Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme

2022-01-01T09:49:24Z

2405:201:E021:40C8:D5E7:E85E:92E4:BA30: /* Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2 */ solid booster from Sagarika

{{Short description|India's anti ballistic missile programme}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
The '''Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Program''' is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered [[ballistic missile defence]] system to protect [[India]] from [[ballistic missile]] attacks. Phase 1 has been successfully tested and completed and deployment awaits final official permission. Phase 2 is under development.<ref name="IHT">{{cite web |last=Ratliff |first=Ben |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php |title=India expects to use missile interception system as a weapon, top scientist says |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209163603/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php |archive-date=9 December 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |title=India developing new missiles Towards destroying hostile missiles |date=3 December 2006 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629092610/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |archive-date=29 June 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from [[Pakistan]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202110808/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20061211/defence.shtml%26SET%3DT The New Guardian]'' India unveils an all new anti-ballistic missile expected to be the fore-runner of a sophisticated air defence system to thwart, among other threats, a Pakistani nuclear weapons attack'' {{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref> and [[China]], it is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based [[Anti-ballistic missile|interceptor missiles]], namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |title=India tests interceptor missile |date=6 March 2009 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310155431/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |archive-date=10 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite web|title=India's Ballistic Missile Defence system: All you need to know - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-ballistic-missile-defence-system-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/57105516.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212223318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-ballistic-missile-defence-system-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/57105516.cms|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by the AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after [[United States]], [[Russia]], and [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ratliff |first=Ben |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php |title=India successfully tests missile interceptor |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310002406/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php |archive-date=10 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The system has undergone several tests but system is yet to be officially commissioned.

As per reports emerged in January 2020, the first phase of BMD program is now complete, the [[Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force (IAF)]] and the [[DRDO]] are waiting for the [[Government of India|government]]'s approval to install the missile shield for the [[New Delhi|national capital]] and will take three to four years to install shield after approval.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-ballistic-missile-shield-ready-iaf-drdo-to-seek-govt-nod-to-protect-delhi/345853/|title=India's ballistic missile shield ready, IAF & DRDO to seek govt nod to protect Delhi|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=8 January 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>

==Background==
Since the early 90s, India has faced the threat of ballistic missile attacks from Pakistan against which it has fought multiple [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|wars in the past]] and also from China. With the heightening of tensions in the region, and in response to Pakistan's deployment of [[Dongfeng missile#Dongfeng 11 (CSS-7)|M-11]] missiles bought from China, the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] in August 1995 procured six batteries of [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] [[Surface-to-air missiles]] to protect New Delhi and other cities.{{According to whom|date=July 2012}} In May 1998, India for the second time (since its [[Smiling Buddha|first test in 1974]]) tested nuclear weapons (''see [[Pokhran-II]]''), followed by Pakistan (''see [[Chagai-I]]'') with its first-ever nuclear test. With Pakistan's [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|testing]] of nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems, this threat intensified. India has also developed and tested missile delivery systems during [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP).{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

In 1999, the [[Kargil War]] between India and Pakistan became the first direct conflict between two declared nuclear powers. As the war progressed, the first hint of the possible use of a nuclear weapon was on 31 May, when Pakistani [[Foreign Secretary of Pakistan|foreign secretary]] [[Shamshad Ahmad]] made a statement warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use "any weapon" in its [[arsenal]].<ref>Quoted in News Desk, "Pakistan May Use Any Weapon," The News, 31 May 1999.</ref> This was immediately interpreted as an obvious threat of a nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war. The leader of [[Senate of Pakistan|Pakistan's senate]] noted that "''the purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed''."<ref>[http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_18_2.pdf Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112015736/http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_18_2.pdf |date=12 November 2008 }}</ref> Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998, Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent cover to markedly increase coercion against India.<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17967 Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran By George Perkovich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112075840/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17967 |date=12 January 2008 }} – Testimony by George Perkovich before the House Armed Services Committee, 1 February 2006</ref>

Development of an [[anti-ballistic missile]] system began in late 1999,<ref name="vk">[http://www.defensenews.com/aero/story.php?id=2524130 Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> suggesting that India initiated the programme in light of Pakistan's eschewing of a nuclear [[No first use]] policy and heightened tensions during the [[Kargil War]] including a possibility of full-scale nuclear war. Development accelerated after Washington vetoed a bid by India to acquire the Israeli [[Arrow-2]] interceptor in 2002.<ref name="nationalinterest.org">{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/americas-killer-m1-abrams-tank-now-has-its-own-shields-22719|title=Get Ready, Pakistan: India Is Developing Its Own Missile-Defense Shield|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=15 October 2017|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125908/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/americas-killer-m1-abrams-tank-now-has-its-own-shields-22719|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Phase-I of the system will enable interception of missiles up to a 2,000-km range, which will be extended to 5,000-km range in Phase-II.<ref name="TOI1" />

== Development ==
===Phase 1===
[[File:AAD Integration 2.JPG|thumb|Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Endo-atmospheric interceptor missile, being integrated at the Programme Air Defence ABM missile production facilities in [[Hyderabad]]. Note the Missile Jet Vanes at the end of the rocket motor. The system provides for very quick pitch over and roll control during launch.]]
Development of the anti-ballistic missile system began in 1999. Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include [[Ordnance Factory Board]], [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and [[Bharat Dynamics]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1614356.ece?ref=archive|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918091519/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1614356.ece?ref=archive|url-status=dead|title=Business Line : Today's Paper / ECONOMY : 40 cos involved in making o…|date=18 September 2012|archive-date=18 September 2012|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ft" />

