Krishna district

2021-07-07T13:24:51Z

2405:201:E01B:E096:E483:89ED:FBED:1478: /* Mandals */

{{short description|District of Andhra Pradesh in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Krishna district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| native_name =
| image_map = Krishna in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh
| coor_pinpoint = Machilipatnam
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = Krishna district
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Machilipatnam]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 50
| area_total_km2 = 8727
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4517398
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 40.81%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.74%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 992
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Imthaj
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]], [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]],
[[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies
| leader_name2 = 16
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP-16 (former)]]<br /> AP–39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121042200/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-date=21 November 2020 }}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Indian road network|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Asian Highway 45|AH-45]], [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH-65]],<br /> [[National Highway 221 (India)|NH-221]], [[National Highway 216 (India)|NH-216]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|17|N|81|13|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{url|krishna.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Krishna District Montage 01.png
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Kanaka Durga Temple]], [[Kondapalli Fort]], Buddhist remains in [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]], Lord [[Andhra Vishnu]] temple, [[Prakasam Barrage]], Manginagudi beach in [[Machilipatnam]]
}}

'''Krishna district''' is one of the nine districts in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Machilipatnam]] is the administrative headquarters and [[Vijayawada]] is the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|most populated city]] in the district. It has an area of {{convert|8727|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and had a population of {{formatnum:4529009}} as per [[2011 census of India]]. It is bounded by [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] on the east, [[Bay of Bengal]] on the South, [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Suryapet district]]s in the west and a portion of it also borders with the state of [[Telangana]].<ref name=aponline>{{cite web|title=Krishna district|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/about-ap/districts/krishna/|publisher=AP state portal|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206133944/http://www.ap.gov.in/about-ap/districts/krishna/|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Krishna District was formed from District of [[Rajahmundry]] in 1859, when it also included the present day [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[West Godavari]] districts. Guntur was separated from Krishna in 1904, and West Godavari in 1925, giving rise to the present day Krishna district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsk.gov.in/ap/ap_composite.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045923/http://www.jsk.gov.in/ap/ap_composite.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=13 May 2016|format=PDF}}</ref> The colonial period historical monuments in machilipatnam especially in BANDHARU KOTA are facing mere negligence and are facing threat from encroachments. They need conservation to pass on history to our future generations.

== Etymology ==

Krishna district, with its district headquarters at [[Machilipatnam]] was formerly called Machlipatnam district. Later it was renamed as Krishna district, by adding certain [[Taluk]]s of the abolished Guntur District in 1859 with Machilipatnam with its head. It was named after the [[Krishna River]], the third longest river in [[India]]. The river flows through the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] before it empties itself into [[Bay of Bengal]], near [[Hamsaladeevi|Hamsaladevi]] village of Krishna district.<ref name=aponline />

== History ==

[[File:Holy relic sites map of Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|right|Holy relic Buddhist sites map of Andhra Pradesh]]

[[File:Hindu Pilgrimage sites map of Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|right|Hindu Pilgrimage sites map of Andhra Pradesh]]

This history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the [[Satavahanas]] (230 BC{{snds}}AD 227); [[Pallavas]] (AD 340{{snds}}AD 500), [[Chalukyas]] (AD 615{{snds}}1070 AD) and later by [[Cholas]], [[Kakatiyas]], [[Musunuri Nayaks]], [[Reddy dynasty]] and [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] kings of [[Odisha]].<ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Krishna district website|access-date=23 September 2015|url=http://krishna.nic.in/district-history.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229083145/http://krishna.nic.in/district-history.aspx|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:A View of Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa.jpg|thumb|A View of the famous [[Jaggayyapeta]] Buddhist stupa, which is in Krishna district]]
''[[Satavahana]] period'' (230 BC{{snds}}AD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at [[Srikakulam, Krishna district|Srikakulam]]. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries. ''[[Pallava Kingdom]]'' (AD 340{{snds}}AD 500), spread over from Krishna river to [[Tungabhadra]], including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar near [[Eluru]] and [[Pithapuram]], both in Vengidesa. ''Bruhitpalayanas'', the contemporaries of [[Pallavas]] who ruled the district with [[Koduru, Krishna|Koduru]] as their capital. ''[[Vishnukundina]]s'' (AD 5th century), are rulers who excavated cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in [[Vijayawada]]) and [[Undavalli caves|Undavalli]], etc.

