Karikala

2026-09-30T16:06:00Z

2405:201:E006:48A2:D8EF:1708:B36:49B4: Karikalan and his ancestors are closely associated with sea voyages known as Munnir (literature reference: Purananuru 66). Much like Karikalan, whose name translates to "the one with charred legs," a Munnir-related ritual is performed in Egypt for the deity Osiris, who is depicted with a single leg. A similar ocean-related ritual is also observed for ships. Furthermore, a copy of an ancient trade agreement between Tamil and Greek merchants, as well as several Tamil inscriptions, have been discov

{{Short description|Historical Chola king who ruled southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Karikala Cholan
| native_name =
| title = Peruvalatthaan Thirumavalavan Kaviri Kandan Makkotai Konda Cholan Parakesari ([[Sanskrit]]) <ref name="Rama Shankar Tripathi 478">{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 1967 - India - 605 pages|page=478}}</ref><ref name="Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri 68">{{cite book|title=Studies in Cōḷa history and administration|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|publisher=University of Madras, 1932 - History - 210 pages|page=68}}</ref>
| image = Karikalacholan kallanai trichy.jpg
| alt = Karikala the Great
| reign =
| caption = Bronze statue of Karikāla Chōḻaṉ
| predecessor = [[Ilamcetcenni]]
| successor = [[Nedunkilli]] and [[Nalankilli]]
| spouse = [[Velir]] princess from Nangur<ref>{{cite book|title=Art and culture of Tamil Nadu|author=Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan, 1980 - Art, Indic - 184 pages|page=140}}</ref>
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue = [[Nalankilli]] [[Nedunkilli]] Māvalattān
| father = [[Ilamcetcenni]]
}}
{{Chola history}}
'''Karikala''' ({{lang-ta| கரிகால சோழன்}}) often referred to as '''Karikala the Great'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2022/may/21/the-great-cholas-through-the-ages-2456011.html | title=The great Cholas through the ages }}</ref> was a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Emperor]] of the early Chola kingdom who ruled ancient [[Tamilakam]] from [[Uraiyur]]. He is credited with the construction of the flood banks of the [[Kaveri|river Kaveri]]. He is recognised as the greatest of the Early Cholas. In Thiruvalangadu plates of [[Rajendra Chola I]], [[Medieval Cholas|Medieval Tamil Cholas]] listed Karikala Chola as one of their ancestors. In Malepadu plates (7th century CE) of Renati Chola king Punyakumara, [[Telugu Cholas]] claimed that they belong to the family of Karikala Chola and praises him for stopping the overflow over the banks of river Kaveri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hultzsch |first=Eugene |date=1911–1912 |title=Epigraphia Indica |journal=Epigraphia Indica |volume=11 |pages=339 |via=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India}}</ref>

== Sources ==
The story of Karikala is mixed with legend and anecdotal information gleaned from [[Sangam literature]]. The only sources available are the numerous mentions in Sangam poetry. The period covered by the extant literature of the Sangam is not easy to determine with any measure of certainty.

''[[Paṭṭiṉappālai]]'', ''[[Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai]]'' and a number of individual poems in the ''[[Akanaṉūṟu]]'' and ''[[Purananuru]]'' have been the main source for the information that is attributed to Karikala.