[[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and the [[active radar seeker]]. [[Advanced Systems Laboratory]] (ASL) provided the motors, jet vanes and structures for the AAD and PAD. [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) supplied the propellants for the missile.<ref name="ft">{{Cite news|author=T.S. SUBRAMANIAN|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2425/stories/20080104242512300.htm|title=Smashing hit|date=22 December 2007|work=Frontline|access-date=6 February 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817221339/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2425/stories/20080104242512300.htm|archive-date=17 August 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Research Centre Imarat and Programme Air Defence (PGAD) at [[Hyderabad]] are spearheading the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Programme (PGAD) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/ballistic-missile-defence-bmd-programme-pgad |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref>

As of April 2019, the Phase-1 of the program has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-completes-phase-one-of-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-nod-for-missiles-awaited/224959/|title=India completes phase one of ballistic missile defence programme, nod for missiles awaited|date=23 April 2019|work=The Print|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807170949/https://theprint.in/defence/india-completes-phase-one-of-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-nod-for-missiles-awaited/224959/|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Phase 2===
Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with a range of around {{convert|5000|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200801071858.htm |title=India to develop high speed interceptors |work=The Hindu |date=7 January 2008 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105191155/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200801071858.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The test trials of these two systems were expected to take place in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/170167.html |title=India developing ballistic missiles to destroy IRBMs, ICBMs |publisher=Earthtimes.org |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204134636/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/170167.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new missile will be similar to the [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] missile deployed by US. These missiles will travel at [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic speeds]] and will require radars with scan capability of over {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} to successfully intercept the target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31874&sectionid=4&issueid=96&Itemid=1 |title=DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs |work=India Today |date=9 March 2009 |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref>
On 6 May 2012, Dr. V. K. Saraswat while confirming the completion of Phase-I added that Phase-II would be completed by 2016 to protect against missiles having range up to 5,000 km.<ref name="thehindu.com" />

India is also planning to develop a laser based weapon system as part of its defence to intercept and destroy missiles soon after they are launched towards the country. DRDO's Air Defence Programme Director V. K. Saraswat says its ideal to destroy a ballistic missile carrying nuclear or conventional warheads in its [[boost phase]]. Saraswat further added that it will take another 10–15 years for the premier defence research institute to make it usable on the ground.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200901181531.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=India plans to use laser weapons in Ballistic Missile Defence |date=18 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201062233/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200901181531.htm |archive-date=1 February 2011 }}</ref>

The [[DRDO Floating Test Range]] is expected to assist in the development of the Phase 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-age-weapons-set-to-add-to-india-s-arsenal/story-SUcRAjtwyZRej8Fq0SHSJJ.html|title=India's 1st floating test range ready, ballistic missile defence trials on cards|date=27 October 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027151316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-age-weapons-set-to-add-to-india-s-arsenal/story-SUcRAjtwyZRej8Fq0SHSJJ.html|archive-date=27 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This vessel [[INS Anvesh (A41)|INS ''Anvesh'' (A41)]] was set to undergo sea trials in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sea-trials-for-floating-missile-test-range-ins-anvesh-begin-this-month-101630984781024.html|title=Sea trials for floating missile test range INS Anvesh begin this month|date=21 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>{{needs update|date=November 2021}}

==Components==
The two-tiered BMD System consists of the PAD, which will intercept missiles at [[exoatmospheric|exo-atmospheric]] altitudes of {{convert|50|-|80|km|abbr=on}} and the AAD missile for interception at endo-atmospheric altitudes of up to {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}}. The deployed system would consist of many launch vehicles, [[radar]]s, Launch Control Centres (LCC) and the Mission Control Centre (MCC). All these are geographically distributed and connected by a secure communication network.<ref name="vk" />

The MCC is the software intensive system of the ballistic missile defence system. It receives information from various sources such as radars and [[satellite]]s which is then processed by ten computers which run simultaneously. The MCC is connected to all other elements of the defence through a [[Wide area network|WAN]]. MCC performs target classification, target assignment and kill assessment. It also acts as a decision support system for the commander. It can also decide the number of interceptors required for the target for an assured kill probability.<ref name="vk" /> After performing all these functions, the MCC assigns the target to the LCC of a launch battery. The LCC starts computing the time to launch the interceptor based upon information received from a radar based on the speed, altitude and flight path of the target. LCC prepares the missile for launch in real time and carries out ground guidance computation.<ref name="vk" />

After the interceptor is launched, it is provided target information from the radar through a datalink. When the interceptors close onto the target missile, it activates the radar seeker to search for the target missile and guides itself to intercept the target. Multiple PAD and AAD interceptors can be launched against a target for high kill probability.<ref name="vk" />

=== Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) / Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor ===
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile = yes
|name = Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)
| image = PAD integration.JPG
| image_size = 250
|caption =
|origin = India
|type = Exo-atmospheric [[Anti-ballistic missile|Anti-ballistic]] [[missile]]
|used_by =
|designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost =
|propellant = '''First stage:''' Dual propellant [[liquid fuel]] and [[oxidiser]], '''Second stage:''' [[Solid fuel]]
|production_date = 26 November 2006
|service = Induction Phase
|engine = Two Stage with gas thruster
|weight =
|length =
|height =
|diameter =
|wingspan =
|speed = [[Mach number|Mach]] 5
|vehicle_range = {{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/drdo-bmd/|title=DRDO Ballistic Missile Defence System|website=Army Technology|language=en-GB|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108091909/https://www.army-technology.com/projects/drdo-bmd/|archive-date=8 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|ceiling =
|altitude = {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/india-to-test-layered-missile-defence |title=India to test Layered Missile Defence – Frontier India – News, Analysis, Opinion – Frontier India – News, Analysis, Opinion |publisher=Frontier India |access-date=2 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827032330/http://frontierindia.net/india-to-test-layered-missile-defence |archive-date=27 August 2012 }}</ref>
|filling = Pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]] warhead
|filling_weight = {{convert|40|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with ground-based mid-course correction '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing]]
|detonation = [[Proximity fuze]]
|launch_platform = [[BEML Limited|BEML]]-[[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]] 8 × 8
}}[[File:A modified Prithvi missile as the enemy target lifting off from the integrated test range at Chandipur-on-sea for the advanced air defence missile test on December 06, 2007.jpg|thumb|Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile test on 6 December 2007 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur.|249x249px|alt=|left]]

The '''Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)''' is an anti-ballistic missile developed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere (exo-atmospheric). Based on the [[Prithvi missile]], PAD is a two-stage missile with a maximum interception altitude of {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}. The first stage is a Solid fuelled motor while the second stage is Liquid fuelled.<ref name="vk" /><ref>[http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive07/indbmd_0129.html India Plans Second Anti-Ballistic-Missile Test in June] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711191002/http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive07/indbmd_0129.html |date=11 July 2009 }}''The interceptor rocket has a liquid-fuelled first stage that uses two propellants and oxidisers, and a solid-fuel second stage with a gas thruster that can turn the rocket at more than five Gs. The missile carries sensors to guide it to its target.''</ref> It has manoeuvre thrusters which can generate a lateral acceleration of more than 5 ''g''s at {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} altitude. Guidance is provided by an internal navigation system with mid-course updates from LRTR and active radar homing in the terminal phase.<ref name="vk" /> PAD has capability to engage the {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}} class of ballistic missiles at a speed of Mach 5.<ref name="vk" /> PAD is fast enough to hit [[medium-range ballistic missile]]s and [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]]s.

LRTR is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the PAD missile. It is an active phased array radar having capability to track 200 targets at a range of {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="vk" /> The PAD missile has also been called ''[[Pradyumna]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=July2008&file=World_News2008072515025.xml|title=The Peninsula On-line: Qatar's leading English Daily|date=27 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727164534/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=July2008&file=World_News2008072515025.xml|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-date=27 July 2008}}</ref>

Further development led to the improvement of the interception range from {{convert|50|to|80|km|abbr=on}}. The improved missile will utilise a gimbaled directional warhead, a technology also used by Israel, the US and Russia. This technology allows for a smaller warhead to destroy the target missile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030460291100.htm |title=Crucial interceptor missile test this week |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108160551/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030460291100.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The second stage of the PAD uses [[liquid rocket propellant]], which corrodes fuel tanks when stored for long, the PAD could not be on standby 24/7. Instead, it would need to be filled up during a period of crisis in anticipation of trouble. This is less than optimal for a weapon intended to defend against an attack at any moment.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

====Prithvi Air Defence Exercise====
The PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) was conducted on November 2006 in which a PAD missile successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II Missile at an altitude of {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}. The Prithvi-II [[ballistic missile]] was modified successfully to mimic the trajectory of [[Dongfeng (missile)#Dongfeng 11 (CSS-7)|M-11 missiles]].

DRDO plans to test the anti-ballistic shield against missiles with a range of {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}}. The test will be conducted with a modified Prithvi missile launched from a naval ship and the anti-ballistic missile launched from [[Wheeler Island (India)|Wheeler Island]]. The interception of the target missile will take place at approximately {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} altitude.<ref>[http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20090213260309700.htm Missile shield] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131052422/http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20090213260309700.htm |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref>

On 6 March 2009 the DRDO carried out a second successful test of the PAD interceptor missile. The target used was ship launched [[Prithvi (missile)|Dhanush missile]] which followed the trajectory of a missile with range of a {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}. The target was tracked by Swordfish (LRTR) radar and destroyed by the PAD at {{convert|75|km|abbr=on}} altitude.