''[[Chalukyas|Eastern chalukyas]]'' (AD 615{{snds}}AD 1070), the entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at [[Undavalli caves|Undavalli]] and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.<ref name="History" />

''[[Cholas]]'' ruled this region with capital at [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendri]] . It was during Rajarajanaredra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the [[Mahabharata]] into [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. ''[[Kakatiya]]s'', ruled this region up to the early 14th century with [[Warangal|Orugallu]] as their capital and followed by [[Musunuri Nayaks]] who rebelled against [[Delhi sultanate]] and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including [[Hampi]] and ruled many states of India independently. ''[[Reddy dynasty]]'', on the downfall of Pratapa Rudra of Kakatiya, the eldest son of Prolaya Vema reddi, a subordinate of [[Musunuri Kapaya Nayak|Musunuri Kapaya Naidu]] found himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. The Kondavidu Reddi's were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in –law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu can be seen<ref name="History" />

''[[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapathis]]'' of [[Odisha]]: Kapileswara Gajapathi is preserved by the village Kapileswarapuram now in Pamidimukkala mandal. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in [[Vijayawada]]) and constructed a reservoir at [[Kondapalli]]. [[Krishnadevaraya]] of ''[[Vijayanagara empire]]'' conquered this region in the early 16th century. ''[[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahis]]'', in 1512, the [[Kingdom of Golconda]] was founded by one [[Sultan Quli Qutub Shah]]. The Kingdom of Golconda included this district within its limits. Abu-l-Hussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named [[Madanna and Akkanna]]. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the two ministers to the [[goddess Kanaka Durga]].<ref name="History" />

=== Medieval period ===

'''[[Nizam]]s''': The Emperor [[Aurangazeb]] included this district in the province of [[Golconda]], which remained under Asaf jah who was appointed as Subedar or Viceroy of the Deccan in AD 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). The Nawab of [[Rajahmundry]] ruled the country induced in the Krishna district.<ref name="History" />

''The British'': In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]] which was their headquarters until they finally moved to [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]]. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761 the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.<ref name="History" />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|census of India]], the district had a population of 4,517,398 with a density of 518 persons per km<sup>2</sup>. The total population constitute, 2,267,375 males and 2,250,023 females –a ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is {{formatnum:1843660}} (40.81%).<ref name=census />{{rp|20}} There are {{formatnum:3009718}} literates with a literacy rate of 73.74%.<ref name=census />{{rp|21}}{{historical populations|11=1901|12=8,61,068|13=1911|14=9,93,086|15=1921|16=10,59,731|17=1931|18=12,29,176|19=1941|20=14,13,516|21=1951|22=17,36,429|23=1961|24=20,76,956|25=1971|26=24,93,574|27=1981|28=30,48,463|29=1991|30=36,98,833|31=2001|32=41,87,841|33=2011|34=45,17,398|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}According to the 2011 census, 92.1% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 6.05% [[Urdu]] as their first language.

== Geography ==

[[File:Ap-districts.png|thumb|right|Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]

The Krishna District is in the eastern coast of the state bordering West Godavari district in the East, Bay of Bengal in the South, Guntur and [[Suryapet district]] of [[Telangana]] in the West and [[Khammam district]] of [[Telangana]] in the Northern direction. The Krishna district occupies an area of {{convert|8727|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava | first1= Dayawanti | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1111–1112 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7 }}</ref> It has a total coastline of {{Convert|88|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="apedb" />

=== Topography ===

[[File:Prakasam Barrage.jpg|thumb|right|Prakasam Barrage at Vijayawada across Krishna River]]

The main hill range of the district known as Kondapalli runs between Nandigama and Vijayawada with a length of about 24 km. The other smaller hill ranges are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. [[Kolleru Lake|Kolleru]], is the large freshwater lake in India. It spans into two districts – Krishna and West Godavari.

