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Kumaoni language

2021-06-30T19:57:35Z

2401:4900:EBC:BF9:F034:97DD:67D:E21E:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kumaoni
| nativename = {{lang|kfy|कुमाऊँनी}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-all|kuːmɔːʊni}}
| region = [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] (India), [[Doti]]<ref name=HistoryofNepal>{{cite web|url=http://www.indus-intl.com/bookdetails.cfm?bookid=IN-02404|title=History of Nepal|access-date=2008-01-31|publisher=T.R.Vaidya Publications|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209191916/http://www.indus-intl.com/bookdetails.cfm?bookid=IN-02404|archive-date=2005-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last = Eichentopf| first = Stephanie R.| year = 2014| title = A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali| publisher = Tribhuvan University and SIL International| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/59642| page = 14}}</ref> (Nepal)
| states = [[India]], [[Nepal]]
| ethnicity = [[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]]
| speakers = 2 million(exc. Kumaoni speakers in Nepal)<ref name=HistoryofNepal/>
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref name="Ethnologue21">{{e21}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northern Zone|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Central Pahari languages|Central Pahari]]
| script = [[Devanagari script]] [[Takri alphabet]](historical)
| iso3 = kfy
| glotto = kuma1273
| glottorefname = Kumaoni
| notice = Indic
| image = KmnTkr.jpg
| imagecaption = 'Kumaoni' written in [[Devanagari]] Script and [[Takri script]] respectively.
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Kumaoni''' ({{lang|all|कुमाऊँनी}};
{{IPA-all|kuːmɔːʊni|pron}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by over 2 million people of the [[Kumaon region]] of the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in northern India. As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speaker in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html |title=indianmothertongues1961}}</ref> The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011.

Kumaoni is not [[endangered language|endangered]] but UNESCO's ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'' designates it as a language in the ''unsafe'' category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1565.html |title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref> Almost all people who can speak and understand Kumaoni can also speak and understand [[Hindi]]{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}, one of the [[Official languages of India#Official languages of the Union|official languages]] of India.{{wtc|Kumaoni language}}

==Script==

However, historically the [[Takri]] script was also used as for other Khas languages but it has now completely faded out and been replaced by Devanagari.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumaoni language|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/kumaoni.htm|access-date=2021-02-12|website=omniglot.com}}</ref>
[[File: Tkr sample.jpg|150px|thumb|centre|Sample Text in Takri reads("Kumaon Raja Vaj Vahadur")]]

==Geographic distribution and dialects==
There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital.

More specifically:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-05|title=Uttaranchal Dialects and Languages - Uttarakhand Worldwide - Kumaoni and Garhwali - Kumaon and Garhwal Dialects -|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305211927/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/dialects.php|access-date=2021-02-08|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* Johari of the [[Johar Valley]]
* Askoti of [[Askot]]
* Bhabhri of [[Haldwani]] and [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/dialects.php |title=Uttaranchal Dialects and Languages - Uttarakhand Worldwide - Kumaoni and Garhwali - Kumaon and Garhwal Dialects |publisher=Uttaranchal.org.uk |access-date=2012-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305211927/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/dialects.php |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Chaugarkhiyali of [[Garkha|Chaugarkha]]
* Danpuriya of Danpur ([[Bageshwar]], [[Kapkot]])
* Gangoli of Ganai-Gangoli ([[Kanda, Uttarakhand|Kanda]], [[Berinag]], [[Gangolihat]])
* Johari of Malla and Talla Johar ([[Milam, India|Milam]], [[Munsiyari]])
* Khasparjiya of [[Almora]]
* Kumaiyya of [[Champawat]]
* Pachhai of Pali-Pachhhau ([[Ranikhet]], [[Dwarahat]])
* Pashchimi
* Phaldakotiya of Phaldkot
* Rhau-Chaubyansi, ([[Nainital]])
* Sirali of Sirakot ([[Didihat]])
* Soriyali of Sor Valley ([[Pithoragarh]])

Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal.<ref>{{cite report|last = Eichentopf| first = Stephanie R.| year = 2014| title = A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali| publisher = Tribhuvan University and SIL International| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/59642| page = 14}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Flag of the Kumaon Kingdom.svg|alt=|thumb|Flag of [[Kumaon Kingdom]]]]
[[File:Kumaoni language on copper inscription of 989CE. written using Devanagari script.jpg|thumb|Kumaoni written on an old copper inscription from 989CE. using [[Devanagari]] script.|alt=|220x220px]]
Various Kumaoni text founded from the katyuri and chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Śarmā|first=Devīdatta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAIuAAAAMAAJ&q=kumauni+language+history|title=Linguistic History of Uttarākhaṇḍa|date=1983|publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Miśra|first=Nityānanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdxHAAAAMAAJ&q=kumauni+language+history|title=Source Materials of Kumauni History|date=1994|publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot|isbn=978-81-85865-24-9|language=en}}</ref> Kumaoni was official language of Kumaon Kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Grammar==
Being part of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[dialect continuum]] Kumauni shares its grammar with other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].
It shares much of its grammar with the other languages of the Central Pahari like [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and Jaunsari.
The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the [[Khasas]], the first inhabitants of the region.
In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ''ach'', as in both Rajasthani and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present ''rcchami'', I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *''rcchitas'', gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of [[epenthesis]], or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of [[Aspirated consonant|disaspiration]]. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni ''sikhno'', but Hindi ''sikhna'', to learn; Kumauni ''yeso'', plural ''yasa'', of this kind.

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|+'''Language Comparison'''
|-
! style="background:#000000;" |  
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Khas-kura
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kumauni
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kashmiri
|-
| style="background:#000000;" |  
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
| Masc
| Fem
|-
| I am
| chu
| chu
| chic
| chu
| thus
| ches
|-men zes
| You are
| chas
| ches
| chai
| chi
| chukh
| chekh
|-tu zin
| He is
| cha
| che
| ch
| chi
| chuh
| cheh
|}

===Verb conjugation===
[[Grammatical conjugation|Conjugation]] of the verb ''Lekh'' (लेख) to write, in all three [[Grammatical tense|tense]]s in Kumaoni.

====Present tense====
*Singular
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="150"|Kumaoni || width="150"|Transliteration || width="60"|English
|-align="center"
| मैं लेखनू || main lekhnu || I write
|-align="center"
| तू लेख छे || tu lekh chhe || you write
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
| उ लिखनो ||U likhno || he writes
|-align="center"
|}

*Plural
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="150"|Kumaoni || width="150"|Transliteration || width="60"|English
|-align="center"
| हम लेखनु || hum lekhnu || we write
|-align="center"
| तुम लेख छो ||tum lekh chho || you write
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
|ऊँ लेखन छन ||un lekhan chhan || they write
|-align="center"
|}

====Past tense====
*Singular
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="150"|Kumaoni || width="150"|Transliteration || width="60"|English
|-align="center"
| मेल लिखौ || maile lekho || I wrote
|-align="center"
| त्वील लिखौ ||tveel lekho || you wrote
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
| वील लिखौ ||veel lekho || he wrote
|-align="center"
|}

*Plural
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="150"|Kumaoni || width="150"|Transliteration || width="60"|English
|-align="center"
| हमुल लेखौ || humul lekho || we wrote
|-align="center"
| तुमुल लेखौ ||tumule lekho || you wrote
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
|उनुले लेखौ ||unule lekho || they wrote
|-align="center"
|}

====Future tense====
*Singular
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="150"|Kumaoni || width="150"|Transliteration || width="60"|English
|-align="center"
| मैं लिखूंलो || main lekhulo || I will write
|-align="center"
| तू लेखले ||tum lekhle || you will write
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
| उ लेखल ||u lekhal || he will write
|-align="center"
|}

*Plural
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="150"|Kumaoni || width="150"|Transliteration || width="60"|English
|-align="center"
| हम लेखुंला || hum lekhula || we will write
|-align="center"
| तुम लेखला ||tum lekhla || you will write
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
| ऊँ लेखल ||un lekhal || they will write
|-align="center"
|}

==Example short phrases==

{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="60"|Words/phrases || width="150"|Transliteration || width="340"|Meaning
|-align="center"
| जै देव || Jai Dev || Hello ''(lit. praise the lord)'' ''Formal''.
|-align="center"
| पैलाग || Pailaag || Hi/Hello (lit. touch your feet as a sign of respect used by younger members to greet older members)
|-align="center"
|-align="center"
| कस हेरे छे? || Kas hare chhe? || How are you? ''Informal''
|-align="center"
| कस हेरो छा? || Kas haro cha || How are you? ''Formal''
|-align="center"
| भल हेरो || Bhal hero|| I am fine
|-align="center"
|काँ जाण छा? || kaa jaan chha? || Where are you going
|-align="center"
| होए || Hoye. || Yes.
|-align="center"
| ना || Nā. || No.
|-align="center"
| कतु? || Katu? || How much?/How many?
|-align="center"
| काँ? || Kaa? || Where?
|-align="center"
| कसिक? || Kasik? || How?
|-align="center"
| कैक? || Kaik? || Whose?
|-align="center"
| को? || Ko? || Who?
|-align="center"
| किला || Kila? || Why?
|-align="center"
| के? || Ke? || What?
|-align="center"
| के हेगो? || Ke hego. || What happened?
|-align="center"
| तुमऱ नौ के छ? || Tumar nau ke che? || What is your name?
|-align="center"
| बेरे घर (ध्याव ) अजया || Baere ghyav ajayaa || Come home early
|-align="center"
| आपूं कां बटे आछा?|| Aapoun kan bate aachcha? || From where do you come?
|-align="center"
|को जाल बजार? || Ko jal Baazar || Who will go to market?
|-align="center"
|ओ बबो || O babo|| Oh my god!
|}

==Official Status==
There have been demands to include Kumaoni along with Garhwali in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India so that it could be made one of the Scheduled Language of India.
In 2010, a private member's bill was introduced for discussion in the Lok Sabha whose aim was to include Garhwali and Kumaoni in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5410372|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327075717/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5410372|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-27|title=Members want inclusion of Kumaoni, Garhwali in 8th schedule|date=2012-03-27|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Postcards-demand-official-language-status-for-Kumaoni-Garhwali/articleshow/51096272.cms|title=Postcards demand official language status for Kumaoni, Garhwali |date=22 February 2016|first=Shivani|last= Saxena |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

However In a step to promote and protect indigenous languages in December 2019 Government of the state introduced Official Kumaoni Books for Classes 1-5 students of kumaon division Schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cm-releases-kumaoni-books-for-school-students/articleshow/73011148.cms|title=CM releases Kumaoni books for school students |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>

==Kumaoni literature==
Kumaoni language has had many noteworthy writers, prominent among them are
* Lokratna Pant or Gumani Pant (1790–1846)
* Gauri Dutt Pant "Gaurda" (1872-1939)
* Charu Chandra Pandey (1923–2017)
* [[Shailesh Matiyani]] (1931–2001)
* [[Mohan Upreti]] (1925–1997)
* Brijen Lal Shah (1928-1998)

== Media and art==

===Films===
* ''Megha Aa'', (First Kumaoni Film).<ref>[http://www.readers-cafe.net/shabdkosh/cinema.php Kumaoni Cinema] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211133236/http://www.readers-cafe.net/shabdkosh/cinema.php |date=11 February 2008 }} Pahari Shabdkosh.</ref> Director Kaka Sharma, Produced S S Bisht, 1987<ref name="Aishwarya dhyani">{{cite web |title=First Kumaoni Film Of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNuOZlbJvwg |website=Youtube |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>
* ''Teri Saun'', (First film both in Kumaoni and Garhwali),<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45913051.cms The Times of India] Teri Saun, 10 May 2003.</ref> written, produced, and directed by Anuj Joshi,<ref>[http://nandadevi.prayaga.org/?page_id=52 Film set in 1994 Uttarakhand Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103013155/http://nandadevi.prayaga.org/?page_id=52 |date=3 November 2007 }} Nandadevi Campaign.</ref> 2003.
* ''Aapun Biraan'' (Apne Paraye) by Shri Kartikey Cine Productions. Written by Rajendra Bora (''Tribhuvan Giri''). Produced by ''Bhaskar Singh Rawat''. 2007.
* ''Madhuli'' by Anamika Film, 2008.<ref>[http://www.uttarakhandandbeyond.com/index.php/Video/kumaoni-film-Madhuli.html Maduhli]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kumaoni Films at uttarakhandandbeyond.</ref>
* ''Aapke Liye'', a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek".