On 6 March 2011 DRDO successfully test-fired interceptor missile from Advanced Air Defence (AAD) which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Wheeler Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of 4.5 Mach to destroy it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715?pfrom=home-India |title=Interceptor missile test fired successfully |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=6 March 2011 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152328/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715?pfrom=home-India |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor===
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile = yes
|name = Advanced Air Defence (AAD)
| image = AAD Launch Crop.jpg
| image_size = 250
|caption = Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile launched during Electronic Target Trials on 2 December 2007 from [[Abdul Kalam Island|Abdul Kalam island]] Test Range.
|origin = India
|type = [[Missile defence#Intercept location relative to the atmosphere|Endoatmospheric]] [[Anti-ballistic missile|Anti-ballistic]] [[missile]]
|used_by =
|designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost =
|propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
|production_date = 6 December 2007
|service = Induction Phase
|engine = Single stage<ref name="Aroor AAD">{{Cite news | first = Shiv | last = Aroor | title = Another anti-missile test planned for June | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/22250.html | work = [[The Indian Express]] | date = 1 February 2007 | access-date = 27 January 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202082941/http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/22250.html | archive-date = 2 February 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|weight = {{convert|1200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|7.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|height =
|diameter = <{{convert|0.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|wingspan =
|speed = [[Mach number|Mach]] 5
|vehicle_range = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|ceiling = {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":2" />
|SAM operational range {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|altitude =
|filling = Pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]] warhead
|filling_weight = {{convert|80|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system]] with mid-course update '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing]]
|detonation = [[Hit-to-kill]] interception
|launch_platform = [[BEML Limited|BEML]]-[[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]] 8 × 8
}}

'''Advanced Air Defence''' (AAD) is an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the endo-atmosphere at an altitude of {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: India’s Homemade Anti-Ballistic Missile Shield Ready|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/report-indias-homemade-anti-ballistic-missile-shield-ready/|access-date=29 October 2021|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> AAD is a single-stage, solid-fuelled missile with siliconised carbon jet vanes. Guidance is similar to that of PAD with indigenous radio frequency seeker. It supports [[inertial navigation system]] (INS), mid-course updates from ground-based radar and [[active radar homing]] in the terminal phase. It is {{convert|7.5|m|abbr=on}} tall, weighs around {{convert|1.2|t|abbr=on}} and a diameter of less than {{convert|0.5|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120761241800.htm |title=Interceptor missile scores 'direct hit' |date=7 December 2007 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026072530/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120761241800.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:Advance Air Defence (AAD-02) interceptor missile in flying mode, launched from wheeler island of Dhamra coast in Orissa.jpg|thumb|Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile test conducted on 6 December 2007 from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Wheeler's Island, Orissa for intercepting incoming missile at an altitude of 15 km.|290x290px|alt=|left]]On 6 December 2007, AAD successfully intercepted a modified [[Prithvi II missile|Prithvi-II]] missile acting as an incoming ballistic missile enemy target. The endo-atmospheric interception was carried out at an altitude of {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}. The interceptor and all the elements performed in a copy book fashion validating the endo-atmospheric layer of the defence system. The launch was also shown through a video link at a control room of DRDO Bhawan, at Delhi.
The sequence of events of the test was as follows. At 11 am the [[Prithvi (missile)]] lifted off from Launch Complex III at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]], [[Odisha]]. Radars at [[Konark]], [[Paradeep|Paradip]] detected the missile and were continuously tracking it. The target information was sent to MCC for further processing. MCC classified the target, calculated the trajectory of the missile and assigned the target to a AAD battery located on Abdul Kalam Island (Wheeler Island), {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} across the sea from Chandipur. The AAD was launched when the Prithvi reached an apogee of {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}}. The AAD with the help of midcourse updates and its terminal seeker manoeuvres itself towards the target. AAD makes a direct hit at an altitude of {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} and at a speed of Mach 4. Radars detected formation of a large number of tracks, signifying that the target had broken into multiple pieces. The thermal cameras located on Wheeler Island also picked up the direct hit through thermal images.<ref name="ft" />

Due to two successful interceptor missile tests carried out by India, the scientists have said that the AAD missile could be modified into a new extended range (up to {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}}) [[surface-to-air missile]] that could be possibly named as 'Ashwin'.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/indias-interceptor-missile-test-yields-new-surface-to-surface-missile-as-a-spin-off_1008669.html |title=India's interceptor missile test yields new surface-to-surface missile as a spin off – Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=12 December 2007 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016183822/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/indias-interceptor-missile-test-yields-new-surface-to-surface-missile-as-a-spin-off_1008669.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 March 2010, AAD interceptor missile test from the Odisha coast on Monday was aborted, as the target missile deviated from its path and plunged into the sea. The AAD missile was to intercept the target at an altitude of 15 to 20 km over the sea. The target, a Prithvi missile, fired at 10:02 am from a mobile launcher from the Integrated Test Range Complex-3 at Chandipur-on-Sea, 15 km from here, deviated from its trajectory after travelling about 11 km and fell into the sea.

On 26 July 2010, AAD was successfully test-fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Wheeler Island off the Odisha's east coast.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/advanced-air-defence-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired-39780 |title=Advanced Air Defence interceptor missile successfully test-fired |publisher=NDTV.com |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002233407/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/advanced-air-defence-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired-39780 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:The Ballistic Missile Interceptor Advanced Area Defence (AAD) flight tested from Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha on August 02, 2018.JPG|thumb|Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile intercepted and destroyed an incoming modified Prithvi ballistic missile with a direct hit on 28 December 2017.[[File:Target missile for Advanced Area Defence interceptor test.jpg|thumb|188x188px|Modified Prithvi missile, target for Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor test on 28 December 2017.]]|191x191px|alt=|left]]
On 6 March 2011, India launched its indigenously developed interceptor missile from the Odisha coast. India successfully test-fired its interceptor missile which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the Bay of Bengal. The interceptor, Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Wheeler Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of 5 Mach to destroy it. As the trial was aimed at achieving the desired result with precision, the interceptor missile had its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars.