No authentic records of Karikala's reign have been found so far. However many rulers and petty chiefs who came after him claimed him as their ancestor and decorated themselves as belonging to the ''[[Chola dynasty|Chola race]] of Karikala and of the [[Kashyapa]] [[gotra]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Antiquary, Volume 38|author=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=7–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers, Volume 16|author=Andhra Pradesh (India), Bh Sivasankaranarayana|publisher=Printed by the Director of Print. and Stationery at the Govt. Secretariat Press; [copies can be had from: Govt. Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh], 1977 - Andhra Pradesh (India)|page=19}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Karikala was the son of [[Ilamcetcenni]].<ref>''Purananuru'' – 266</ref> The name Karikalan has been held to mean "the man with the charred leg" and perpetuates the memory of a fire accident in the early years of his life. Some scholars also hold the view ''kari'' and ''kalan'' are Tamil words meaning "slayer of elephants". ''Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai'' describes the back-formed origin legend of this incident as follows:{{quote|The king of [[Uraiyur]] ([[Tiruchirappalli]]) Ilamcetcenni married a [[Velir]] princess from Azhundur and she became pregnant and gave birth to Karikala. Ilamcetcenni died soon after. Due to his young age, Karikala's right to the throne was overlooked and there was political turmoil in the country. Karikala was exiled. When normality returned, the Chola ministers sent a state elephant to look for the prince. The elephant finds the prince hiding in [[Karuvur]] (modern day [[Karur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]). His political opponents arrested and imprisoned him. The prison was set on fire that night. Karikala escaped the fire and, with the help of his uncle Irum-pitar-thalaiyan, defeated his enemies. Karikala’s leg was scorched in the fire and from thence Karikala became his name.}}Old Sangam Age inscriptions and the sthala puranam of the great ancient Saiva shrine at Parasalur, near [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayavaram]], state that in order to escape a murder plot hatched by conspirators, Karikal Valavan stayed there in disguise as a Vedic and Agama Sastra lecturer for eight years. The [[Paṭṭiṉappālai]], written in praise of Karikala, also describes this incident but without mentioning the fable of the burnt limb:
{{quote|Like a tiger cub with sharp claws and curved stripes growing strong within a cage, his strength matured while he was in the bondage of his enemies. Just as a large-trunked elephant pulls down the banks of a pit and reunites with its mate, he, after deep and careful consideration, drew his sword, overpowered the strong guard, and eventually achieved his glorious heritage.}}

== Military conquests ==
{{cquote|"You delight in looting the enemy's country by the light of the destructive fires which you have started. Because of your plunder, the enemy's land is deprived of all good things." <ref>{{cite journal
|last=Spencer
|first=George W.
|title=The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon
|page=405
}}</ref>}}

According to Purananuru poem verse - 7:

{{cquote|"Your legs press and command elephants and
your perfect feet are rubbed by your warrior anklets.
Your bow that dazzles the eyes rests in your charitable
hands, to release arrows in battles. Your chest is so broad, and Thirumakal forsakes others for it. You have the strength to drive back elephants. You do not consider whether it is day or night to plunder enemy towns, blazing them as their citizens cry loudly.

O Valavan riding your elegant chariot! There is nothing
good remaining in your enemy countries where there were prosperous towns, where, instead of mud, they used fish to block holes of dams with sounds of cool flowing water!"<ref>{{cite web
|title=Ettuthokai – Purananuru 1–200 |url=https://sangamtranslationsbyvaidehi.com/ettuthokai-purananuru-1-200/
|website=Sangam Translations by Vaidehi
|access-date=10 September 2026
}}</ref>}}

=== Battle of Venni ===
{{Main|Battle of Venni}}
According to the '' Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai'', Karikala Chola fought a great [[Battle of Venni]] in which both [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] and [[Chera dynasty|Cheran]] king [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]]<ref>{{cite book|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|ref=Sastri}} </ref> suffered a defeat.<ref name=majumdar137>See Majumdar, p 137</ref> Although we know very little about the circumstances leading to this battle, there can be no doubt that it marked the turning point in Karikala’s career, for in this battle he broke the back of the powerful confederacy formed against him.<ref name=tri458>See Tripathi, p 458</ref> Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took the opposing side in the campaign and shared defeat at the hands of Karikala.<ref name=kulke104>See Kulke and Rothermund, p 104</ref><ref name=Balambal>{{cite book|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|pages=21|isbn=978-8185163871|year=1998|last=V.|first=Balambal|publisher=Kalinga Publications|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Chera king, who was wounded on his back in the battle, committed suicide by starvation. Venni was the watershed in the career of Karikala which established him firmly on his throne and secured for him some sort of hegemony among the three crowned monarchs. Venni is also known as Vennipparandalai and now it is known as [[Kovilvenni]] and is situated near [[Thanjavur]].<ref name=sastri112>See Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p112-113</ref>

=== Battle of Vahaipparandalai ===

According to Pattinapalai verse:

{{quote|"Those from Oli land are humble and under
his control. Those from the ancient Aruva
land submit to him. Northerners lose to
him and Kudanadu ruler bows to his might.
He captures enemy forts and ruins the strengths
of the Pandiyan king. He ruins the weak forest
kings and their heirs with enraged red eyes,
as well as king Irungovel's clan, with his huge
army of brave warriors."|source =Pattinapalai (274 - 285)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pathuppāttu – Pattinappālai |url=https://sangamtranslationsbyvaidehi.com/pathuppattu-pattinappalai/ |author=Vaidehi Herbert |access-date=5 August 2026 |publisher=Sangam Poems Translated by Vaidehi |language=en |at=lines 274–285}}</ref>
}}
The [[Battle of Vahaipparandalai]] was a significant military engagement during the Sangam period in South India, fought by the Chola king Karikala. In this battle,[[Karikala Chola]] defeated confederacy of nine enemy chieftains, forcing them to submit. This victory, along with his earlier triumph at the [[Battle of Venni]], solidified Karikala's dominance over the [[Tamilakam|Tamil region]] and established him as a powerful ruler.[[Paranar]], a contemporary of Karikala, in his poem from ''[[Agananuru]]'' mentions this incident without giving any information on the cause of the conflict.<ref name="sastri112">See Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p112-113</ref><ref name="NilakantaSastri120">{{Cite book |last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastry |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-south-india-k.-a.-nilkanta-sastry |title=A History Of South India (K. A. Nilakanta Sastry)}}</ref>The Confederacy of Nine kings and their vassals were defeated by him , Numerous Oliyars Submitted to him , The Pallavas of Kanchi and the Kurumbas were Compelled to accept his sovereignty. The Battle of Vahaiparantalai make karikala master of vast domination including Thondaimandalam . Pattinapalai mentioned the city was strong walls with Goddess of victory and karikala furnished with door tiger cryst engraved . Pattinapalai also said Karikala chola has no enemies that he left his capital puhar with sword and proceeded his rule north up to Himalayas . Bramanical sacrifice was encouraged in his rule and karikala patrone litterature.According to Seshadri sastri karikala reign was 113AD to 135 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sjscEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA622&dq=karikala+kurumbas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinn5v7xoeWAxUrzDgGHYAWEGIQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Vahaiparantalai&f=false |title=Ancient India |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-5283-603-1 |language=en}}</ref> Oliyar, Aruvalar ,Vadavar , Kudavar , Tennavar ,Poduvar Irungovel were defeated in that battle of Vahaiparantalai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalidos |first=Raju |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zG1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Karikala+defeated+vadavar&dq=Karikala+defeated+vadavar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjExvvws4iWAxVdQmwGHT4UKAsQ6AF6BAgIEAM#oliyar |title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule |date=1976 |publisher=Vijay Publications |language=en}}</ref> "The famous victor, the Sola, Karikal, protected the families of the Kurumbar who tend (flocks) onthe hill-tops".the poem also states karikala destroyed forests and turned into habbitable places.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivas Iyengar |first=P. T. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277107 |title=History of the Tamils from the earliest times to 600 A.D |date=1929}}</ref> According to Paranar The nine princess with large army who proposed karikala probably Kurumbas and they were defeated by Karikala in that battle .<ref>{{Cite book |last=V. Kanakasabhai |url=http://archive.org/details/TheTamilsEighteenHundredYearsAgo1956 |title=The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago |date=1956}}</ref>

=== Srilanka Conquests ===
According to legends Karikala was one of the few Chola kings who won the whole of Ceylon{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} (Lanka). The Grand anicut was built after his conquest over the Singalese kingdom and he used Singalese war prisoners for the hard task of moving stones from the mountains to the river bed of the Kaveri.{{cn|date=October 2021}} The ''Pattinappalai'' also describes the destruction caused by Karikala’s armies in the territories of his enemies and adds that as the result of these conflicts, the "Northerners and Westerners were depressed… and his flushed look of anger caused the Pandya’s strength to give way…".

The Chola invasion of Anurathapura happened in 110 AD, during the reign of [[Vankanasika Tissa]], the ruler of the [[House of Lambakanna I|Lambakanna dynasty]]. Karikala had a powerful [[Chola navy|navy]], which he used to capture Sri Lanka. During the campaign, Karikala’s forced defeated Vankanasika Tissa and captured 12,000 Sinhalese Prisoners along with treasures and The war Prosoners was to work as slaves to build the Kaveri Dam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wijesekera |first=Nandadeva |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zoNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&dq=Karikala+Chola+Srilanka&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIwfXkpJKUAxVeQ_EDHWPGDsEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#Karikala%20Chola%20Srilanka |title=Contacts and Conflicts with Sri Lanka |date=1986 |publisher=N. Wijesekera |language=en}}</ref> Kallanai is a massive dam of unhewn stone, 329 metres (1,080 ft) long and 20 metres (60 ft) wide, across the main stream of the Kaveri. A later Chola record from Tiruvaduturai refers to this event that is raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Subramaniam |first=N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462306 |title=History Of Tamilnad |date=1962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=REDDY |first=Prof P. CHENNA |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=j1amEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=12,000+prisoners+karikala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH5O7fsYmUAxVJUGwGHQNyOPMQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=12,000%20prisoners%20karikala&f=false |title=REVISITING INDIA’S PAST: Commemoration Volume to Prof. Vijay Kumar Thakur |date=2023-01-09 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Navaratnam |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pUKAr_2qEhwC&q=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&dq=Karikala+Chola+12+000+prisoners&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjaqeDwuomUAxURSmwGHZk6DsMQ6AF6BAgLEAM#12000 |title=Tamils and Ceylon: From the Earliest Period Up to the End of the Jaffna Dynasty with a Chart of Important Events Up to 1900 |date=1958 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Conquest of Tondainadu and Andhra from Pallavas ===
Based on numerous village records and [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Chola]] inscriptions found in Andhra, Karikala seems to have battled against a Pallava king named Trilochana Pallava or Mukhanti Pallava or Mukhanti Kaduvetti and captured [[Tondaimandalam|Tondainadu]], leaving the southern Telugu country to the Pallava king. The Pallava king who had [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] as his capital moved the capital to [[Srikalahasti|Kalahasti]] after losing Kanchi in the battle. The inscriptions also says that Karikala ordered Trilochana Pallava to come and assist him in building the flood banks along the Kaveri river. But the Pallava king who was ruling from Kalahasti declined to obey which made Karikala to declare war against him. Karikala won the battle and captured the Telugu country. During that time period, southern Andhra was covered with big forests which is not fit for cultivation. So, Karikala destroyed the forests and planted many villages. One of the villages is Pottapi, which was the most important village and hence the whole locality acquired in course of time the name Pottapi Nadu. Unlike Trilochana Pallava, Karikala Chola donated lands not only to Brahmins but also to the cultivators.<ref>{{Cite book |last=N. |first=Venkata Ramanayya |title=Trilochana Pallava And Karikala Chola |publisher=V. Ramaswamy Sastrulu & Sons |year=1929 |location=Madras |pages=65–69 |language=English}}</ref>

=== Northern Expedition and Conquests ===
According to Silapathikaram, Indira vilavureduttakadai verses 89 to 110 Mentioned Karikala Chola Military Achivements:

{{quote|"Once Tirumavalavan felt that there was no foe on either side fit to fight with him and thinking, in his thirst for war, that there might be foes in the north, he had an auspicious day chosen for taking out hig sword, umbrella and war-drum, and he prayed to his guardian deity that he might be lucky enough to find an enemy fit to encounter his broad shoulders, and advanced in that direction. Finding the great Himalayas, the residence of gods, as the barrier arresting his further progress, he retreated with pride after engraving his tiger-emblem on its rocky side.
On his return, the king of the great [[Vatsa|Vacciranadu]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as tribute while th» king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience-hall (pattimandapam) . The king of [[Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill ; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine Maya in return for some valuable service rendered to him. When they were all placed together, they formed an artistic mandapam much praised by great men."|Silapathikaram,Indira vilavureduttakadai 89-110<ref>{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Silappadikaram |publisher=Oxford University Press, Humphrey Milford |year=1939 |page=114 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n128/mode/1up |access-date=7 August 2026 |chapter=Indira Vilavureduttakadai, verses 89–110}}</ref>}}

According to [[Cilappatikaram]], Nadukarkadai mentioned about Karikala Chola Successful North India Campaign and he received gifts from [[Indo-Aryan peoples|north]] Indian kingdoms by tributary it's follows:

{{quote|"O king with the tumbai and the anklet, tokens of success in battle! Attended by these vanquished [[Aryan|Arya]] kings we went to the ancient city of Sembiyan ([[Chola]]) and paid our respects to him through his officers. Seated in the ornamented mandapam constructed (with the materials received as gifts) from the Vaccira ([[Vatsa]]), [[Pradyota dynasty|Avanti]] and [[Magadha]] kings, he remarked to the commander of his chariot corps occupying the front rank of the army : ' it is no achievement to capture in the wide expanse of the battlefield those who, after displaying great military prowess, gave up their umbrellas and swords and fled in the disguise of non-combatants.”|source=[[Cilappatikaram]], Nadukarkadai 78 - 94<ref>{{cite book
|last=Dikshitar
|first=V. R. Ramachandra
|title=The Silappadikaram
|year=1939
|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35913/page/319/mode/1up
|page=319
|access-date=26 April 2026
}}</ref>
}}
After subduing the south Karikala went on an expedition to the north and engraved his tiger emblem in the Himalayas. The king of the great [[Vajra (king)|Vajra]] whose sway extended as far as the roaring sea (in the east), gave him a pearl canopy as a tribute while the king of [[Magadha]] famous for his sword-play, and his enemy a while ago, presented to him an audience hall (pattimandapam). The king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]] gave him a friendly present of a tall and beautiful arch on the gateway. Though all these were made of gold and gems, their technique was not known to human artists even of exceptional skill; they were long ago given to the ancestors of these three monarchs by the divine [[Mamuni Mayan|Maya]] in return for some valuable service rendered to him.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 114">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, p114-115</ref>

== Karikalan and Egyptian Records ==

Karikalan and his ancestors are closely associated with sea voyages known as Munnir (literature reference: Purananuru 66). Much like Karikalan, whose name translates to "the one with charred legs," a Munnir-related ritual is performed in Egypt for the deity Osiris, who is depicted with a single leg. A similar ocean-related ritual is also observed for ships. Furthermore, a copy of an ancient trade agreement between Tamil and Greek merchants, as well as several Tamil inscriptions, have been discovered in Egypt. Consequently, Western studies suggest that Karikalan's seafaring voyages (Munnir) may have extended as far as Egypt, where these corresponding rituals are found.(Ref: GJHSS Volume 26 Issue H1, https://socialscienceresearch.org/index.php/GJHSS/article/view/104671)

== Grand Anicut ==
[[File:Grand Anaicut.JPG|thumb|Kallanai built by Karikala Chola on river Kaveri]]

Sometime between the reign of Sinhalese monarch [[Vankanasika Tissa]], Karikala, with a large army, invaded the island and took away 12,000 Sinhalese men to work as slaves to build the Kaveri Dam.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nrXAAAAMAAJ&q=sinhalese+slaves+kaveri+dam | isbn=9789555801102 | title=Walking to Kataragama | year=2007 | publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies }}</ref>

Later Chola kings attributed the building of dikes along the banks of the [[Kaveri]] to Karikala.<ref name=majumdar137 /><ref name=kulke104 /><ref name="History of ancient India, page 478">''History of ancient India, page 478: ..raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola''</ref><ref name="Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 39, page 156">''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 39, page 156</ref> The raising of the banks of the river Kaveri by Karikala is also mentioned by the Malepadu plates (seventh century CE)<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. C. Majumdar|first=General Editor|url=https://archive.org/details/classicalage03bhar|title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age p.265|date=1970|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|others=Public Resource}}</ref> of the [[Telugu_Cholas#Renati_Cholas|Telugu Chola]] sovereign of Renadu, [[Tumkur|Erigal]]-Mutturaju Punyakumara, who claims descent from Karikala: ''karuna – saroruha vihita – vilochana – pallava – trilochana pramukha kilapritvisvara karita kaveri tira'' (he who caused the banks of the Kaveri to be constructed by all the subordinate kings led by the Pallava Trilochana whose third eye was blinded by his lotus foot).

The [[Grand Anicut]], also known as the Kallanai was built by Karikala<ref name="kallanai_googlebook">{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Vijay P. |author2=Ram Narayan Yadava | title = Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment | publisher = Allied Publishers | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&dq=kallanai&pg=PA508 | isbn = 81-7764-548-X | page = 508}}</ref> and is considered one of the oldest water-diversion or water-regulator structures in the world which is still in use.<ref name="kallanai_oldest">{{cite web | url = http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf | title = ''This is the oldest stone water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world''| access-date = 2007-05-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130842/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf |archive-date = 2007-02-06}}</ref> The Kallanai is a massive dam of unhewn stone, 329 metres (1,080 ft) long and 20 metres (60 ft) wide, across the main stream of the Kaveri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021884/Cauvery-River|title=Cauvery River – Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}</ref> A later [[Chola]] record from Tiruvaduturai refers to this event that is raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola.<ref name="Rama Shankar Tripathi 478">{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 1967 - India - 605 pages|page=478}}</ref><ref name="Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri 68">{{cite book|title=Studies in Cōḷa history and administration|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|publisher=University of Madras, 1932 - History - 210 pages|page=68}}</ref>

== Perur Patteeswarar Temple ==
[[File:Perur Patteeswarar1.jpg|thumb|Perur Patteeswarar Temple]]
After his victory over the Northern kingdoms of Vatsa, Magadha and Avantika, Karikala returned back to [[Tamilakam|Tamil land]] and worshipped Lord [[Shiva]] at the [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple, Coimbatore|Perur Pateeswarar Temple]] located at the banks of river [[Noyyal]] in present day [[Coimbatore]]. Karikala was an ardent devotee of Lord Shiva. He is said to have done the [[Kumbhabhishekham]] (sanctification ritual) of the temple through hundred golden vessels. A famous text named '''Perur Puranam''' was composed by Kachiyappa Munivar in Tamil on the origin of the temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perurpatteeswarar.tnhrce.in/history-patteeswarar.html|title=Arulmigu Patteeswarar Swamy Temple - History|access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Karikala Cholan Manimandapam ===
[[File:Karikaala Chozan Memorial -1.jpg|thumb|Karikala Cholan Manimandapam]]
Karikala Cholan Manimandapam (memorial hall) was built in honour of the king who built the Grand Anicut. The hall designed as per Chola architecture style was built at a cost of {{INR}} 21 million. It features a bronze statue of the king.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Karikalan-cholan-memorial-inaugurated/articleshow/30300318.cms | title=Karikalan cholan memorial inaugurated |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/karikalan-manimandapam-ready-for-inauguration/article5342940.ece | title=Karikalan Manimandapam ready for inauguration |work=The Hindu | access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

== Dating Karikala ==
According to [[Nilakanta Sastri]] Karikala reigned in 90 CE.<ref name="A History of South India, page 119">A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar, page 119</ref>

However, [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]] states that the Karikala mentioned in [[Silappadikaram]] and [[Sangam literature]] are two different kings and the Karikala mentioned in [[Silappadikaram]] has nothing to do with Trilocana Pallava and nothing prevents another Karikala having flourished in [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] a few centuries later.<ref name="The Silappadikaram, page 24">The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, page 24</ref>

The copper-plate charters and stone inscription of the 10th and 11th centuries also mention two different Karikala thus unable to determine his exact reign.

== See also ==
* [[Legendary early Chola kings]]
* [[Tamil history from Sangam literature]]
* [[List of Tamil monarchs]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|ref=Sastri}}
* {{cite book | first= Kulke| last= Hermann |author2=Rothermund D| orig-year= 2000| year=2001 | title= A History of India | publisher= Routledge | isbn= 0-415-32920-5}}
* {{cite book | first= R.C | last= Majumdar| year= 1987| title= Ancient India | publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications | location= India| isbn= 81-208-0436-8}}
* {{cite book | first= A.S| last= Mudaliar| orig-year= 1931| year= 1984| title= Abithana Chintamani| publisher= Asian Educational Services | location= New Delhi}}
* {{cite book | first= K.A| last= Nilakanta Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 1984| title= The CōĻas| publisher= University of Madras | location= Madras}}
* {{cite book | first= K.A | last= Nilakanta Sastri| orig-year= 1955| year= 2002| title= A History of South India| publisher= OUP| location= New Delhi}}
* {{cite book | first= Rama Sankar| last= Tripathi| year= 1967| title= History of Ancient India| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications| location= India| isbn= 81-208-0018-4}}
* {{cite book | title=History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day| last= Iyengar| first= P. T. Srinivasa | author-link= P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar| year=1929}}
* {{cite book | first= R.| last= Raghava Iyengar| year= 1951| title= Pattinapalai, Research Monograph| publisher= Annamalai University Publications| location= Chidambaram}}

[[Category:Chola kings]]

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