Hyderabadi Muslims

2022-01-03T14:02:42Z

2405:201:D013:7066:950F:EE30:CDBB:A005:

{{For|Hyderabadi Muslims who settled in Pakistan|Muhajir people (disambiguation){{!}}Muhajir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Hyderabadi Muslims
| image = <gallery mode=>
File:Asaf Jah I.jpg|[[Asaf Jah I]]
File:NezamHaydarabad(cropped to image only).jpg[[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]
File:Shahrukh interacts with media after KKR's maiden IPL title.jpg|[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]
File:Sania Mirza.jpg|[[Sania Mirza]]
</gallery>
| population = 2,187,005 (1941)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551/page/n651|title = Census of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (Hyd State)|year = 1947}}</ref>
Present Worldwide Figures Unknown, but about 1.71 million (2011) in [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad district]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title = Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flagcountry|India}} • {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} • {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} • {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} • {{flagcountry|United States of America}} • {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| languages = [[Urdu]] in the forms of [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] and the [[Dakhini]] sub-dialect as well as standard [[Urdu]]• [[English language|English]] • The vernacular languages of other countries in the diaspora
| rels = • Majority [[Sunni Islam]]
• Minority [[Shia]] and [[Isma'ilism]]
| related = • Other [[Indian Muslim]] communities • [[Telugu people]] • [[Andhra Muslims]] • [[Marathi Muslims]] • [[Dakhini Muslims]] • [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]]
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Hyderabadi Muslims''', also referred to as '''Hyderabadis'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCgHDAAAQBAJ&q=hyderabadis&pg=PA170|title=Multi-Sited Ethnography: Theory, Praxis and Locality in Contemporary Research|last=Falzon|first=Mark-Anthony|date=2016-04-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-09319-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC&q=hyderabadis|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|date=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2|language=en}}</ref> are a community of [[Urdu]]-speaking Muslims, part of a larger ethnic group of [[Dakhini Muslims|Deccani people]], from the area that used to be the [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]] in the regions of [[Marathwada]], [[Telangana]], and [[Kalyana-Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&q=marathwada+telangana+karnataka&pg=PA148|title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724-1948|last=Kate|first=P. V.|date=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-017-8|language=en}}</ref>

While the term "''Hyderabadi''" commonly refers to residents in and around the city of [[Hyderabad]], regardless of ethnic origin, the term "''Hyderabadi Muslims''" more specifically refers to the native Urdu speaking ethnic Muslims of the erstwhile princely state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D5FDwAAQBAJ&q=hyderabadis&pg=PA354|title=Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City, Sixth Edition|last1=Gmelch|first1=George|last2=Kuppinger|first2=Petra|date=2018-01-03|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-1-4786-3690-8|language=en}}</ref> The collective cultures and peoples of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]] were termed "Mulki," (countryman), a term still used today.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC&q=mulki+deccan&pg=PA12|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|date=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2|language=en}}</ref> The native language of the Hyderabadi Muslims is [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], which is a dialect of the [[Dakhini|Deccani language]].

With their origins in the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and then the [[Deccan sultanates]], [[Culture of Hyderabad|Hyderabadi culture]] and [[Hyderabadi cuisine|cuisine]] became defined in the latter half of the reign of the [[Nizam|Asif Jahi Dynasty]] in Hyderabad. The culture exists today mainly in [[Hyderabad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Parbhani]], Nanded, [[Raichur]] , [[Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi]], and among the Hyderabadi Muslim diaspora around the world, in particular, Pakistan,<ref name="TOI1">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-07/hyderabad/30601526_1_hyderabadis-culture-deccani |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126031959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-07/hyderabad/30601526_1_hyderabadis-culture-deccani |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Hyderabadis in Pakistan still carry mohajir tag: Karen Leonard|date=7 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-04-30}}</ref> the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], USA, Canada and the United Kingdom.<ref name="TOI_Muslims_in_Hyderabad">{{cite news| title=The Muslim question| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-11/hyderabad/30386295_1_muslim-masses-telangana-telugu-culture| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082259/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-11/hyderabad/30386295_1_muslim-masses-telangana-telugu-culture| url-status=dead| archive-date=3 January 2013| date=11 November 2011| work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref>

{{Islam in India}}

==History==
{{main|History of Hyderabad|Annexation of Hyderabad}}

The [[Deccan plateau]] acted as a bulwark sheltering [[South India]] from the invasions, political turmoil, that affected North India. This allowed the Muslim-ruled state of Hyderabad to develop a distinctive culture during the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]], brief [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule and later the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi]] dynasty of the [[Nizam]]s.

According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', the [[Osman Ali Khan|seventh Nizam]] was the richest man in the world during the late 1940s, and fifth richest person of all time according to Forbes Magazine after adjustment for inflation and currency purchasing power parity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19370222,00.html|title=TIME Magazine Cover: The Nizam of Hyderabad - Feb. 22, 1937|website=TIME.com|language=en-us|access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref>

The [[Nizam]] was the Muslim ruler of the vast princely Hyderabad State. The capital city of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] was primarily Urdu-speaking Muslim until the [[Hyderabad Campaign (1948)|Incorporation of Hyderabad into India]] and the subsequent rise to dominance of the native Telugu-speaking Hindu people of [[Telangana]]. The state's economy was agrarian, and Hyderabad was primarily a government and administrative hub, run mostly (but far from exclusively) by Muslims. The aristocracy, ''[[jagirdar]]s'' and ''[[deshmukh]]s'' (wealthy landowners), and even minor government officials, could afford to hire servants, usually also Muslims, in a social order similar to the class system of [[Victorian era|Victorian England]]. The Nizam allied himself with the British early on, with ensuing political stability.

After the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]], many Muslim writers, poets, scholars, musicians and other eminent personalities migrated from [[Delhi]] to [[Hyderabad]] in hope of seeking patronage of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] or the nobility. Muslims continued to emigrate to the state seeking employment in the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's]] court, army, [[Hyderabad Civil Service]] or educational institutions. Among those who spent significant time in Hyderabad are writers [[Dagh Dehlvi]], [[Fani Badayuni]], [[Josh Malihabadi]], [[Ali Haider Tabatabai]], religious scholar [[Shibli Nomani|Shilbi Nomani]] and classical musicians [[Tanrus Khan]] and [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]].

After [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]] from the [[British Raj]], [[Hyderabad State]], under the rule of the [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|seventh Nizam]] lasted for a year, until 18 September 1948, when the Indian Army launched [[Indian integration of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]] Hyderabadi military forces who wished for Hyderabad State to remain independent. The Indian army soon decided to intervene. The liberation inadvertently resulted in the [[1948 Hyderabad Massacre|massacre of thousands of Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzyKngEACAAJ|title=The Destruction of Hyderabad|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781849044394|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khalidi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ovAAAAMAAJ|title=Hyderabad, after the fall|last1=Khalidi|first1=Omar|last2=Society|first2=Hyderabad Historical|date=1988-01-01|publisher=Hyderabad Historical Society|isbn=9780930811020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804754422|pages=32|language=en}}</ref>

=== Hyderabadi Muslim Identity after Integration ===
[[File:Hyderabad State reorganization 1956.png|thumb|Hyderabad State Divided Amongst Three New Indian States]]
The [[Indian integration of Hyderabad|Integration of Hyderabad]], into the [[dominion of India]], other than the shock of the controversial massacre took a turn of an identity crisis for the Hyderabadi Muslim people.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804754422|language=en}}</ref> Thousands of Hyderabadi Muslims emigrated from the then [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|integrated Indian state of Andhra Pradesh]] to Pakistan, the UK, the U.S. and Canada, resulting in a large diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-Muslim-question/articleshow/10695169.cms|title=The Muslim question - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref>

The people who migrated to [[Pakistan]] were now placed under a new term called [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]], along with other Urdu speaking immigrants from present day [[India]]. The Muhajir people began to dominate politics and business mainly in the metropolitan city of [[Karachi]] but their unique Hyderabadi Muslim Identity was lost, and has now evolved into a result of Karachi's booming cosmopolitan scene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1082152|title=The Mohajir question|last=Murtaza|first=Dr Niaz|date=2014-01-23|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> The Hyderabadi Muslims who stayed in the integrated Andhra Pradesh were faced with new language issues, and a wave of immigration of more Telugu people from the coastal areas as well as other Indian states, especially after 1956.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Av89AAAAYAAJ|title=Agricultural Development in Hyderabad State, 1900-1956: A Study in Economic History|date=1882-01-01|publisher=Keshav Prakashan|language=en}}</ref>

After the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|Indian reorganization of 1956]], with states being divided on linguistic lines, Hyderabadi Muslims, in [[Telangana]], [[Marathwada]], and [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] were faced with the learning and emerging dominance of the indigenous Telugu, Marathi, and Kannada languages respectively, and their native language [[Dakhini]] became a home language while [[Urdu]] in the forefront of Politics in these regions became comparatively less widespread.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHJtAAAAMAAJ|title=Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Published under the auspices of the Pakistan American Foundation|language=en}}</ref> The present day Hyderabadi Muslims know very little about their cultural heritage, especially those who aren't from Hyderabad city, or India. Hyderabadi Muslims are now seen as a result of Indian cosmopolitanism, and their history is being lost in Indian textbooks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC&q=Indian%2520Cosmopolitanism%252C%2520Hyderabad&pg=PA59|title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority|last=Paranjape|first=Makarand R.|date=2012-09-03|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400746619|language=en}}</ref>

The relative isolation of Hyderabad until [[Hyderabad Campaign (1948)|annexation to India]], its distinctive dialect of Urdu and the strong web of interconnecting family relationships that still characterizes Hyderabadi Muslims, sometimes leads to charges of parochialism from other Indian Muslim communities, but it also ensures a Hyderabadi Muslim identity endures among the Indian diaspora.

==Demographics and distribution==
[[File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img88 Charminar Chowrangi.jpg|thumb|left|180px|A replica of the [[Charminar]] built by Hyderabadi Muslims in [[Bahadurabad]], Karachi, Pakistan]]
The largest concentration of Hyderabadi Muslims is in the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|old city of Hyderabad]]. After the [[Partition of India]] and the [[Operation Polo|Incorporation of Hyderabad by India]], the Muslims of the state lost their privileged status, so significant numbers chose to migrate to other countries such as [[Pakistan]], the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf]], the [[United States]], [[UK]], [[Canada]] and [[Australia]].<ref>[[#Leonard07|Leonard 2007]]</ref><ref>[[#Leonard09|Leonard 2009]]</ref>

A section of Muslims in Hyderabad are of [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami]] Arab origin, who came to serve in the Nizam's military. They are known as [[Chaush]] and mostly reside in the [[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas]] neighbourhood of Hyderabad. Opposed to the popular belief, they are not considered a part of Hyderabadi Deccani Muslims. There are also some [[Siddi]]s who are of African descent.<ref>[[#Yimene04|Yimene 2004]]</ref><ref>[[#Ali96|Ali 1996]]: 193–202</ref>

In [[Pakistan]], most of the Hyderabadi migrants are settled in the southern port city of [[Karachi]]. Estimates of the Hyderabadi population in Karachi range between 20,000 and 200,000 today.<ref>[[#Leonard03|Leonard2003]]: 232</ref> The main neighbourhoods where the Hyderabadi migrants in Karachi initially settled were [[Hyderabad Colony]], [[Bahadurabad]] and [[Laiqabad]].<ref>[[#Ansari05|Ansari 2005]]: 140</ref> In 2007, a replica of the famous [[Charminar]] monument in Hyderabad was built at the main crossing of [[Bahadurabad]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Zakaria|first=M. Rafique|title=Charminar in Karachi|url=http://news.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/070422/dmag3.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723012359/http://news.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/070422/dmag3.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 July 2012|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=22 April 2007}}</ref> Some notable [[Pakistani]] people who migrated from the former [[Hyderabad State]] include [[Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui]], [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], [[Asif Iqbal Razvi]], [[Waheed Yar Khan]], and [[Anwar Maqsood]]. [[Sana Javed]] is a descendant of Hyderabadi Muslims ([[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir]]) who migrated to Pakistan

=== Classification ===
[[File:Jummat-ul-wida.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Muslims offer Friday Prayers at [[Mecca Masjid]]]]
Hyderabadi Muslims today, refer to the Urdu speaking Muslim community, from the 1801 landlocked [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]], who developed a distinct cultural identity from other [[Dakhini Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAON5AW4yUEC|title=A Comprehensive History of India|date=2003-12-01|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120725065|language=en}}</ref> Even though the princely state of Hyderabad had once reached the southernmost points of India, it's the culture from the known landlocked territories of the Nizam, that constitutes [[Culture of Hyderabad|Hyderabadi Muslim culture]], while the Dakhini Muslims of the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic]], and the Circars, developed their own distinct culture, and culinary tradition.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAEyAmYRNNQC|title=Political History of Carnatic Under the Nawabs|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S.|date=1984-01-01|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9780836412628|language=en}}</ref> The [[Chaush]] community, even though they speak Urdu, and live in the erstwhile Hyderabad State, are usually not considered Hyderabadi Muslims, since they came recently to the region. Even though they absorbed many Hyderabadi Muslim cultural features, namely language and cuisine (Chaush cuisine has more Arab influences), they're a more homogeneous group, of Hadhrami Arab ancestry, and reside in close knit Chaush communities such as the [[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas neighborhood]] of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC|title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi|last=Kulakarṇī|first=A. Rā|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171545797|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shareefmp.wordpress.com/2010/03/05/barkas-a-small-yemen-in-hyderabad/|title=Barkas: A Small Yemen in Hyderabad|date=2010-03-05|website=Hyderabad Notes|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> This is compared to most Hyderabadi Muslims, who have ancestries from various ethnic origins, most notably from Northern India, are less a homogeneous group.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ|title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India|last=Eaton|first=Richard Maxwell|date=2015-03-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400868155|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|[[Hyderabad Deccan]] (Green in the South) at its greatest extent]]

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hyderabad}}
[[File:Hyderabad Mah Laqa Bhai 17710 600w.jpg|thumb|[[Mah Laqa Bai]]]]
Hyderabadi Muslims, are noted for their hospitable nature also known as [[Culture of Hyderabad|Deccani Tehzeeb]]. While Hyderabadi Muslims take pride in their "Nawabi" language, literature, poetry, architecture, and cuisine, the performing arts are often overlooked, especially regarding Hyderabadi culture. In fact, the culture of the Hyderabadi Muslims is being lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Deccani-tehzeeb-is-history/articleshow/11126520.cms?referral=PM|title='Deccani tehzeeb is history' - The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/181016/celebrating-a-long-gone-hyderabad.html|title=Celebrating a long gone Hyderabad|date=2016-10-18|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-08-03|language=en}}</ref> The founding of the city of [[Hyderabad]] can be attributed to Ali who is popularly known as Hyder meaning The Lion and four minartes of Charminar represents four caliphs. Tales of the legendary dancers Taramati, and Premamati, are also an insight into the rich culture under the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] era. [[Mah Laqa Bai|Mah Laqa Bhai]], a prominent Hyderabadi Muslim poet of the 18th century, patronized the [[Kathak]] dance form in the courts of the Nizam, which is now being lost amongst Hyderabadi Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nizamabadnews.in/2014/05/18/center-deccan-studiesjournal-html/|title=Center for Deccan Studies|last=Desk|first=Nizamabad News Central|website=Nizamabad News నిజామాబాద్ న్యూస్|access-date=2016-03-18}}</ref>

[[File:Taramati-Baradari.jpg|thumb|The legendary ''Taramati'' used to sing for travelers at the [[Taramati Baradari]]|alt=|left]]

Apart from these, a traditional Hyderabadi Muslim wedding is identified by various local traditional elements, such as the traditional garb, [[Sherwani]] for the groom and [[Khara dupatta|Khada Dupatta]] along with jewelry for the bride, as well as [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] served at the ceremony.

Another cultural practice unique to the region is ''[[Tasmia Qwani]]'' also known as ''Bismillah Ceremony'', family ceremony in which a Muslim child is initiated to read the [[Quran]]. It is also characterized by local elements.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad : Siddi identity, its maintenance and change|last=Ababu.|first=Minda Yimene|date=2004|publisher=Cuvillier|isbn=978-3865372062|edition=1. Aufl|location=Göttingen|oclc=60333275}}</ref>

Communal Harmony, known as [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb]], is integral to the [[Culture of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-vows-to-get-ganga-jamuni-tehzeeb-back/article7416305.ece|title=KCR vows to get 'Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb' back|date=2015-07-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-03|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Muslims-keep-alive-spirit-of-Ganga-Jamuni-tehzeeb/articleshow/49164464.cms|title=Muslims keep alive spirit of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/ganga-jamuni-tehzeeb-temple-serving-iftar-dates-to-5-mosques-in-hyderabad-779534/|title=Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb: Temple serving Iftar Dates to 5 Mosques in Hyderabad {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2008/585/585_bilkees_i_latif.htm|title=585 Bilkees I. Latif, The soul of Hyderabad|website=www.india-seminar.com|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>

Other than musical forms of art, Hyderabadi Muslims have taken great honour in the writing, and reading of poetry, and annual [[Mushaira]]s and [[Mehfil]]s take place around the world, which has become a symbol of unity for Hyderabadi Muslims, and [[Urdu]] poets alike, continuing an ancient tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.in/2012nov14/4th_annual_mehfilehyderabad_celebrated_mississauga.html|title=4th Annual Mehfil-e-Hyderabad Celebrated in Mississauga {{!}} TwoCircles.net|website=twocircles.in|access-date=2016-03-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Language and literature===
{{main|Hyderabadi Urdu|Deccani language}}
[[File:Hyderabad City IB1142.jpg|thumb|Students at the [[Osmania University]], circa 1940s]]
One of the most identifiable markers of Hyderabadi Muslim culture is the [[Hyderabadi Urdu|local dialect of Urdu]], called [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] which in itself is a form of [[Dakhini]]. It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]], as well in some vocabulary from [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] that are not found in the standard dialect of [[Urdu]]. In terms of pronunciation, the easiest way to recognize a Hyderabadi Urdu is use of "nakko"(no) and "hau"(yes); whereas in standard Urdu its "nahi" for (no) and "haa" for (yes).

Though [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] or [[Dakhini]] are the native languages of the Hyderabadi Muslim people, most people can speak standard [[Urdu]], and often put Urdu as their mother tongue on censuses, as Dakhini is not a recognized language as such. Along with the languages they learn from birth, they can speak [[Hindi]], which is mutually intelligible with standard [[Urdu]], and taught in most Indian schools. Hyderabadi Muslims can also speak the majority languages spoken in the regions they live, namely [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Kannada]]. The other important characteristic of the natives is cultural refinement in terms of interpersonal communication, referred to as ''meethi boli'' (sweet and civilised speech). ''Tameez'', ''tehzeeb'' and ''akhlaq'' (etiquette, custom, and tradition) are considered very important and guests are treated well with a lot of ''mehmaan nawaazi'' (hospitality).

The [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahs]] were regarded as the great patrons of [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language. The region saw a growth of [[Deccani Urdu]] literature, the ''[[Deccani Masnavi]]'' and ''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]]'' composed during those periods are among the earliest available manuscripts in the Urdu language. The literary work of this region is influenced with the regional [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] in parallel with [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of renovated words.<ref name="Masud">{{cite book|title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah, volume 216|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|pages=50–77|year=1996|isbn=978-81-260-0233-7 |last=Hussain Khan|first=Masud}}</ref> The Fifth Sultan of the dynasty, [[Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah]] was himself an [[List of Urdu poets|Urdu poet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/quli-qutub-shah-remembered-his-400th-death-anniversary-244924/|title=Quli Qutub Shah remembered on his 400th death anniversary {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>

The period of [[Asaf Jahi Dynasty|Nizams]] saw a growth of literary growth since after printing was introduced in Hyderabad. In 1824 AD, the first collection of Urdu ''[[Ghazal]]s'' named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'' (Mahlaqa's garden of flowers) written by [[Mah Laqa Bai]], was printed and published from Hyderabad.<ref name="Mah laqa bai">{{cite book|title=Women writing in India volume 1, 600 BC to the Early Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC|publisher=[[The Feminist Press]]|page=120|year=1991|isbn=978-1-55861-027-9 |last1=Susie|first1=Tharu|last2=K|first2=Lalita|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref>

After the [[Revolt of 1857]], many Urdu writers, scholars and poets who lost their patronage at [[Delhi]] made Hyderabad their home, that grew and brought reforms in the literary and poetry work. Scholars continued to migrate to Hyderabad during the reign of [[Asaf Jah VI]] and his successor [[Asaf Jah VII]]. These included [[Shibli Nomani]], [[Dagh Dehlvi]], [[Fani Badayuni]], [[Josh Malihabadi]], [[Ali Haider Tabatabai]], Zahir Dehlvi and many others.<ref name="Datta">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|pages=1260, 1746–1748|year=2005|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |last=Datta|first=Amaresh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/mar/31/city-of-bards-eminent-poets-who-settled-down-in-hyderabad-1794858.html|title=City of Bards: Eminent poets who settled down in Hyderabad|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>

The reign of [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Nizam VII]] saw many reforms in literary work. For the first time in history the [[Nizams]] introduced [[Urdu]] as a language of court, administration and education. Other notable poets, scholars and writers of the early 20th century are [[Amjad Hyderabadi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hyderabad-observe-104th-anniversary-musi-flood-349446/|title=Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref> [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]], [[Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri]], [[Mohiuddin Qadri Zore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prlog.org/11428536-syed-mohiuddin-qadri-zore-ma-phd.html|title=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri, 'Zore'- MA, PhD.|last=Forum|first=Pak-American International|website=PRLog|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref> and [[Sulaiman Areeb]]. [[Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad]], although not a Muslim himself, was steeped in Hyderabadi Muslim Culture and wrote poetry under the pen name ''Shad''.<ref name="death">{{cite news|title=Sir Kishen Pershad Passes Away|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=168-AAAAIBAJ&pg=6865%2C1236175|access-date=8 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=14 May 1940|page=2}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Urdu]] was declared the second official language of the state of [[Telangana]] (after [[Telugu language|Telugu]]). This move was praised by many, especially Muslims of Hyderabad who spoke [[Urdu]] as their mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/urdu-second-official-language-telangana-state-passes-bill-71742|title=Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill|date=2017-11-17|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|title=Urdu is second official language now|date=2017-11-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-22|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Music ===
Though, the once great dance traditions among the Hyderabadi Muslims are almost lost, two distinct, cultural practices are still popular, namely [[Marfa (music)|Marfa]], and Dholak ke Geet. [[Marfa (music)|Marfa]] was brought by the [[Siddi]] and [[Chaush]] peoples, of [[Africa]] and [[Yemen]], who were deployed in the army of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]]. This music, is accompanied by the beating drums of a great tradition, which were once popular in national celebrations of the dissolved [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad state]], is still popular among Hyderabadi Muslims in weddings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2216021.ece#|title='Marfa' band of the Siddis 'losing' its beat|date=2011-07-10|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-03-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Dholak ke geet'' is also one such tradition. ''Dholak ke geet'' are songs, that have been orally passed down from generation to generation since the time of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]], and is sung at weddings, accompanied by a [[Dholak]] drum.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8830KZLvkYsC|title=Deccan Heritage|last=Gupta|first=Harsh K.|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173712852|language=en}}</ref>

''[[Qawwali]]'' is also popular among the community,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/31122010/page29.shtml|title=A song of Hyderabad|last=Khan|first=Bilquis Jehan|website=www.thefridaytimes.com|access-date=2018-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064747/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/31122010/page29.shtml|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is performed regularly at [[Dargah|''dargahs'']] such as [[Dargah Yousufain]] and [[Pahadi Shareef|Dargah Pahadi Shareef]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/hyderabad-guide-nizami-opulence-chic-cafes-and-qawwali-performances/|title=Hyderabad Guide: Nizami Opulence, Chic Cafes, and Qawwali Performances|work=Your Site NAME Goes HERE|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/special-place-for-qawwali-in-hyderabad/article3271428.ece|title=Special place for qawwali in Hyderabad|last=Farida|first=Syeda|date=2012-04-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It used to be patronized by the [[Nizam]]s as well as the nobility. The great classical musicians such as [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Inayat Khan]], [[Tanrus Khan|Ustad Tanrus Khan]], [[Munshi Raziuddin]] and [[Qawwal Bahauddin Khan|Bahauddin Khan]] used to perform at the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's]] court. The contemporary [[Qawwali|''qawwals'']] [[Ateeq Hussain Khan]] and the [[Warsi Brothers]] reside in [[Hyderabad]] and perform regularly in the city.

===Cuisine===
{{main|Hyderabadi cuisine}}
[[File:Chicken Hyderabadi Biryani.JPG|thumb|[[Hyderabadi biryani|Hyderabadi Biryani]]]]
[[File:Haleem hyderabadi.jpg|thumb|[[Hyderabadi Haleem]]]]
The native cooking style of the community is the [[Hyderabadi cuisine]], which evolved during the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi]] period. It is heavily influenced by [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal]], [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]], and [[Arabic cuisine|Arab]] along with the influence of the native [[Telugu cuisine|Telugu]] and [[Marathwada]] cuisines. It comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices, herbs and natural edibles.<ref name="Sanjeev Kapoor">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFivPqq7FbIC|title=Royal Hyderabadi Cooking|last=Kapoor|first=Sanjeev|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7991-373-4|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="Karen2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC|title=Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|publisher=stanford university press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Some famous [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] (dishes) that are served at weddings are: [[Hyderabadi Biryani]], [[Hyderabadi Haleem|Haleem]], [[Khubani ka Mitha]], [[Gil-e-Firdaus]], [[Double Ka Meetha]], [[Luqmi]], Kaddu ki Kheer (A type of [[Kheer]]), [[Mirchi ka Salan]] and [[Baghare Baigan]].

Other popular food items are: [[Chakna]], [[Tamate ka Kut]], [[Khatti Dal]], [[Dalcha]], [[Shirmal]], Rawghani Roti, [[nihari]], pasande, [[Pathar-ka-Gosht|Pathar Ka Ghosht]], [[Naan]], Dum Ka Murgh, [[Khagina]], [[Khichdi]], Nargisi Kheema, Shaami, Kofte, Tala Hua Ghosht, Poori, Kheer, [[Sheer Khorma]], Til ka Khatta, Til ki Chutney and Qubuli, Shikampur, Tahari, [[Khichdi]]. The Arab dishes [[Mandi (food)|Mandi]] and [[Shawarma]] are also popular.

The dishes are tied to events, such as [[Hyderabadi Haleem]], made almost exclusively during the month of [[Ramadan]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/10/hyderabads-charm-found-in-ramadan-delights/|title=Hyderabad's Charm Found in Ramadan Delights|last=Alluri|first=Aparna|work=India Ink|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en}}</ref> and [[Sheer Khorma]] which is especially made on the day of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-ul-Fitr]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Hyderabad-says-Eid-Mubarak/article14476732.ece|title=Hyderabad says Eid Mubarak|date=2016-07-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-22|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/food-recipes/ramadan-special-recipe-sheer-khurma-watch-here-1063802.htm|title=Ramadan special recipe: Sheer Khurma—Watch here!|date=2014-07-25|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en}}</ref> [[Tala huwa gosht|Talawa Gosht]] is prepared on Fridays.

[[Irani café|Irani Chai]] is enjoyed throughout the city, along with [[Osmania Biscuit]]s. [[Irani café|Irani Cafes]] found all over Hyderabad serve these along with [[Lukhmi]], [[Samosa]] and other snacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/irani-chai-taste-of-persia-in-hyderabad/as32651993.cms|title=Irani Chai: Taste of Persia in Hyderabad|work=Times of India Travel|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/hotel-shadab-is-a-transit-eatery-for-those-heading-towards-charminar-and-old-city/article19103252.ece|title=The chai destination in Old City|last=Nayak|first=Ashis|date=2017-06-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Clothing and jewellery===

====''Khada Dupatta''====
{{Main|Khara dupatta}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]] and her cousin [[Princess Niloufer]], the Hyderabadi princesses of the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] origin.
| image1 = Cecil Beaton Photographs- Political and Military Personalities; Durri Shehvar, Princess IB783.jpg
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| image2 = The impossibly gorgeous Princess Niloufer (5613874828).jpg
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The ''Khada Dupatta'' or ''[[Khara Dupatta]]'' (uncut veil) is an outfit composed of a ''kurta'' (tunic), ''[[chooridaar]]'' (ruched pair of pants), and 6-yard ''dupatta'' (veil) and is traditionally worn by Hyderabad brides. Sometimes the ''kurta'' is sleeveless and worn over a ''koti'' resembling a [[choli]]. The bride also wears a matching ''ghoonghat'' (veil) over her head. The accompanying jewellery is:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The untold Charminar : writings on Hyderabad|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books|others=Imam, Syeda.|isbn=9780143103707|location=New Delhi|oclc=235042642}}</ref>

*''Tika'' (a medallion of uncut diamonds worn on the forehead and suspended by a string of pearls)
*''Jhoomar'' (a fan shaped ornament worn on the side of the head)
*''Nath'' (a nose ring with a large ruby bead flanked by two pearls)
*''Chintaak'' also known as Jadaoo Zevar (a choker studded with uncut diamonds and precious stones)
*''Kan phool'' (earrings that match the ''Chintaak'' and consist of a flower motif covering the ear lobe and a bell shaped ornament that is suspended from the flower. The weight of precious stones and gold in the ''Karan phool'' is held up by ''sahare'' or supports made of strands of pearls that are fastened into the wearers hair.)
*''[[Satlada]]'' (neck ornament of seven strands of pearls set with emeralds, diamonds and rubies)
*''Ranihaar'' (neck ornament of pearls with a wide pendant)
*''Jugni'' (neck ornament of several strands of pearls with a central pendant)
*''Gote'' (Shellac bangles studded with rhinestones and worn with gold coloured glass bangles called ''sonabai'')
*''Payal'' (ankle bracelets)
*''Gintiyan'' (toe rings)[[File:NizamViiMukarram.jpg|thumb|right|Asaf Jah VII with his grandson Mukarram Jah, both wearing a ''[[Sherwani]]'' and ''[[Rumi topi|Rumi Topi]]'']]

====''Sherwani''====

The ''[[Sherwani]]'' is the traditional men's garb of Hyderabad. It is a coat-like tunic with a tight-fitting collar (hook & eyelet fastening), close-fitting in the upper torso and flaring somewhat in its lower half. It usually has six or seven buttons, often removable ones made from gold sovereigns for special occasions. The material is usually silk or wool. A groom may use gold brocade for his wedding sherwani, but otherwise good taste dictates understated colors, albeit with rich and textured fabrics. The sherwani is usually worn over a silk or cotton ''kurta'' (long shirt) and ''pyjamas'' (baggy pants with a drawstring at the waist).

The ''Sherwani'' is closely associated with Hyderabad, although it has spread since to the rest of India and to Pakistan. Former Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] adapted its design and turned it into his trademark ''[[Nehru Jacket]]'', further popularizing the garment.

====''Attar''====
[[Ittar|Attar]], or ''Ittar'' is a traditional perfume made from botanical sources. It is still available in the bazaars near [[Charminar]] and at the [[Moazzam Jahi Market|Moazam Jahi Market]]. Many of the older generations still prefer ''attar'' over modern [[perfume]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/four-generations-later-art-ittar-losing-its-scent-hyderabad|title=Four generations later, the art of 'Ittar' is losing its scent in Hyderabad|date=2015-06-12|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tracing-the-fragrant-attar/article3707469.ece|title=Tracing the fragrant attar|last=Chakravorty|first=Sohini|date=2012-07-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ittar-mingles-in-the-air-but-losing-aroma-among-youth/articleshow/62102671.cms|title=Ittar mingles in the air, but losing aroma among youth - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-new-scent-of-attar/articleshow/45396025.cms|title=The new scent of attar - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:MeccaMasjid.png|thumb|The 400-year-old [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] in Hyderabad]]
The majority of Hyderabadi Muslims are [[Sunni Muslim]]s with [[Sufi]] influences and the minority is [[Twelver Shia]] and [[Ismaili]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim society demonstrates diversity in its beliefs and practices|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Muslim-society-demonstrates-diversity-in-its-beliefs-and-practices/articleshow/53693572.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 August 2016|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> Sunni Muslims mostly follow the [[Hanafi]] School. Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strong Sufi influence. [[Tablighi Jamaat]] has also been active since the late 1950s, with its headquarters at Jama Masjid Mallepally. [[Salafi movement]] within [[Sunni Islam]] is also influential in some areas. [[Bismillah ceremony]] is an Islam initiation ceremony held for children, unique to the region.

[[Mourning of Muharram]] is observed by the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-parallel-to-hyderabads-muharram-procession-in-india-523357.html|title=No parallel to Hyderabad's Muharram procession in India|work=News18|access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref> Processions are held every year and are attended by both Shia and Sunni Muslims, since the time of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] as well as the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]].

Religious knowledge and its propagation flourished under the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] with institutions like the world-famous [[Jamia Nizamia]]. The largest Mosque of Hyderabad, the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] gathers congregations of more than two hundred thousand{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} on the occasions of [[Eid prayers]] and [[Jumu'atul-Wida|''Jumu'at-al Wida'']]. (the last Friday of [[Ramadan]])

Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholars of representing different Islamic sects and trends, including [[Bahadur Yar Jung]], [[Muhammad Hamidullah]], [[Hashim Amir Ali]], [[Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri]], [[Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri]], [[Abul Ala Maududi]] and [[M. A. Muqtedar Khan]].

==Politics==
Hyderabadi Muslims have organized themselves politically along religious lines. The most prominent example of this is the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]], currently led by [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]. The party dominates the politics in Hyderabad's [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]], and consistently wins seats for the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of Indian Parliament) and the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. The party claims to represent the interests of Muslims by campaigning for greater protection of minority rights across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aimim.in/about-the-party/history/|title=History - All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|website=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702085450/http://www.aimim.in/about-the-party/history/|archive-date=2 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A rival breakaway faction of the AIMIM is the [[Majlis Bachao Tehreek]] that also claims to represent the interests of Muslims in Hyderabad.

Hyderabadi Muslims actively participated in the 1857 rebellion, such as [[Maulvi Allauddin]], [[Turrebaz Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/turrebaz-khan-the-forgotten-hero|title=Turrebaz Khan: The forgotten hero|last=Gopal|first=M. Sai|work=Telangana Today}}</ref> 

==Notable people==
{{main|List of Hyderabadi Muslims}}

==See also==
{{portal bar|Islam|India}}
* [[Andhra Muslims]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Deccani language]]
* [[Deccanis]]
* [[Annexation of Hyderabad]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Akbar S. |date=July 1985 |title=Muslim society in South India: the case of Hyderabad |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=317–331 |doi=10.1080/13602008508715945 }}
*{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Shanti Sadiq |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |year=1996 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC |ref=Ali96}}
*{{cite book |last=Ansari |first=Sarah |title=Life after Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh, 1947–1962 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-597834-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_extAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hyderabad+colony%22 |ref=Ansari05}}
*{{cite book |last=Howarth |first=Toby M. |title=The Twelver Shîʻa as a Muslim Minority in India: Pulpit of Tears |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-36234-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8KoSKzi6QMC |ref=Howarth05}}
*{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |editor-last=Bates |editor-first=Crispin |title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora |year=2003 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |chapter=Hyderabadis in Pakistan: Changing Nations |pages=224–244 |isbn=978-81-250-2482-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DnC0Z7N2jUC&pg=PA224 |ref=Leonard03}}
*{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad |year=2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC |ref=Leonard07}}
*{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |editor1-last=Raghuram |editor1-first=Parvati |editor2-last=Sahoo |editor2-first=Ajaya Kumar |editor3-last=Maharaj |editor3-first=Brij |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Sangha |editor4-first=Dave |title=Tracing an Indian Diaspora: Contexts, Memories, Representations |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |chapter=Hyderabadis Abroad: Memories of Home |pages=257–270 |isbn=978-81-7829-833-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofo3H1cWp6IC&pg=PA257 |ref=Leonard08}}
*{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |editor-last=Falzon |editor-first=Mark-Anthony |title=Multi-sited Ethnography: Theory, Praxis and Locality in Contemporary Research |year=2009 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |chapter=Changing Places: The Advantages of Multi-sited Ethnography |pages=165–180 |isbn=978-0-7546-7318-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1lhAe95HDYC&pg=PP1 |ref=Leonard09}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lynton |first1=Harriet Ronken |last2=Rajan |first2=Mohini |title=The Days of the Beloved |year=1974 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-02442-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhYjiciXlwwC}}
*{{cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |ref=Pernau00}}
*{{cite book |last=Yimene |first=Ababu Minda |title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change |year=2004 |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |isbn=978-3-86537-206-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |ref=Yimene04}}
*{{cite book |last=Crispin |first=Bates |title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Longman Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-250-2482-8 |pages=224–245 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_obv64jFKVIC |ref=Crispin00}}
{{refend}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{IslamismSA|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Muhajir communities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabadi Muslims}}
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Culture of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Islamic culture|Hyderabad, Muslim culture]]
[[Category:Islam in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India|*]]

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Hyderabadi Muslims