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Mirpuri diaspora

2021-08-27T01:06:51Z

2403:3800:3217:5E49:C518:3CC5:3309:E060:

{{Short description|Ethnic Mirpuris or south kashmiris and their descendants living outside of the Mirpur district of Pakistani-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Mirpuris
| native_name = میرپوری
| native_name_lang =
| langs = [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Urdu]]
| religions = Predominately: [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]<ref name="Harris2017"/>

Minority: [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Harris2017"/> [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]<ref name="Harris2017">{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Adnan |title=The History of Mirpur as told by Mirpuris and not Wikipedia |url=https://www.portmir.org.uk/paharis/mirpuri-is-there-any-such-thing/ |access-date=27 February 2019 |language=en |date=13 August 2017 |quote=Today, the majority of individuals with roots to erstwhile Mirpur Division actually live in the Diaspora. Britain has the largest Mirpuri community anywhere in the world, and there is also a sizeable Mirpuri community in ‘Jammu’ originally {{sic|comprised|hide=y}} mostly of Hindu and Sikh refugees. The Mirpuri Mahajan community of Jammu is a particularly affluent community that has contributed massively to all sectors of society; Mirpuris {{sic|comprise|hide=y}} an important professional tier in Jammu which includes prominent Judges and politicians.}}</ref>
| related_groups =
}}
The '''Mirpuri diaspora''' refers to individuals with an origin in [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]] now living outside that district.<ref name="Harris2017"/> Migration from Mirpur started occurring in the 1920s, when many Mirpuris left for [[Bombay]] to work on merchant ships.<ref name="Modi2009">{{cite book |last1=Modi |first1=Renu |title=Beyond Relocation: The Imperative of Sustainable Resettlement |date=2009 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=9789352802111 |language=en |quote=Migration from AJK in search of greener pastures dates back to the early 1920s when many people shifted to Mumbai for jobs on merchant ships. The second wave of migration was induced by the Mangla dam construction in the 1960s. The difference between the two waves of migration is that while the first one was voluntary, the second one was forced. The construction of the Mangla dam had led to the submergence of vast chunk of fertile land and triggered migration as agro-based activities had collapsed. ... Since the construction work of the dam was with a British company, as per an understanding between the company and the government of Pakistan, 300 displaced persons from Mirpur were given work permits in Britain. After settling in the UK, these people sponsored their relatives living in AJK to immigrate.}}</ref> During the [[partition of British India]] in 1947, many Mirpuri Hindus and Mirpuri Sikhs were forced to flee to cities in the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Snedden2015"/> The construction of the [[Mangla Dam]] by the Pakistani Government in the 1960s caused many of Mirpuri Muslims to migrate to the [[United Kingdom]] to work as labourers.<ref name="Modi2009"/><ref name="Bunting2005"/>

== India ==
In the 1920s, some Mirpuris left the area for [[Bombay]], in order to work jobs on the merchant ships of British India.<ref name="Modi2009"/>

Just before the [[partition of India]], there were over 114,000 Mirpuri Hindus and Mirpuri Sikhs living in the [[Mirpur District]] of British India.<ref name="Snedden2015">{{cite book |last1=Snedden |first1=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9781849046213 |pages=167 |language=en|quote=In Mirpur District and Poonch Jagir, Muslims killed large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs, raped and/or abducted females, or forced non-Muslims to flee either to Hindu-dominant parts of Jammu Province or to India. By 1951, of the former approximately 114,000 non-Muslims who in 1941 had lived in areas that later came to compromise Azad Kashmir--that is, 89 per cent of Mirpur District, 87 percent of Muzaffarabad District and 60 per cent of Poonch Jagir--only a paltry 790 non-Muslims remained.}}</ref> Many of them were engaged in business.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duschinski |first1=Haley |last2=Bhan |first2=Mona |last3=Zia |first3=Ather |last4=Mahmood |first4=Cynthia |title=Resisting Occupation in Kashmir |date=2018 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=9780812249781 |page=216 |language=en|quote=Wealthy Hindu merchants known as ''mahajans'' who lent money to the community at high interest rates served as a bridge between local citizens and state authorities. In our interview, Justice Abdul Majeed Malik explained that the Mirpuri Hindus still called themselves Mirpuris. He also pointed out that a huge chunk of land in AJK originally belonged to the Hindu families who left AJK in 1947-1948.}}</ref> After the [[partition of India]], in what is known as the [[1947 Mirpur massacre]] females belonging to the Hindu and Sikh communities of Mirpur were abducted and raped by Pakistani tribals, with many Hindu Mirpuris and Sikh Mirpuris being forced to flee to [[Jammu]] and other parts of India In total, approximately twenty thousand Hindu Mirpuris and Sikh Mirpuris were massacred by Pakistani tribals as they were fleeing, while the remaining number found refuge in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, where they settled in the cities of [[Jammu]], [[Kathua]], [[Rajouri]], [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] and [[Udhampur]]. Conversely prior to the Mirpur Massacre during the [[1947 Jammu massacres]] more than 20,000 Muslims were massacred and many Muslim women and girls were abducted and raped by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, the massacre was aided and abetted by the forces of Maharaja Hari Singh and members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] with the aim of wiping out the Muslim majority population of [[Jammu]]
as a result this led to a large influx of Muslim refugees into Mirpur who were escaping the massacres in Jammu <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856400108723454?journalCode=csas20|doi = 10.1080/00856400108723454|title = What happened to Muslims in Jammu? Local identity, '"the massacre" of 1947' and the roots of the 'Kashmir problem'|year = 2001|last1 = Snedden|first1 = Christopher|journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume = 24|issue = 2|pages = 111–134|s2cid = 143991832}}</ref><ref name="Snedden2015"/><ref name="Gupta2010">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Prakriiti |title=Over 3,00,000 Hindus, Sikhs from PoK still fighting for their acceptance: Horrific Tales |url=http://udayindia.org/content_08may2010/statescan.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908063433/http://udayindia.org/content_08may2010/statescan.html |archive-date=8 September 2011 |language=en |date=8 May 2010}}</ref> By 1951, only 790 Hindu and Sikh Mirpuris remained left in their hometown.<ref name="Snedden2015"/>

== Pakistan ==
In colonial India in the 1880s, some Mirpuris migrated to the city of [[Karachi]] to work on merchant ships.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parekh |first1=Bhikhu |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Vertovec |first3=Steven |title=Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureeconomyin00pare |url-access=limited |date=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781134490530 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cultureeconomyin00pare/page/n225 213] |language=en}}</ref>

Within [[Pakistan]], Azad Kashmiris have migrated towards many provinces outside of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, chiefly [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]] (particularly [[Karachi]]) and the capital territory of [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]].<ref name="Akhtar2013">{{cite book|author=P. Akhtar|title=British Muslim Politics: Examining Pakistani Biraderi Networks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTohAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|date=9 October 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-27516-5|pages=32–}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/136350-Kashmiris-in-Sindh-to-vote-for-two-AJK-seats-today|title=Kashmiris in Sindh to vote for two AJK seats today|work=The News|date=21 July 2016|access-date=22 May 2017|first=Zia Ur|last=Rehman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MIGRANT POPULATION BY PLACE OF BIRTH |author=Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/migrant.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113175441/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/migrant.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-13 }}</ref>

== United Kingdom ==
{{Main|British Mirpuri}}
Mirpuris are believed to form around 70% of the [[British Pakistani]] population.<ref name="Bunting2005">{{cite web |last1=Bunting |first1=Madeleine |title=Orphans of Islam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/18/july7.religion |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=27 February 2019 |language=en |date=18 July 2005}}</ref> Many of these individuals migrated to the United Kingdom after in the 1960s to work as labourers after the construction of the [[Mangla Dam]] by the Pakistani Government flooded agricultural fields.<ref name="Modi2009"/><ref name="Bunting2005"/> The majority of them adhere to the [[Barelvi]] Movement of Sunni Islam.<ref name="Bunting2005"/> In the United Kingdom, the Mirpuri diaspora is present in the cities of [[Birmingham]] and [[Bradford]].<ref name="Leiken2011">{{cite book |last1=Leiken |first1=Robert |title=Europe's Angry Muslims: The Revolt of The Second Generation |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199752621 |language=en |quote=The same chain migration channels the Mirpuris of Azad Kashmir to places like Bradford or Birmingham's Ward End or Beeston.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |author=Ataullah Siddiqui |url=http://www.islamfortoday.com/britain.htm |title=Muslims In Britain: Past And Present |publisher=Islamfortoday.com |date=November 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324181858/http://www.islamfortoday.com/britain.htm |archive-date=24 March 2010}}

{{Azad Kashmir topics}}
{{NRI-PIO}}
{{overseas Pakistani}}
{{Overseas Asians}}

[[Category:Mirpuri diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Azad Kashmiri diaspora]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora]]

Kashmiri diaspora

2021-08-27T01:04:04Z

2403:3800:3217:5E49:C518:3CC5:3309:E060:

{{Short description|Kashmiris and their descendants living outside of the Kashmir Valley in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Kashmiri
| native_name = کٲشِرؠ
| native_name_lang =
| langs = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]]
| religions = Predominately: [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]

Minority: [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]], [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related_groups =
}}

The '''Kashmiri diaspora''' refers to [[Kashmiris]] who have migrated out of the [[Kashmir Valley]] into other areas and countries, and their descendants.

==India==
{{Further|Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus}}

===Punjab===
Estimated, 1,000-1,200 Kashmiri Hindus live in [[Pathankot]], [[Gurdaspur]] and Cities of [[Doaba]] region and of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/news-detail-758543|title=Kashmiri Pandits aren't a vote bank anywhere in country'|date=15 April 2019|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

===Gujarat===
10,000 Kashmiri Hindus live in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/news-detail-758543|title=Kashmiri Pandits aren't a vote bank anywhere in country'|date=15 April 2019|work=The Tribune}}</ref> They settled here after 1990 exodus.

===Himachal Pradesh===
The state of Himachal Pradesh in India has the second-largest Kashmiri language speakers after Kashmir Valley and adjoining areas. A number of [[Kashmiri Pandits]] after the eruption of Armed rebellion and subsequent human rights violation in the valley migrated to this region over centuries and the numbers increased between 1947–48 and 1989–91.

===Delhi===
Delhi has been abode to Kashmiris for centuries, and the number increased in 1947-48 and after start of armed conflict in 1989. A number of Kashmiri organisations have been existence for over half a century in Delhi, including [[Kashmiri Pandit Sabha]], [[Panun Kashmir]], Vyeth Television, and N. S. Kashmir Research Institute.

==Pakistan==

===Punjab===
{{main|Kashmiris of Punjab}}

Heavy taxes under the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] rule, coupled with famine and starvation, caused many Kashmiri villagers to migrate to the plains of Punjab.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA40|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850656944|pages=40|quote=Kashmiri histories emphasize the wretchedness of life for the common Kashmiri during Sikh rule. According to these, the peasantry became mired in poverty and migrations of Kashmiri peasants to the plains of the Punjab reached high proportions. Several European travelers' accounts from the period testify to and provide evidence for such assertions.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ&q=In+1819%2C+the+%27Lion+of+the+Punjab%27%2C+as+Ranjit+Singh+became+known%2C+finally+succeeded+in+taking+Kashmir%2C+initially+to+the+relief+of+the+local+people+who+had+suffered+under+the+Afghans.&pg=PT18|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=9780857730787|quote=The picture painted by the Europeans who began to visit the valley more frequently was one of deprivation and starvation...Everywhere the people were in the most abject condition, exorbitantly taxed by the Sikh Government and subjected to every kind of extortion and oppression by its officers...Moorcroft estimated that no more than one-sixteenth of the cultivable land surface was under cultivation; as a result, the starving people had fled in great numbers to India.}}</ref> These claims, made in Kashmiri histories, were corroborated by European travelers.<ref name=":10" /> When one such European traveler, Moorcroft, left the [[Kashmir Valley|Valley]] in 1823, about 500 emigrants accompanied him across the Pir Panjal Pass.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC&q=kashmiris+punjab+1833&pg=PA4|title=Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia|last=Parashar|first=Parmanand|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2004|isbn=9788176255189|pages=4|quote=What with the political disturbances and the numerous tyrannies suffered by the peasants, the latter found it very hard to live in Kashmir and many people migrated to the Punjab and India. When Moorcroft left the Valley in 1823, about 500 emigrants accompanied him across the Pir Panjal Pass.}}</ref> The 1833 famine resulted in many people leaving the [[Kashmir Valley]] and migrating to the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]], with the majority of weavers leaving Kashmir. Weavers settled down for generations in the cities of Punjab such as [[Jammu]] and Nurpur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2WSRW2t3XYC&q=kashmiris+punjab+1833&pg=PA20|title=Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=1984|isbn=9788171560943|pages=20|quote=In the beginning, it was only the excess of population that was increasing rapidly, that started migrating into Punjab, where in the hilly cities of Nurpur and Jammu, that remained under the rule of Hindu prince the weavers had settled down for generations...As such, even at that time, a great majority of the weavers have migrated out from Kashmir. The great famine conditions and starvation three years earlier, have forced a considerable number of people to move out of the valley and the greater security of their possessions and property in Punjab has also facilitated this outward migration...The distress and misery experienced by the population during the years 1833 and 1834, must not be forgotten by the current generation living there.}}</ref> The 1833 famine led to a large influx of Kashmiris into Amritsar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=1833+amritsar+influx+kashmiris|title=Punjab revisited: an anthology of 70 research documents on the history and culture of undivided Punjab|publisher=Gautam Publishers|year=1995|pages=576|quote=Owing to a large influx of Kashmiris into Amritsar during the great famine which occurred in Kashmir in the year 1833 A.D., the number of shops increased in Amritsar to 2,000 and the yearly out-turn of pashmina work to four lacs of rupees.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0idOAgAAQBAJ&q=1833+amritsar+influx+kashmiris&pg=PA648|title=A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Part 2|last=Watt|first=George|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781108068796|pages=648|quote=In the year 1833 A.D. owing to a great famine in Kashmir, there was a large influx of Kashmiris into Amritsar.}}</ref> Kashmir's Muslims in particular suffered and had to leave Kashmir in large numbers, while Hindus were not much affected.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC&q=kashmiris+punjab+1833&pg=PA4|title=Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia|last=Parashar|first=Parmanand|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2004|isbn=9788176255189|pages=4–5|quote=Moreover, in 1832 a severe famine caused the death of thousands of people...Thus emigration, coupled with the famine, had reduced the population to one-fourth by 1836...But still the proportion of Muslims and Hindus was different from what it is as the present time inasmuch as while the Hindus were not much affected among the Muslims; and the latter alone left the country in large numbers during the Sikh period.}}</ref> Sikh rule in Kashmir ended in 1846 and was followed by the rule of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] Hindu maharajahs who ruled Kashmir as part of their princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&q=sikh+rule+in+kashmir&pg=PT65|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220}}</ref>

Many [[Muslim Kashmiris]] migrated from the [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref name=":032">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP211|title=Transforming India|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780674728202|page=211|quote=From the late nineteenth century, conditions in the princely state led to a significant migration of people from the Kashmir Valley to the neighboring Punjab province of ''British''-as distinct from ''princely''-India.}}</ref> to the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] due to conditions in the princely state<ref name=":032"/> such as famine, extreme poverty<ref name="Jalal22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&q=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599387|pages=352|quote=Extreme poverty, exacerbated by a series of famines in the second half of the nineteenth century, had seen many Kashmiris fleeing to neighbouring Punjab.}}</ref> and harsh treatment of Kashmiri Muslims by the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] Hindu regime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ&q=muslims+faced+harsh+treatment+only+because+they+were+muslims+bazaz&pg=PA8|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism|last=Chowdhary|first=Rekha|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317414056|pages=8|quote=Prem Nath Bazaz, for instance, noted that 'the Dogra rule has been Hindu. Muslims have not been treated fairly, by which I mean as fairly as Hindus'. In his opinion, the Muslims faced harsh treatment 'only because they were Muslims' (Bazaz, 1941: 250).}}</ref> The Punjab Census Report, in 1891, enumerated 111,775 Muslims born in Kashmir who settled in Punjab, which was also equivalent to the entire population of [[Srinagar]], back then standing at 118,960.<ref>Khalid Bashir Ahmad, ''Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative'', pp. 79-80</ref> According to the 1911 Census there were 177,549 [[Kashmiri Muslims]] in the Punjab. With the inclusion of Kashmiri settlements in NWFP this figure rose to 206,180.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&q=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599387|quote=According to the 1911 census there were 177, 549 Kashmiri Muslims in the Punjab; the figure went up to 206, 180 with the inclusion of settlements in the NWFP.}}</ref>

Scholar [[Ayesha Jalal]] states that Kashmiris faced discrimination in the Punjab as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599370|pages=352|quote=...Kashmiris engaged in agriculture were disqualified from taking advantage of the Punjab Land Alienation Act...Yet Kashmiris settled in the Punjab for centuries faced discrimination.}}</ref> Kashmiris settled for generations in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] were unable to own land,<ref name=":0" /> including the family of [[Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref name=":522">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA16|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139536394|pages=16|quote=Like most Kashmiri families in Punjab, Iqbal's family did not own land.}}</ref> Scholar Chitralekha Zutshi states that Kashmiri Muslims settled in the Punjab retained emotional and familial links to Kashmir and felt obliged to struggle for the freedom of their brethren in the [[Kashmir Valley|Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&q=Kashmiri+Muslim+expatriates+in+the+Punjab+had+retained+emotional+and+familial+ties+to+their+soil+and+felt+compelled+to+raise+the+banner+of+freedom+for+Kashmir+and+their+brethren+in+the+Valley%2C+thus+launching+bitter+critiques+of+the+Dogra+administration.&pg=PA191|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850656944|pages=191–192|quote=Kashmiri Muslim expatriates in the Punjab had retained emotional and familial ties to their soil and felt compelled to raise the banner of freedom for Kashmir and their brethren in the Valley, thus launching bitter critiques of the Dogra administration.}}</ref>

According to the 1921 Census the total Kashmiri population in Punjab was 169,761. However, the Census report stated that only 3% of Kashmiris settled in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] retained their [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] language. The number of people speaking [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in 1901 was 8,523 but had decreased to 7,190 in 1911. By 1921 the number of people speaking [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in Punjab had fallen to 4,690. The 1921 Census report stated that this fact showed that the Kashmiris who had settled in Punjab had adopted the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language of their neighbours.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18931|title=Census of India, 1921.|volume=15|pages=309|chapter=Chapter IX-Language|quote=The only language belonging to the non-sanskritic sub-branch of the Indian branch of the Aryan sub-family spoken in the provinces is Kashmiri. The number of persons speaking this language was 8,523 in 1901 and 7,190 in 1911; but has now fallen to 4,690, a fact which shows that Kashmiris who have settled in these provinces have adopted the Punjabi language of their neighbours. This is amply proved if we compare the strength of Kashmiris returned in the caste Table XIII with that shown by the language table. Kashmiri now appears in the return as the language of 4,690 persons though Kashmiris themselves have a strength of 169, 761; in other words only about 3 out of every 100 Kashmiris still retain their own language.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In contrast, the 1881 Census of Punjab had shown that there were 49,534 speakers of the [[Kashmiri language]] in the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=14653&page=167&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881|year=1883|pages=163|quote=Kashmiri is the language of the valley of Srinagar in Kashmir which nowhere touches our border. But famine and other causes, already fully discussed in the chapter on the Fluctuations of Famination, have driven a considerable number of immigrants at one time or another from Kashmir into the Panjab; and the language is now spoken by no fewer than 49,534 inhabitants of the Province.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The 1881 Census had recorded the number of Kashmiris in the Punjab as 179,020<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18838|title=Census of India, 1901. Vol. XVII: Punjab, its Feudatories, and the North West Frontier Province. Part I: The Report on the Census|last=Rose|first=H A|year=1902|pages=347|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> while the 1891 Census recorded the Kashmiri population as 225,307<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=1933&page=336&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Census Of India - The Punjab And Its Feudatories, Volume xx, Part 2|year=1891|pages=324|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> but the number of Kashmiri speakers recorded in the 1891 Census was 28,415.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=1933&page=132&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Census Of India - The Punjab And Its Feudatories, Volume xx, Part 2|year=1891|pages=120|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Common ''krams'' (surnames) found amongst the Kashmiri Muslims who migrated from the [[Kashmir Valley|Valley]]<ref name=":032"/> to the Punjab include [[Bhat|Butt]] (Bhat),<ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|isbn=9780963479860|access-date=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52|year=2003|publisher=The Survey|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|access-date=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="P. K. Kaul">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKFjAAAAMAAJ&q=butt+pahari|title=Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|author=P.K. Kaul|year=2006|isbn=9788178541013|access-date=2010-12-02}}</ref> [[Dhar (surname)|Dar]] (Dhar),<ref name="Bansi Pandit" /> [[Lone (surname)|Lun]] (Lone), [[Wani (surname)|Wain]] (Wani), Mir and Shaikh.<ref name="H.A. Rose - 22">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&q=malik+kashmir+caste&pg=PA479|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province|publisher=Nirmal Publishers and Distributors|year=1997|isbn=9788185297699|access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name=":182">{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=14653&page=307&CategoryID=1&pagetype=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881|year=1883|pages=303|quote=The Kashmiris have returned numerous sub-divisions of which the few largest are shown in the margin.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The 1881 Census of the Punjab recorded these major Kashmiri sub-divisions in the Punjab along with their population. The [[Bhat|Butt]] (Bhat) tribe numbered 24,463, the [[Dhar (surname)|Dar]] (Dhar) tribe numbered 16,215, the Lun (Lone) tribe numbered 4,848, the [[Wani (surname)|Wain]] (Wani) tribe numbered 7,419, the Mir sub-division numbered 19,855 and the Sheikhs numbered 14,902.<ref name=":182" /> Watorfield also noted the presence of the Butt (Bhatt) and Dar (Dhar) castes amongst the Kashmiris of the town of [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]] in Punjab.<ref name="H.A. Rose - 22" />

=== Azad Jammu and Kashmir ===
{{Main|Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir}}
In 1961, there were 10,000 refugees of Kashmiri origin in Pakistan, who had voting rights in elections of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. They were given an equal amount of representation in the election as the 109,000 Jammu refugees.<ref>
{{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |chapter=Azad Kashmir: Integral to India, Integral to Paksitan, Lacking Integrity as an Autonomous Entity |editor=Chitralekha Zutshi |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFKDwAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-22612-7 |page=124}}
</ref><ref name=UnwrittenHistory>
{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |pages=134–136}}
</ref>
In 1990, there were 400,000 refugee voters, compared to 1.2 million Azad Kashmir residents. The refugees continued to receive higher representation in the legislatures compared to the residents, Kashmiris being favoured more. This was justified on the grounds of showing "solidary with the Kashmiris in the Indian-administered Kashmir". Scholar [[Christopher Snedden]] remarks that the higher representation given to refugees endows opportunities to the central government of Pakistan to influence the election results.<ref name=UnwrittenHistory/>

During the 1990s around 50,000 Kashmiris fled from Indian administered Kashmir to Pakistan, which as of 2010 had not granted citizenship to up to 40 per cent of the refugees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/1013/Thousands-fled-India-controlled-Kashmir.-Are-they-better-off-in-Pakistan|title=Thousands fled India-controlled Kashmir. Are they better off in Pakistan?|last=Ahmed|first=Issam|date=13 October 2010|work=The Christian Science Monitor|quote=Some 35,000 Kashmiris fled from Indian-controlled Kashmir during the 1990s to settle in Pakistan, a country that has not yet granted citizenship to up to 40 per cent of the migrants....migrants speak the Kashmiri language whereas many of the locals speak a dialect of Punjabi.|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Ms Lucas suggests that the Pakistani government has been slow in providing citizenship to the refugees because doing so might nullify their right to self-determination.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

===Sindh===
The city of [[Karachi]] is home to a significant diaspora of [[Kashmiris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/136350-Kashmiris-in-Sindh-to-vote-for-two-AJK-seats-today|title=Kashmiris in Sindh to vote for two AJK seats today|work=The News|date=21 July 2016|access-date=22 May 2017|first=Zia Ur|last=Rehman}}</ref> According to the [[2017 Pakistan Census]], 63,784 people in Karachi reported Kashmiri as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/362998-karachi-sees-decline-in-ratio-of-urdu-speakers-census-results|title=Karachi sees decline in ratio of Urdu speakers: census results|work=Geo News|date=2 August 2021|accessdate=3 August 2021|first=Zia Ur|last=Rehman}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==
There are about 500 families of Kashmiris in the UK. They have been essentially upstaged by the far larger numbers of the [[British Mirpuris]], who have waged a campaign since the 1990s laying claim to the 'Kashmiri' identity. The Valley Kashmiris in the UK maintain that they are "Kashmiris" and the Mirpuris are "''nouveaux'' Kashmiris".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Alexander |last=Evans |year=2005 |title=Kashmir: a tale of two valleys |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=36 |number=1 |pages=35–47 |doi=10.1080/03068370500038989 |s2cid=162215852 }}</ref>

==Canada==
In the 2016 Canadian census, approximately 3,000 people reported being of Kashmiri descent.<ref name="Canada 2016 census">{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | title=Data Tables, 2016 Census | publisher=Statistics Canada | work=www12.statcan.gc.ca/ | date=2018-02-14 | access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

== Singapore ==
A community of approximately 250 Kashmiri Pandits lives in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Vandana|date=14 December 2018|title=Home away from home: Minority Indian communities in Singapore|work=Tabla!|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings|url=https://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/131218full/epage007/TA20181214-TAB-007-00.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921003302/https://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/131218full/epage007/TA20181214-TAB-007-00.html|archive-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

==Overseas organisations==
* [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]
* [https://standwithkashmir.org// Stand With Kashmir]
* [https://kashmircivitas.com/ Kashmir Civitas]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20180331010717/http://kashmirhindufoundation.org/ Kashmir Hindu Foundation (KHF)]
* [https://kashmirglobalcouncil.com/ Kashmir Global Council]
* [https://m.facebook.com/austkashmiriofficial/ Australian forum for Kashmir]
* [https://bkwc.wordpress.com/British Kashmiri Womens council]
* [https://m.facebook.com/DaughtersOfKashmir/ Daughters of Kashmir]
* [https://m.facebook.com/FreeKashmirOrganisation/ Free Kashmir Organisation Germany]
* [https://www.friendsofkashmir.net/ Friends of Kashmir Canada]
* [https://www.friendsofkashmir.net/ Friends of Kashmir Dallas Texas USA]
* [https://ikpfs.com/ International Kashmir Peace Forum Spain]
* [http://jkchr.com/ Jammu and Kashmir Council on Human Rights UK]
* Jammu and Kashmir Overseas Community Saudi Arabia
Indo-Canadian Kashmiri Forum
* [https://m.facebook.com/Jammu-Kashmir-forum-France-102784747848345/ Jammu Kashmir Forum France]
* [https://www.kclsu.org/organisation/10869/ Jammu and Kashmir Human Rights Movement UK]
* [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front London UK]]
* [https://jammukashmir.co.uk/ The Jammu Kashmir Self Determination Movement International]
* [http://www.jkdfp.org/ Justice and Freedom Party]
* [https://j4k.info/ Justice For Kashmir Los Angeles]
* [https://www.justice-foundation.org/ Justice Foundation UK]
* [https://m.facebook.com/welfare4Kashmiries/ Kashmir American Welfare Association]
* Kashmir awami Society Kuwait
* [https://kashmirawareness.org/ Kashmir Awareness Forum of Canada]
* Indo-European Kashmiri Forum
* Kashmiri Overseas Organisations
* [https://m.facebook.com/OneVoiceOneKashmir/1 Million Voices for Kashmiri Unity]
These organisation are trying to preserve Kashmiri language and heritage by teaching youngsters their language, culture and history.
Kashmiri Pandit Sabha is the biggest organisation of Kashmiri outside Kashmir, and they have a number of sister chapters across India.

== See also ==
* [[Mirpuri diaspora]]
* [[Kashmiris]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[List of Kashmiri people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://koausa.org Kashmiri Overseas Association]

{{Overseas Asians}}
{{NRI-PIO}}
{{Pakistani diaspora}}

[[Category:Kashmiri diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]

Sindhi diaspora

2021-08-27T01:00:18Z

2403:3800:3217:5E49:C518:3CC5:3309:E060:

{{Short description|Ethnic Sindhis and their descendants living outside of the Sindh province of Pakistan}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2011}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Sindhi
| native_name = سنڌي ماڻھو
| native_name_lang =
| langs = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Urdu]]
| religions = Predominately: [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]

Minority: [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]], [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related_groups =
}}

The '''Sindhi diaspora''' consists of [[Sindhi people]] who have emigrated from the historical [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sindh]] province of [[British India]],<ref name="Markovits2000">{{cite book|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama|url=https://archive.org/details/globalworldindia00mark|url-access=limited|date=22 June 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en |isbn=9781139431279|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalworldindia00mark/page/n294 277]|quote=The partition of British India brought in its wake a large-scale exodus of non-Muslims from Sind to independent India.}}</ref> as well as the modern [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/222691-The-Sindhi-diaspora|title=The Sindhi diaspora|last=Rajpar|first=Mushtaq|date=10 August 2017|publisher=[[The News International]]|language=en|access-date=28 January 2018|quote=Sindhis living abroad have attempted to have an organised one voice for decades. In many ways those who migrate from Sindh to North America remain connected to and deeply concerned about Sindh.}}</ref> to other countries and regions of the world, as well as their descendants.

Apart from [[South Asia]], there is a large and well-established community of Sindhis throughout different continents of the world - including
[[Malaysia]], [[Oman]], [[Singapore]], [[UAE]], [[United_States|USA]] and [[UK]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sindhi|first1=people|title=Sindhi diaspora|url=http://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=24016|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

==India==
In 1947, about half of the Sindhi [[Hindu]] community migrated to [[India]]. {{As of|pre=the|2011}} census, there were about 2.7 million Sindhis living in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=2011 Indian Census}}</ref>

==Foreign lands==
{{Main|British Sindhis|Sindhi Americans}}There is a sizeable population of Sindhis in the U.K. and U.S.A.

It is estimated that around 10,700 Sindhi of [[Afghanistan]] are part of a much larger Sindhi people group. Almost all of the Sindhi in Afghanistan are Hanafite Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=24016|title=Sindhi diaspora|last1=People|first1=Sindhi|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hinduism in Gibraltar|Sindhi Hindus in Gibraltar]]
*[[Hinduism in Ghana]]
*[[Hinduism in Sindh Province]]
*[[Hinduism in Australia]]
*[[Hinduism in Afghanistan]]
*[[Indians in Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Overseas Asians}}
{{overseas Pakistani}}
{{NRI-PIO}}
{{Sindh topics}}
{{Sindhi diaspora}}

[[Category:Sindhi diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]