=== Flora and fauna ===

The forest occupies only 9 percent of the total district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in [[Nandigama]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Tiruvuru]], [[Nuzvid]], [[Gannavaram]], [[Machilipatnam]] and Divi Seema Talukas. A type of light wood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known [[Kondapalli Toys|Kondpalli]] toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.<ref name="flora and fauna">{{cite web|title=Flora and Fauna of Krishna district|url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KOLLERU.htm|publisher=AP forest department|access-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125005423/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20KOLLERU.htm|archive-date=25 January 2014}}</ref>

Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows.<ref name="flora and fauna" />

=== Climate ===

The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and moderately hot winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1028 mm and is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon. Three types of soils viz., Black Cotton (57.6 percent), Sand clay loams (22.3 percent) and Red loams (19.4 percent).

{{Weather box
|location = Vijayawada (1951–1980)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 30.0
|Feb high C = 32.7
|Mar high C = 35.4
|Apr high C = 37.4
|May high C = 39.8
|Jun high C = 37.2
|Jul high C = 33.2
|Aug high C = 32.4
|Sep high C = 32.6
|Oct high C = 31.8
|Nov high C = 30.7
|Dec high C = 29.6
|year high C = 33.6
|Jan low C = 18.7
|Feb low C = 20.1
|Mar low C = 22.4
|Apr low C = 25.5
|May low C = 27.5
|Jun low C = 27.0
|Jul low C = 25.4
|Aug low C = 25.1
|Sep low C = 25.1
|Oct low C = 24.0
|Nov low C = 21.3
|Dec low C = 19.1
|year low C = 23.4
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 5.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 9.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 14.3
|May precipitation mm = 51.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 131.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 218.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 185.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 163.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 142..6
|Nov precipitation mm = 51.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 6.7
|year precipitation mm = 998.2
|Jan precipitation days = 0.1
|Feb precipitation days = 0.4
|Mar precipitation days = 0.5
|Apr precipitation days = 1.0
|May precipitation days = 3.1
|Jun precipitation days = 7.6
|Jul precipitation days = 12.6
|Aug precipitation days = 11.5
|Sep precipitation days = 8.8
|Oct precipitation days = 7.1
|Nov precipitation days = 2.8
|Dec precipitation days = 0.6
|year precipitation days = 56.1
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]].
|date=August 2010
}}

== Economy ==

The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is {{INRConvert|62726|c|abbr=on}} and it contributes 12% to the [[Gross State Domestic Product of Indian states|Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)]]. For the FY 2013–14, the per capita income at current prices was {{INRConvert|104897}}. The [[Primary sector of the economy|primary]], [[secondary sector of the economy|secondary]] and [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sectors]] of the district contribute {{INRConvert|17780|c|abbr=on}}, {{INRConvert|8967|c|abbr=on}} and {{INRConvert|35979|c|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref name="apedb">{{cite web|title=Economy of Krishna District|url=http://apedb.gov.in/about-krishna-district.html|website=Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

The major products contributing to the [[Gross value added|GVA]] of the district from agriculture and allied services are, [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]], [[sugarcane]], [[mango]], tomato, milk, meat and [[Fishery|fisheries]]. The [[Gross value added|GVA]] to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction, electricity, manufacturing, transport and software services.<ref name="apedb" />

== Divisions ==
{{Main|List of villages in Krishna district|List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh}}

The district has four revenue divisions, namely [[Vijayawada revenue division|Vijayawada]], [[Nuzvid revenue division|Nuzvid]], [[Machilipatnam revenue division|Machilipatnam]] and [[Gudivada revenue division|Gudivada]], each headed by a sub collector. These revenue divisions are divided into 50 [[Tehsil|mandals]] in the district. These 50 mandals consists of 49 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|mandal parishads]], 973 [[panchayats]], 1005 [[villages]] and 5 municipalities.<ref name=profile>{{cite web |title=Administrative Setup |url=http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx |publisher=Krishna District Official Website |access-date=20 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223104/http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 20 towns (or urban settlements) in the district, including 1 [[municipal corporation]], 5 municipalities, 3 [[nagar panchayat]] and 11 [[census towns]]. [[Vijayawada]] city is the only municipal corporation and the 5 municipalities in the district are [[Gudivada]], [[Jaggaiahpeta]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Nuzivid]] and [[Pedana]]. [[Vuyyuru]], [[Nandigama]] and [[Tiruvuru]] were constituted as [[nagar panchayat]]s in the year 2011. The 11 census towns are [[Kanuru]],
[[Poranki]], [[Tadigadapa]], [[Yanamalakuduru]], [[Kankipadu]], [[Ramavarappadu]], Prasadampadu, [[Guntupalli]], [[Ibrahimpatnam, Krishna district|Ibrahimpatnam]], [[Kondapalle]], [[Tiruvuru]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Krishna |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=17|format=PDF}}</ref>

