pṛthvī}}]]'' "Earth") is a family of tactical [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] short-range [[ballistic missile]]s (SRBM) and is India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile. Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it was first test-fired on 25 February 1988 from Sriharikota, SHAR Centre, Pottisreeramulu Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. It has a range of up to 150 to 300 km. The land variant is called '''Prithvi''' while the naval operational variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi III class missiles are code named '''Dhanush''' (meaning '''Bow'''). Both variants are used for surface targets.

The Prithvi is said to have its propulsion technology derived from the Soviet [[SA-2]] surface-to-air missile.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/prithvi.htm |title=Prithvi – India Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=2010-10-08}}</ref> Variants make use of either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its role as a tactical [[nuclear weapon]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Missile !! Type !! Warhead !! Payload (kg) !! Range (km) !! Dimension (m) !! Fuel/Stages !! Weight (kg) !! In service !! CEP (m)
|-
| Prithvi-I || Tactical || Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical || 1,000 || 150 || 8.55X1.1 || Single stage liquid || 4,400 || 1988 || 30–50
|-
| Prithvi-II || Tactical || Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical || 350–750 || 350 || 8.55X1.1 || Single stage liquid || 4,600 || 1996 || 10–15
|-
| Prithvi-III || Tactical || Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical || 500–1,000 || 350–600 || 8.55X1 || Single stage solid || 5,600 || 2004 || 10–15
|}

The initial project framework of the IGMDP envisioned the Prithvi missile as a short-range ballistic missile with variants for the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.<ref>[http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011202044243/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm |date=2 December 2001 }} ''accessed'' 18 October 2006.</ref> Over the years the ''Prithvi'' missile specifications have undergone a number of changes. The Prithvi I class of missiles were inducted into the Indian Army in 1994, and it is reported that Prithvi I missiles are being withdrawn from service, being replaced with Prahar missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/20130701_prahar_to_replace_privthi.html |title=After 17 years in service, the Prithvi I missile will give way to smaller and better Prahar |date=July 2013 |publisher=defense-update.com |access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> Prithvi II missiles were inducted in 1996. ''Prithvi III'' class has a longer-range of 350 km, and was successfully test fired in 2004.<ref name=janes-dhanush>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Weapon-Systems/Dhanush-Sagarika-Project-K-15-India.html |title=Dhanush/Sagarika (Project K-15) (India) – Jane's Naval Weapon Systems |publisher=Janes.com |access-date=2012-12-24}}</ref>

== Agni Re-entry Technology ==
A technology demonstrator for re-entry technology called Agni was added to IGMDP as Prithvi was unable to be converted to a longer ranged missile. The first flight of Agni with re-entry technology took place in 1989.<ref name="frontline-13feb09">{{cite magazine|author=T. S. Subramanian|date=31 January – 13 February 2009|title=Missile shield|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm|magazine=Frontline|volume=26|issue=3|publisher=Kasturi|issn=0970-1710}}</ref> The re-entry system used resins and carbon fibres in its construction and was able to withstand a temperature of up to 3000 °C.<ref name="frontline-13feb09"/><ref>{{cite magazine|author=T. S. Subramanian|date=21 August 2015|title=Technologist to the core|url=http://www.frontline.in/other/obituary/technologist-to-the-core/article7499055.ece|magazine=Frontline|publisher=Kasturi|issn=0970-1710}}</ref> The technologies developed in this project were eventually used in the [[Agni (missile)|Agni series]] of missiles.<ref>{{cite web|author1=PIB Delhi|title=Missile Development Programme|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=85986|date=13 August 2022}}</ref>

== Trishul ==
{{main|Trishul (missile)}}
'''Trishul''' ([[Sanskrit]]: त्रिशूल, meaning ''[[trident]]'') is the name of a short range [[surface-to-air missile]] developed by India as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It has a range of 12 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg [[warhead]]. Designed to be used against low-level (sea skimming) targets at short range, the system has been developed to defend [[naval]] vessels against missiles and also as a short-range surface-to-air missile on land. According to reports, the range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The weight of the missile is 130 kg. The length of the missile is 3.5 m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3210 |title=Trishul Surface To Air Missile Not A Failure Says Government |publisher=India-defence.com |date=17 May 2007 |access-date=2010-08-31}}</ref> India officially shut down the project on 27 February 2008.<ref name=trishul_shut/> In 2003, Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] had indicated that the Trishul missile had been de-linked from user service and would be continued as a technology demonstrator.

== Akash ==
{{main|Akash missile}}
[[File:Akash SAM.jpg|thumb|200px|An Akash missile being test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Orissa. The launch platform is a BMP-2 vehicle]]
'''Akash''' (Sanskrit: आकाश meaning ''Sky'') is a medium-range surface-to-air missile developed as part of India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles. It is the most expensive missile project ever undertaken by the Union government in the 20th century. Development costs skyrocketed to almost {{USD}}120 million, which is far more than other similar systems.<ref name=trishul_shut>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/27trishul.htm "India Shuts Down Trishul Missile Project" ] ''[[Rediff.com]]'' 27 February 2008</ref>

Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 30 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.8 metres. Akash flies at [[supersonic]] speed, reaching around [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 18 km. A digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is propelled by a solid fuelled booster stage. The missile has a terminal guidance system capable of working through [[electronic countermeasures]]. The entire Akash SAM system allows for attacking multiple targets (up to 4 per battery). The Akash missile's use of [[ramjet]] propulsion system allows it to maintain its speed without deceleration, unlike the Patriot missiles.<ref>T.S. Subramanian (11 December 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212070048/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102871000.htm "Akash missile achieves a milestone"] ''[[The Hindu]]'.' Retrieved 18 October 2006.</ref> The missile is supported by a multi-target and multi-function [[phased array]] fire control [[radar]] called the '[[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra]]' with a range of about 80 km in search, and 60 km in terms of engagement.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/akash.htm Global Security.Org] article ''accessed'' 18 October 2006.</ref>

The missile is completely guided by the radar, without any active guidance of its own. This allows it greater capability against jamming as the aircraft self-protection jammer would have to work against the high-power Rajendra, and the aircraft being attacked is not alerted by any terminal seeker on the Akash itself.

