Mughal dynasty

2021-08-27T13:07:52Z

2405:201:6013:294B:605F:79E9:88E0:4453:

{{About|the historical imperial family|the territorial state over which it ruled|Mughal Empire|rulers of that empire|Mughal emperors}}
{{Royal house||surname=House of Babur|country=[[Mughal Empire]]|parent house=[[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]|coat of arms=[[Image:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg|230px]]|coat_of_arms_caption=Imperial seal of the Mughal dynasty|titles=List
* [[Mughal emperors|Emperor of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Khagan|Khan of Khans]]
* [[Sultan of Sultans]]
* [[Shahanshah|Shah of Shahs]]
** [[Shah]]
** [[Shahzada (title)|Shahzade]]
** [[Shahzadi]]
** [[Mirza]]
** [[Khan Bahadur]]|founder=[[Babur]]|final ruler=[[Bahadur Shah II]]|current head=|founding year=[[First Battle of Panipat|c. 1526]]|deposition=[[Siege of Delhi|21 September 1857]]|ethnicity=[[Turk|Turko]]-[[Mongol]]|traditions=[[Sunni Islam]] (1526-1857) and [[Din-i Ilahi]] (1582-1605)}}

The '''Mughal dynasty''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{Lang-hi|मुग़ल ख़ानदान|label=none}}/{{Lang-ur|{{nq|مغل خاندان}}|label=none}}; romanized: ''Mug̱ẖāl Kẖāndhān'') was made up of the members of the imperial '''House of Babur''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{Lang-hi|बाबर का परिवार|label=none}}; romanized: ''Bābar kā parivār''/ {{Lang-ur|{{nq|خاندانِ آل بابر}}|label=none}}; romanized: ''Kẖāndhān-ı Āl-i ʿBābuŕ''), also known as the '''Gurkanis''' ({{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|گورکانیان}}}}; ''Gūrkāniyān'').<ref name="Thackston2">{{cite book|title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor|publisher=Modern Library|isbn=978-0-375-76137-9|author=Zahir ud-Din Mohammad|author-link=Babur|editor=Thackston, Wheeler M.|editor-link=Wheeler Thackston|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu/page/ xlvi]|date=10 September 2002|quote=In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian {{lang|mn-Latn|kürägän}}, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.|title-link=Baburnama}}</ref> The Mughals were a branch of the [[Timurid dynasty]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] origin from [[Central Asia]]. The dynasty's founder, [[Babur]], was a direct descendant of the Asian conqueror Timur on his father's side and of [[Mongol emperor]] [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side, and Babur's ancestors had other affiliations with [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Genghisid]]s through marriage and common ancestry.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book
| last1 = Berndl
| first1 = Klaus
| year = 2005
| title = National Geographic Visual History of the World
| publisher = National Geographic Society
| pages = 318–320
| isbn = 978-0-7922-3695-5
}}</ref> The term "Mughal" is itself a corrupted form of "[[Mongol]]" in the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages, as it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Mughal dynasty.<ref name="Hodgson">{{cite book
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| page = 62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COOGFSH_jUkC&pg=PA62|isbn=978-0-226-34688-5
| last = Dodgson
| first = Marshall G.S.
| title = The Venture of Islam|volume=Volume 3: The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times
| year = 2009
}}</ref> The Mughal dynasty ruled the [[Mughal Empire]] from c. 1526 to 1857.

During much of the Empire's history, the emperor was the absolute [[head of state]], [[head of government]] and [[Commander-in-chief|head of the military]], while during its [[Mughal Empire#Decline (1707–1857)|declining era]] much of the power shifted to the [[Grand Vizier#Mughal Empire|Grand Vizier]] and the empire was divided into many regional kingdoms and [[princely state]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=S. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnP0Lcp0TGoC&pg=PA297&dq=mughal+emperor+was+supreme+leader#q=mughal%20emperor|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material|date=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-817-8|language=en}}</ref> But even in the declining era, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Not only the [[Nawab|Muslim gentry]], but the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]], [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput]], and [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of [[South Asia]].<ref name="MSA2">{{Cite book
| last1 = Bose
| first1 = Sugata
| author-link1 = Sugata Bose
| last2 = Jalal
| first2 = Ayesha
| author-link2 = Ayesha Jalal
| year = 2004
| title = Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
| edition = 2nd
| publisher = Routledge
| page = 41
| isbn = 978-0-203-71253-5
}}</ref> The imperial family was deposed from power and the empire was abolished on 21 September 1857 during the [[Indian War of Independence]]. The [[British Raj]] was declared the following year.

The last emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]] was exiled to [[Rangoon]] in British-controlled [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] (now Myanmar), after being convicted on several charges.<ref name="Last Mughal">{{Cite book|title=Justice System and Mutinies in British India|last=Bhatia|first=H.S.|page=204}}</ref>

==History==
The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid prince]] from what today is [[Uzbekistan]]. After losing his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur first established himself in [[Kabul]] and ultimately moved towards the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{citation |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7}}</ref> Mughal rule was interrupted for 16 years by the [[Sur Empire|Sur Emperors]] during [[Humayun]]'s reign.<ref name=The-Last-Great-Muslim-Empires>{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |first1=H. J. |last1=Kissling|author2=N. Barbour |author3=Bertold Spuler |author4=J. S. Trimingham |author5=F. R. C. Bagley |author6=H. Braun |author7= H. Hartel |year=1997|publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-02104-3|pages=262–263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA262|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The Mughal imperial structure was founded by [[Akbar the Great]] around the 1580s which lasted until the 1740s, until shortly after the [[Battle of Karnal]]. During the reigns of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]], the dynasty reached its zenith in terms of geographical extent, economy, military and cultural influence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Around 1700, the dynasty was ruling the wealthiest empire in the world, with also the largest military on earth.<ref name="harrison">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780415952798}}</ref> Mughals had approximately 24 percent share of world's economy and a military of one million soldiers.<ref name="Maddison2003">{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA256|title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics|date=25 September 2003|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-10414-3|pages=256–|author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref><ref name=":0">Art of Mughal Warfare." Art of Mughal Warfare. Indiannetzone, 25 Aug. 2005.</ref> At that time the Mughals ruled almost the whole of the South Asia with 160 million subjects, 23 percent of world's population.<ref name="borocz">{{cite book|author=József Böröcz|title=The European Union and Global Social Change|page=21|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|access-date=17 May 2020|isbn=9781135255800|date=2009-09-10|author-link=József Böröcz}}</ref> The Dynasty's power was rapidly dwindled during 18th century with internal dynastic conflicts, incompatible monarchs, foreign invasions from Persians and Afghans, as well as revolts from Marathas, Sikh, Rajputs and regional Nawabs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hallissey |first=Robert C. |year=1977 |title=The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb |publisher=University of Missouri Press |pages=ix, x, 84 |isbn=978-0-8262-0222-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Claude Markovits |date=2004 |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne'' |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA172 |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=172–173 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4}}</ref> The power of the last emperor was limited only to the [[Old Delhi|Walled city of Delhi]].

Many of the Mughals had significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as they were born to Rajput and Persian princesses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duindam|first=Jeroen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|title=Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06068-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohammada|first=Malika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|date=2007|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|language=en}}</ref> Mughals played a great role in the flourishing of [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]] (Indo-Islamic civilization).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alvi|first=Sajida Sultana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHJaPgAACAAJ&dq=mughals+and+indo+Islamic+civilization|title=Perspectives on Indo-Islamic Civilization in Mughal India: Historiography, Religion and Politics, Sufism and Islamic Renewal|date=2012-08-02|publisher=OUP Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-547643-9|language=en}}</ref> Mughals were also great patrons of art, culture, literature and architecture. [[Mughal painting]], [[Mughal architecture|architecture]], [[Mughal culture|culture]], [[Mughal clothing|clothing]], [[Mughal cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Urdu language]]; all were flourished during Mughal era. Mughals were not only guardians of art and culture but they also took interest in these fields personally. Emperor Babur, Aurangzeb and [[Shah Alam II]] were great calligraphers,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taher|first=Mohamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRLXDBX5KzkC|title=Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives|date=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-524-9|language=en}}</ref> [[Jahangir]] was a great painter,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dimand|first=Maurice S.|date=1944|title=The Emperor Jahangir, Connoisseur of Paintings|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=2|issue=6|pages=196–200|doi=10.2307/3257119|jstor=3257119|issn=0026-1521}}</ref> Shah Jahan was a great architect<ref>{{harvnb|Asher|2003|p=169}}</ref> while [[Bahadur Shah II]] was a great poet of Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bilal|first=Maaz Bin|date=2018-11-09|title=Not just the last Mughal: Three ghazals by Bahadur Shah Zafar, the poet king|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1444563|access-date=2020-06-24|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

==Succession to the Throne==
[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0874.3.jpg|thumb|right|Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from [[Babur]] to [[Aurangzeb]], with the Mughal ancestor [[Timur]] seated in the middle. On the right: [[Shah Jahan]], [[Akbar]] and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, [[Miran Shah]]. On the left: Aurangzeb, [[Jahangir]] and [[Humayun]], and two of Timur's other offspring [[Umar Shaikh Mirza I|Umar Shaykh]] and [[Muhammad Sultan Mirza|Muhammad Sultan]]. Created {{circa|1707–12}}]]

The Mughal dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] governed the empire's entire territory with complete sovereignty, that only one person at a time could be the Emperor, and that every male member of the dynasty was hypothetically eligible to become Emperor, even though an [[heir-apparent]] was appointed several times in dynastic history. The certain processes through which imperial princes rose to the [[Peacock Throne]], however, were very specific to the Mughal Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Emperors can be divided into two eras: Era of Imperial successions (1526-1713) and Era of Regent successions (1713-1857).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
* {{cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Ella Blanshard |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1992 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |volume=Volume I:4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=368 |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 }}

[[Category:Mughal dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Mughal emperors]]
[[Category:Mughal nobility]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]

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Mughal dynasty