"''It was a fantastic launch. The trial, conducted from two launch sites of ITR off Orissa coast for developing a full fledged multi-layer Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) system, was fully successful''", he said.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715 |title=Interceptor missile test fired successfully |publisher=NDTV.com |date=6 March 2011 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152345/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 February 2012, AAD was again successfully test-fired from Wheeler Island off the state coast near [[Dhamra]] in [[Bhadrak district]], about 170 km from [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-test-fires-missile-interceptor/articleshow/11833769.cms | work=The Times of India | title=India successfully test-fires missile interceptor | date=10 February 2012 | access-date=10 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210104831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-test-fires-missile-interceptor/articleshow/11833769.cms | archive-date=10 February 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 November 2012, India again successfully testfired its home-made supersonic Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile from a defence base off the coast of the eastern state of Odisha. "''The test-firing was part of India's efforts to create a missile defence shield against incoming enemy missiles. The AAD interceptor missile, which was fired from the Wheeler Island off the Odishan coast, successfully destroyed mid-air an incoming ballistic missile launched from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, about 70 km from the Wheeler Island.''"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1465 | title=India successfully test-fires AAD missile interceptor | date=23 November 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311002913/http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1465 | archive-date=11 March 2013 }}</ref>

On 6 April 2015 an improved AAD was tested. The missile was launched from a canister for the first time and the composite rocket motor fired successfully. The missile had improvements over the previous version in terms of bigger warhead, improved maneuverability and reduced mis-distance. As the missile was in the air one of the sub systems malfunctioned making it veer away from the flight path resulting in the failure of the mission. Another test is supposed to take place within 30–45 days after detecting and resolving the problem.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/star-wars-setback-as-drdo-interceptor-missile-malfunctions-115040601007_1.html|title=Star Wars setback as DRDO interceptor missile malfunctions|first=Ajai|last=Shukla|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 April 2015|access-date=3 November 2018|via=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050220/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/star-wars-setback-as-drdo-interceptor-missile-malfunctions-115040601007_1.html|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/intercepter-missile-test-odisha-coast-wheeler-island-drdo/article7073662.ece|title=Interceptor missile test off Odisha coast fails|first=Y.|last=Mallikarjun|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 April 2015|access-date=3 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

On 22 November 2015 an upgraded version of AAD (Advanced Air Defence) was successfully tested. The anti-ballistic missile took off at 9.40 a.m. from the A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Wheeler) Island soon after it received the command to waylay and destroy an incoming electronically simulated target missile. Conditions similar to the launch of a target missile from [[Balasore]] were simulated electronically and upon receiving its coordinates, the interceptor missile, travelling at supersonic speed, engaged and destroyed the "virtual target" in mid-flight.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/upgraded-interceptor-missile-successfully-engages-electronically-simulated-target-missile/article7905298.ece| title=Upgraded interceptor missile successfully hits virtual target| date=22 November 2015| access-date=26 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123001117/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/upgraded-interceptor-missile-successfully-engages-electronically-simulated-target-missile/article7905298.ece| archive-date=23 January 2016| url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 May 2016, DRDO officially reported that AAD intercepted and destroyed a Prithvi ballistic missile fired from a ship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-successfully-test-fires-supersonic-interceptor-missile/237107.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518060300/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-successfully-test-fires-supersonic-interceptor-missile/237107.html |archive-date=18 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 December 2017, DRDO successfully carried out AAD missile test in which an incoming modified Prithvi ballistic missile was intercepted and destroyed with a direct hit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kalingatv.com/latestnews/supersonic-interceptor-missile-test-fired-kalam-island/|title=Supersonic interceptor missile test-fired from Kalam Island • KalingaTV|date=28 December 2017|work=KalingaTV|access-date=28 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172101/https://kalingatv.com/latestnews/supersonic-interceptor-missile-test-fired-kalam-island/|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 August 2018, a successful test was carried out from [[Abdul Kalam Island]] where one of multiple incoming targets simulating 1,500 km class ballistic missiles was destroyed.<ref>{{cite news |title=India successfully test-fires supersonic interceptor missile off Odisha's coast |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/supersonic-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired/20180802.htm |work=Rediff.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2 August 2018 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223544/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/supersonic-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired/20180802.htm |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV)===
{{Infobox weapon
|origin = India
|type = [[Exosphere|Exo-atmospheric]] interceptor missile
|is_missile = yes
|name = Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV)
|image =
|image_size = 250
|caption =
|used_by =
|designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost =
|propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
|production_date =
|service =
|engine = Two stage [[rocket motor]]
|weight =
|length =
|height =
|diameter =
|wingspan =
|speed =
|vehicle_range = {{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/11/what-makes-prithvi-missile-interceptor-one-of-the-best-in-the-world-here-are-10-reasons-1569593.html|title=What makes Prithvi missile interceptor one of the best in the world: Here are 10 reasons|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108082229/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/11/what-makes-prithvi-missile-interceptor-one-of-the-best-in-the-world-here-are-10-reasons-1569593.html|archive-date=8 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|ceiling =
|altitude = {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}}><ref name=":2" />
|filling =
|guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Ring laser gyroscope|Ring laser gyro]] based [[inertial navigation system]] and redundant micro navigation system, '''Terminal:''' [[Infrared homing|Imaging infrared homing]]
|detonation = [[Hit-to-kill]] interception
|launch_platform =
}}

