Walong

2021-08-27T16:03:41Z

2402:3A80:11AB:D888:A7A0:4E91:676D:7BFB:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Walong
| native_name =
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| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Walong War Memorial.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Walong War Memorial
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|8|N|97|1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anjaw district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = 13
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
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| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tinsukia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hayuliang]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Walong''' is an administrative town and the headquarters of eponymous [[tehsil|circle]] in the [[Anjaw district]] in eastern-most part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]]. It also has a small [[cantonment]] of the Indian Army. Walong is on banks of [[Lohit River]], which enters India 35 km north of Walong at India-China [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]] at [[Kaho, India|Kaho]] pass.

Walong is also the easternmost town in mainland [[India]]. It is 20 km south of [[Kibithu]], 60 km west of [[Diphu Pass]] (near India-China-Myanmar tri-junction), and 90 km north of district headquarter at [[Hawai, Arunachal Pradesh|Hawai]]. Anjaw district was carved out of [[Lohit District]] in 2004.

== Geography ==
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|zoom=SWITCH:12, 9, 6|switch=zoomed in, zoomed mid, zoomed out}}
Walong lies on the west bank of the [[Lohit River]], a tributary of the [[Brahmaputra]], approximately 20 kilometres south of the Tibetan border. The forest around Walong is rich in wildlife. Rare mammals such as [[Mishmi takin]], [[Red goral]] and [[Leaf muntjac]] occurs while among birds there is the rare [[Sclater's monal|Sclater's Monal]].<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2008) Survey of mammals and birds in Dihang-Dibang biosphere reserve, Arunachal Pradesh. Final report to Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The Rhino Foundation for nature in NE India, Guwahati, India. 70pp.</ref> A flying squirrel, the Mishmi Hills Giant Flying Squirrel ([[Petaurista mishmiensis|''Petaurista mishmiensis'']]) also occurs in this district.<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2009). One more new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. The Newsletter and Journal of the RhinoFoundation for nat. in NE India 8: 26-34, plates.</ref>

== History ==
The enquiries of British officials in 1911 revealed that Walong had been established by Miju Mishmis many years earlier for cattle-rearing and as a refuge for Tibetans who came down or ran away from the north. In the vicinity of Walong, several abandoned villages were found, where Tibetans had lived and then returned to Tibet.{{sfnp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=83}}

=== 1911 Chinese encroachments ===
[[File:Simla Convention - contending claims in Kham.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Simla Convention maps – the light blue line represents the initial Chinese claims, the dark blue line was the eventually agreed boundary of Chinese control]]

During [[Zhao Erfeng]]'s campains in southeastern Tibet ([[Kham]]), Chinese troops arrived at [[Rima, Tibet|Rima]] on the Tibetan border.{{sfnp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|p=83}} After expelling all the Tibetan officials from there, they entered the Walong area and erected a boundary plank at a location called Menilkrai three miles south of Walong, claiming the area to be part of China. After some coaxing, the headman of Walong admitted to the British political officer in 1914 that the Chinese had sent for him and told him to inform the British officials of their claims.{{sfnp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|pp=82–83}} The political officer, T. P. M. O'Callaghan, had the plank and the post promptly removed.{{sfnp|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974|pp=83–84}}

Shortly after the Zhao Erfeng's campaigns, the [[Qing dynasty]] fell and the Chinese lost all authority in Tibet. Nevertheless, during the 1914 [[Simla Conference]], the Chinese made renewed claims to the Walong area as being part of China (as part of western Kham). The claims were rejected by the Tibetan and British delegates. The [[McMahon Line]] boundary, agreed between Tibet and British India, ran a little south of Rima.

=== 1962 war ===
[[File:Helmet Top Walong Memorial Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Battle of Walong memorial at 'Helmet Top'. (helmets and other military gear were found at this location).<ref name="census" />]]

In autumn of 1962, during the [[Sino-Indian War]], Walong was the scene of the [[Battle of Walong]], where the Indian Army 11th Infantry Brigade battled the Chinese advances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=AN |date=15 November 2019 |title=Battle of Walong — how India fought its only counter-attack in 1962 India-China war |work=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/defence/battle-of-walong-how-india-fought-its-only-counter-attack-in-1962-india-china-war/321605/ |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

The killed and wounded numbered 642 Indians and 752 Chinese.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=119}} Indians were defeated at Walong, however the Chinese withdrawal allowed India to regain the territory.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011: District Census Hanbook Anjaw, Village and Town Directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1216_PART_A_DCHB_ANJAW.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Arunachal Pradesh |page=9}}</ref>

A canopied memorial to the Indian war dead of 1962 was erected next to the airstrip with the following verses composed by a Walong veteran inscribed on it:<ref name="census" />

: ''The sentinel hills that round us stand''
: ''bear witness that we loved our land.''
: ''Amidst shattered rocks and flaming pine''
: ''we fought and died on Namti Plain.''

: ''O Lohit gently by us glide''
: ''pale stars above us softly shine''
: ''as we sleep here in sun and rain.''

== Transport ==

Walong is approximately 200 km. by road from the district headquarters town of [[Tezu]]. It had an Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) which was capable of taking [[De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter|Otters]] and [[De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou|Caribous]] during the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]]. Thereafter, it remained abandoned for a long time till 2013 when reconstruction of ALG began. The reconstructed ALG was inaugurated on 23 October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |authors=PTI |date=2015-10-23 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Walong landing ground ready for operations |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-walong-landing-ground-ready-for-operations-55497.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=IndiaTV News}}</ref> There is an operational helipad.

== Map ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="300">
File:Anjaw district with circles and other details.png|Anjaw with Walong Circle and Walong. The CD Block is Hawai-Walong.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47 |year=1974 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333157374 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3459 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Indian Air Force}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anjaw district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anjaw district]]
[[Category:Borders of Arunachal Pradesh]]

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Walong