=== Mandals ===

[[File:Krishna district revenue divisions.jpg|thumb|Krishna district revenue divisions]]

[[File:Krishna district mandal map.jpg|thumb|Krishna district mandal map]]

The list of 53 mandals in Krishna district<ref name="Vijayawada mandals">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-urban-mandals-all-set-to-reduce-service-delivery-time/articleshow/62110419.cms|website=The Times of India|title=new Mandals in vijaywada District|access-date=18 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129043554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-urban-mandals-all-set-to-reduce-service-delivery-time/articleshow/62110419.cms|archive-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> under 4 revenue divisions are listed in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! [[Machilipatnam revenue division|Machilipatnam Division]] !! [[Gudivada revenue division|Gudivada Division]] !! [[Vijayawada revenue division|Vijayawada Division]] !! [[Nuzvid revenue division|Nuzvid Division]]
|-
| 1 || [[Avanigadda mandal|Avanigadda]] || [[Gudivada mandal|Gudivada]] || [[Chandarlapadu mandal|Chandarlapadu]] || [[A.Konduru mandal|A.Konduru]]
|-
| 2 || [[Bantumilli mandal|Bantumilli]] || [[Gudlavalleru mandal|Gudlavalleru]] || [[G.Konduru mandal|G.Konduru]] || [[Agiripalli mandal|Agiripalli]]
|-
| 3 || [[Challapalli mandal|Challapalli]] || [[Kaikalur mandal|Kaikaluru]] || [[Ibrahimpatnam mandal, Krishna district|Ibrahimpatnam]] || [[Bapulapadu mandal|Bapulapadu]]
|-
| 4 || [[Ghantasala mandal|Ghantasala]] || [[Kalidindi mandal|Kalidindi]] || [[Jaggayyapeta mandal|Jaggayyapeta]] || [[Chatrai mandal|Chatrai]]
|-
| 5 || [[Guduru mandal, Krishna district|Guduru]] || [[Mandavalli mandal|Mandavalli]] || [[Kanchikacherla mandal|Kanchikacherla]] || [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
|-
| 6 || [[Koduru mandal|Koduru]] || [[Mudinepalle mandal|Mudinepalli]] || [[Kankipadu mandal|Kankipadu]] || [[Gannavaram mandal|Gannavaram]]
|-
| 7 || [[Kruthivennu mandal|Kruthivennu]] || [[Nandivada mandal|Nandivada]] || [[Mylavaram mandal|Mylavaram]] || [[Musunuru mandal|Musunuru]]
|-
| 8 || [[Machilipatnam mandal|Machilipatnam]] || [[Pamarru mandal|Pamarru]] || [[Nandigama mandal|Nandigama]] || [[Nuzvid mandal|Nuzvid]]
|-
| 9 || [[Mopidevi mandal|Mopidevi]] || [[Pedaparupudi mandal|Pedaparupudi]] || [[Penamaluru mandal|Penamaluru]] || [[Pamidimukkala mandal|Pamidimukkala]]
|-
| 10 || [[Movva mandal|Movva]] || || [[Penuganchiprolu mandal|Penuganchiprolu]] || [[Reddigudem mandal|Reddigudem]]
|-
| 11 || [[Nagayalanka mandal|Nagayalanka]] || || [[Thotlavalluru mandal|Thotlavalluru]] || [[Tiruvuru mandal|Tiruvuru]]
|-
| 12 || [[Pedana mandal|Pedana]] || || [[Vatsavai mandal|Vatsavai]] || [[Unguturu, Krishna district|Unguturu]]
|-
| 13 || || || [[Veerullapadu mandal|Veerullapadu]] || [[Vissannapeta mandal|Vissannapeta]]
|-
| 14 || || || [[Vijayawada (rural) mandal|Vijayawada (rural)]] || [[Vuyyuru mandal|Vuyyuru]]
|-
| 15 || || || [[Vijayawada Urban mandal|Vijayawada East]] ||
|-
| 16 || || || [[Vijayawada Urban mandal|Vijayawada Central]] ||
|-
| 17 || || || [[Vijayawada Urban mandal|Vijayawada North]] ||
|-
| 18 || || || [[Vijayawada Urban mandal|Vijayawada West]] ||
|}