In 2009, reports emerged of a new [[Exosphere|exo-atmospheric]] interceptor missile named the Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) interceptor missile. The DRDO is developing a new Prithvi interceptor missile codenamed PDV. It will be a two-stage missile and both the stages will be powered by solid propellants. It will have an innovative system for controlling the vehicle at an altitude of more than 180 km.<ref name=":2" /> The PDV is intended to replace the existing PAD in the PAD/AAD combination. It will have an [[Infinite impulse response|IIR]] seeker for its kill vehicle as well. The PDV will replace the PAD with a far more capable missile and will complete the Phase 1 of the BMD system, allowing it to be operational by 2013. Whereupon Phase 2 development will take over for protection against missiles of the {{convert|5000|km|abbr=on}} range class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/31874/LATEST%20HEADLINES/DRDO+readies+shield+against+Chinese+ICBMs.html |title=DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs |work=India Today |date=9 March 2009 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316075551/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/31874/LATEST%20HEADLINES/DRDO+readies+shield+against+Chinese+ICBMs.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first test flight of the missile was expected in 2010.<ref>[http://www.drdo.org/pub/nl/2010/jan10.pdf DRDO publication Jan 2010.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411201634/http://www.drdo.org/pub/nl/2010/jan10.pdf |date=11 April 2013 }}</ref> The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100.htm |title=DRDO to launch series of missiles |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108160559/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 27 April 2014 first PDV was successfully test conducted by DRDO.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=838755 |title=India Successfully Test-Fires New Interceptor Missile |publisher=News.outlookindia.com |access-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428163936/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=838755 |archive-date=28 April 2014 }}</ref> On 11 February 2017, DRDO successfully conducted second test for PDV missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-test-fires-interceptor-missile/articleshow/57093816.cms|title=India successfully test-fires interceptor missile - Times of India ►|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502202042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-test-fires-interceptor-missile/articleshow/57093816.cms|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The third test was conducted on 12 February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|title=India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190430/https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2 ===
{{See also|2019 Indian anti-satellite missile test}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2
| image = Launch of DRDO's Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor missile for an ASAT test on 27 March 2019.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = PDV Mk.2/XSV-1 interceptor launched to target [[Microsat-R]]
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[Exoatmospheric|Exo-atmospheric]] interceptor missile
| service =
| used_by =
| weight = 18.87 t
| length = {{convert|13.2|m|ft}}
| diameter = {{convert|1.4|m|ft}}
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| number =
| variants =
| height =
| range =
| detonation = [[Hit-to-kill]] interception
| transport = [[Transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) system
| launch_platform =
| accuracy = >10 cm<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms|title=ASAT missile: Satellite-killer not a one-off, India working on star wars armoury {{!}} India News - Times of India|last1=P|first1=Rajat|last2=Apr 7|first2=it {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=8 November 2019|last3=2019|last4=Ist|first4=9:51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602123612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms|archive-date=2 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| speed =
| altitude = {{convert|1200|km|mi|abbr=on}}>
| vehicle_range =
| engine = Two stage [[rocket motor]] with third stage [[kinetic kill vehicle]]
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| filling =
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Ring laser gyroscope|Ring laser gyro]] based [[inertial navigation system]] and redundant micro navigation system, '''Terminal:''' [[Infrared homing|Imaging infrared homing]]
}}

In March 2019, India conducted an [[Mission Shakti|ASAT test]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/why-indias-asat-test-was-reckless/|title=Why India's ASAT Test Was Reckless|last=Diplomat|first=Marco Langbroek, The|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506215045/https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/why-indias-asat-test-was-reckless/|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> India officially confirmed that this missile was a Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31179/Frequently_Asked_Questions_on_Mission_Shakti_Indias_AntiSatellite_Missile_test_conducted_on_27_March_2019|title=Frequently Asked Questions on Mission Shakti, India's Anti-Satellite Missile test conducted on 27 March, 2019|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410104320/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F31179%2FFrequently_Asked_Questions_on_Mission_Shakti_Indias_AntiSatellite_Missile_test_conducted_on_27_March_2019|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> PDV Mk.2 is a 13 m tall, 18.87 tons, three stage missile. [[Solid rocket motor]]s with flexible nozzles constituted the first two stages, with the Kill Vehicle being the third stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/April/din-10april2019.pdf|title=DRDO in News|date=10 April 2019|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424072021/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/April/din-10april2019.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/87788/india-s-drdo-reveals-additional-details-of-recent-asat-missile-test|title=India's DRDO reveals additional details of recent ASAT missile test {{!}} Jane's 360|website=Jane’s 360|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807054435/https://www.janes.com/article/87788/india-s-drdo-reveals-additional-details-of-recent-asat-missile-test|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a report published on the official [[DRDO]] website, the missile has the capability to shoot down targets moving at 10 km per second in orbits as high as 1,200 km.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms|title=ASAT missile: Satellite-killer not a one-off, India working on star wars armoury {{!}} India News - Times of India|last=P|first=Rajat|date=7 April 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602123612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms|archive-date=2 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

