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Manikya dynasty

2021-08-29T00:48:49Z

2405:201:8013:20BE:2873:F8E9:E19B:C957:

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{infobox noble house
| surname = Manikya
| coat of arms = Coat of Arms of Tripura Princely State.gif
| country =
*[[Twipra Kingdom]]
*[[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura State]]
| parent house = [[Lunar dynasty]] (legendary)
| titles =
*Fa
*[[Raja]]
*[[Maharaja]]
| styles =
| founder = [[Maha Manikya]]
| final ruler = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya]]
| current head = [[Kirit Pradyot Deb Barman|Kirit Pradyot Manikya]] (titular)
| founded = {{circa}}1400
| deposition = 1949
| cadet branches =
| ethnicity = [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]
}}

The '''Manikya dynasty''' was the ruling house of the [[Twipra Kingdom]] and later the princely [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura State]], what is now the [[India]]n state of [[Tripura]]. Ruling since the early 15th century, the dynasty at its height controlled a large swathe of the north-east of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. After coming under [[British Empire|British]] influence, in 1761 they transitioned from feudal monarchs into rulers of a [[princely state]], though the Manikyas maintain control of the region until 1949, when it ascended in union with India.

==History==
Tracing a descent from the mythological [[Lunar dynasty]],{{sfnp|Singh Rana|1998|p=210}} the ''[[Rajmala]]'' royal chronicle records an unbroken line of 144 (likely legendary) monarchs of Tripura up to the ascension of one [[Ratna Fa]], who is stated to have become the first Manikya after being granted the cognomen by the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]].{{sfnp|Bhattacharyya|1977|p=13}} According to Rajmala, the ancestors of the royal family of Tripura shifted their capital from Nowgong district to the district of Cachar on the bank of River Barak. Afterwards, they proceeded south-west and settled in Dharmanagar and established their capital on the banks of Juri river. It was from Dharmanagar that they came to the centre of the present state of Tripura. The process of state formation in Tripura began during the reign of the Manikya rulers which is also known as the medieval period in the history of Tripura. The Tripuri rajas are said to have assumed the title of 'Manikya' from the time of Ratna Pha,who according to Prof. Kalikaranjan Qanungo,was a contemporary of Ghiyasuddin Balban. Ratna Pha defeated Sultan Mughisuddin Tughril in about AD 1450, then he was honoured with the title of Manikya by the muslim ruler. The process of state formation started in the early 15th century when Tripura chief, Chhengthung Pha, later named as Maha Manikya succeeded in subjugating other tribes namely the Jamatias,Kukis,Reangs and others. Rangamati(the present Udaipur) in South Tripura was annexed by Jujhar Pha,the seventy fourth raja of Tripura. Rangamati was made the capital of the kingdom from Raja Lika onwards. Later, the name was changed to Udaipur by Uday Manikya, a king of the Manikya Dynasty.[https://gomati.nic.in/history/]

Maha Manikya's early successors achieved considerable military success, conquering territory in Bengal, [[Ahom kingdom|Assam]] and [[Burma]]. Tripura reached its zenith in the 16th century under such prominent kings as [[Dhanya Manikya]] and [[Vijaya Manikya II]],{{sfnp|Nayar|2005|p=70}} with its lands stretching from the [[Garo Hills]] in the north to the Arakan in [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south. As monarchs of a Hindu kingdom, the Manikyas developed a rivalry with the successive Muslim rulers of Bengal, coming into conflict with [[Sultan]]s, governors and [[Nawab]]s before being brought under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] suzerainty in the early 17th century. As Mughal power waned, the antagonism with Bengal re-erupted, which drove the Manikyas to first approach the [[British Empire|British]] for aid. In 1761, Tripura had succumb to British influence, becoming [[Tripura (princely state)|a princely protectorate]], though control of the region remained under the Manikya dynasty.{{sfnp|Boland-Crewe|Lea|2005|p=238}}