=== Erstwhile Talukas ===

* Before Formation of mandals, Administration was done through Taluka system.
* Krishna District had 10 Talukas in 1971, later in 1978 they were increased to 21 Talukas.
* In 1985, Mandal system was created and 50 mandals were formed in the district.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Erstwhile Talukas in Krishna District.
!S.No.
!Erstwhile Talukas
in 1971
!Newly Formed Talukas
in 1978
!Newly Formed Mandals
in 1985
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |Bandar
|Bandar
|Machilipatnam, Gudur, Pedana [part], Gudlavalleru [part]
|-
|Bantumilli [11]
|Bantumilli, Kruthivennu, Pedana [part]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |Divi [Avanigadda]
|Divi
|Avanigadda, Nagayalanka, Koduru,
|-
|Movva [12]
|Movva, Ghantasala, Challapalle,
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" |Gannavaram
|Gannavaram
|Gannavaram, Ungutur, Bapulapadu [part]
|-
|Vuyyur [13]
|Vuyyur, Pamidimukkala, Thotlavalluru [part]
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |Vijayawada
|Vijayawada
|Vijayawada Urban, Vijayawada Rural, Penamaluru, Kankipadu, Thotlavalluru [part],
|-
|Mylavaram [14]
|Mylavaram, Ibrahimpatnam, G.Konduru,
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" |Nandigama
|Nandigama
|Nandigama, Penuganchiprolu, Chandralapadu,
|-
|Kanchikacherla [15]
|Kanchikacherla, Veerullapadu
|-
|6
|Jaggaayyapet
|Jaggayyapet
|Jaggayyapet, Vatsavai
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |Tiruvur
|Tiruvur
|Tiruvuru, Gampalagudem, A.Konduru [part]
|-
|Vissannapeta [16]
|Vissannapeta, Reddigudem, Chatrai, A.Konduru [part]
|-
|8
|Nuzvid
|Nuzvid
|Nuzvid, Agiripalle, Musunuru, Bapulapadu [part],
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" |Gudivada
|Gudivada
|Gudivada, Nandivada, Gudlavalleru [part], Mudinepalle [part],
|-
|Pamarru [17]
|Pamarru, Pedaparupudi, Gudlavalleru [part]
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |Kaikalur
|Kaikalur
|Kaikalur, Kalidindi, Mudinepalle [part],
|-
|Mandavalli [18]
|Mandavalli, Mudinepalle [part]
|}