It has been suggested that this missile may have the capability of [[Exosphere|exo-atmospheric]] [[Ballistic missile defence|interception]] of [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/asat-test-shows-india-has-means-to-destroy-icbms-in-outer-space-experts-119042200713_1.html|title=ASAT test shows India has means to destroy ICBMs in outer space: Experts|last=Kumar|first=Bhaswar|date=22 April 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807064526/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/asat-test-shows-india-has-means-to-destroy-icbms-in-outer-space-experts-119042200713_1.html|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A report published on the official [[DRDO]] website suggests the same.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/May/din-03may2019.pdf|title=DRDO ASAT test|date=3 May 2019|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810061625/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/May/din-03may2019.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> On DefExpo 2020, DRDO confirmed that PDV Mk.2 is ready for limited series production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/94168/defexpo-2020-drdo-says-asat-weapon-system-is-ready-for-further-limited-production|title=Defexpo 2020: DRDO says ASAT weapon system is 'ready for further limited production' {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The [[solid rocket booster]] used is a derivative of the technology first developed for [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika missile]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=31 December 2021|title=The ‘K’ factor in the recent missile tests|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-k-factor-in-the-recent-missile-tests-1894315-2021-12-30|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

===Swordfish RADAR===

{{Update|section|date = November 2019}}
{{Main|Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar}}

[[Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar|Swordfish]] is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the BMD system. The Long Range Tracking Radar (LRTR) currently has a range of {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800|km|abbr=on}} and can spot objects as small as a [[cricket ball]]. The DRDO plans to upgrade the capacity of Swordfish to 1,500 km by 2017.<ref name="et">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Major-defence-deals-up-for-grabs/articleshow/5294065.cms|title=Major defence deals up for grabs|author=Peerzada Abrar|date=3 December 2009|work=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102233616/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Major-defence-deals-up-for-grabs/articleshow/5294065.cms|archive-date=2 January 2017|access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref>

The 1,500 km range upgraded variant called Super Swordfish or Very Long Range Tracking Radar (VLRTR) was raised in 2017 for Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme and is now operational.<ref>{{cite web|title=Major Achievements from 2014 to 2018|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/4YearsOfNDA/Comprehensive-Materials/defence.pdf|access-date=30 September 2021|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

==Deployment==
According to scientist V K Saraswat of [[DRDO]] the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent. On 6 May 2012, Dr V K Saraswat confirmed that Phase-I is complete and can be deployed to protect two Indian cities at a short notice. He also added that Phase-I is comparable to [[MIM-104 Patriot|PAC-3 system]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece |title=Missile defence shield ready: DRDO chief |work=The Hindu |date=6 May 2012 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114022736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rajat Pandit, TNN, 26 November 2007, 02:43AM IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms |title=India on way to joining exclusive BMD club |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2007 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513163850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
New Delhi, the national capital, and [[Mumbai]], have been selected for the ballistic missile defence shield.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms| title= Delhi, Mumbai selected for ballistic missile defence shield| date= 24 June 2012| access-date= 24 June 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120624214841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms| archive-date= 24 June 2012| url-status= live}}</ref> After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328 |title=Delhi, Mumbai to get missile defence shield – NDTV News |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412170400/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as {{convert|2500|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. When the Phase II is completed and PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets from up to {{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions.<ref name=IBNLive>{{cite news|title=More Teeth to Defence System|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/more-teeth-to-defence-system/230239-60-117.html|access-date=27 July 2012|newspaper=IBNLive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms |title=Delhi, Mumbai to be first provided with missile defence shield |work=The Economic Times |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519045307/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms |archive-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2017, the government cleared the allocation of 850 hectares of land in [[Alwar district]] and 350 hectares in [[Pali district]] of [[Rajasthan]] for setting up radars to track missiles to the DRDO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-2-state-villages-chosen-by-drdo-for-setting-up-radar-to-track-enemy-2520834|title=2 state villages chosen by DRDO for setting up radar to track enemy {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=4 August 2017|work=dna|access-date=11 August 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811062621/http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-2-state-villages-chosen-by-drdo-for-setting-up-radar-to-track-enemy-2520834|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cruise missile defence==
Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low-flying manned aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system.

In order to ward off the threats of nuke-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an Advanced Air Defence missile (AAD).<ref name=IBNLIVE>{{cite news|title=India discovers methods to face missile wars|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/missile-wars-india-prepares-itself-after-cruise-missile-tests-by-pak/54298-3.html|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=IBNLive|date=16 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
DRDO Chief, Dr [[V K Saraswat]] stated in an Interview "''Our studies have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept''".<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like [[EL/W-2090]] [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat.<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

[[Barak-8]] is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system developed jointly by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) of India. The [[Indian Army]] inducted a variant of Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium-range [[surface-to-air]] air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea.<ref name=IANS>{{cite news|title=February trial for naval air defence missile|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Indo-Asian News service|date=16 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614193055/https://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It would also be inducted into the [[Indian Air Force]], followed by the Army.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lrsam-flighttested-successfully-in-israel/article6591545.ece|title=LRSAM flight tested successfully in Israel|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 November 2014|access-date=3 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818222400/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lrsam-flighttested-successfully-in-israel/article6591545.ece|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> India has a joint venture for this missile with [[Israel]].<ref name=NT>{{cite news|title=Naval Barak-8 Missiles, Israel, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/naval-barak-8-surface-air-missiles/|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Naval Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808005150/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/naval-barak-8-surface-air-missiles|archive-date=8 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently developed, India's [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile defence system also has the capability to "''neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles''".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/ |title=Akash missile successfully test fired for second day, ''Dated:November 18, 2014'' |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706133433/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/ |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|title=India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812154859/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|archive-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

XRSAM (eXtra-long Range Surface to Air Missile) is an Indian long-range mobile surface to air missile defence system under development by Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). The missile system will have a range of 250 km against fighter jets, 350 km against cruise missiles, sea skimming anti-ship missiles, AWACS and mid air refuelers and will be capable of bringing down ballistic missiles and stealth fighters in the terminal stage. The naval version of the missile might be also developed to supplement the LR-SAM missile in the Indian Navy.

