Roman Catholic Brahmin

2021-08-30T12:46:47Z

2402:3A80:CDA:EE5F:0:0:42B3:FAAD:

{{short description|Caste among the Goan, Bombay East Indian and Mangalorean Christians of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}

The '''Roman Catholic Brahmins''', (also referred to as ''Bamonns'' in [[IAST]] [[Romi Konkani]], pronounced {{IPA|/baməɳ ~ bamɔɳ/}}, and ''ಬಾಮಣು'' in [[Kanarese script|Kanarese]] Konkani, ''[[Kupari]]'' in [[Bombay East Indian dialect]]s) is a caste among the [[Goan Catholics|Goan]],<ref>{{harvnb|Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)|Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-0qpQGi0R4C&pg=PA638&dq=Catholic+Brahmins&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_Kg4T9OHLYKE8gP8--2pAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Catholic%20Brahmins&f=false 638]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Risley|Crooke|1915|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QA2OKK0-bdcC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false 80]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rao|1963|p=45}}</ref> [[Bombay East Indian]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YK2IEwQ-OHgC&q=Bombay+East+Indian+Samavedi++Christian|title = Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|year = 1939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_0XAQAAIAAJ&q=East+Indian+Samvedi|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay|year=1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFjRAAAAMAAJ&q=Bassein+Brahmin+conversion|title = The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein|last1 = Baptista|first1 = Elsie Wilhelmina|year = 1967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFjRAAAAMAAJ&q=Bassein+East+Indian+Brahmin|title = The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein|last1 = Baptista|first1 = Elsie Wilhelmina|year = 1967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Bassein+Brahmin+conversion|title = Proceedings|last1 = Congress|first1 = Indian History|year = 1972}}</ref> and [[Mangalorean Catholics]]<ref name="Silva">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=6}}</ref><ref name="Saraswat"/><ref name="Fernandes"/> who are the patrilineal descendants of [[Konkani Brahmin]] converts to the [[Latin Church in India]], in parts of the [[Konkan]] region under the [[Portuguese East Indies]], with the capital at [[Velha Goa]]. They retain some of the ethno-social values and customs of their Hindu ancestors, and most of them exhibit a noticeable hybrid [[Latino]]-[[Konkani|Concanic]] culture.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZkuDgAAQBAJ&q=indo+latin+culture+Goa+Bassein+Mangalore&pg=PP48|title=Impact of Christianity on Indian and Australian Societies|isbn=9781514494615|last1=Rathore|first1=Ashok|date=16 February 2017}}</ref> They were known as the ''Brahmins'' among the "[[New Christians]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mg3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA41|title=The Connecticut Evangelical Magazine: And Religious Intelligencer|year=1808}}</ref>

==Origins==
In [[Goa]], the [[Brahmin]]s were engaged in the priestly occupation, but had also taken up various occupations like agriculture, trade, goldsmith, etc.<ref>{{harvnb|Gomes|2004|p=176}}</ref> The origins of this particular caste can be traced back to the [[Christianisation]] of the [[Velhas Conquistas]] ({{lang-pt|Old Conquests}}) that was undertaken by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was during this period that the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]], [[Franciscan]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionaries converted many Brahmins to Christianity.<ref name="Carambolim">{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|pp=39–40}}</ref> The first mass conversions took place among the Brahmins of [[Divar]], and the [[Kshatriya]]s of [[Karmali|Carambolim]].<ref name="Divar">{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=64}}</ref>

All converts from Brahmin sub-castes ([[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]], [[Daivadnya Brahmin]], etc.) were lumped into a single Christian caste of ''Bamonn''.<ref name="Bhatt">{{harvnb|Gune|Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|1979|p=238}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=77}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Shashi|1996|p=117}}</ref> Since the conversions of Brahmins of a particular area became instrumental in the conversions of members of other castes because it resulted in loss of temple priests, such converts were highly valued and esteemed by the church and Portuguese authorities alike.<ref name="Carambolim"/> They were even allowed to wear the ''[[Upanayana|Yajnopavita]]'' (sacred thread) and other caste markings by special [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]] of [[Pope Gregory XV]] in 1623, on the condition that these were blessed by a Catholic priest.<ref>{{harvnb|Manrique|Collis|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aPlZJlwHCmoC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false 47]}}</ref>