== Towns in District ==
{{Largest cities|name=Largest cities UA of Krishna District|div_7=Nuzvid revenue division{{!}}Nuzvid Division|city_5=Jaggayyapeta|div_5=Vijayawada revenue division{{!}}Vijayawada Division|pop_5=53,530|city_6=Nandigama|div_6=Vijayawada revenue division{{!}}Vijayawada Division|pop_6=44,395|city_7=Vuyyuru|pop_7=38,021|pop_4=58,590|city_8=Tiruvuru|div_8=Nuzvid revenue division{{!}}Nuzvid Division|pop_8=34,173|city_9=Kondapalli|div_9=Vijayawada revenue division{{!}}Vijayawada Division|pop_9=33,373|city_10=Pedana|div_10=Machilipatnam revenue division{{!}}Machilipatnam Division|img_4=Nuzvid Fort Gate.jpg|div_4=Nuzvid revenue division{{!}}Nuzvid Division|class=nav|pop_1=1,179,395|country=West Godavari District|stat_ref=As per the [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]|list_by_pop=List of towns UA in Krishna District|div_name=Division|div_link=List of towns in Krishna District{{!}}Division|city_1=Vijayawada|div_1=Vijayawada revenue division{{!}}Vijayawada Division|img_1=Prakasam Barrage, Vijayawada 2016 (7).jpg|city_4=Nuzvid|city_2=Machilipatnam|div_2=Machilipatnam revenue division{{!}}Machilipatnam Division|pop_2=169,892|img_2=Robertson Square.jpg|city_3=Gudivada|div_3=Gudivada revenue division{{!}}Gudivada Division|pop_3=118,167|img_3=Municipal office gudivada.jpg|pop_10=30,721}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Municipal Bodies in Krishna District
!S.No.
!Municipal Body
!Civic Status of Town
!Municipality
Formation Year
!2011 Census
Population
!2001 Census
Population
!1991 Census
Population
!1981 Census
Population
|-
|1
|Vijayawada **
|Municipal Corporation
|1888
|1,179,395
|930,700
|731,913
|527,884
|-
|2
|Machilipatnam
|Municipal Corporation
|1866
|169,892
|179,353
|159,110
|138,530
|-
|3
|Gudivada
|Municipality Grade - Special
|1937
|118,167
|113,054
|101,656
|80,198
|-
|4
|Nuzvid
|Municipality Grade - 2
|1983
|58,590
|50,354
|42,685
|32,044
|-
|5
|Jaggaihpeta
|Municipality Grade - 2
|1988
|53,530
|40,373
|36,122
|26,680
|-
|6
|Nandigama
|Nagar Panchayat
|2011
|44,359
|37,569
| --
| --
|-
|7
|Vuyyuru
|Nagar Panchayat
|2011
|38,021
|36,423
| --
| --
|-
|8
|Tiruvuru
|Nagar Panchayat
|2011
|34,173
|30,838
| --
| --
|-
|9
|Kondapalli
|Municipality Grade - 3
|2020
|33,373
|30,156
| --
| --
|-
|10
|Pedana
|Municipality Grade - 3
|1985
|30,721
|29,613
|27,497
|25,200
|}
'''Note -'''

<nowiki>**</nowiki> Vijayawada Population shown here is only, Municipal Corporation Population.

<nowiki>**</nowiki> Vijayawada Urban Agglomeration Population is 1,476,931

{| class="wikitable"
|+Census Towns in Krishna District
!S.No.
!Town
!Mandal HQ
!Civic Status of Town
!2011 Census
Population
|-
|1
|Kanuru
|Penamaluru
|Census Town
|49,006
|-
|2
|Yenamalakuduru
|Penamaluru
|Census Town
|34,177
|-
|3
|Ibrahimpatnam
|Ibrahimpatnam
|Census Town
|29,432
|-
|4
|Poranki
|Penamaluru
|Census Town
|25,545
|-
|5
|Ramavarappadu
|Vijayawada Rural
|Census Town
|22,222
|-
|6
|Nadim Tiruvuru
|Tiruvuru
|Census Town
|18,567
|-
|7
|Tadigadapa
|Penamaluru
|Census Town
|17,462
|-
|8
|Kankipadu
|Kankipadu
|Census Town
|14,616
|-
|9
|Prasadampadu
|Vijayawada Rural
|Census Town
|13,941
|-
|10
|Guntupalli
|Ibrahimpatnam
|Census Town
|11,187
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Erstwhile Talukas [Non-Municipalities] Population
!S.No.
!Town
!Civic Status of Town
!2011 Census
Population
|-
|1
|Avanigadda
|Grama Panchayat
|23,737
|-
|2
|Kanchikacherla
|Grama Panchayat
|22,756
|-
|3
|Mylavaram
|Grama Panchayat
|21,763
|-
|4
|Pamarru
|Grama Panchayat
|21,395
|-
|5
|Kaikalur
|Grama Panchayat
|21,292
|-
|6
|Gannavaram
|Grama Panchayat
|20,728
|-
|7
|Bantumilli
|Grama Panchayat
|6,867
|-
|8
|Movva
|Grama Panchayat
|5,653
|-
|9
|Mandavalli
|Grama Panchayat
|4,996
|}