Design of the missile is similar to that of the [[SA-6]], with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However, internal schema shows a completely modernised layout, including an onboard computer with special optimised trajectories, and an all-digital proximity fuse.

The Akash system meant for the Army uses the [[T-72]] tank chassis for its launcher and radar vehicles. The Rajendra derivative for the Army is called the Battery Level Radar-III. The Air Force version uses an [[Ashok Leyland]] truck platform to tow the missile launcher, while the Radar is on a [[BMP-2]] chassis and is called the Battery Level Radar-II. In either case, the launchers carry three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers are automated, autonomous and networked to a command post and the guidance radar. They are slewable in azimuth and elevation. The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.

The IAF has initiated the process to induct the [[Akash missile|Akash]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s developed as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. The Multiple target handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in a C4I environment during the trials. Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005 itself. The Akash System's 3-D central acquisition radar (3-D car) group mode performance was then fully established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams/ |title=IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's |publisher=Frontierindia.net |date=3 May 2007 |access-date=2010-08-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325051818/http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams/ |archive-date=25 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3629 |title=Air Force Impressed With Akash Surface To Air Missiles Performance |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=2010-08-31}}</ref>

In December 2007 [[Indian Air Force]] completed user trials for the Akash missile system. The trials, which were spread over ten days, were successful, and the missile hit its target on all five occasions. Before the ten-day trial at Chandipur, the Akash system's ECCM Evaluation tests were carried out at Gwalior Air force base while mobility trials for the system vehicles were carried out at Pokhran. The IAF had evolved the user Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency in engaging targets. The following trials were conducted: Against low-flying near-range target, long-range high-altitude target, crossing and approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low-altitude receding target.<ref>[http://www.drdo.com/bnews/jan08/akash_test.htm "DRDO report on Akash Air Defence Weapon System"]''[[DRDO]]''</ref>
Following this, the IAF declared that it would initiate the induction of 2 squadrons strength (each squadron with 2 batteries) of this missile system, to begin with. Once deliveries are complete, further orders would be placed to replace retiring SA-3 GOA (Pechora) SAM systems.<ref name="Sify News">{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14580887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231181012/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14580887 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2007 |title=IAF to induct indigenous Akash missile |access-date=27 December 2007 |date=26 December 2007|publisher=[[Sify News]]}}</ref><ref>Ajai Shukla (23 January 2008)[http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=lmnu2&subLeft=1&autono=311447&tab=r "Missile mission meets target" ] ''[[Business Standard]]''</ref> In February 2010, the Indian Air Force ordered six more squadrons of the Akash system, taking orders to eight of the type. The Indian Army is also expected to order the Akash system.

== Nag ==
{{main|Nag Missile}}

[[File:Nag with NAMICA Defexpo-2008.JPG|thumb|[[Nag Missile]]]]
'''Nag''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: नाग meaning ''cobra'') is India's third generation "[[Fire-and-forget]]" [[Anti-tank guided missile|anti-tank missile]]. It is an all weather, [[top attack]] missile with a range of 0.5 to 4 km.

The missile uses an 8 kg [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) [[tandem warhead]] capable of defeating modern armour including [[Explosive reactive armour#Explosive reactive armour|Explosive Reactive Armour]] (ERA) and [[composite armour]]. Nag uses [[infrared homing|Imaging Infra-Red (IIR)]] guidance with day and night capability. Mode of launch for the IIR seeker is LOBL (lock-on before launch). Nag can be mounted on an infantry vehicle; a helicopter launched version will also be available with integration work being carried out with the [[HAL Dhruv]].

Separate versions for the Army and the Air Force are being developed. For the Army, the missiles will be carried by specialist carrier vehicles (NAMICA-Nag Missile Carrier) equipped with a [[thermographic camera]] for target acquisition. NAMICA is a modified [[BMP-2]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]] licence produced as "Sarath" in India. The carriers are capable of carrying four ready-to-fire missiles in the observation/launch platform which can be elevated with more missiles available for reload within the carrier. For the Air Force, a nose-mounted thermal imaging system has been developed for guiding the missile's trajectory "Helina". The missile has a completely [[fiberglass]] structure and weighs around 42 kg.

Nag was test fired for the 45th time on 19 March 2005 from the Test Range at [[Ahmednagar]] ([[Maharashtra]]), signalling the completion of the developmental phase. It will now enter production phase, subject to user trials and acceptance by the [[Indian Army]].

Further versions of the missile may make use of an all-weather [[Extremely high frequency|Milli-metre Wave]] (mmW) seeker as an additional option. This seeker has reportedly been developed and efforts are on to integrate it into the missile.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Rajendra Radar]]
* [[SA-6|SA-6 Gainful]]
* [[Agni missile system]]
* [[List of missiles]]
* [[Dongfeng (missile)|Dongfeng]]

== External links ==
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/india/ CSIS Missile Threat – India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105011002/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Akash.html Bharat Rakshak's page of Akash]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105010952/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Trishul.html Bharat Rakshak's page on Trishul]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105010959/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Nag.html Nag Missile]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Missile defense]]
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons of India]]
[[Category:Military projects]]
[[Category:Secret military programs]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in India]]