The ''Bamonns'' in general, consider their [[Indian caste system|caste system]] to be an Indian class form of social categorisation.<ref name="Westin"/> Since their concept is divorced from all the religious elements associated to it by their Hindu counterparts, they tend to justify their maintenance of caste as a form of social stratification similar to the Western class concept.<ref name="Westin">{{harvnb|Westin|Bastos|Dahinden|Góis|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MWZm7RWRYVkC&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false; 227]}}</ref> Traditionally, they are an [[Endogamy|endogamous]] group and have refrained from [[Exogamy|inter-marriage]] with Catholics of other castes.<ref name="Westin"/><ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=15}}</ref> However, while the ''Bamonns'' never inter-married or mingled with the lower castes, the statutes and norms of the Roman Catholic church restrained them from discriminating against the latter.<ref>{{harvnb|Sinha|2002|p=74}}</ref> Although most now carry Portuguese surnames, they have retained knowledge about their ''paik'' (ancestral pre-conversion surnames) such as [[Bhat (surname)|Bhat]], [[Kamat]], [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]], [[Pai (surname)|Pai]], [[Prabhu]], [[Shenoy]], and [[Shett|Shet]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=168}}</ref><ref name="Porbu">{{harvnb|Maffei|1882|p=217}}</ref> The konkanised variants of these surnames are ''Bhôtt'', ''Kāmot'', ''Nāik'', ''Poi'', ''Porbų (Probų)'', ''Šeņai'', and ''Šet''.<ref name="Porbu"/>

[[Mudartha]] is a unique surname to be found among some ''Bamonn'' families that hail from [[Udupi district]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{harvnb|D'Souza|2009|loc=|Ref=eug}}</ref> There is also a population of [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Saarodi (Kshatriyas)]], but ''Bamonns'' constitute the largest caste in the Mangalorean Catholic community.<ref name="Silva"/><ref name="Saraswat">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=XV}}</ref><ref name="Fernandes">{{harvnb|Fernandes|1969|p=246}}</ref> Most Mangalorean Catholic ''Bamonn'' families trace their patrilineal descent to Goud Saraswat Brahmins.<ref name="Silva"/><ref name="Saraswat"/><ref name="Fernandes"/><ref>{{harvnb|D'sa|1965|pp=71–72}}</ref> There were a few historical instances in the Mangalorean Catholic community, wherein some Protestant [[Anglo-Indian]]s were admitted into the ''Bamonn'' fold by Catholic priests at the time of their conversion to Catholicism.<ref name="Pulpit"/> Their descendants are known as ''Pulputhru Bamonns'' (Pulpit Bamonns).<ref name="Pulpit">{{harvnb|D'Souza|1996|p=58}}</ref>

A 1976 [[Genetic genealogy|genetic analysis]] study conducted on three groups of [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s and one group of Goan Catholic ''Bamonns'' in Western India, confirmed the historical and ethnological evidence of a relationship between Goan Catholic ''Bamonns'' and [[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin]]s.<ref name="Bamonn"/> The study further revealed that intergroup differences between the subject groups suggested a genetic closeness, with genetic distance ranging from 0.8 to 1.5.<ref name="Bamonn">{{harvnb|Bhatia|Shanbhag|Baxi|Bapat|Sathe|Kabeer|Bharucha|Surlacar|1976|loc=|Ref=baxi}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In her poem entitled ''de Souza Prabhu'', the Goan poet [[Eunice de Souza]] muses about her ''Bamonn'' heritage:<ref name="Eunice">{{harvnb|Mehrotra|1992|p=119}}</ref>
{{quote|"No, I'm not going to 
delve deep down and discover, 
I'm really de Souza Prabhu 
even if Prabhu was no fool 
and got the best of both worlds. 
(Catholic Brahmin! 
I can hear his fat chuckle still.)"}}
* The main protagonist of Mangalorean writer [[Richard Crasta]]’s erotic novel ''The Revised Kamasutra'', is Vijay Prabhu, a small town, middle class ''Bamonn'' youth living in Mangalore during the 1970s.<ref name="Prabhu">{{harvnb|Crasta|1992|p=12}} (Stream of consciousness narration by the protagonist) "When I was born, many years later, there was the problem of naming me, a Christian descendant of Brahmins – and earlier of colonizing Aryans from South-eastern Europe."</ref> Filled with erotic longing and a deep desire to flee staunchly conservative Mangalore, he embarks on a sexual and spiritual odyssey that eventually lands him in the relatively liberal United States.
* The protagonists of Konkani novelist, [[V.J.P. Saldanha]]’s novels such as Balthazar from the novel, ''Belthangaddicho Balthazar'' (Balthazar of [[Belthangady|Belthangadi]]), Sardar Simaon and Sardar Anthon from ''Devache Kurpen'' (By the Grace of God), Salu and Dumga Peenth from ''Sordarachim Sinol'' (The sign of the Knights) are ''Bamonns''. A few characters such as Jaculo Pai and Monna Kamath from ''Sordarachim Sinol'',<ref>{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=64}}</ref> Sardar Simaon Pedru Prabhu, Sardar Anthon Paul Shet and Raphael Minguel Kamath from ''Devache Kurpen'' have evidently Brahmin surnames.<ref>{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false 52]}}</ref>
* Antonio Gomes' debut novel ''The Sting of Peppercorns'' (2010) focuses on the trials and tribulations faced by the de Albuquerques, a ''Bamonn'' family from [[Loutolim]] in [[Salcette]]. The family is headed by its patriarch Afonso de Albuquerque, a namesake of the [[Afonso de Albuquerque|conqueror of Goa]] to whom the family is linked through legend. Apart from him, it consists of his wife Dona Isabella, their two sons Paulo and Roberto, their daughter Amanda, an aunt Rosita noted for her cooking skills, ''[[ayah]]'' Carmina, and several servants who live on the de Albuquerque estate.<ref name="Afonso">{{harvnb|Gomes|loc=|Ref=ben}}</ref>
* Shakuntala Bharvani's novel ''Lost Directions'' (1996) features a minor Goan ''Bamonn'' character, Donna Bolvanta-Bragança. She is a fervent Catholic who takes pride in her Brahmin heritage, scornfully reprimanding the protagonist Sangeeta Chainani for mistaking her to be an Anglo-Indian.<ref name="Bharvani">{{harvnb|Bharvani|1996|p=50}} "She hissed aloud, 'I'm no Anglo! I'm Donna Bolvanta-Bragança and I'm a Catholic Brahmin from Goa. That infidel lick-spittle of the British, that toad, that nanoid Negritic [[Nirad C. Chaudhuri|Nirad Chaudhuri]] who calls Goans half-caste [[Mestizo|Meztizo]]s, may his body and soul burn in hell-fire!'"</ref> When Chainani innocently inquires as to how she can call herself a Brahmin while adhering to Roman Catholicism, her inquiry is contemptuously dismissed by the character.<ref name="Chainani">{{harvnb|Bharvani|1996|p=50}} "'I studied at a Convent in Bombay,' said Sangeeta, in an attempt to calm the eyes pouring forth fire and brimstone, 'and I have the greatest respect for the Catholic community. I go to Church quite often – sometimes even to the [[Novena]]s at the [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai|Mahim Church]] on Wednesdays. But how is it, I don't quite understand, since you are a Catholic, can you still call yourself a Brahmin? I thought only we Hindus were plagued by this shameful caste system?'... Miss Bolvanta-Bragança wiggled a snake-like finger threateningly at her. 'Has somebody put you up to this, my girl? Has [[Belial]] been at it again? I'm a Brahmin Goan and I'm not here to listen to any of your nonsense, Miss whatever-your-name-is!'"</ref>

==Notable persons==
*[[José Gerson da Cunha]]
*[[Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado]]

==Footnotes==
<div>
: '''a''' {{note label|a|a|none}} In his ''A Konkani grammar'' published in [[Mangalore]] by the Basel Printing Press in 1882, Italian Jesuit and Konkani philologist Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei stated that Mangalorean Catholic ''Bamonn'' families then were still referred to by their ''paik'' surnames.<ref name="Porbu"/> In the book, Maffei also gives a Konkani language grammar exercise:
{{cquote|''Mezār lugaţ gallāiñgī? Galtāñ.'' Have you covered the table with cloth? I will!

''Suriār kiteñ assā moņ, amkāñ sǎrkeñ kǎļnāñ: zipki mǎnis moņtāt, suriār sǎbār kǎtañ assāt.'' We do not know properly what’s there in the moon: Learned people say that there are many spots in the moon.

''Kitleañ uorānčer amiñ yēzāi? Dånparā yā sānjer.'' At what time should we come? Afternoon or in the evening?

''Amiñ Devā kurpā sāmbaļtāuñ moņasăr, Deu amger rāutā.'' God resides at our home, as long as we keep His grace.

''Pātkiānger Deu rãutãgī? Rāutā, puņ išţa bǎri niñ.'' Does God stay at sinners’ home? He stays, but as a friend.

''Tuzo pūtų khǎiñ assā? To seireānger assā.'' Where is your son? He is at a relatives’ house.

''Tūñ khǎiñčea gǎrānt assāi? Āuñ Porbuger assāñ, mozo bāu Kāmtiger, moji boiņ Nāikāger, moji māusi Šēţiger, mozo sentur Šeņǎiñger.'' In whose house do you reside? I stay at the Prabhu household, my brother at the Kamath household, my sister at the Naik household, my aunty at the Shet household, my great-grandchild at the Shenoy household.

''Somi Jezu Krist vāur kǎrtālo, teātz jinsār tūñ vāur kǎr ani asseñ sompūrņ zatoloi.'' Everyone should live as [[Jesus Christ]] did; Live like him and you will become complete.

''Zōkōņ Jezu Kristāčer sǎtmāndināñ, pātienāñ ani tātso mōg kǎrināñ, takā zǎrti zāun zǎli.'' The man who does not trust, believe in, and love Jesus Christ, will be judged.}}
</div>

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
*[[Christianisation of Goa]]
*[[Christianity in India]]
*[[Christianity in Goa]]
*[[Christianity in Karnataka]]
*[[Forward caste]]
*[[Caste system among Indian Christians]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in Goa]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in Mangalore]]
*[[Padval]]
*[[Konkani people]]
*[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya]]

==Citations==
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
*{{Cite book
|last=de Sousa
|first=Bernardo Elvino
|year=2011
|title=The Last Prabhu: A Hunt for Roots, DNA, Ancient Documents and Migration in Goa
|publisher=Goa, 1556
|isbn=978-93-8073-915-1
}}.
*{{Citation
| last = Sahni
| first = Kalpana
| year = 2011
| title = Multi-stories: Cross-cultural Encounters
| publisher = Routledge
| chapter = Teri Mary Maa
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RGKrAgAAQBAJ&q=teri+mary+maa
| pages = 102–104
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RGKrAgAAQBAJ
| isbn = 9781136704635
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Citation
| author = Ashley D'Mello
| date = 16 May 2010
| title = Only in India: A Brahmin groom for a Catholic bride
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| location = Mumbai
| url = http://m.timesofindia.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Only-in-India-A-Brahmin-groom-for-a-Catholic-bride/articleshow/5935792.cms
}}
* {{Citation
| url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C09%5C09%5Cstory_9-9-2006_pg3_7
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016134640/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C09%5C09%5Cstory_9-9-2006_pg3_7
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 October 2012
| title = FOREIGN EXCHANGE: Teri Mary maa
| author = Kalpana Sahni
| newspaper = [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]
| date = 9 September 2006
}}
* {{Citation
| url= http://www.ineszupanov.com/documents/SriLanka.pdf
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180404080221/http://www.ineszupanov.com/documents/SriLanka.pdf
| url-status= dead
| archive-date= 2018-04-04
| title= Goan Brahmans in the Land of Promise: Missionaries, Spies and Gentiles in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Sri Lanka]
| author = Ines G. Županov
| authorlink = Ines G. Županov
| year= 2006
}}

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[[Category:Goan society]]
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Roman Catholic Brahmin