===Theatre===
Kumaoni theatre which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays,<ref>[http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-traditions/theatre.html Indian Traditions] Theatre at iloveindia.</ref> later evolved into a modern theatre form with the efforts of theatre stalwarts like [[Mohan Upreti]], Naima Khan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey, and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. "Ankhar" of Lucknow did a very good work in the field of kumaoni theater. Ankhar played a number of kumauni plays like "mee yo gayun, mee yo satkyun" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Punturi" by Charu Chandra Pandey, "Motor Road" by Govind Ballabh Pant, "Labh Ribhadi" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Kagare Aag" and "Tumhare Liye" by Himanshu Joshi, Kumauni translation Naveeen Joshi and कुमाउनी नाटक-जैल थै, वील पै.<ref>{{Cite web|title=कुमाउनी नाटक (जैल थै, वील पै) |date=2015-10-07|url=https://navinjoshi1.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/jail-thai-weel-pai.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007071047/https://navinjoshi1.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/jail-thai-weel-pai.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-10-07|access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref>

=== Folk music ===
Folk song genres include ceremonial mandals, martial {{transl|kfy|panwaras}} and melancholy {{transl|kfy|khuded}}, {{transl|kfy|thadya}}, and {{transl|kfy|jhoda}}.

Musical instruments used in Kumaon music include the{{transl|kfy|dhol}}, {{transl|kfy|damoun}}, {{transl|kfy|turri}}, {{transl|kfy|ransingha}}, {{transl|kfy|dholki}}, {{transl|kfy|daur}}, {{transl|kfy|thali}}, {{transl|kfy|bhankora}}, and{{transl|kfy|masakbhaja}}. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent.

Some prominent singers are:
*[[Mohan Upreti]], the most famous personality associated with Kumaoni folk music, who is known for his Nanda Devi Jagar & Rajula Malu Shahi Ballad. He is famous for the great Kumaoni song [[Bedu Pako Baro Masa]] which for many years the identity of the hills of Uttarakahand. It is said this song was also a favourite of [[Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru]] who heard it in a band march as this song is also a popular marching song.
* Naima Khan Upreti - She was the wife of Mohan Upreti and was a prominent folk singer. Mohan Upreti and Naima Upreti used to sing folk songs as a duet and they also made the first HMV recording of songs like Bedu Pako and O Lali, O Lali Haushiya. Naima Upreti had collected a large number of songs of the Kumaon and Garhwal region and she rendered them on several occasions.
*Gopal Babu Goswami - who is considered to be a legend in Kumaon for his melodious voice. His songs on the life of the members of the armed forces and their families like Kaile baje muruli, Ghughuti na basa (Hirda cassettes) and many others are legendary, it is said that when these songs were transmitted on All India Radio women could not help but weep when they heard the soul touching voice of Gopal Da as he was lovingly called.
*Heera Singh Rana - identified as a contemporary poet and singer who touched upon various shades of hill life, particularly the plight of women. Besides beauty, love, and romance, his poetry illustrates pains and sufferings and are sharp in satire on the political class.

In the early 1990s songs on the turning life style mainly on the one who are heading towards town being made in which {{transl|kfy|meri kumau ki gaadi}}, {{transl|kfy|hit meri punjaban billo uttarakhand pahara, bwaari tamaaku pija}} etc. criticize the changing attitude in kumaoni society, the songs of mohan manral straight away criticize of the changing mindset of metropolitan kumaoni society running away from their roots.

However, in an attempt to revive the love for these songs, especially among the youth, unplugged or reprise covers of folk songs like, "Haaye Teri Rumaala", "Chhaana Bilauri", "Hit Dagadi Kamla", "Gughuti na Baasa" by several young artists like Suraj Verma, Gaurav Pandey, Priyanka Meher, etc. have been produced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Kumaoni Songs with lyrics |url=https://www.lyricsnary.com/ |website=lyricsnary |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>

===Radio===
* In 1962, a new programme was introduced from Akashwani Lucknow- "Utterayana". this programme was specially for the Chinese border area. Jay dev sharma "kamal" Banshidhar Pathak Jigyasu and Jeet Singh Jardhari started this programme. Najeebabad Akashwani kendra relayed this programme .
*With the aim to create a common platform for local communities of Supi in [[Uttarakhand]], [[The Energy and Resources Institute|TERI]] launched 'Kumaon vani', a community radio service on 11 March 2010. [[Uttarakhand]] Governor [[Margaret Alva]] inaugurated the community radio station, the first in the state. The 'Kumaon Vani' aims to air programmes on environment, agriculture, culture, weather and education in the local language and with the active participation of the communities. The radio station covers a radius of 10 km reaching out to almost 2000 locals around [[Mukhteshwar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/13/terilaunches-kumaon-vani-community-radio-service.html |title=Teri launches Kumaon Vani community radio service |publisher=One India |access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref>
* In order to create a folk genome tank of Uttarakhand where one can find each genre and occasions in the form of folk music, and to bring the melodious folk from the heart of Himalaya on global screen, the very first internet radio of Kumaon/Garhwal/Jaunsar was launched in year 2008 by a group of non-resident Uttarakhandi from New York, which has been gaining significant popularity among inhabitants and migrants since its beta version was launched in year 2010. This was named after a very famous melody of hills of Himalaya, Bedupako Baramasa O Narain Kafal Pako Chaita [[Bedupako]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedupako.com/eradio.php |title=First e Radio of Uttarakhand |author= Dr. Shailesh Upreti |date= 23 February 2011|work= official |publisher= bedupako |access-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
*[[Kumauni People]]
*[[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1894|publisher=Lodiana Mission Press}}
*''Dr. Shashi Pandey, Ramesh Ch Pandey, Rama Pandey:'' Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Published 2014, Kumaoni and Garhwali Editions)
* ''Devidatta Sarma''; Linguistic geography of Kumaun Himalayas: A descriptive areal distribution of Kumauni language (Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages). Mittal Publications; 1994. {{ISBN|81-7099-529-9}}.
* ''Devidatta Sarma''; The formation of Kumauni language (SILL : series in Indian languages and linguistics). Bahri Publications; 1985. {{ISBN|81-7034-005-5}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Kumaoni Proverbs}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901173809/http://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/kumaon/kumaoni.php Kumaoni Language and Literature]
* [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1565.html UNESCO]
* [https://uttarakhandilokoktiyan.org/ Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Kumaoni Sanskaran)]

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{{short description|Subnational administrative units of India}}
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{{original research|date=August 2019}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''administrative divisions of India''' are subnational administrative units of [[India]]; they are composed of a nested hierarchy of [[country subdivision]]s.

Indian states and territories frequently use different local titles for the same level of subdivision (e.g., the ''[[mandal (country subdivision)|mandals]]'' of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] correspond to ''[[tehsil]]s'' of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and other [[Hindi Belt|Hindi-speaking states]] but to ''[[taluka]]s'' of [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/tab11.pdf |title=Archived copy - Table 1.1 - India at a Glance - Administrative Division - 2001 |agency= Office of the Registrar General of India, New Delhi |access-date= 18 August 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103233/http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/tab11.pdf |archive-date= 24 September 2015 }}</ref>

The smaller subdivisions (villages and [[Community development block in India|blocks]]) exist only in rural areas. In urban areas, [[urban local bodies]] exist instead of these rural subdivisions.

==Tiers of India==
{{main|Local government in India}}
The diagram below outlines the six tiers of government:
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart| | | FED | FED='''[[List of sovereign states|Country]]''' (i.e. [[India]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | PRO | PRO=[[States and union territories of India|'''State''']] (e.g. [[West Bengal|West Bengal State]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | DIV | DIV=[[List of divisions in India|'''Division''']] (e.g. [[Presidency Division]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | DIS | DIS=[[List of districts in India|'''District''']] (e.g. [[North 24 Parganas|North 24 Parganas District]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | SUB | SUB=[[List of subdistricts in India|'''Subdistrict''']] (e.g. [[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat Subdivision]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | |Block|Block=[[List of community development blocks in India|'''Block''']] (e.g. [[Basirhat II (community development block)|Basirhat II Block]])}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==Zones and regions==

===Zones===
[[File:Zonal Councils.svg|thumb|The six zones of India]]
The states of India have been grouped into six zones having an Advisory Council "to develop the habit of cooperative working" among these States. [[Zonal Council]]s were set up vide Part-III of the [[States Reorganisation Act]], 1956. The North Eastern States' special problems are addressed by another statutory body - The North Eastern Council, created by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://necouncil.nic.in/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001111/http://necouncil.nic.in/ |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> The present composition of each of these Zonal Councils is as under:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/zonal.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508170915/http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/zonal.htm |archive-date= 8 May 2012 }}</ref>

*[[Northern Zonal Council]], comprising [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Rajasthan]];
*[[North Eastern Council]], comprising [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Tripura]]; The State of [[Sikkim]] has also been included in the North Eastern Council vide North Eastern Council (Amendment) Act, 2002 notified on 23 December 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/zonal_council|title=Zonal Council {{!}}|website=mha.nic.in|access-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022826/http://mha.nic.in/zonal_council|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Central Zonal Council]], comprising the States of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]];
*[[Eastern Zonal Council]], comprising [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], and [[West Bengal]];
*[[Western Zonal Council]], comprising [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Maharashtra]];
*[[Southern Zonal Council]], comprising [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Telangana]].
*[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Lakshadweep]] are not members of any of the Zonal Councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/states_reorganisation_act.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (Act No.37 Of 1956) Part – Iii Zones And Zonal Councils|website=Interstatecouncil.nic.in|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> However, they are presently special invitees to the [[Southern Zonal Council]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/COMPOSITION-OF-SOUTHERN-ZONAL-COUNCIL.pdf|title=Present Composition Of The Southern Zonal Council|website=Interstatecouncil.nic.in|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

===Regions===
[[File:Six regions of India.svg|thumb|The six regions of India
{{legend|#daea7b|[[Central India]]}}
{{legend|#99c1fb|[[East India]]}}
{{legend|#ffcb78|[[North India]]}}
{{legend|#ffe0ad|North India (claimed)}}
{{legend|#8092d4|[[Northeast India]]}}
{{legend|#e40066|[[South India]]}}
{{legend|#dca9e9|[[Western India]]}}]]
This is a list of unofficial, or quasi-official, regions of India. Some are geographic regions, others ethnic, linguistic, dialect, or cultural regions, and some correspond to historic countries, states or provinces.

{| class="wikitable sortable" align=center
! Name
! Population ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])
! Largest city
! Area
! States
! Union territories
|-
| [[Central India]]
|align=right| 100,525,580
|[[Indore]]
|align=center| 443,443 km2
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 0
|-
| [[East India]]
|align=right| 226,925,195
| [[Kolkata]]
|align=center| 418,323 km2
|align=center| 4
|align=center| 0
|-
| [[North India]]
|align=right| 376,809,728
| [[Delhi]]
|align=center| 1,010,731 km2
|align=center| 6
|align=center| 3
|-
| [[Northeast India]]
|align=right| 45,587,982
| [[Guwahati]]
|align="center"| 262,230 km2
|align=center| 8
|align=center| 0
|-
| [[South India]]
|align=right| 253,051,953
|[[Chennai]]
|align=center| 635,780 km2
|align=center| 5
|align=center| 3
|-
| [[Western India]]
|align=right| 173,343,821
| [[Mumbai]]
|align=center| 508,032 km2
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 2
|}

== States and union territories ==
{{Main|States and union territories of India}}
India is composed of 28 states and 8 union territories (including a national capital territory).<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile {{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |website=www.india.gov.in |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> The union territories are governed by administrators, appointed by the President of India. Three of these territories (Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry) have been given partial statehood, with elected legislatures and executive councils of ministers, with reduced powers.
{{Indian states and territories image map}}

=== States ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Number
!State
!Code
!Estd.
!Capital
|-
|1
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|AP
|
|[[Hyderabad]] (''de jure'') [[Amaravati]] (administrative capital)(''de facto'') <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140905/nation-current-affairs/article/vijayawada-andhra-pradesh-new-capital|title=Vijayawada is Andhra Pradesh's new capital|website=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=27 December 2017|date=5 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|AR
|
|[[Itanagar]]
|-
|3
|[[Assam]]
|AS
|
|[[Dispur]]
|-
|4
|[[Bihar]]
|BR
|
|[[Patna]]
|-
|5
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|CG
|
|[[Naya Raipur]]
|-
|6
|[[Goa]]
|GA
|
|[[Panaji]]
|-
|7
|[[Gujarat]]
|GJ
|
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|-
|8
|[[Haryana]]
|HR
|
|[[Chandigarh]] (shared with [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], also a Union Territory)
|-
|9
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|HP
|
|[[Shimla]] (summer), [[Dharamshala]] (winter)
|-
|10
|[[Jharkhand]]
|JH
|
|[[Ranchi]]
|-
|11
|[[Karnataka]]
|KA
|
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|12
|[[Kerala]]
|KL
|
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
|13
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|MP
|
|[[Bhopal]]
|-
|14
|[[Maharashtra]]
|MH
|
|[[Mumbai]] (summer), [[Nagpur]] (winter)
|-
|15
|[[Manipur]]
|MN
|
|[[Imphal]]
|-
|16
|[[Meghalaya]]
|ML
|
|[[Shillong]]
|-
|17
|[[Mizoram]]
|MZ
|
|[[Aizawl]]
|-
|18
|[[Nagaland]]
|NL
|
|[[Kohima]]
|-
|19
|[[Odisha]]
|OD
|
|[[Bhubaneshwar]]
|-
|20
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|PB
|
|[[Chandigarh]] (shared with [[Haryana]], also a Union Territory)
|-
|21
|[[Rajasthan]]
|RJ
|
|[[Jaipur]]
|-
|22
|[[Sikkim]]
|SK
|
|[[Gangtok]]
|-
|23
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|TN
|
|[[Chennai]]
|-
|24
|[[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Appointed Day for Telangana State|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Appointed-Day-T-state-to-Come-into-Being-on-June-2/2014/03/05/article2091595.ece|website=Newindianexpress.com|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
|TS
|
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|25
|[[Tripura]]
|TR
|
|[[Agartala]]
|-
|26
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|UP
|
|[[Lucknow]]
|-
|27
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|UT
|
|[[Dehradun]] (winter), [[Gairsain]] (summer)
|-
|28
|[[West Bengal]]
|WB
|
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|}