On 17 November 2010, in an interview Rafael's Vice President Lova Drori confirmed that the [[David's Sling]] system has been offered to the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=IDefence>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |title=Rafael Confirms Offer of Iron Dome, David's Sling to Indian Armed Forces |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514002646/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3920920,00.html|title=India in talks to buy Iron Dome, David's Sling|date=18 July 2010|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104131411/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3920920,00.html|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International reaction==
===Pakistan===
Following the successful test on 15 May 2016, Pakistan on 20 May 2016 voiced concerns over India's test-fire of supersonic interceptor missile and said it would "''take all necessary measures to augment the country’s defense capabilities''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-wary-pakistan-pushes-un-to-declare-indian-ocean-nuclear-free-zone-2214563|title=Wary Pakistan pushes UN to declare Indian Ocean nuclear-free zone|date=20 May 2016|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104132943/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-wary-pakistan-pushes-un-to-declare-indian-ocean-nuclear-free-zone-2214563|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
According to US Deputy Defence Secretary [[Ashton Carter]], there is a potential for co-operation with India to develop a Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) shield.
"''That is an important potential area for our future cooperation''", Carter said while on his visit to India in July 2012.<ref name=BS>{{cite news|title=Potential for cooperation with India to develop BMD: US|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/potential-for-cooperationindia-to-develop-bmd-us/35778/|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=23 July 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anti-ballistic missile]]
* [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]]
* [[National Missile Defence]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], the organisation involved in the development of the ABM systems.
* [[Anti-satellite weapon]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080212071512/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Armoury.html Bharat-Rakshak Missile Page]
* [http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/launch_veh/20080108_defence.html India to have Ballistic Missile Defence system in place by 2010]
* {{Cite journal| author = Ghazala Yasmin | year = 2006 | title = Missile Defence in South Asia: Implications for the Region | journal = Strategic Studies Journal | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | publisher = Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI) | location = Islamabad | url = http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2006_files/no_3/article/a4.htm | access-date = 26 January 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202074834/http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2006_files/no_3/article/a4.htm  |archive-date = 2 February 2008}}
* {{Cite journal| author = Dr. Sanjay Badri-Maharaj | title = Ballistic Missile Defence for India | journal = IAF Today | publisher = Bharat-Rakshak | url = http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/BMD.html | access-date = 26 January 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071112050607/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/BMD.html  |archive-date = 12 November 2007}} – A detailed, but somewhat dated analysis.
* [http://www.deagel.com/news/Pradyumna-Ballistic-Missile-Interceptor-Scores-Third-Successful-Test-at-80km-of-Altitude_n000005789.aspx Pradyumna-Ballistic-Missile-Interceptor]
* [http://flonnet.com/stories/20090410260704100.htm Hat-trick of hits]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

===Videos===
* {{Cite video
|date = March 2009
|title = Third ABM test
|url = http://media1.itgo.in/indiatoday/video/March/030909103151_VTS_01_1_156k.wmv
|format = wmv
|publisher = DRDO
|location = Integrated Test Range, Chandipur
|access-date = 13 March 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308192355/http://media1.itgo.in/indiatoday/video/March/030909103151_VTS_01_1_156k.wmv
|archive-date = 8 March 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}
* {{Cite video
|date = 6 December 2007
|title = AAD Test Launch Video
|url = http://www.drdo.org/bnews/anti_test/aadst.wmv
|format = wmv
|publisher = DRDO
|location = Integrated Test Range, Chandipur
|access-date = 26 January 2008
}}
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpjVchNgUg Same Video from Youtube]
* {{Cite video
|date = 6 December 2007
|title = New Addition to India's Missile Shield
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHmbvscPx0A
|medium = News Report
|publisher = [[Times Now]]
|access-date = 27 January 2008
}}, News report about the AAD test and comments from Dr. M. Natrajan.
* {{Cite video
|people = Vishal Thapar
|date = 15 December 2008
|title = India's Answer To Pakistan's cruise missiles
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liq89UcnIYA
|medium = News Report
|publisher = CNN-IBN
|access-date = 27 January 2008
|quote = Dr. Saraswat, "Our studies have indicated that it ''(AAD)'' will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept".
}}
* {{Cite video
|date=September 2007
|title = Brahmos Missile and Interceptor Missile Development
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVmsdJHPU5o
|medium = Television production
|publisher = S1 TV
|time = 1:36
}} – News Report in Hindi.
* {{Cite video
|date = 1 May 2006
|title = Indian Tactical Missile Development
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah2Xw8WCKQE
|medium = Television production
|publisher = [[Doordarshan|Doordarshan News]]
|access-date = 27 January 2008
}}, DD News interview with Dr. V.K. Saraswat

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}
{{Politics of outer space}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Missile defense]]
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Anti-ballistic missiles of India]]

'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme