Sham Chaurasia gharana

2021-12-06T15:09:37Z

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{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{short description|Indian musical organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sham Chaurasi Gharana
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| abbreviation = SCG
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| named_after = King Shaam
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| formation = [[16th century]]
| founder = or |founders = Chand Khan, Suraj Khan
| founding_location = [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Mughal Empire]]
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| type = [[Classical music]] organization
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| status = Active
| purpose = preserve [[Hindustani classical music]]
|focus = promote classical Hindustani music
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| headquarters = [[Punjab, India]]
| location_city = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| location_country = India
| location_city2 = [[Lahore]]
| location_country2 = Pakistan
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| origins = Mughal Empire
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| footnotes = Source [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/all-about-sham-chaurasi-gharana/article19593609.ece]
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'''Sham Chaurasi Gharana''' is a [[gharana]] (a family's style of singing) in [[Hindustani classical music]] known for the singing of vocal duets. It is also known as the cradle of [[drupad]]. It is one of the four singing gharanas of Punjab; the other three are: Patiala, Talwandi and Kapurthala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Jyoti |title=All About Sham Chaurasi Gharana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/all-about-sham-chaurasi-gharana/article19593609.ece |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=31 August 2017}}</ref> It is most notably represented in modern times by the brothers Nazakat and [[Salamat Ali Khan]].

==History==
The gharana is believed to have been founded in the 16th century<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipal Council Sham Chaurasi|url=http://lgpunjab.gov.in/eSewa/shamchaurasi/city-introduction/|website=lgpunjab.gov.in/}}</ref> by Chand Khan and Suraj Khan who were contemporaries of [[Tansen]] at the court of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]. Successive generations of musicians in the gharana specialised in the [[dhrupad]] form of singing and evolved a tradition of duet vocal ([[jugalbandi]]) performances. Meer Baksh and Khairdeen, Karam Elahi Khan, Vilayat Ali and Hadayat Khan, Ghulam Shabir Khan and Ghulam Jafar Khan, Nazakat Ali and Salamat Ali are noted practitioners of jugalbandi from this gharana.<ref name=sadarang/><ref name="Friday"/>

The gharana is centred at [[Shamchaurasi]] in the [[Hoshiarpur]] district of [[Punjab (India)]]; alternate spellings include Shamchurasi.<ref name="Friday"/>

Another explanation of the name is that ''sham'' is taken from the name of the [[Sufi]] saint, Sant Shami Shah and (''chaurasi'' =84) was named after a cluster of 84 villages which constituted a land revenue unit.<ref name=Tribune>
{{cite news
| title = An area consisting of Eightyfour Villages
|author=Khushwant Singh
| publisher = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune (newspaper)]]
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030628/windows/above.htm
}}, Retrieved 7 November 2018</ref> in the time of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. According to one legend, the founders were given a parcel of land here as a grant to them by [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]].<ref name=Tribune/>

In an alternative version of the origin, the [[Mughal Emperor]] Muhammad Shah "Rangila" was said to have been so impressed by the gharana that he gave all income from the 84 local villages, known as 'Chaurasi', to the Sufi saint Sant Shami Shah.<ref>Tradition of Hindustani Music By Manorma Sharma p62 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YdtqrooCo-oC&pg=PA63 Retrieved 7 November 2018</ref>

==Nazakat and Salamat Ali Khan==
Around the turn of the century, the gharana was represented by Vilayat Ali Khan, who was noted for his [[dhrupad]] singing. His sons were Salamat Ali Khan, Nazakat Ali Khan, Tasadaq Ali Khan, Akhter Ali Khan and Zakir Ali Khan.

The brothers Nazakat Ali Khan (1928-1984) and Salamat Ali Khan (1934-2001) had their debut performance on [[All India Radio]], [[Delhi]] in 1942, when Salamat was only 8.<ref name="Friday"/> They went to [[Amritsar]] for a memorable concert:
:"When the performance started, it seemed like a feast of musical notes had descended upon us in the audience. Every member of the audience was amazed and in complete awe of the duo. It was almost unbelievable that boys of that age could give such a fine performance. When the drut portion started, the brothers gave a blazing display of [[taan]]s, [[sargam (music)|sargam]]s and ''layakari'', which left the audience stunned".:<ref name=sadarang>
{{cite news
|title = Yaadein: Ustad Nazakat Ali Khan and Ustad Salamat Ali Khan's memorable performance at the Durgiana Temple in Amritsar
|author = M.A. Sheikh
|url = http://www.sadarang.com/Yaadein-SalamatNazakat.htm
|access-date = 7 November 2018
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071005043320/http://www.sadarang.com/Yaadein-SalamatNazakat.htm
|archive-date = 2007-10-05
}}</ref>

After the 1947 [[Partition of British India]], the family first moved to [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]] and later moved to [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. They emerged as one of the leading performers of [[classical music]] in [[Pakistan]]. Famous Indian playback singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] once reportedly said that Ustad Salamat Ali Khan was the greatest classical vocalist of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Friday"/>

A number of their recordings exist from their very fruitful partnership until 1974. Subsequently, due to differences over finances,<ref name="Friday">[http://www.thefridaytimes.com/14012011/page27.shtml Biography of Salamat Ali Khan on The Friday Times (newspaper)] Published 14 Jan 2011, Retrieved 7 November 2018</ref> they broke up, and then Nazakat Ali Khan died in 1984, but Salamat Ali Khan continued singing along with his sons [[Sharafat Ali Khan]] and [[Shafqat Ali Khan]], who continue the Sham Chaurasia tradition.
Salamat's second eldest son, Latafat Ali Khan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.last.fm/music/Latafat+Ali+Khan/|title = Latafat Ali Khan music, videos, stats, and photos}}</ref> is an exponent of [[Ghazal]], [[Thumri]] and [[Kafi]] singing.

Notable students (shagird) of Ustad Salamat Ali Khan include Ustad Hussain Bakhsh Gullu, Ustad Shafqat Ali Khan, Abida Parveen and many more

==Awards and recognition==
Ustad Salamat Ali Khan was awarded the [[Pride of Performance]] Award in 1989 by the [[President of Pakistan]].<ref name=travel-culture>[https://www.travel-culture.com/pakistan/music/ustad-salamat-ali-khan.shtml Profile and award info for Salamat Ali Khan] travel-culture.com website, Retrieved 7 November 2018</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sham Chaurasi gharana}}
[[Category:Vocal gharanas]]
[[Category:Music schools in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani classical singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani classical musicians]]
[[Category:Classical music in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]

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Sham Chaurasia gharana