== Politics ==

Krishna district has two parliamentary constituencies namely, [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]] and [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]]. There are [[List of Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh|16 assembly constituencies]] namely, [[Tiruvuru (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Tiruvuru (SC)]], [[Nandigama (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Nandigama (SC)]], [[Mylavaram (Assembly constituency)|Mylavaram]], [[Jaggayyapeta (Assembly constituency)|Jaggayyapeta]], [[Vijayawada West (Assembly constituency)|Vijayawada West]], [[Vijayawada Central (Assembly constituency)|Vijayawada Central]], [[Vijayawada East (Assembly constituency)|Vijayawada East]], [[Penamaluru (Assembly constituency)|Penamaluru]], [[Nuzvid (Assembly constituency)|Nuzvid]], [[Gannavaram]], [[Pedana (Assembly constituency)|Pedana]], [[Gudivada (Assembly constituency)|Gudivada]], [[Kaikalur (Assembly constituency)|Kaikaluru]], [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]], [[Avanigadda (Assembly constituency)|Avanigadda]], [[Pamarru (SC)(Assembly constituency)|Pamarru (SC)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Constituencies – Krishna district|url=http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Andhra_Maps/Krishna.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417102430/http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Andhra_Maps/Krishna.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2012|publisher=Geographic Information Systems|access-date=15 July 2014|format=PDF}}</ref> [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[Janasena party]], [[YSR Congress]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Lok Satta]], [[CPI]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] are the main political parties in the district.

== Culture ==

[[File:Kuchipudi Dancer Sahiti Ravali performing at Bhadrachalam 03.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Kuchipudi]] Dancer performing on stage]]

The culture of Krishna district is mostly traditional in rural places and moderately modern in [[Vijayawada]]. It is also famous as the birthplace for [[Indian classical dance]] named [[kuchipudi]] and the culture with the dialect of Telugu spoken in Krishna is widely considered to be the standard form of Telugu.<ref>{{cite web|title=District profile|url=http://krishna.nic.in/|website=Krishna District|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612095625/http://krishna.nic.in/|archive-date=12 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The total road length of [[state highway]]s in the district is {{Convert|1188|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|title=Existing State Highways|website=Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=1|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122729/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> There exists {{Convert|97|km|abbr=on}} of rail network in the district.<ref name="apedb" /> Four national highways pass through the district namely [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH16]] from [[Chennai]] to [[Kolkata]], [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]] from [[Pune]] to [[Machilipatnam]], [[NH 221]] from [[Vijayawada]] to [[Jagdalpur]], [[NH 214]] [[Narasapuram, West Godavari district|Kathipudi]] to [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]], [[NH 214A]] [[Kathipudi|Digamarru]] to [[Ongole]].

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012956/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 4,449 schools. They include, 15 government, 2,432 mandal and zilla parishads, 3 residential, 1748 private, 2 model, 3 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 180 municipal and 66 other types of schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 562,510.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522011144/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|archive-date=22 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[NTR University of Health Sciences]] is located in Vijayawada. [[Krishna University]] is located in Machilipatnam. [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid]] is situated in Nuzvid. [[School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada|School of Planning and Architecture]], South Indian Chapter is present in Vijayawada.

District has numerous engineering colleges including [[Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology]], [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College]], Lakireddy Bali Reddy Engineering College, [[Gudlavalleru Engineering College]], DMS SVH College of Engineering, SRR & CVR Govt. Degree College is one of the oldest colleges. It was established in 1937. Govt Polytechnic Vijayawada (one of the oldest Polytechnic colleges in India), Andhra Loyola College, [[A.A.N.M & V.V.R.S.R Polytechnic|AANM & VVRSR (Gudlavalleru) Polytechnic College]], Mary Stella college, Sidhartha Degree College are a few of the many famous arts and science colleges in the district.

== Sports ==

[[Kabbadi]] is the most popular sport, followed by [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], [[badminton]], [[basketball]] and [[tennis]].

[[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Vijayawada|Indira Gandhi Municipal Stadium]] in [[Vijayawada]] hosts [[One Day Internationals]] Cricket matches of India. Only one international cricket match was played between [[Indian national cricket team|India]] and [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] on 24 November 2002 at Indira Gandhi stadium. It was won by West Indies. On 12 December 1997 Women's Cricket Worldcup only a group match was played between England Women's Cricket Team and [[Pakistan women's cricket team]], and it was won by [[England women's cricket team|England]]. [[Dandamudi Rajagopal Indoor Stadium]] in [[Vijayawada]] .

[[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]] Stadium is the main sports venue in [[Gudivada]]. It is used for several sports, like [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[volleyball]], [[cricket]] practice, [[kho kho]], [[kabaddi]], [[badminton]], [[tennis]] and [[basketball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/NTR-Stadium-all-set-to-become-more-sporty/article14772368.ece|title=NTR Stadium all set to become more sporty|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406172529/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/NTR-Stadium-all-set-to-become-more-sporty/article14772368.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> Famous Hockey player [[Balram]] belongs to this District.

It is also the stadium for [[Krishna District Cricket Association]]. [[Mangalagiri International Cricket Stadium]] is being built in a {{convert|20|acre|ha|adj=on}} site in [[Navuluru]], village of [[Mangalagiri]] town, [[Guntur district]], about 15 km from the city of Vijayawada. The exclusive stadium of the [[Andhra Cricket Association]] will be the venue for international and Ranji matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Keeping-home-turf-in-top-shape/article14715464.ece |title=Andhra Pradesh / Vijayawada News: Keeping home turf in top shape |work=The Hindu |date=4 February 2007 |access-date=30 January 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226165538/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Keeping-home-turf-in-top-shape/article14715464.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021 }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
Many notable people are associated with this district, including:


'''Science and technology'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Kakarla Subba Rao]]
* Prof. [[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]], engineer
* [[Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry]], archaeologist and historian
}}

'''Fine arts and literature'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy]] (Lawyer, playwright, poet, Avadhanam)
* Dr. [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]]
* [[Gudipati Venkatachalam]]
* [[Jaladi Raja Rao]] (lyricist)
* Mahakavi [[Kshetrayya]]
* [[Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao]] (poet)
* [[Satyam Sankaramanchi]] ([[Amaravati Kathalu]])
* [[Siddhendra Yogi]] (architect)
* [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]] (promoter of [[Kuchipudi]] dance)
* [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
* [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]
* [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]]
}}

'''Social reformers'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Jayaprakash Narayan (Lok Satta)|Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan]] (president of [[Loksatta Party]])
* [[Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya]] [[Andhra Ratna]]
* [[Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao]] ([[Andhra Patrika]])
* [[Pingali Venkayya]] (designer of [[Indian National Flag]])
}}

'''Sports'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[C. K. Nayudu|C.K Nayudu]] (cricket)
* [[Chetan Anand (badminton)]]
* [[Dandamudi Rajagopal]] (weightlifting)
* [[Jyothi Surekha Vennam]](archery)
* [[Koneru Humpy]] (chess)
}}

'''Cinema'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
* [[Dandamudi Rajagopal]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad]]
* [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Jagapathi Babu]]
* [[Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry]]
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
* [[Mani Sharma]]
* [[Meghna Naidu]]
* [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]]
* [[Nirmalamma]]
* [[Nutan Prasad]]
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu]]
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
* [[Ramoji Rao]] Cherukuri
* [[Rajasulochana]]
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
* [[Sobhan Babu]]
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]]
* [[Sudheer Babu]]
* [[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]]
* [[Suthivelu]]
* [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
}}

== See also ==

{{Portal|Society|Geography|India}}
* [[Coastal Andhra]]
* [[List of villages in Krishna district]]
{{clear}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Krishna district}}

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Kistna (district)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140612095625/http://krishna.nic.in/ The official Web Portal of Krishna District]
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2022135 Krishna District marked on OpenStreetMap]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Krishna district
|North = [[Khammam district]], [[Telangana]]
|Northeast = [[West Godavari district]]
|East = [[West Godavari district]]
|Southeast = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''
|South = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''
|Southwest = [[Guntur district]]
|West = [[Guntur district]]
|Northwest = [[Nalgonda district]], [[Telangana]]
}}

{{Krishna district}}
{{Districts of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Krishna district| ]]
[[Category:1859 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]

Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Krishna district