In 1870, [[Bir Chandra Manikya]] ascended the throne and began a series of political reforms to his kingdom, modelling his government on the British system. A lover of the [[Bengali culture|culture of Bengal]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was adopted by the court under his rule and he developed a friendship with the celebrated poet, [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. After Tripura was briefly incorporated into the province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] at the beginning of the 20th century, the last Manikya monarch, Maharaja [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Bir Bikram Kishore]], chose to come under the jurisdiction of the predominantly Hindu [[Dominion of India]] in 1947. The [[Tripura Merger Agreement|final ascension]] of Tripura into the modern [[India]]n nation was signed by his widow, [[Kanchan Prava Devi]], in place of the minor [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Kirit Bikram Kishore]], bringing to an end five centuries of Manikya rule.{{sfnp|Boland-Crewe|Lea|2005|p=238}}

==List of rulers==
[[File:Bengal gazetteer 1907-9.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tripura princely state in 1909]]

{{Kingdom of Tripura}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="10" align=center style="background-color:skyblue" |'''Rulers of the Manikya dynasty ({{circa}}1400 – 1949)'''{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=233–34}}
|-
! width="130pt" |Name
! width="65pt" |Reign start
! width="65pt" |Reign end
! width="200pt" |Claim
! width="200pt" |Notes
|-
| [[Maha Manikya]]
| {{circa}}1400
| 1431
|
|
|-
| [[Dharma Manikya I]]
| 1431
| 1462
| Son of [[Maha Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Ratna Manikya I]]
| 1462
| {{circa}}1487
| Son of [[Dharma Manikya I]]
|
|-
| [[Pratap Manikya]]
| {{circa}}1487
| {{circa}}1487
| Son of [[Ratna Manikya I]]
|
|-
| [[Vijaya Manikya I]]
| 1488
| 1488
| Possibly son of [[Pratap Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Mukut Manikya]]
| 1489
| 1489
| Son of [[Ratna Manikya I]]
|
|-
| [[Dhanya Manikya]]
| 1490
| 1515
| Son of [[Ratna Manikya I]]
|
|-
| [[Dhwaja Manikya]]
| 1515
| 1520
| Son of [[Dhanya Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Deva Manikya]]
| 1520
| 1530
| Son of [[Dhanya Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Indra Manikya I]]
| 1530
| 1532
| Son of [[Deva Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Vijaya Manikya II]]
| 1532
| 1563
| Son of [[Deva Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Ananta Manikya]]
| 1563
| 1567
| Son of [[Vijaya Manikya II]]
|
|-
| [[Udai Manikya I]]
| 1567
| 1573
| Father-in-law of [[Ananta Manikya]]
| Claimed the throne following the death of his predecessor, briefly supplanting the ruling dynasty with his own line.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=75–76}}
|-
| [[Joy Manikya I]]
| 1573
| 1577
| Son of [[Udai Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Amar Manikya]]
| 1577
| 1586
| Son of [[Deva Manikya]]
| Restored the Manikya dynasty after killing his predecessor.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=77}}
|-
| [[Rajdhar Manikya I]]
| 1586
| 1600
| Son of [[Amar Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Ishwar Manikya]]
| 1600
| 1600
| Possibly son of [[Amar Manikya]] or [[Rajdhar Manikya I]]
|
|-
| [[Yashodhar Manikya]]
| 1600
| 1618
| Son of [[Rajdhar Manikya I]]
| Monarchy temporarily overthrown by the [[Mughal Empire]].{{sfnp|Chib|1988|p=11}}
|-
| [[Kalyan Manikya]]
| 1626
| 1660
| Descendant of [[Maha Manikya]]
| From a cadet branch of the dynasty.{{sfnp|Gan-Chaudhuri|1980|p=25}} Elected as monarch after Mughal interregnum.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=96}}
|-
| [[Govinda Manikya]]
| 1660
| 1661
| Son of [[Kalyan Manikya]]
| First reign
|-
| [[Chhatra Manikya]]
| 1661
| 1667
| Son of [[Kalyan Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Govinda Manikya]]
| 1667
| 1676
| Son of [[Kalyan Manikya]]
| Second reign
|-
| [[Rama Manikya]]
| 1676
| 1685
| Son of [[Govinda Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Ratna Manikya II]]