=== Union territories ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Letter / number
!Union territory
!Code
!Capital
|-
|A
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|AN
|[[Port Blair]]
|-
|B
|[[Chandigarh]]
|CH
|[[Chandigarh]] (also the capital of [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]])
|-
|C
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|''DD''
|[[Daman, India|Daman]]
|-
|D
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|JK
|[[Srinagar]] (summer), [[Jammu]] (winter)
|-
|E
|[[Ladakh]]
|LA
|[[Leh]] and [[Kargil]]
|-
|F
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|LD
|[[Kavaratti]]
|-
|G
|[[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|DL
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|H
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|PY
|[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|}

==Autonomous administrative divisions==
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|350px|right|thumb|Autonomous areas in North East India]]
{{main|Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
The Sixth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous administrative divisions]] which have been given autonomy within their respective [[States and union territories of India|states]].<ref>https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf.</ref> Most of these autonomous areas are located in [[North East India]].

Autonomous district councils operating under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India are shown like {{Em|this}}.{{Clarify|date=June 2020|reason=Then what are the non-emphasised ones, given the previous paragraph, which seems to say the same thing?}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor=#99ccff
! State/Union Territory
! Autonomous Council
! Headquarters
! Districts / Subdivisions
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="9" | [[Assam]]|| {{Em|[[Bodoland]]}} || [[Kokrajhar]]|| Baksa, Chirang, Kokrajhar, Udalguri
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Deori Autonomous Council|Deori]]|| [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]] || Lakhimpur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| {{Em|[[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council|North Cachar Hills]]}} || [[Haflong]]|| Dima Hasao
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| {{Em|[[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council|Karbi Anglong]]}}|| [[Diphu]]|| Karbi Anglong, West Karbi Anglong
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Mising Autonomous Council|Mising]]|| [[Dhemaji]]|| Dhemaji
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council|Rabha Hasong]]|| [[Dudhnoi]]|| Kamrup Rural, Goalpara
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council|Sonowal Kachari]]|| [[Dibrugarh]] ||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council|Thengal Kachari]]|| [[Titabar]] ||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Tiwa Autonomous District Council|Tiwa]]|| [[Morigaon]] ||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF

| rowspan="2" | [[Ladakh]]|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|Kargil]]|| [[Kargil]]|| Kargil
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Leh]]|| [[Leh]]|| Leh
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF

| rowspan="6" | [[Manipur]]|| [[Chandel Autonomous District Council|Chandel]]|| [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]]||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Churachandpur Autonomous District Council|Churachandpur]]|| [[Churachandpur]] ||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council|Sadar Hills]]|| [[Kangpokpi]] || Saikul, Saitu and Sadar Hills West subdivisions of Kangpokpi district
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Senapati Autonomous District Council|Senapati]]|| [[Senapati (Tahamzam)|Senapati]] ||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Tamenglong Autonomous District Council|Tamenglong]]|| [[Tamenglong]] ||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Ukhrul Autonomous District Council|Ukhul]]|| [[Ukhrul]] ||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF

| rowspan="3" | [[Meghalaya]]|| {{Em|[[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council|Garo Hills]]}} || [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]]|| East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, North Garo Hills and South West Garo Hills
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| {{Em|[[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council|Jaintia Hills]]}} || [[Jowai]]|| East Jaintia Hills, West Jaintia Hills
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| {{Em|[[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council|Khasi Hills]]}} || [[Shillong]]|| West Khasi Hills, East Khasi Hills and Ri Bhoi
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF

| rowspan="3" | [[Mizoram]]|| {{Em|[[Chakma Autonomous District Council|Chakma]]}} || Kamalanagar|| Tuichawng subdivision
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| {{Em|[[Lai Autonomous District Council|Lai]]}} || [[Lawngtlai]]|| Lawngtlai subdivision, Sangau subdivision
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| {{Em|[[Mara Autonomous District Council|Mara]]}} || [[Siaha]]|| Siaha subdivision, Tipa subdivision
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF

| rowspan="1" | [[Tripura]] || {{Em|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|Tripura Tribal Areas]]}} || [[Khumulwng]]||
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF

| rowspan="1" | [[West Bengal]]|| [[Gorkhaland]]|| [[Darjeeling]]|| Darjeeling, Kurseong and Mirik subdivisions of Darjeeling district, Kalimpong district
|}

== Divisions ==
{{main|List of divisions in India}}
Many of the Indian states are subdivided into divisions which have official administrative governmental status and each division is headed by senior IAS officer called [[Divisional Commissioner (India)|Divisional Commissioner]]. Currently, superdistrict administrative divisions exist in 17 of the 28 states. The states of [[Gujarat]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Sikkim]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]], [[Mizoram]] and the union territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Lakshadweep]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] do not have superdistrict divisions.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black"
|- bgcolor=#99ccff
! State/Union Territory
! Division
! Headquarter District
! Districts
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="2" | [[Arunachal Pradesh]]|| East|| Namsai||[[Lohit district|Lohit]], [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]], [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Changlang district|Changlang]], Lower Dibang Valley, Dibang Valley, East Siang, Upper Siang, Longding, Namsai, Siang
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| West|| Lower Subansiri|| Tawang, West Kameng, East Kameng, Papum Pare, Lower Subansiri, Kurung Kumey, Kra Daadi, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, Lower Siang and Itanagar Capital Complex
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="5" | [[Assam]]|| [[Upper Assam Division]]|| Jorhat|| Charaideo, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Jorhat, Lakhimpur, Majuli, Sivasagar, and Tinsukia
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Lower Assam Division]]|| Guwahati|| Baksa, Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Chirang, Dhubri, Goalpara, Nalbari, Kamrup Metropolitan, Kamrup Rural, Kokrajhar, and South Salmara-Mankachar
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[North Assam Division]]|| Tezpur|| Biswanath, Darrang, Sonitpur, and Udalguri
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Central Assam Division]]|| Nagaon|| Dima Hasao, Hojai, East Karbi Anglong, West Karbi Anglong, Morigaon, and Nagaon
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Barak Valley]]|| Silchar|| Cachar, Hailakandi, and Karimganj
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="9"| [[Bihar]]|| [[Patna division]]|| Patna|| Patna, Nalanda, Bhojpur, Rohtas, Buxar and Kaimur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Tirhut division]]|| Muzaffarpur|| West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Sheohar and Vaishali
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Saran division]]|| Chhapra|| Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Darbhanga division]]|| Darbhanga|| Darbhanga, Madhubani and Samastipur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Kosi division]]|| Saharsa|| Saharsa, Madhepura and Supaul
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Purnia division]]|| Purnia|| Purnia, Katihar, Araria and Kishanganj
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Bhagalpur division]]|| Bhagalpur|| Bhagalpur and Banka
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Munger division]]|| Munger|| Munger, Jamui, Khagaria, Lakhisarai, Begusarai and Sheikhpura
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Magadh division]]|| Gaya|| Gaya, Nawada, Aurangabad, Jehanabad and Arwal
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="5"| [[Chhattisgarh]]|| Surguja|| Surguja|| Koriya, Balrampur-Ramanujganj, Surajpur, Jashpur and Surguja
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Bilaspur|| Bilaspur|| Bilaspur, Mungeli, Korba, Janjgir-Champa, Raigarh and Gourella Pendra Marwahi
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Durg|| Durg|| Kabirdham (Kawardha), Bemetara, Durg, Balod and Rajnandgaon
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Raipur|| Raipur|| Mahasamund, Baloda Bazar, Gariaband, Raipur and Dhamtari
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Bastar division]]|| Bastar|| Kanker (Uttar Bastar), Narayanpur, Kondagaon, Bastar, Dantewada (Dakshin Bastar), Bijapur and Sukma
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="6"| [[Haryana]]|| [[Hisar division]]|| Hisar|| Fatehabad, Jind, Hisar and Sirsa
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Gurgaon division]]|| Gurugram|| Gurugram, Mahendragarh and Rewari
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Ambala division]]|| Ambala|| Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panchkula and Yamuna Nagar
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Faridabad division]]|| Faridabad|| Faridabad, Palwal and Nuh
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Rohtak division]]|| Rohtak|| Jhajjar, Charkhi Dadri, Rohtak, Sonipat and Bhiwani
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Karnal division]]|| Karnal|| Karnal, Panipat and Kaithal
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="3"| [[Himachal Pradesh]]|| Kangra|| Kangra|| Chamba, Kangra and Una
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Mandi|| Mandi|| Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kullu, Lahaul and Spiti and Mandi
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Shimla|| Shimla|| Kinnaur, Shimla, Sirmaur and Solan
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="5"| [[Jharkhand]]|| [[Palamu division]] || Palamu|| Garhwa, Latehar and Palamu
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[North Chotanagpur division]]|| Hazaribagh|| Bokaro, Chatra, Dhanbad, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Koderma and Ramgarh
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[South Chotanagpur division]]|| Ranchi || Gumla, Khunti, Lohardaga, Ranchi and Simdega
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Kolhan division]]|| West Singhbhum|| East Singhbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan district, and West Singhbhum
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Santhal Pargana division]]|| Dumka|| Godda, Deoghar, Dumka, Jamtara, Sahibganj and Pakur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="4"| [[Karnataka]]|| [[Bangalore division]]|| Bangalore|| Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Ramanagara, Chikkaballapur, Chitradurga, Davanagere, Kolar, Shivamogga and Tumakuru
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Mysore division]]|| Mysuru|| Chamarajanagar, Chikkamagaluru, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya and Mysuru
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Belgaum division]]|| Belagavi|| Bagalkot, Belagavi, Vijayapura, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri and Uttara Kannada
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Kalaburagi division]]|| Kalaburagi||
Ballari, Bidar, Kalaburagi, Koppal, Raichur and Yadgir
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="10"| [[Madhya Pradesh]]|| [[Bhopal division]]|| Bhopal||
Bhopal, Raisen, Rajgarh, Sehore and Vidisha
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Indore division]]|| Indore||
Alirajpur district
Barwani, Burhanpur, Indore, Dhar, Jhabua, Khandwa and Khargone
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Gwalior division]]|| Gwalior||
Gwalior, Ashoknagar, Shivpuri, Datia and Guna
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Jabalpur division]]|| Jabalpur|| Balaghat, Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Katni, Mandla, Narsinghpur, Seoni and Dindori
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Rewa division]]|| Rewa||
Rewa, Satna, Sidhi and Singrauli
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Sagar division]]|| Sagar||
Chhatarpur, Damoh, Panna, Sagar, Tikamgarh and Niwari
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Shahdol division]]|| Shahdol||
Anuppur, Shahdol and Umaria
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Ujjain division]]|| Ujjain||
Agar Malwa, Dewas, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Ratlam, Ujjain and Shajapur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Chambal division]]|| Morena||
Morena, Sheopur and Bhind
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Narmadapuram division]]|| Betul||
Betul, Harda and Hoshangabad
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="6"| [[Maharashtra]]|| [[Amravati division]]|| Amravati||
Akola, Amravati, Buldana, Yavatmal and Washim
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Aurangabad division]]|| Aurangabad||
Aurangabad
Beed, Jalna, Osmanabad, Nanded, Latur, Parbhani and Hingoli
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Konkan division]]|| Mumbai||
Mumbai City, Mumbai Suburban, Thane, Palghar, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Nagpur division]]|| Nagpur||
Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Gondia, Nagpur and Wardha
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Nashik division]]|| Nashik||
Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Nandurbar and Nashik
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Pune division]]|| Pune||
Kolhapur, Pune, Sangli, Satara and Solapur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="2"| [[Meghalaya]]|| Tura|| West Garo Hills||
South West Garo Hills, West Garo Hills, North Garo Hills, East Garo Hills and South Garo Hills
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Shillong|| East Khasi Hills||
West Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills, Ri-Bhoi, East Khasi Hills, West Jaintia Hills and East Jaintia Hills
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| [[Nagaland]]|| Nagaland|| Kohima||
Dimapur, Kiphire, Kohima, Longleng, Mokokchung, Mon, Peren, Phek, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunheboto and Noklak
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="3"| [[Odisha]]|| Central|| Cuttack||
Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur, Kendrapada, Khordha, Mayurbhanj, Nayagarh and Puri
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Northern|| Sambalpur||
Angul, Balangir, Bargarh, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Jharsuguda, Kendujhar, Sambalpur, Subarnapur and Sundargarh
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Southern|| Berhampur||
Boudh, Gajapati, Ganjam, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur, Nuapada and Rayagada
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="5"| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]|| Patiala|| Patiala||
Patiala, Sangrur, Barnala, Fatehgarh Sahib and Ludhiana
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Faridkot|| Faridkot||
Faridkot, Bathinda and Mansa
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Firozepur|| Firozepur||
Firozepur, Moga, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Fazilka
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Jalandhar|| Jalandhar||
Jalandhar, Gurdaspur, Pathankot, Amritsar, Tarn Taran, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| Rup Nagar|| Rup Nagar||
Rup Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="7"| [[Rajasthan]]|| [[Jaipur division]]|| Jaipur||
Jaipur, Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Sikar and Dausa
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Jodhpur division]]|| Jodhpur||
Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali and Sirohi
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Ajmer division]]|| Ajmer||
Ajmer, Bhilwara, Nagaur and Tonk
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Udaipur division]]|| Udaipur||
Udaipur, Banswara, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh, Dungarpur and Rajsamand
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Bikaner division]]|| Bikaner||
Bikaner, Churu, Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Kota division]]|| Kota||
Baran, Bundi, Jhalawar and Kota
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Bharatpur division]]|| Bharatpur||
Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli, Sawai and Madhopur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|rowspan="18"| [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| [[Agra division]]|| Agra||
Agra, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Aligarh division]]|| Aligarh||
Aligarh, Etah, Hathras and Kasganj
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Ayodhya division]]|| Ayodhya||
Ambedkar Nagar, Barabanki, Ayodhya, Sultanpur and Amethi
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Azamgarh division]]|| Azamgarh||
Azamgarh, Ballia and Mau
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Bareilly division]]|| Bareilly||
Badaun, Bareilly, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Basti division]]|| Basti||
Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar and Siddharthnagar
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Chitrakoot division]]|| Chitrakoot||
Banda, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur and Mahoba
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Devipatan division]]|| Gonda||
Bahraich, Balarampur, Gonda and Shravasti
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Gorakhpur division]]|| Gorakhpur||
Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and Maharajganj
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Jhansi division]]|| Jhansi||
Jalaun, Jhansi and Lalitpur
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Kanpur division]]|| Kanpur Nagar||
Auraiya, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Kanpur Dehat and Kanpur Nagar
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Lucknow division]]|| Lucknow||
Hardoi, Lakhimpur Kheri, Lucknow, Raebareli, Sitapur and Unnao
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Meerut division]]|| Meerut||
Baghpat, Bulandshahar, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Meerut and Hapur
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Mirzapur division]]|| Mirzapur||
Mirzapur, Sant Ravidas Nagar and Sonbhadra
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
||[[Moradabad division]]|| Moradabad||
Bijnor, Amroha, Moradabad, Rampur and Sambhal
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Prayagraj division]]|| Prayagraj||
Prayagraj, Fatehpur, Kaushambi and Pratapgarh
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Saharanpur division]]|| Saharanpur||
Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur and Shamli
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Varanasi division]]|| Varanasi||
Chandauli, Ghazipur, Jaunpur and Varanasi
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="2"| [[Uttarakhand]]|| [[Kumaon division]]|| Nainital||
Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh and Udham Singh Nagar
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Garhwal division]]|| Pauri ||
Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="5"| [[West Bengal]]|| [[Presidency division]]|| Kolkata||
Howrah, Kolkata, Nadia, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Medinipur division]]|| Paschim Medinipur||
Bankura, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur and Purulia
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Malda division]]|| Malda||
Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad and Uttar Dinajpur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Burdwan division]]|| Hooghly||
Birbhum, Hooghly, Paschim Bardhaman and Purba Bardhaman
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Jalpaiguri division]]|| Jalpaiguri||
Alipurduar, Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Kalimpong
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| ''[[Delhi]]''|| [[Delhi division]]|| [[Central Delhi]]||
Central Delhi, East Delhi, New Delhi, North Delhi, North East Delhi, North West Delhi, Shahdara, South Delhi, South East Delhi, South West Delhi and West Delhi
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''|| [[Jammu Division]]|| Jammu|| Jammu, Doda, Kathua, Kishtwar, Poonch, Rajouri, Ramban, Reasi, Samba and Udhampur
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|| [[Kashmir Division]]|| Srinagar|| Srinagar, Anantnag, Bandipora, Baramulla, Budgam, Ganderbal, Kulgam, Kupwara, Pulwama and Shopian
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|''[[Ladakh]]''
||[[Ladakh Division]]|| Leh|| Kargil and Leh
|}