| 1685{{sfnp|Friedberg|Friedberg|2009|p=498}}
| 1693{{sfnp|Friedberg|Friedberg|2009|p=498}}
| Son of [[Rama Manikya]]
| First reign
|-
| [[Narendra Manikya]]
| 1693{{sfnp|Friedberg|Friedberg|2009|p=498}}
| 1695{{sfnp|Friedberg|Friedberg|2009|p=498}}
| Grandson of [[Govinda Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Ratna Manikya II]]
| 1695{{sfnp|Friedberg|Friedberg|2009|p=498}}
| 1712{{sfnp|Friedberg|Friedberg|2009|p=498}}
| Son of [[Rama Manikya]]
| Second reign
|-
| [[Mahendra Manikya]]
| 1712{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=24}}
| 1714{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=24}}
| Son of [[Rama Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Dharma Manikya II]]
| 1714{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=24}}
| 1725{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=24}}
| Son of [[Rama Manikya]]
| First reign
|-
| [[Jagat Manikya]]
| 1725{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=25}}
| 1729{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=25}}
| Great-grandson of [[Chhatra Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Dharma Manikya II]]
| 1729{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=25}}
| 1729{{sfnp|DebBarma|2006|p=25}}
| Son of [[Rama Manikya]]
| Second reign
|-
| [[Mukunda Manikya]]
| 1729
| 1739
| Son of [[Rama Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Joy Manikya II]]
| 1739
| 1744
| Great-great-grandson of [[Kalyan Manikya]]
| First reign
|-
| [[Indra Manikya II]]
| 1744
| 1746
| Son of [[Mukunda Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Udai Manikya II]]
| {{circa|1744}}
| {{circa|1744}}
| Son of [[Dharma Manikya II]]
| Briefly laid claim to the throne during a power struggle between his relatives.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=130}}
|-
| [[Joy Manikya II]]
| 1746
| 1746
| Great-great-grandson of [[Kalyan Manikya]]
| Second reign
|-
| [[Vijaya Manikya III]]
| 1746
| 1748
| Brother of [[Joy Manikya II]], great-great-grandson of [[Kalyan Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Lakshman Manikya]]
| ?
| ?
| Grandson of [[Dharma Manikya II]]
| Ruled as a puppet-monarch under [[Shamsher Gazi]] for three years before the latter took the throne for himself.{{sfnp|Sur|1986|p=14}}
|-
| [[Krishna Manikya]]
| 1760
| 1783
| Son of [[Mukunda Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Rajdhar Manikya II]]
| 1785
| 1806
| Grandson of [[Mukunda Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Rama Ganga Manikya]]
| 1806
| 1809
| Son of [[Rajdhar Manikya II]]
| First reign
|-
| [[Durga Manikya]]
| 1809
| 1813
| Son of [[Lakshman Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Rama Ganga Manikya]]
| 1813
| 1826
| Son of [[Rajdhar Manikya II]]
| Second reign
|-
| [[Kashi Chandra Manikya]]
| 1826
| 1829
| Son of [[Rajdhar Manikya II]]
|
|-
| [[Krishna Kishore Manikya]]
| 1829
| 1849
| Son of [[Rama Ganga Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Ishan Chandra Manikya]]
| 1849
| 1862
| Son of [[Krishna Kishore Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Bir Chandra Manikya]]
| 1862
| 1896
| Son of [[Krishna Kishore Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Radha Kishore Manikya]]
| 1896
| 1909
| Son of [[Bir Chandra Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]]
| 1909
| 1923
| Son of [[Radha Kishore Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarma|Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya]]
| 1923
| 1947
| Son of [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya]]
| 1947
| 1949
| Son of [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarma|Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya]]
|
|-
|colspan="10" align=center style="background-color:Lightgreen" |'''Titular (1949 – present)'''
|-
| [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya]]
| 1949
| 2006
| Son of [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarma|Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya]]
|
|-
| [[Kirit Pradyot Deb Barman|Kirit Pradyot Manikya]]
| 2006
| current
| Son of [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya]]
|
|}

==Family tree==
{{chart top|width=100%|Family tree}}
{{chart/start|align=center|summary=}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |MAH| MAH='''[[Maha Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. {{circa|1400}}–1431| boxstyle_MAH=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |DR1| | | | | | | | | | |GGF| | DR1='''[[Dharma Manikya I]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1431–1462| boxstyle_DR1=border-width:2px;| GGF=Gagan Fa}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |Q| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |RT1| | | | | | | | | | | |Q| |RT1='''[[Ratna Manikya I]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1462–{{circa|1487}}| boxstyle_RT1=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |Q| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |DNY| |PRT| |MKT| | | |Q| | DNY='''[[Dhanya Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1490–1515| boxstyle_DNY=border-width:2px;| PRT='''[[Pratap Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. {{circa|1487}}| boxstyle_PRT=border-width:2px;| MKT='''[[Mukut Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1489| boxstyle_MKT=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | | | |Q| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |DWJ| |DVA| |VJ1| | | | | | | |Q| | DWJ='''[[Dhwaja Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1515–1520| boxstyle_DWJ=border-width:2px;| DVA='''[[Deva Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1520–1530| boxstyle_DVA=border-width:2px;| VJ1=''Possibly'' '''[[Vijaya Manikya I]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1488| boxstyle_VJ1=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |Q| }}
{{chart|border=1| |UD1| | | | |IN1| |VJ2| |AMR| | | | | | | |Q| | UD1='''[[Udai Manikya I]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1567–1573| boxstyle_UD1=border-width:2px;| IN1='''[[Indra Manikya I]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1530–1532| boxstyle_IN1=border-width:2px;| VJ2='''[[Vijaya Manikya II]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1532–1563| boxstyle_VJ2=border-width:2px;| AMR='''[[Amar Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1577–1586| boxstyle_AMR=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | |Q| }}
{{chart|border=1| |JY1 | |RTN|P|P|P|P|ANN| |RJ1| | | | | | | |Q| JY1='''[[Joy Manikya I]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1573–1577| boxstyle_JY1=border-width:2px;| RTN=Ratnavati Ruler of Chandipur| ANN='''[[Ananta Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1563–1567| boxstyle_ANN=border-width:2px;| RJ1='''[[Rajdhar Manikya I]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1586–1600| boxstyle_RJ1=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |Q| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |YSD| |ISW| | |KCF| YSD='''[[Yashodhar Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1600–1618| boxstyle_YSD=border-width:2px;| ISW='''[[Ishwar Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1600| boxstyle_ISW=border-width:2px;| KCF=Kachu Fa}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KLY| KLY='''[[Kalyan Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1626–1660| boxstyle_KLY=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GVN| | | | |JGN| | | | | |CHT| | GVN='''[[Govinda Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1660–1661 r. 1667–1676| boxstyle_GVN=border-width:2px;| JGN=Jagannath Thakur| CHT='''[[Chhatra Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1661–1667| boxstyle_CHT=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|(| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |RMA| | |DRG| | | | |SPN| | | | | |UTS| RMA='''[[Rama Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1676–1685| boxstyle_RMA=border-width:2px;| DRG=Durga Thakur| SPN=Surya Pratap Narayan Thakur| UTS=Utsab Roy}}
{{chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | |!| | | | | | |! | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| |RT2| |MHN| |DR2| |MKN| | |NRN| | | | |HRD| | | | | |VJN| | RT2='''[[Ratna Manikya II]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1685–1693 r. 1695–1712| boxstyle_RT2=border-width:2px;| MHN='''[[Mahendra Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1712–1714| boxstyle_MHN=border-width:2px;| DR2='''[[Dharma Manikya II]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1714–1725 r. 1729| boxstyle_DR2=border-width:2px;| MKN='''[[Mukunda Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1729–1739| boxstyle_MKN=border-width:2px;| NRN='''[[Narendra Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1693–1695| boxstyle_NRN=border-width:2px;|HRD=Haradhan Thakur| VJN=Vijaya Narayan}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | |UD2| |GDD| |IN2| |KRS| |HRM| |JY2| |VJ3| |JGT| | UD2='''[[Udai Manikya II]]''' Raja of Tripura r. {{circa|1744}}| boxstyle_UD2=border-width:2px; | GDD=Gadadhar Thakur|IN2='''[[Indra Manikya II]]''' Raja of Tripura r. {{circa|1744–1746}}| boxstyle_IN2=border-width:2px;| KRS='''[[Krishna Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1760–1783| boxstyle_KRS=border-width:2px;| HRM=Harimani| JY2='''[[Joy Manikya II]]''' Raja of Tripura r. {{circa|1739–1744}} r. 1746| boxstyle_JY2=border-width:2px;| VJ3='''[[Vijaya Manikya III]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1746–1748| boxstyle_VJ3=border-width:2px;| JGT='''[[Jagat Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1725–1729| boxstyle_JGT=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |LKS| | | | | | | | | |RJ2| | | | | | | | | |BLR| | LKS='''[[Lakshman Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. {{circa|1740/50s}}| boxstyle_LKS=border-width:2px; |RJ2='''[[Rajdhar Manikya II]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1785–1806| boxstyle_RJ2=border-width:2px; |BLR='''[[Balaram Manikya]]''' Ruler of [[Comilla Division|Chakla Roshnabad]] r. 1767}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |DRG| | | | | | | |RMG| |KSC| | DRG='''[[Durga Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1809–1813| boxstyle_DRG=border-width:2px; |RMG='''[[Rama Ganga Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1806–1809 r. 1813–1826| boxstyle_RMG=border-width:2px;| KSC='''[[Kashi Chandra Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1826–1829| boxstyle_KSC=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KRK| | KRK='''[[Krishna Kishore Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1829–1849| boxstyle_KRK=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ISC| |BRC| | ISC='''[[Ishan Chandra Manikya]]''' Raja of Tripura r. 1849–1862| boxstyle_ISC=border-width:2px; |BRC='''[[Bir Chandra Manikya]]''' Maharaja of Tripura r. 1862–1896| boxstyle_BRC=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |RDK| RDK='''[[Radha Kishore Manikya]]''' Maharaja of Tripura r. 1896–1909| boxstyle_RDK=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BRK| | BRK='''[[Birendra Kishore Manikya]]''' Maharaja of Tripura r. 1909–1923| boxstyle_BRK=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BBK| | BBK='''[[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya]]''' Maharaja of Tripura r. 1923–1947| boxstyle_BBK=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KBK| | KBK='''[[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya]]''' Maharaja of Tripura r. 1947–1949| boxstyle_KBK=border-width:2px;}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KPR| | KPR=[[Kirit Pradyot Deb Barman|Kirit Pradyot Manikya]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}
</div>
{|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''Bibliography:'''
*{{citation|last=Choudhury|first=Achyut Charan|authorlink=Achyut Charan Choudhury|title=Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho|year=2000|orig-year=1910|publisher=Kotha|location=Kolkata|language=Bangla|url=https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_পূর্বাংশ.pdf/৫২৬|page=502}}
*{{citation|last=Sarma|first=Ramani Mohan|title=Political History of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Puthipatra|location=Calcutta}}
|}
{{chart bottom}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=A. K.|authorlink=Asoke Kumar Bhattacharyya|title=District Census Handbook: North Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FEYAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Director of Census Operations}}
*{{cite book|last1=Boland-Crewe|first1=Tara|last2=Lea|first2=David|title=The Territories and States of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238|year=2005|orig-year=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-135-35625-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Chib|first=Sukhdev Singh|title=This beautiful India: Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMItAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Ess Ess Publications|isbn=978-81-7000-039-6}}
*{{cite book|last=DebBarma|first=Chandramani|title=Glory of Tripura civilization: history of Tripura with Kok Borok names of the kings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wU9uAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Parul Prakashani}}
*{{cite book|last1=Friedberg|first1=Arthur L.|last2=Friedberg|first2=Ira S.|title=Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present : an Illustrated Standard Catalogue with Valuations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC&pg=PA498|edition=8|year=2009|publisher=Coin & Currency Institute|location=New Jersey|isbn=978-0-87184-308-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Gan-Chaudhuri|first=Jagadis|title=Tripura, the land and its people|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Leeladevi Publications|isbn=9788121004480}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lahiri|first=Bela|title=Numismatic Evidence on the Chronolgy and Succession of the rulers of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE5mAAAAMAAJ|journal=The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India|year=1999|publisher=Numismatic Society of India}}
*{{cite book|last1=Momin|first1=Mignonette|last2=Mawlong|first2=Cecile A.|last3=Qādrī|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|title=Society and economy in North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOfZAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Regency Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87498-83-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Nayar|first=V. K.|title=Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in the North East and Jammu and Kashmir: From Real Politik to Ideal Politik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzduAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Shipra Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7541-218-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Saha|first=Sudhanshu Bikash|title=Tribes of Tripura: A Historical Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioMiAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Rupali Book House}}
*{{cite book|last=Sarma|first=Ramani Mohan|title=Political History of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Puthipatra}}
*{{cite book|last=Singh Rana|first=J. P.|title=Marriage and Customs of Tribes of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC&pg=PA210|year=1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7533-087-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sur|first=Hirendra Kumar|title=British Relations with the State of Tripura, 1760-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSouAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Saraswati Book Depot}}

{{Tripura}}

[[Category:History of Tripura]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Bangladesh]]

Provisional Government of India

2021-08-28T14:57:07Z

2405:201:8013:20BE:2873:F8E9:E19B:C957:

{{about|the organisation formed during World War I in Kabul|the Japanese puppet state during World War II|Azad Hind|the body created in 1946|Interim Government of India}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Provisional Government of India
|common_name = India
|status = [[Government in exile]]
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|image_map = British Indian empire in 1936.png
|image_map_caption = [[British Raj|British India]] during [[World War I]] claimed by the Provisional Government of India
| admin_center_type = Headquarters
| admin_center = [[Kabul]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| capital = [[New Delhi]] (claimed)
|common_languages =
|national_anthem =
|title_leader = {{nowrap|[[President of India|President]]}}
|year_leader1=1915–1919
|leader1=[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|title_representative = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]c
|year_representative1=1915–1919
|representative1=[[Maulana Barkatullah]]
|era = [[World War I]]{{·}}[[Interwar Period]]
|event_start =
|date_start = 1 December
|year_start = 1915
|event_end =
|date_end = January
|year_end = 1919
|currency = [[Afghan rupee]] (de facto)
|demonym=Indian|today=}}

The '''Provisional Government of India''' was a [[provisional government|provisional]] [[government-in-exile]] established in [[Kabul, Afghanistan]] on December 1, 1915 by the [[Berlin Committee|Indian Independence Committee]] during [[World War I]] with support from the [[Central Powers]]. Its purpose was to enrol support from the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghan Emir]] as well as [[Russian Empire|Tsarist]] (and later [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik]]) [[Russia]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] for the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Movement]]. Established at the conclusion of the [[Kabul Mission]] composed of members of the [[Berlin Committee]], [[Imperial Germany|German]] and [[Ottoman Turkey|Turkish]] delegates, the provisional government was composed of [[Mahendra Pratap]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = 3 surprising facts about Jat King at the centre of AMU row : India, News - India Today|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amu-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-birthday-3-things-jat-king/1/404219.html|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|accessdate = 2015-10-29}}</ref> as [[President (government title)|President]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah|Maulana Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]], [[Deobandi]] Maulavi [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] as [[Home Minister]], [[Deobandi]] [[Maulavi Bashir]] as [[War Minister]], and [[Champakraman Pillai]] as [[Foreign Affairs Minister]]. The provisional government found significant support from the internal administration of the Afghan government, although the Emir refused to declare open support, and ultimately, under British pressure it was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1919.

== Provisional Government to Indian independence ==
[[Image:Mahendra Pratap and the German Mission.gif|thumb|right|200px|Mahedra Pratap, centre, at the head of [[Niedermayer-Hentig Mission|the Mission]] in Kabul, 1915 with the German and Turkish delegates. Seated to his right is Werner Otto von Hentig.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="98%"
! scope="col" |№
! scope="col" width="25%" |Name
(birth–death)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Photograph
! scope="col" |Elected
! scope="col" |Took office
! scope="col" |Left office
! scope="col" |Vice President
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Party
|-
! colspan="9" |Provisional Government of India
|-
!1
|[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|
|—
|1915
|1919
|[[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]]
|
|
|-
!2
|[[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]]
|
|—
|1919
|1919
|[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|
|
|}

==Background==
{{Main|Indo-German Conspiracy}}
During [[World War I]], Indian nationalists in [[Germany]] and [[United States]], as well as the Indian revolutionary underground and Pan-Islamists from India attempted to further the Indian cause with German finance and aid. The [[Berlin Committee|Berlin-Indian committee]] (which became the ''Indian Independence Committee'' after 1915) sent an Indo-German-Turkish mission to the Indo-Iranian border to encourage the tribes to strike against British interests.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=514}}</ref> The Berlin committee was also at this time in touch with the Khairi brothers (Abdul Jabbar Khairi and Abdul Sattar Khairi), who had at the onset of the war, settled at [[Constantinople]] and later in 1917 proposed to the [[Kaiser]] a plan to lead tribes in [[Kashmir]] and [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] against British interests. Another group led by the [[Deobandi]] Maulana Ubaid Allah Sindhi and [[Mahmud al Hasan]] (principle of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had proceeded to Kabul in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the [[tribal belt of India]]. For this purpose, Ubaid Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan|Amir of Afghanistan]] declares war against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to [[Hijaz]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, Ubaid Allah, along with some students who had preceded him to make way to [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause was to be best served by focussing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=515}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| author =
| publisher = Darul Uloom Deoband
| url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/principals2.htm
| title=Arbab-e-Ihtemam. p2
| accessdate=2007-11-13
}}</ref>

==The Mission to Kabul==
{{See also|Niedermayer-Hentig mission}}
Ubaid Allah's group was met by the Indo-German-Turkish mission to [[Kabul]] in December 1915. Led by [[Oskar von Niedermayer]] and nominally headed by [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], it included in its members [[Werner Otto von Hentig]], the German diplomatic representative to Kabul, as well as, [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]], [[Champak Raman Pillai]] and other prominent nationalists from the Berlin group. The mission, along with bringing members of the Indian movement right to India's border, also brought messages from the [[Kaiser]], [[Enver Pasha]] and the displaced [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]], [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi]] expressing support for Pratap's mission and inviting the Amir to move against India<ref name=Sims-Williams120>{{Harvnb|Sims-Williams|1980|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Seidt|2001|p=1,3}}</ref> The mission's immediate aim was to rally the Amir against [[British India]]<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> and to obtain from the Afghan Government a right of free passage.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516">{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=516}}</ref>

Although the Amir refused to commit for or against the proposals at the time, it found support amongst the Amir's immediate and close political and religious advisory group, including his brother [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]], his sons [[Inayatullah Khan]] and [[Amanullah Khan]], religious leaders and tribesmen.<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> It also found support in one of Afghanistan's then most influential newspaper, the ''Siraj al-Akhbar'', whose editor [[Mahmud Tarzi]] took [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] as an officiating editor in early 1916. In a series of articles, Tarzi published a number of inflammatory articles by [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], as well as publishing increasingly anti-British and pro-[[Central Powers|Central]] articles and propaganda. By May 1916 the tone in the paper was deemed serious enough for [[The Raj]] to intercept the copies.<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> A further effort resulted in the establishment in 1916 of the Provisional Government of India in Kabul.

==Formation of Provisional Government==
Although hopes of the Amir's support were more or less non-existent, the Provisional Government of India was formed in early 1916 to emphasise the seriousness of intention and purpose. The government had [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]] as [[President (government title)|President]], [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]] and Sibnath Banerjee [https://www.istampgallery.com/sibnath-banerjee/],Ubaid al Sindhi as the Ministers for India, [[Maulavi Bashir]] as War Minister and [[Champakaran Pillai]] as Foreign Minister. It attempted to obtain support from [[Tsar]]ist [[Russia]], [[Republican China#Republican China.2C 1911-1949|Republican China]], [[Japan]]. Support was also obtained from [[Galib Pasha]], proclaiming ''Jihad'' against Britain.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516"/>

Following the [[February Revolution]] in [[Russia]] in 1917, Pratap's Government is known to have corresponded with the nascent Soviet Government. In 1918, Mahendra Pratap had met [[Trotsky]] in [[Petrograd]] before meeting the Kaiser in Berlin, urging both to mobilise against British India.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474">{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=474}}</ref> Under pressure from the British, Afghan cooperation was withdrawn and the mission closed down. However, the [[Niedermayer-Hentig Mission|mission]], and the offers and liaisons of the German mission at the time had profound impact on the political and social situation in the country, starting a process of political change that ended with the assassination of Habibullah in 1919 and the transfer of power to Nasrullah and subsequently Amanullah and precipitating the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] that led to Afghan Independence.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474"/>

They attempted to establish relations with foreign powers.” (Ker, p305). In Kabul, the ''Siraj-ul-Akhbar'' in its issue of 4 May 1916 published [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]]’s version of the Mission and its objective. He mentioned : “…His Imperial Majesty the Kaiser himself granted me an audience. Subsequently, having set right the problem of India and Asia with the Imperial German Government, and having received the necessary credentials, I started towards the East. I had interviews with the Khedive of Egypt and with the Princes and Ministers of Turkey, as well as with the renowned Enver Pasha and His Imperial Majesty the Holy Khalif, Sultan-ul-Muazzim. I settled the problem of India and the East with the Imperial Ottoman Government, and received the necessary credentials from them as well. German and Turkish officers and Maulvi Barakatullah Sahib were went with me to help me; they are still with me.”
Under pressure from the British, the Afghan Government withdrew its help. The Mission was closed down.

==Impact==
It has been suggested by a number of historians that the threat posed by the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]] itself was the key spurring political progression in India. Especially, the presence of Pratap's enterprise in Afghanistan, next to India, and the perceived threats of [[Bolshevik Russia]] together with the overtures of Pratap's provisional government seeking Bolshevik help were judged significant threats to stability in British India.<ref name=Tinker92>{{Harvnb|Tinker|1968|p=92}}</ref>

While the [[Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]] in 1917 initiated the first rounds of political reform in the Indian subcontinent, a "Sedition Committee" called the [[Rowlatt committee]] (chaired by Sydney Rowlatt, an English judge) was instituted in 1918 which evaluated the links between Germany, the Berlin Committee, Pratap's enterprise (termed German agents in Afghanistan) and the militant movement in India, especially in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Bengal]]. The committee did not find any evidence of Bolshevik involvement, but concluded that the German link was definite. On the recommendations of the committee, the [[Rowlatt act]], an extension of the [[Defence of India act of 1915]], was enforced in response to the threat in Punjab and Bengal.<ref name=Tinker92/>

In Afghanistan itself, the mission was the catalyst to a rapid radical and progressive political process and reform movement that is culminated in the assassinations of the Emir [[Habibullah Khan]] in 1919 and his succession by [[Amanullah Khan]] that subsequently precipitated the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Ansari
| given1 = K.H.
| year = 1986
| title = Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3. (1986), pp. 509–537
| url =
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| ISSN =
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Seidt
| given1 = Hans-Ulrich
| year = 2001
| title = From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918. German Studies Review, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Feb., 2001), pp. 1-18
| url =
| publisher = German Studies Association
| ISSN = 0149-7952
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sims-Williams
| given1 = Ursula
| year = 1980
| title = The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar. Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 7, No. 2. (1980), pp. 118–122
| url =
| publisher = London, Taylor & Francis Ltd
| ISSN = 0305-6139
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Hughes
| given1 = Thomas L
| year = 2002
| title = The German Mission to Afghanistan, 1915–1916. German Studies Review, Vol. 25, No. 3. (Oct., 2002), pp. 447-476.
| url =
| publisher = German Studies Association
| issn = 0149-7952
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Tinker
| given1 = Hugh
| year = 1968
| title = India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1918-19: From War to Peace. (Oct., 1968), pp. 89–107
| url =
| publisher = Sage Publications
| issn = 0022-0094
}}.
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

[[Category:Provisional governments|India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–India relations]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]]