{| width="90%"
|-
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ No. of divisions in each state or UT
|-
! bgcolor=#99CCFF | Map key
! bgcolor=#99CCFF | Name of State or ''Union Territory (Italicized)''
! bgcolor=#99CCFF | Number of Divisions
! bgcolor=#99CCFF | Population<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php | title = List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 | publisher = 2011 Census of India | access-date = 23 January 2013 }}</ref>
! bgcolor=#99CCFF | Population/district
|-
| 1 || [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49386799}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:49386799/13round0}}}}
|-
| 2 || [[Divisions of Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1383727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 57,656
|-
| 3 || [[Divisions of Assam|Assam]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31169272}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 944,523
|-
| 4 || [[Divisions of Bihar|Bihar]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104099452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:104099452/38round0}}}}
|-
| 5 || [[Chhattisgarh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25545198}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:25545198/27round0}}}}
|-
| 6 || [[Goa]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1458545}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1458545/2round0}}}}
|-
| 7 || [[Gujarat]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60439692}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:60439692/33round0}}}}
|-
| 8 || [[Divisions of Haryana|Haryana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25351462}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:25351462/22round0}}}}
|-
| 9 || [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6864602}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:6864602/12round0}}}}
|-
| 10 || [[Telangana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35193978}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:35193978/31round0}}}}
|-
| 11 || [[Divisions of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32988134}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:32988134/24round0}}}}
|-
| 12 || [[Divisions of Karnataka|Karnataka]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61095297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:61095297/30round0}}}}
|-
| 13 || [[Divisions of Kerala|Kerala]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33406061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:33406061/14round0}}}}
|-
| 14 || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72626809}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,396,669
|-
| 15 || [[Maharashtra]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112374333}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:112374333/36round0}}}}
|-
| 16 || [[Manipur]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2721756}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 170,110
|-
| 17 || [[Meghalaya]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2966889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:2966889/11round0}}}}
|-
| 18 || [[Mizoram]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1097206}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1097206/8round0}}}}
|-
| 19 || [[Nagaland]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1978502}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1978502/11round0}}}}
|-
| 20 || [[Odisha]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41974218}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:41974218/30round0}}}}
|-
| 21 || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27743338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:27743338/22round0}}}}
|-
| 22 || [[Rajasthan]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:68548437}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:68548437/33round0}}}}
|-
| 23 || [[Sikkim]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:610577}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:610577/4round0}}}}
|-
| 24 || [[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72147030}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:72147030/32round0}}}}
|-
| 25 || [[Tripura]]
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3673917}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:3673917/8round0}}}}
|-
| 26 || [[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199812341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:199812341/75round0}}}}
|-
| 27 || [[Divisions of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10086292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:10086292/13round0}}}}
|-
| 28 || [[Divisions of West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:91276115}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3,968,527
|-
| A || ''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]''
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:380581}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:380581/3round0}}}}
|-
| B || ''[[Chandigarh]]''
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1055450/1round0}}}}
|-
| C || ''[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]''
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:586956}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:586956/3round0}}}}
|-
| D || ''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,258,433
| style="text-align: right;" | 612,922
|-
| E || ''[[Lakshadweep]]''
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64473}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:64473/1round0}}}}
|-
| F || ''[[Delhi]]''
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16787941}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:16787941/11round0}}}}
|-
| G || ''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]''
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1247953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1247953/4round0}}}}
|-
|H
|''[[Ladakh]]''
| style="text-align: right;" |1
| style="text-align: right;" |290,492
| style="text-align: right;" |145,246
|-
! 36 !! Total  !! 102
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 1,677,084
|}
| valign="top" width="300px" | [[File:India-states-numbered.svg|thumb| [[States and territories of India]], numbered as per the table]]
|}

=== Regions within states ===
Some states consist of regions, which have no official administrative governmental status. They are purely geographic regions; some correspond to historic countries, states or provinces. A region may comprise one or more divisions, averaging about three divisions per region. However, the boundaries of the regions and the boundaries of the divisions do not always coincide exactly. So far there has been no movement to give the regions official administrative status. If this was to be done, it would presumably require that the boundaries of the regions be slightly modified so that they correspond exactly with their constituent districts.

* [[Regions of Assam]]
* [[Regions of Gujarat]]

== Districts ==
{{main|List of districts in India}}
States and territories (or divisions) are further subdivided into [[Districts of India|districts]] (''zilla''), of which there are 739 (as of 2020). Each District is headed by an IAS officer called [[District Collector (India)|District Magistrate]].

{| width="90%"
|-
| <div style="float:right;"> {{Indian states and territories image map|image-width=380}} </div>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ No. of districts in each state or UT
|-
! bgcolor="#99ccff" | Map key
! bgcolor="#99ccff" | Name of State or ''Union Territory (Italicized)''
!Number of Divisions
! bgcolor="#99ccff" | Number of Districts
! bgcolor="#99ccff" | Population<ref name="auto"/>
! bgcolor="#99ccff" | Population/district
|-
| 1 || [[Districts of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49386799}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:49386799/13round0}}}}
|-
| 2 || [[Districts of Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1383727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 57,656
|-
| 3 || [[Districts of Assam|Assam]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31169272}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 944,523
|-
| 4 || [[Districts of Bihar|Bihar]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104099452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:104099452/38round0}}}}
|-
| 5 || [[Districts of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25545198}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:25545198/27round0}}}}
|-
| 6 || [[Districts of Goa|Goa]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1458545}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1458545/2round0}}}}
|-
| 7 || [[Districts of Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60439692}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:60439692/33round0}}}}
|-
| 8 || [[Districts of Haryana|Haryana]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25351462}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:25351462/22round0}}}}
|-
| 9 || [[Districts of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6864602}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:6864602/12round0}}}}
|-
| 10 || [[Districts of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32988134}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:32988134/24round0}}}}
|-
| 11 || [[Districts of Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61095297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:61095297/30round0}}}}
|-
| 12 || [[Districts of Kerala|Kerala]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33406061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:33406061/14round0}}}}
|-
| 13 || [[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72626809}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,396,669
|-
| 14 || [[Districts of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112374333}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:112374333/36round0}}}}
|-
| 15 || [[Districts of Manipur|Manipur]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 16
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2721756}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 170,110
|-
| 16 || [[Districts of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2966889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:2966889/11round0}}}}
|-
| 17 || [[Districts of Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1097206}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1097206/8round0}}}}
|-
| 18 || [[Districts of Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1978502}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1978502/11round0}}}}
|-
| 19 || [[Districts of Odisha|Odisha]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41974218}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:41974218/30round0}}}}
|-
| 20 || [[Districts of Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27743338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:27743338/22round0}}}}
|-
| 21 || [[Districts of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:68548437}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:68548437/33round0}}}}
|-
| 22 || [[Districts of Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:610577}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:610577/4round0}}}}
|-
| 23 || [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72147030}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:72147030/32round0}}}}
|-
| 24 || [[Districts of Telangana|Telangana]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35193978}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:35193978/31round0}}}}
|-
| 25 || [[Districts of Tripura|Tripura]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3673917}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:3673917/8round0}}}}
|-
| 26 || [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 75
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199812341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:199812341/75round0}}}}
|-
| 27 || [[Districts of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10086292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:10086292/13round0}}}}
|-
| 28 || [[Districts of West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:91276115}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3,968,527
|-
| A || ''[[Districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:380581}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:380581/3round0}}}}
|-
| B || ''[[Chandigarh]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1055450/1round0}}}}
|-
| C || ''[[Districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:586956}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:586956/3round0}}}}
|-
| D || ''[[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,258,433
| style="text-align: right;" | 612,922
|-
| E || ''[[Districts of Ladakh|Ladakh]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| style="text-align: right;" |290,492
| style="text-align: right;" |145,246
|-
| F || ''[[Lakshadweep]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64473}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:64473/1round0}}}}
|-
| G || ''[[Districts of Delhi|Delhi]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16787941}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:16787941/11round0}}}}
|-
| H || ''[[Districts of Puducherry|Puducherry]]''
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1247953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:1247953/4round0}}}}
|-
! 36 !! Total 
! !! 739
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210692258}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 1,677,084
|}
|}

==Subdistricts==
{{main|List of subdistricts in India}}
[[Tehsil]]s, talukas, subdivisions, mandals, circles, headed by a ''[[Tehsildar]]'' or ''Talukdar'' or MRO, comprise several villages or village clusters. The governmental / elected bodies at the tehsil level are called the [[Panchayat samiti]].

States use varying names for their subdistricts.<ref name='chartref'>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Admin_Units/Admin_links/subdistrict_nomeclature.html | title = Statement showing the Nomenclature and Number of Sub-Districts in States/UTs | access-date = 3 October 2011 | date = 2010–2011 | publisher = Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Type and number of subdistricts in each State
! State
! Type
! Count
|-
| [[Mandals of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] || Mandal || style="text-align: right;" | 664<ref name="APmandals">{{cite web|title=List of Mandals |url=http://msmehyd.ap.nic.in/PROFILE%20-AP.pdf |website=msmehyd.ap.nic.in |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State |access-date=3 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911225305/http://msmehyd.ap.nic.in/PROFILE%20-AP.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || Circle || style="text-align: right;" | 149
|-
| [[Subdivisions of Assam|Assam]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 155
|-
| [[Subdivisions of Bihar|Bihar]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 101
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 149
|-
| [[Talukas of Goa|Goa]] || Taluka || style="text-align: right;" | 12
|-
| [[Talukas of Gujarat|Gujarat]] || Taluka || style="text-align: right;" | 248
|-
| [[Tehsils of Haryana|Haryana]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 67
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 109
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 210
|-
| [[Talukas of Karnataka|Karnataka]] || Taluka || style="text-align: right;" | 206
|-
| [[Talukas of Kerala|Kerala]] || Taluka || style="text-align: right;" | 77
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 367
|-
| [[Talukas of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] || Taluka || style="text-align: right;" | 353
|-
| [[Manipur]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 39
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || Circle || style="text-align: right;" | 93
|-
| [[Odisha]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 485
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 72
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 268
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || Taluka || style="text-align: right;" | 201
|-
| [[Mandals of Telangana|Telangana]] || Mandal || style="text-align: right;" | 452
|-
| [[Tripura]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 350
|-
| [[Tehsils of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 109
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 69
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Type and number of subdistricts in each Union Territory
! Union Territory
! Type
! Count
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 1
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] || Taluka || style="text-align: right;" | 3
|-
| [[Delhi]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 33
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 55
|-
| [[Ladakh]] || Tehsil || style="text-align: right;" | 4
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || Subdivision || style="text-align: right;" | 4
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || Commune Panchayat || style="text-align: right;" | 10
|}

==Rural level==
{{Main|Panchayati Raj}}

=== Blocks ===

{{Main|List of community development blocks in India}}

The [[Block (country subdivision)|Community Development Block]] also known as CD Block or just block, is often the next level of administrative division (for development purpose, whereas tehsil is next to district for revenue purpose).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! CD Block
! Number of CD Blocks
|-
| [[Bihar]] || CD Block || 534
|-
| [[Haryana]] || CD Block || 140
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || CD Block || 263<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jharkhandibaba.com/names-of-blocks-of-jharkhand/|title=Names of Blocks of Jharkhand|date=21 October 2017|work=Jharkhandi Baba|access-date=21 October 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021220644/http://jharkhandibaba.com/names-of-blocks-of-jharkhand/|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tripura]] || CD Block || 58
|-
| [[Community development blocks of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] || CD Block || 95
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || CD Block || 341<ref>{{cite web |title=Census India, West Bengal |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/19part1.pdf |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Villages ===
Villages are often the lowest level of subdivisions in India. The governmental bodies at the village level are called [[Gram Panchayat]], of which there were an estimated 256,000 in 2002.
Each Gram Panchayat covers a large village or a cluster of smaller villages with a combined population exceeding 500 [[Gram Sabha]]. Clusters of villages are also sometimes called [[Hobli]] or Patti.

=== Habitations ===
Certain governmental functions and activities - including clean water availability, rural development, and education - are tracked at a sub-village level.<ref>[http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/main_menu.asp Indian Department of Drinking Water Supply] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165126/http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/main_menu.asp |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> These [[hamlet (settlement)|hamlets]] are termed "habitations". India is composed of 1,714,556 habitations <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/rep_stwisencpcfc.asp |title = National Habitation Survey 2003|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165147/http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/rep_stwisencpcfc.asp|archive-date = 21 July 2011}}</ref> In some states, most villages have a single habitation; in others (notably [[Kerala]] and [[Tripura]]) there is a high ratio of habitations to villages.<ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/z/H7/0ZH70F01.htm Indian Department of Education] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165716/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/z/H7/0ZH70F01.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Metropolitan area==
{{Main|Municipal governance in India}}
A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighbourhoods, townships, cities, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts.
As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions.
Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas, as well as satellite cities, towns and intervening rural areas that are socio-economically tied to the urban core, typically measured by commuting patterns
The metropolitan cities of India are: [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Pune]].

== Historic ==
* [[Pargana]]
* [[Sarkar (administrative division)]]
* [[Subah (province)]]
* [[Chakla (administrative division)]]

== See also ==
* [[States and union territories of India]]
* [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]
* [[Cultural Zones of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html#Anchor-Municipal-49575 Citymayors.com]

{{Local government in India}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia topic|Administrative divisions of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Administrative Divisions Of India}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Divisions of India]]

Almora

2021-06-30T18:14:28Z

2401:4900:EBC:BF9:F034:97DD:67D:E21E:

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Almora
| other_name = अलमाड़
| nickname = Cultural Capital of Kumaon, Heart of Kumaon
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Almora Uttarakhand India 2013.jpg
| image_alt = Almora City
| image_caption = View of Almora City in 2013
| pushpin_map = India#India Uttarakhand
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.5971|N|79.6591|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Uttarakhand Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttarakhand|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Almora district|Almora]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1568
| founder = Kalyan Chand
| named_for =
|leader_party = Independent
|government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
|leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name1 = Prakash Joshi<ref>{{cite book|title=List of Elected Mayor/Chairpersons of Uttarakhand|date=2008|publisher=RCUES|location=Lucknow|url=http://www.rcueslucknow.org/states/Compendium%20of%20Urban%20Data%20(Uttarakhand)/14%20List%20of%20Elected%20Mayor-Chairparson%20of%20Uttarakhand%20_as%20per%20ULB%20election%202008_.pdf|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1604
| population_total = 100600
| population_[[Cantonment]] = 3600
| population_[[Khatyari]] = 12000
| population_[[Urban]] = 86000
| population_as_of = 2019

| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Almoran (English)
Almoradi(Kumaoni)
| population_footnotes = <ref name=dchb />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 263601<ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/almora-pin-code/194543/ |title=Almora Pin Code |publisher=pin-code.net |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-5962
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#UK.E2.80.94Uttarakhand|UK]]-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1142 [[female|♂]]/[[male|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Alpine (BSh) and Humid subtropical(Cwb)]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|-3|to|28|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|12|to|28|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|-3|to|15|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|almora.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Almora''' ([[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]: ''Almāḍ'') is a [[municipal board]] and a [[cantonment]] town in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], India. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Almora district]].<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/174 174]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Almora is located on a ridge at the southern edge of the [[Kumaon Hills]] of the [[Himalaya range]], at a distance of 363 km (via NH9)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/routeplanner/new-delhi-almora.html|title=Distance Delhi to Almora|website=make my trip}}</ref> from the [[India|national]] capital [[New Delhi]] and 415 km via Saharanpur [https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Dehradun,+Uttarakhand/Almora,+Uttarakhand/@29.6002999,77.518971,8z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x390929c356c888af:0x4c3562c032518799!2m2!1d78.0321918!2d30.3164945!1m5!1m1!1s0x39a0b7328910d81f:0x9811d25dd87d8ed5!2m2!1d79.646666!2d29.5892407!3e0 Rd], 351 km via [https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Dehradun,+Uttarakhand/Almora,+Uttarakhand/@29.6002999,77.518971,8z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x390929c356c888af:0x4c3562c032518799!2m2!1d78.0321918!2d30.3164945!1m5!1m1!1s0x39a0b7328910d81f:0x9811d25dd87d8ed5!2m2!1d79.646666!2d29.5892407!3e0 NH109] and 388.6 km via Ambala- Dehradun- Haridwar [https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Dehradun,+Uttarakhand/Almora,+Uttarakhand/@29.6002999,77.518971,8z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x390929c356c888af:0x4c3562c032518799!2m2!1d78.0321918!2d30.3164945!1m5!1m1!1s0x39a0b7328910d81f:0x9811d25dd87d8ed5!2m2!1d79.646666!2d29.5892407!3e0 Rd] from the state capital [[Dehradun]]. According to the provisional results of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 national census of India]], Almora has a population of 35,513. Nestled within higher peaks of the Himalaya, Almora enjoys a year-round mild temperate climate. The town is visited by thousands of tourists annually from all over the world. Almora has beautifully been able to maintain its sanctity all over these years. There are total 11 Blocks (i.e. VikashKhand) in Almora district.

Almora was founded in 1568<ref>{{cite book|last1=Trivedi|first1=Vijaya R.|title=Autonomy of Uttarakhand|publisher=Mohit Publications|isbn=9788174450081|language=en|page=33|year=1995}}</ref> by King Kalyan Chand,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Man Mohan|title=Through the valley of gods: travels in the central Himalayas|publisher=Vision Books|language=en|page=99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacherje|first1=S. B.|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788120740747|language=en|page=55|date=May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyagi|first1=Nutan|title=Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya,: A Geographical Study|url=https://archive.org/details/hillresortsofuph0000tyag|url-access=registration|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788185182629|language=en|page=[https://archive.org/details/hillresortsofuph0000tyag/page/76 76]|year=1991}}</ref> however there are accounts of human settlements in the hills and surrounding region in the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Debroy|first1=Bibek|title=The Mahabharata: Volume 3|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143100157|language=en|page=20|date=July 2012}}</ref> (8th and 9th century BCE<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brockington|first1=J. L.|title=The Sanskrit Epics|date=1998|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004102604|language=en|page=26}}</ref>). Almora was the seat of [[Chand kings]] that ruled over the [[Kumaon Kingdom]]. It is considered the cultural heart of the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region of Uttarakhand.

==Etymology==
Almora got its name from Bhilmora, a kind of [[sorrel]],(although some have tried to derive it from Berberis "kilmora"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kohli|first1=M. S.|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871351|language=en|page=146|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Giriraj|title=Abode of gods: Uttarakhand|publisher=Cosmo Publications|language=en|page=113}}</ref>) a short plant commonly found there<ref>{{cite web|title=Almora District|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/districts/almora.htm|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> which was used for washing the utensils of the sun temple at [[Katarmal]]. The people bringing the Bhilmora/kilmora were called Bhilmori/Kilmori and later "Almori" and the place came to be known as "Almora".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vathsala|first1=V P|title=On the hills of Almora|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/572222/on-hills-almora.html|access-date=31 August 2016|work=Deccan Herald|date=25 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Himalayan Region, Almora - BHOR|url=http://bhor.org/himalayan-region-almora/|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811135049/http://bhor.org/himalayan-region-almora/|archive-date=11 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

When king Bhishm Chand laid the foundation of the town, he had initially named it Alamnagar. Prior to that, Almora was known as 'Rajapur' during the early phase of Chand rule.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Riddick|first1=John F.|title=The History of British India: A Chronology|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313322808|language=en|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Agarwal|first1=Rohit|title=Top 8 Places To Visit In Almora|url=http://www.transindiatravels.com/uttarakhand/almora/tourist-places-visit-in-almora/|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=about>{{cite web|last1=Dehradun|first1=NIC, Uttarakhand State Unit|title=About us: District of Almora, Uttarakhand, India|url=http://almora.nic.in/pages/display/59-about-us|website=almora.nic.in|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903023333/http://almora.nic.in/pages/display/59-about-us|archive-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The name 'Rajpur' is also mentioned over a number of ancient copper plates.<ref name=about /> There is still a place called Rajpur in Almora.

==History==
Almora was founded in 1568<ref>{{cite web|title= Almora History - kmvn Resources and Information.|url= http://www.kmvn.org/aboutkumaontouristsspots.aspx#almora|website= www.kmvn.org|access-date= 31 August 2016|archive-date= 14 October 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081014123309/http://www.kmvn.org/aboutkumaontouristsspots.aspx#almora|url-status= dead}}</ref> by Kalyan Chand during the rule of the [[Chand dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Almora Travel and Tourism Guide|url=http://travel.india.com/almora/|website=Travel India|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> Prior to that the region was under the control of [[Katyuri kings|Katyuri King]] Bhaichaldeo who donated a part of Almora to Sri Chand Tiwari.

[[File:Almora, 1860s.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Almora in the 1860s]]
According to local tradition, the earliest inhabitants in Almora were Tewaris who were required to supply [[Sorrel]] daily for cleansing the vessels of sun temple at Katarmal.<ref name="dchb">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Uttarakhand|location=Dehradun|page=8|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0509_PART_B_DCHB_ALMORA.pdf|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>{{rp|8}} Ancient lore mentioned in [[Vishnu Purana]] and [[Mahabharata]] present primordial accounts of human settlements in the City.<ref name="dchb" />{{rp|8}} The [[Sakas]], the [[Nagas (ancient people)|Nagas]], the [[Kiratas]], the [[Khasas]] and the [[Hunas]] are credited to be the most ancient tribes.<ref name="dchb" />{{rp|8}} The Kauravas and Pandavas of the Hastinapur royal family were the next important princes from the plains who are said to have affected the conquest of these parts.<ref name = past>{{cite book|last1=Aggarwal|first1=J. C.|last2=Agrawal|first2=S. P.|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170225720|language=en|year=1995}}</ref>{{rp|166}} After the Mahabharata war the district seems to have remained for some time under the sway of the kings of [[Hastinapur]] whose authority was never more than nominal.<ref name = past />{{rp|166}} The actual rulers were the local chiefs of whom the Kulindas (or Kunindas) were probably strong in the southern and western part of the city.<ref name="dchb" />{{rp|8}} The [[Khasas]] were another ancient people who belonged to an early Aryan stock and were widely scattered in those times.<ref name = past />{{rp|167}} They gave this region the name Khasadesha or Khasamandala.<ref name="dchb" />{{rp|8}}<ref name = past />{{rp|167}}

[[File:Almora Bazaar. c1860.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Almora Bazaar, c1860]]
The next age's silent of them may probably be the ones signaling many petty states, rivaling each-other for supremacy and ultimately chartering the inauguration of the noted and enduring dynasty of Chands. Earlier to this, the [[Katyuri kings|Katyuris]] are recorded as the dominant clans in copper and stone engravings.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1981: Uttar Pradesh. Series 22|publisher=Controller of Publications|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6ZHAAAAYAAJ|access-date=4 September 2016|language=en|year=1982}}</ref> The Chand dynasty from their inception in 953 A.D. to their ouster in the late 18th century present a saga of strife, with horrifying series of wars with rulers of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] culminating in the destruction of this prosperous land and establishment of inglorious Gurkha rule. This dynasty was peculiar in that it made Almora the seat of strongest hill power in 1563 A.D.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saraswati|first1=Baidyanath|title=The Cultural Dimension of Ecology|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=9788124601020|language=en|date=January 1998}}</ref> From that time onwards, the limits of kingdom of Kumaon extended over the entire tracts of districts of Almora and [[Nainital]]. Towards the end of the 17th century, Chand Rajas again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688, king Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwer and Parbateshwer, to mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti. The Parbateshwar temple was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple.

[[File:1777 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Delhi and Agra, India - Geographicus - DelhiAgrah-dury-1777.jpg|thumb|Almora in the 1777 map of [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]]]
[[File:View of Almora, with soldiers of 3rd Gurkha, 1895.jpg|left|200px|thumb|View of Almora, with soldiers of [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]], 1895.]]
In 1791, the Gorkhas of Nepal while expanding their kingdom westwards across Kali River, invaded and overran Almora.<ref name="dchb" />{{rp|8}}<ref name="hamilton">{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Francis|last2=Buchanan|first2=Francis Hamilton|title=An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal: And of the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha|publisher=A. Constable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bYRAAAAYAAJ&q=The+name+Rajapur+is+also+mentioned+over+a+number+of+ancient+copper+plates|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|year=1819}}</ref> In the meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from over-running the whole of the northern frontier.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lamb|first1=Alastair|title=British India and Tibet, 1766-1910|date=1986|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0710208723|edition=2nd, rev.}}</ref> The Gorkha rule lasted for twenty-four years. Due to their repeated intrusion into British territories in the Terai from 1800 onwards, [[Lord Moira]], the Governor-General of India, decided to attack Almora in December 1814,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cross|first1=John Pemble; foreword by J.P.|title=Britain's Gurkha War : the invasion of Nepal, 1814-16|date=2008|publisher=Frontline|location=London|isbn=978-1-84832-520-3|edition=[Rev. ed.]}}</ref> marking the beginning of the [[Anglo-Gorkha war]]. The war that broke out in 1814,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naravane|first1=M.S.|title=Battles of the honourable East India Company : making of the Raj|date=2006|publisher=A. P. H. Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gould|first1=Tony|title=Imperial warriors : Britain and the Gurkhas|date=2000|publisher=Granta Books|location=London|isbn=1-86207-365-1}}</ref> resulted in the defeat of the Gorkhas and subsequently led to the signing of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] in 1816.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Robert Montgomery|title=The History of the Indian Empire|publisher=Mayur Publications|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|594}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Summary of the operations in India: with their results : from 30 April 1814 to 31 Jan. 1823|date=1824|publisher=Marquis of Hastings}}</ref> According to the treaty, Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed to the [[British East India Company]]. After the war, the old Lal Mandi fort, near Almora was renamed ‘Fort Moira’.

Unlike the neighboring hill stations like [[Nainital]] and [[Shimla]] which were developed by the [[British East India Company|British]],<ref>{{Harv|Pilgrim|1844}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Murphy|first1=C. W.|title=A guide to Naini Tal and Kumaun, etc|date=1906|location=Allahbad, United Provinces}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Vipin Pubby | title=Shimla Then and Now | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZ-ibfhMyMC&pg=PA17 | access-date=16 August 2013 | year=1996 | publisher=Indus Publishing | isbn=978-81-7387-046-0}}</ref> Almora was developed much before by the Chand kings.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dowling|first1=Julie|title=Indian Hill Stations: Shimla, Mussoorie and Almora|publisher=Blurb, Incorporated|isbn=9781320872096|language=en}}</ref> The place where the present cantonment is located was formerly known as Lalmandi.<ref name=about /><ref>{{cite book|title=Geographical Review of India|publisher=Geographical Society of India|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uME5AAAAIAAJ|access-date=4 September 2016|language=en|year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yatra India - Almora|url=http://www.jagranyatra.com/2010/04/uttarakhand-kumayun-hill-station-eco-tourism/|access-date=1 September 2016|work=www.jagranyatra.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917222324/http://www.jagranyatra.com/2010/04/uttarakhand-kumayun-hill-station-eco-tourism/|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Presently where the collectorate exists, the 'Malla Mahal' (Upper Court) of Chand kings was located.<ref name=about /><ref>{{cite web|title=Almora district, Uttarakhand|url=http://www.exammaterial.com/almora-districtuttarakhand/|access-date=1 September 2016|date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210180259/http://www.exammaterial.com/almora-districtuttarakhand/|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The site of present District Hospital used to be 'Talla Mahal' (Lower Court) of Chand rulers.<ref name=about /><ref name="kumar">{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Kireet|last2=Rawat|first2=D. S.|title=Water Management in Himalayan Ecosystem: A Study of Natural Springs of Almora|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870477|language=en|year=1996}}</ref> Almora had a Population of 8596 in 1901.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pradesh|first1=India Director of Census Operations, Uttar|title=District Census Handbook: Almora|date=1971|language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
[[File:Kosi River valley near Almora, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|thumb|Kosi River valley near Almora, Uttarakhand, India]]
[[File:1 Almora Uttarakhand India.jpg|thumb|Almora city in Uttarakhand India]]
[[File:Kasar Devi - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Himalayan view from Kasar Devi, Almora]]
Almora is located at {{Coord|29.5971|N|79.6591|E|}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Almora, India|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Almora.html|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> in [[Almora district]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. Almora is situated 365 km north-east the [[India|national]] capital [[New Delhi]] and 415 km south-east the state capital [[Dehradun]]. It lies in the revenue Division [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Kumaon Himalaya|publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot|isbn=9788190020992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWs-AgAACAAJ&q=almora|language=en}}</ref> and is located 63 km north of [[Nainital]], the administrative headquarters of Kumaon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kumaon Information|url=http://indiaguide.trailofview.com/trail/Traveling_in_Kumaon|access-date=1 September 2016}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|1,604|m|abbr=on}} above mean Sea Level.

Almora is situated on a ridge at the southern edge of the Kumaon Hills<ref name=about /> of the Central Himalaya range in the shape of a horse saddle shaped hillock. The eastern portion of the ridge is known as Talifat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uttarakhandtourism.net/almora.htm|title=Talifat Almora|website=A1 Tour and travels|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430122431/http://www.uttarakhandtourism.net/almora.htm|archive-date=2011-04-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the western one is known as Selifat.<ref name=about /> The Almora Market is situated at the top of the ridge, where these two, Talifat and Selifat jointly terminate.<ref name=about /> It is surrounded by thick forests of pine and fir trees. Flowing alongside the city are rivers of [[Kosi River|Koshi]] (Kaushiki) and Suyal (Salmale). The snow-capped Himalayas can be seen in the background.
[[File:Almora IMG 20160619 113441256 HDR (33029071745) (2) (Cropped).jpg|thumb|750px|center|View of Almora city]]

===Climate===
[[File:Almora after rain sunlight.jpg|thumb|view of Almora after rains]]
The climate of Almora is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The main seasons are summer from March to June, the [[monsoon]] season from July to November and winter from December to February. In summer, Almora is largely under the influence of moist, maritime airflow from the western side of the subtropical anticyclonic cells over low-latitude ocean waters. Temperatures are high and can lead to warm, oppressive nights. Summers are usually somewhat wetter than winters, with much of the rainfall coming from convectional thunderstorm activity; tropical cyclones also enhance warm-season rainfall in some regions. The coldest month is usually quite mild, although frosts are not uncommon, and winter precipitation is derived primarily from frontal cyclones along the polar front. The [[Köppen climate classification]] subtype for this climate is ''Cwa'' (Humid Subtropical Climate).<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate: Almora - Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table - Climate-Data.org|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/24758/|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>

The average temperature for the year in Almora is {{convert|23.5|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="clim">{{cite web|title=Almora, India Köppen Climate Classification|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=596054&cityname=Almora%2C+Uttarakhand%2C+India&units=|website=Weatherbase|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> The warmest month, on average, is June with an average temperature of {{convert|31.1|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="clim" /> The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of {{convert|13.3|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="clim" /> The average amount of precipitation for the year in Almora is {{convert|1132.5|mm|in|2|disp=or}}.<ref name="clim" /> The month with the most precipitation on average is August with {{convert|330.3|mm|in|2|disp=or}} of precipitation.<ref name="clim" /> The month with the least precipitation on average is November with an average of {{convert|4.8|mm|in|2|disp=or}}.<ref name="clim" /> There are an average of 46.8 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in August with 11.9 days and the least precipitation occurring in November with 0.6 days.<ref name="clim" />

{{Weather box 
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| location = Almora

| Jan mean C =13.3
| Feb mean C =15.9
| Mar mean C =21.1
| Apr mean C =27.1
| May mean C =30.6
| Jun mean C =31.1
| Jul mean C =28.7
| Aug mean C =28.4
| Sep mean C =27.5
| Oct mean C =24.5
| Nov mean C =19.4
| Dec mean C =14.7
| year mean C = 23.5

|Jan high C= 20.0
|Feb high C= 22.8
|Mar high C= 28.7
|Apr high C= 34.9
|May high C= 38.1
|Jun high C= 37.0
|Jul high C= 32.9
|Aug high C= 32.4
|Sep high C= 32.2
|Oct high C= 31.1
|Nov high C= 26.9
|Dec high C= 21.8
|year high C= 29.9

| Jan low C =6.6
| Feb low C =8.9
| Mar low C =13.5
| Apr low C =19.3
| May low C =23.0
| Jun low C =25.2
| Jul low C =24.7
| Aug low C =24.5
| Sep low C =22.9
| Oct low C =17.9
| Nov low C =12.0
| Dec low C =7.7
| year low C =17.2

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =26.6
| Feb precipitation mm =26.1
| Mar precipitation mm =21.3
| Apr precipitation mm =15.2
| May precipitation mm =31.9
| Jun precipitation mm =140.9
| Jul precipitation mm =318.4
| Aug precipitation mm =330.3
| Sep precipitation mm =172.2
| Oct precipitation mm =34.4
| Nov precipitation mm =4.6
| Dec precipitation mm =10.6
| Jan precipitation days =2.1
| Feb precipitation days =2.0
| Mar precipitation days =1.9
| Apr precipitation days =1.3
| May precipitation days =1.9
| Jun precipitation days =4.9
| Jul precipitation days =11.3
| Aug precipitation days =11.9
| Sep precipitation days =6.2
| Oct precipitation days =1.8
| Nov precipitation days =0.6
| Dec precipitation days =1.0
| year precipitation days =46.8

| Jan snow days =6.3
| Feb snow days =3.8
| Mar snow days =0.1
| Apr snow days =0.0
| May snow days =0.0
| Jun snow days =0.0
| Jul snow days =0.0
| Aug snow days =0.0
| Sep snow days =0.0
| Oct snow days =0.0
| Nov snow days =0.7
| Dec snow days =4.4
| year snow days =15.2

| Jand sun =10.9
| Febd sun =11.6
| Mard sun =12.4
| Aprd sun =13.3
| Mayd sun =14.1
| Jund sun =14.5
| Juld sun =14.3
| Augd sun =13.6
| Sepd sun =12.7
| Octd sun =11.8
| Novd sun =11.1
| Decd sun =10.7
| yeard sun =12.6

|source = India Meteorological Department<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=2012-03-03 |page=45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-17 }}</ref> Weatherbase<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=596054&cityname=Almora-Uttarakhand-India|title=Monthly Weather Averages Summary, Almora, India|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref>
}}

===Flora and fauna===
[[File: Forests and Valley of Uttarakhand India (2).jpg|thumb|Forests in Almora over hills]]
The region is immensely rich with 4000 species of plants, having remarkable diversity in its natural vegetation by virtue of its being at a great range of elevation. In addition to its climatic variations, particularly in temperature and precipitation associated with the alignment and altitudes of ranges and nature of valleys, determine the altitudinal growth and variety of vegetation. The flora of this region may be classified into tropical, Himalayan sub-tropical and subalpine and alpine vegetation. The alpine and sub-alpine zones are considered as the most natural abode of the largest number of medicinal plants.

The sub-alpine zones of Almora and outskirts are a natural sanctuary for [[leopard]], [[Langur]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[kakar]], [[goral]] etc. Whereas the high altitude zones abound [[musk deer]], popularly called "Kastura Mrig", [[snow leopard]], [[blue sheep]], thar etc. The entire zone is rich in a remarkable variety of birds possessing plumage of magnificent design and colours like [[peacock]], which include [[grey quail]], [[Black francolin|black francolin/kala titar]], [[whistling thrush]], [[chakor]], [[monal]], [[cheer pheasant]], kokla, and pheasant.

==Demographics==
{{IndiaCensusPop|state=[[Uttarakhand]]
|title= Population Growth of Almora
|1871= 6260
|1881= 7390
|1891= 7826
|1901= 8596
|1911= 10560
|1921= 8359
|1931= 9688
|1941= 10995
|1951= 12757
|1961= 16602
|1971= 20881
|1981= 22705
|1991= 28051
|2001= 32358
|2011= 35513
|estimate=
|estyear=
|estref=
|footnote= source:<ref name=dchb /><ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook, 1951-61|publisher=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pradesh|first1=India Director of Census Operations, Uttar|last2=Sinha|first2=Dharmendra Mohan|title=District Census Handbook: Series 21, Uttar Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mx5AAAAAMAAJ&q=almora|language=en|year=1971}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=GISTNIC, Almora|date=1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Almora: A Gazetteer (1911)|publisher=SSDN Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9789381176962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdicoAEACAAJ&q=almora|language=en|year=2014}}</ref>
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Religions in Almora (2011)
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 90.84
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 7.54
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 0.23
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label7 = Other or not religious
|value7 = 1.39
|color7 = Black
}}

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Almora has a population of 35,513 of which 18,306 are males while 17,207 are females.<ref name=dchb />{{rp|20}} out of the total population, The Almora Municipal Board has a population of 34,122<ref name="mb2011">{{cite web|title=Almora City Population Census 2011 - Uttarakhand|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800327-almora.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> while The Almora Cantonment Board has a population of 1,391.<ref name="c2011">{{cite web|title=Almora City Population Census 2011 - Uttarakhand|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800326-almora-uttarakhand.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 3081 which is 8.67% of the total population of Almora.<ref name=dchb />{{rp|20}} Literacy rate of Almora city is 86.19%<ref name=dchb />{{rp|21}} higher than state average of 78.82%. Male literacy is around 88.06% while the female literacy rate is 84.21%.<ref name=dchb />{{rp|21}} Almora had a population of 32,358 according to the [[2001 Census of India]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

The earliest known reference to the population of Almora occurs in the book the Kingdom of Nepal by [[Francis Hamilton Buchanan|Francis Hamilton]]. In [[Fatehgarh]] Pt. Hariballav Pande had told Hamilton that in Almora, during the time of the Gorkha rule, there were around a thousand houses.<ref name="hamilton" />{{rp|297}} Mr. G.W. Traill, the second commissioner of [[Kumaon division]], writes that in 1821 A.D. there were 742 houses in Almora in which lived 1,369 men, 1,178 women, and 968 children and thus the total population was 3,505.<ref name="pande">{{cite book|last1=Pande|first1=Badri Datt|title=History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas"|date=1993|publisher=Shyam Prakashan|location=Almora|isbn=81-85865-01-9}}</ref>{{rp|115}}

[[Hinduism]] is Practised by 90.84% of the total population and is the majority religion of Almora. [[Islam]] is practiced by 7.54% of people and is the largest minority religion. Other religions like [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Buddhism]] are also practiced by a small number of people. Hindi and Sanskrit are the official languages of the state while Kumaoni is the mother tongue of the majority.

[[Municipal board]] (Nagar Palika Parishad) of Almora was established in 1864. The Almora Nagar Palika Parishad has a population of 34,122 of which 17,358 are males while 16,764 are females as per the report released by Census India 2011.<ref name="mb2011" /> The population of children within the age range of 0-6 is 2950 which is 8.65% of the total population of Almora (NPP).<ref name="mb2011" /> In Almora Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is of 966 against the state average of 963.<ref name="mb2011" /> Moreover, the child sex ratio in Almora is around 857 compared to Uttarakhand's state average of 890.<ref name="mb2011" /> Literacy rate of Almora city is 94.51% higher than state average of 78.82%.<ref name="mb2011" /> In Almora, Male literacy is around 96.84% while female literacy rate is 92.13%.<ref name="mb2011" /> Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 16.38% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 1.00% of total population in Almora (NPP).<ref name="mb2011" /> Out of total population, 10,057 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 7,901 were males while 2,156 were females.<ref name="mb2011" /> Of the total 10057 working population, 93.25% were engaged in main work while 6.75% of total workers were engaged in marginal work.<ref name="mb2011" /> Almora Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 8,014 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. Almora is divided into 11 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

==Culture==
{{quote|These mountains are associated with the best memories of our race: Here, therefore, must be one of centers, not merely of activity, but more of calmness of meditation, and of peace and I hope someone to realize it.|sign=[[Swami Vivekananda]] (replying to the address given to him by the people of Almora.)}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=(Swami)|first1=Vivekananda|title=Lectures from Columbo to Almora|publisher=Prabuddha Bharata Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vivekananda|first1=Swami|title=Awakened India|publisher=Prabuddha Bharata Press|language=en}}</ref>

===Temples===
[[File:Kasar Devi Temple.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Kasar Devi Temple]]
Almora has many notable temples, including [[Kasar Devi]], Nanda Devi, Doli Daana, Shyayi Devi, Khakmara, Asht Bhairav, Jakhandevi, Katarmal (Sun Temple), Pataal Devi, Raghunath Mandir, Badreshwar, Banari Devi, [[Chitai]], [[Jageshwar]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Uttarakhand: Ek Samagra Adhyaan|publisher=Pariksha Vani Publication|year=2017}}</ref> [[Binsar]] Mahadev, Garhnath and [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]].

Kasar [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kasar+Devi+Temple/@29.6412796,79.6581583,1356m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xd09ff48a9b5b55af!8m2!3d29.6416712!4d79.6616988 Devi] temple was visited by Swami [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] and this area has a Chabad House.<ref>{{cite book|title=Saṁvit: Knowledge that Leads to Enlightenment|publisher=Sri Sarada Math|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Miśra|first1=Nityānanda|title=Source materials of Kumauni history|publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot|isbn=9788185865249|language=en|year=1994}}</ref>{{rp|96}}<ref>[http://indiaguide.trailofview.com/trail/Kasar_Devi Kasar Devi]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Rudreshwar Mahadev Temple]], near Sanara Ganiya, is dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]]. It is beside the river Ram Ganga. A sun temple (only the second in the world) is at Katarmal, a short distance from the town. The famous temple of Manila Devi, Devi Maa, the family goddess of the [[Katyuri Kings|Katyuri clan]], lies around 85 km from Ranikhet. Udaipur a famous temple of Golu devta is 5 km. from Binta near Dwarahat.

[[Dunagiri]] has the highly revered temple of [[Shakti]] or Mother Goddess. [[Dunagiri]] is known as the birthplace of modern-day Kriya Yoga. There is a very famous and notable temple in Almora district which is in the village of Chaura near Bhaisor Gaun, Someshwar. This temple is dedicated to Lord Golu who is considered as a lord of justice in Uttarakhand. This temple is about 40  km from Almora town. Another very famous temple of Almora district is Airdau which is in Someshwar. [[Someshwar (Uttarakhand)|Someshwar]] is a small town in the Almora district, which is very rich in agricultural ways.

Pandu Kholi is another famous and ancient temple in the Almora district. According to Hindu mythology, Pandavas spent some time here to escape from Duryodhana. The distance of this temple from Almora is about 80  km. Another very ancient and holy Shiva temple in Someshwar town is known as Khakeshwar Mahadev temple. It is in Bhaisor Gaun village, on the bank of a river.

==Transport==
*KMOU Bus Station Mall Road
*KMOU Bus Station Dharanaula
*Uttarakhand Roadways Bus Station Dharanaula
*[[ISBT Almora]] Laxmeshwer Lower Mall Road
[[File:Kathgodam station.jpg|thumb|[[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] is the nearest railway station to Almora]]
[[Pantnagar Airport]], located in [[Pantnagar]] is the primary Airport serving the entire [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] Region. [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], located in [[Delhi]] is the nearest International Airport. [[Kathgodam railway station]] is the nearest railway station. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the broad gauge line of North East Railways that connects Kumaon with [[Delhi]], [[Dehradun]] and [[Howrah]].

Almora is well connected by motorable roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand state and northern India. [[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation]] runs Buses from Almora bus station to [[Delhi]] and [[Dehradun]]. Taxis and Private Buses, mostly run by K.M.O.U, connect Almora to other major destinations of Kumaon region. [[Government of Uttarakhand]] is constructing an [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]] near lower mall road<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Darshan|title=Uttarkhand's second ISBT to be built in Almora|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Uttarkhands-second-ISBT-to-be-built-in-Almora/articleshow/49509272.cms|access-date=31 August 2016|work=[[the times of india]]|agency=TNN|date=23 October 2015}}</ref> which will be very helpful for establishing a large tourist network in city and around nearby destinations of kumaon region. It will be the second ISBT of uttarakhand after [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Almora to get Uttarakhand's second ISBT - Uttarakhand News Network|url=http://uttarakhandnewsnetwork.com/2015/10/almora-to-get-uttarakhands-second-isbt/|access-date=31 August 2016|date=25 October 2015}}</ref> A Sub Regional Transport Office is located in Almora<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dehradun|first1=NIC, Uttarakhand State Unit|title=State Transport Department, Government Of Uttarakhand, India|url=http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/view/22/43-registration-authorities-of-uttarakhand-state-|website=transport.uk.gov.in|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> where Vehicles are registered by the number UK-01.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dehradun|first1=NIC, Uttarakhand State Unit|title=District Registration Numbers: State Transport Department, Government Of Uttarakhand, India|url=http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/display/68-district-registration-numbers|website=transport.uk.gov.in|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
Almora has three universities, [[Kumaun University]], [[Soban Singh Jeena University]] and [[Uttarakhand Residential University]].
Almora has a total of 23 Primary Schools, 7 Middle Schools, 2 Secondary Schools, and 9 Senior Secondary Schools.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===List of schools===
{{col-break}}
* Army Public School
* Holy Angel Public School
* Koormanchal Academy
* The Pleasant Valley School, Highland Korichina
* NBU International School
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Almora
* K D Memorial Public School
* Vivekanand Girls Inter College
* Vivekanand Inter College
* Adam's Girls Inter College
* New Modern Public School
* New Inspiration School
* Maharishi Vidya Mandir
* Beersheba Sr. Secondary Public School
* Sharda Public School
* Almora Inter College
{{col-break}}

* Ramsay's Inter College
* Raja Anand Singh Govt. Girls Inter College
* Govt. Inter College ( G.I.C Almora)
* Aarya Kanya Inter College
* St. Paul public school
* Grace Public School
* Green Field Public School
* Spring Dales public school
* Saraswati Shishu Mandir Narsingh Badi, Shivaji Nagar, Jeewan Dham
* Lawrence Primary School
* Mangal Deep Vidya Mandir
* Govt. Inter College Raingal
* Blooming birds public school
{{col-break}}

===Institutions===
{{col-break}}
*[[Soban Singh Jeena University]] Mall road
*[[Kumaun University]] Soban Singh Jeena Campus
*Soban Singh Jeena Government Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (Under Development)
*G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, [[Ranikhet]] road
*[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] Vivekanand Institute of Hill Agriculture and Research, Mall road
*Government Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology [[Nainital]] road
*Govt. Girls Polytechnic College Patal Devi
*NRDMS [[Kumaun University]]
*CEMS Almora
*
*Pandit Udit Uday Shankar Natya Academy
*[[Uttarakhand Residential University]] Almora
{{col-end}}

==Media and communications==
[[All India Radio]] has a local station in Almora which transmits programs of mass interest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gale Directory of Publications and Broadcast Media|publisher=Gale Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ub8PAQAAMAAJ&q=all+india+radio+in+almora|access-date=2 September 2016|language=en|year=2006|isbn=9780787682200}}</ref> Almora station of A.I.R. was founded in June 1986 and is a primary channel station running on [[medium wave]] catering the whole of [[Kumaon division]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Vineet|title=New Year gift: AIR to broadcast Vividh Bharati in Bageshwar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/New-Year-gift-AIR-to-broadcast-Vividh-Bharati-in-Bageshwar/articleshow/50371802.cms|access-date=15 October 2016|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=29 December 2015|location=Dehradun}}</ref> The main service providers are Dish TV and Doordarshan. BSNL, Vodafone and Airtel have the three largest cellular networks in the city. There are Internet cafés in and around the city, but broadband connectivity is limited. Satellite dishes exist in most homes in the region and the channels available throughout India are also available here.

Multiple local Hindi and English newspapers are published, whereas regional and national Hindi and English newspapers, printed elsewhere in India, are also circulated in Almora. a number of historical newspapers and magazines have been published from Almora like [[Prabuddha Bharata]], Almora Akhbar, Shakti and Swadhin Praja etc.<ref name="mittal">{{cite book|last1=Mittal|first1=Arun K.|title=British Administration in Kumaon Himalayas: A Historical Study, 1815-1947|publisher=Mittal Publications|language=en}}</ref>

In 1871 A.D. Pt. Buddhiballav Pant opened a debating club.<ref name="ajay">{{cite book|last1=Rawat|first1=Ajay S.|title=Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173871368|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|134}} When Sir William Muir, the then provincial Governor, came here he was highly pleased with the working of this club.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}} It is said that he also advised to open a press here and publish a newspaper. Mr. Pant, as advised, opened a press here and started publishing a weekly magazine ''Almora Akhbar''.<ref name="mittal" />{{rp|21}} Almora Akhbar was the oldest Hindi weekly of this province. In 1913 A.D. [[Badri Datt Pandey]] took over the editing work of the magazine. Almora Akhbar made much progress; The number of its customers rose from 50-60 to 1500; however, it was closed in 1917. In 1918 one of the partners purchased the Debating Club Press and named it Vindhyavasini Press. From 1922 A.D. a weekly named ''Zila Samachar'' began to be published.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}} Later on it came to be called ''Kumaun Kumud'' and was still being published until the late 1930s.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}}

In 1893-94, Babu Devidas opened ''Kumaun Printing Press'' which published a weekly named ''Kurmanchal Samachar''.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}} Another weekly named ''Kurmanchal Mitra'' was also published but it was stopped after sometime.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}} The [[Prabuddha Bharata]] started publication in August 1898 from Almora, and was edited by [[Swami Swarupananda]].<ref>The Life of the Swami Vivekananda, by His Eastern and Western Disciples, the Advaita Ashrama, Himalayas, by Advaita Ashrama, Published by the Swami Virajananda from the Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama, 1947.</ref> In 1918 A.D. [[Badri Datt Pandey]] with the help of his friends opened a press named ''Deshbhakta'' and started publishing a magazine ''Shakti'' from it.<ref name="mittal" />{{rp|21}}<ref name="ajay" />{{rp|134}}<ref name="shah" />{{rp|45}} Being displeased at the policy of ''Shakti'', some of his partners filed suits and withdrew their shares and in 1919 A.D. opened ''Sombari Press'' from which for some time a magazine named 'Jyoti' was published.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}} Later on this press also was sold and the publication was stopped. Shakti continued published till 1942, when owing to policies of the government, its publication was stopped.<ref name="ajay" />{{rp|134}} The publication resumed again in 1946 with the efforts of [[Gobind Ballabh Pant|Pandit Gobind Ballabh Pant]].<ref name="shah">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Shambhu Prasad|title=Govind Ballabh Pant: Ek Jeevani|date=1972|location=Delhi}}</ref><ref name="ajay" />{{rp|134}}

In 1930 A.D. a paper named ''Swadhin Praja'' was published.<ref name="ajay" />{{rp|134}}<ref name="ukssc">{{cite web|title=उत्तराखंड में समाचार पत्र तथा पत्रकारिता का इतिहास ( History Of Journalism in Uttarakhand )|url=http://www.ukssscjob.in/2017/07/history-of-journalism-in-uttarakhand.html?m=0|website=www.ukssscjob.in|access-date=5 August 2017|language=hi|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145925/http://www.ukssscjob.in/2017/07/history-of-journalism-in-uttarakhand.html?m=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its director was patriot Victor Mohan Joshi.<ref name="ukssc" /> In 1934 A.D. a weekly named ''Samta'' was published.<ref name="ukssc" /> Directed by an artisan, Hari Prasad Tamta,<ref name="ukssc" /> it received a monthly help of Rs. 2001- from the government.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}} Formerly it was printed in Indra Printing Press but later the publication shifted to Krishna Press in [[Haldwani]].<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}} Since 1935 A.D. an illustrated monthly magazine named ''Natkhat'' is being published from Indra Printing Press.<ref name="pande" />{{rp|120}}

==Notable people==
[[File:Vivekananda Image August 1894.jpg|thumb|[[Swami Vivekananda]] visited Almora thrice during his Himalayan sojourns]]
[[File:Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant.jpg|thumb|[[Govind Ballabh Pant]] was born in Almora]]
[[File:Mahendra Singh Dhoni January 2016.jpg|thumb|Cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] has Ancestral roots in Almora]]
*[[Rabindranath Tagore]] spent time in Almora and purchased a house in nearby Ramgarh where he stayed during the First World War.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Dr S.|title=Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172013325|language=en|page=255|date=January 1992}}</ref>
*[[Swami Vivekananda]] visited Almora thrice during his Himalayan sojourns. He expressed great eagerness in making an Ashrama in the bosom of Himalayas for the practice of pure Advaita Vedanta.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chattopadhyaya|first1=Rajagopal|title=Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120815865|language=en|page=237|year=1999}}</ref>
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was in the Almora jail for a short time during the freedom struggle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moraes|first1=Frank|title=Jawaharlal Nehru|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=9788179926956|language=en|page=260|date=January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nehru|first1=Jawaharlal|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|isbn=9780195677270|language=en|page=261}}</ref>
*[[Govind Ballabh Pant]] (10 September 1887 – 7 March 1961), noted freedom fighter, first chief minister of Uttar Pradesh and later Home Minister of India, was born in Almora.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pant|first1=Govind Ballabh|title=Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195656374|language=en|page=239|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rau|first1=M. Chalapathi|title=Govind Ballabh Pant, his life and times|publisher=Allied|language=en|page=3}}</ref>
*[[Uday Shankar]]'s dance school was established at Almora in the late 1930s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Purkayastha|first1=P.|title=Indian Modern Dance, Feminism and Transnationalism|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137375179|language=en|date=29 October 2014}}</ref> [[Ravi Shankar]], Baba[[Alauddin Khan]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Annapurna Devi]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bondyopadhyay|first1=Swapan Kumar|title=Annapurna Devi: An Unheard Melody|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9788174368553|language=en|date=April 2005}}</ref> [[Amala Shankar]] et al. were some of the celebrities among people who became famous later and learnt to dance and act here like [[Guru Dutt]], [[Zohra Sehgal]].
*[[Sumitranandan Pant]], (20 May 1900 – 28 December 1977) one of the most famous modern Hindi poets, was born at Kausani village of Bageshwar, in the hills of Kumaon.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Bhairab Dutt Pande]], former cabinet secretary of India and governor of West Bengal, Punjab was a resident of Almora.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Sir Ronald Ross]], winner in 1902 of [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] for his path-breaking discovery in [[malaria]] parasite, was born here in 1857.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Senn|first1=Stephen|title=Dicing with Death: Chance, Risk and Health|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521540230|language=en|page=[https://archive.org/details/dicingwithdeathc00senn_0/page/178 178]|date=20 November 2003|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dicingwithdeathc00senn_0/page/178}}</ref>
*[[Manohar Shyam Joshi]] the eminent Hindi writer and Indian TV's soap opera pioneer was from an Almora family of Galli village.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dutt|first1=Kartik Chandra|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126008735|language=en|page=531|year=1999}}</ref>
*[[Swami Satyananda Saraswati]] of the Bihar School of Yoga and Rikhiapeeth was born in Almora on 25 December 1923 in Zamindari Family of Bhikiyasen and Gaja.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Anagarika Govinda]] a leading authority on Tibetan Buddhism lived in Almora for a long time, along with his partner Li Gotami.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* [[Alfred Sorensen]], [[John Blofeld]], Beat Poets [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[Peter Orlovsky]] and [[Gary Snyder]] - the original Dharma Bums, the LSD Gurus [[Timothy Leary]] and [[Ralph Metzner]], the psychiatrist [[R. D. Laing]], and Tibetologist [[Robert Thurman]] were among the many celebrities who lived or stayed in Almora.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Walter Evans-Wentz]], Anthropologist and pioneer of Tibetan Buddhism studies lived in Almora.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*American actress [[Uma Thurman]] spent a small part of her childhood at [[Crank's Ridge]], near Almora, with her father [[Robert Thurman]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan]] (née Sheila Irene Pant) (1905 - 13 June 1990) was born in a Kumauni Hindu-turned-Christian family at Almora.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mirza|first1=Sarfaraz Hussain|title=Muslim Women's Role in the Pakistan Movement|publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|132}} She was the wife of Pakistan's first prime minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reza|first1=S. Mohammad|title=Persons who Shape Our Destiny: A Compendium of Bio-data of Those Persons who are Rendering Important Services in Various Fields of National Activity|publisher=Dar Publications|language=en}}</ref>
* Comrade[[P.C. Joshi]], the first chairman of the Communist Party of India (CPI), was born in Almora.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Murli Manohar Joshi]], the Union Human Resources Development minister of India (born 5 January 1934) in the NDA government.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[B.C. Joshi]], General Bhuwan Chandra Joshi, PVSM, AVSM, ADC (1935 - 19 November 1994) was the Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) of the Indian Army, belongs to Almora district (Talladaniya).{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Devendra Kumar Joshi]] former chief of Naval Staff, Admiral D. K. Joshi, PVSM, AVSM, ADC, YSM (born: 4 July 1954) in Almora{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Shivani]], popular Hindi writer was from Almora<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Re-searching Indian women|publisher=Manohar|isbn=9788173044960|language=en|page=140|date=January 2003}}</ref>
*Munshi Hari Pradasd Tamta was the first industrialist of the Kumaon region. He was a social activist. He is remembered for his work of uplifting the downtrodden and the society. He was also an MLA from the Gonda constituency and Chairman of Almora municipal corporation. His life-size statue is kept in the Lt Col Joshi at Chaudhan Pata Almora to give him respect and honour.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Prasoon Joshi]], writer poet-lyricist Adguru{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*Singer-musician [[Mohan Upreti]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Agarwal|first1=Deepa|title=Rajula and the Web of Danger|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=9789350094648|language=en|date=7 August 2012}}</ref> and many other artistic gems have roots in Almora.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Roop Durgapal]], Television actress, popularly known for her roles in TV shows like [[Balika Vadhu]], [[Swaragini]], [[Gangaa]] & several others was born & brought up in Almora.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Ekta Bisht]] is an Indian women's cricket player. She is a left-handed batswoman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler. She is the first International woman cricketer from [[Uttarakhand]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* [[Baba Hari Dass]] (Hari Datt Karnatak, also known as Haridas Baba, born in Almora, 26 March 1923), a silent master yogi, founder of several teaching projects in US, Canada, and India, builder of temples and the author of scriptural commentaries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quinn|first1=Edward|title=Critical Companion to George Orwell|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108735|language=en|page=179|date=14 May 2014}}</ref>
* [[Nilamber Pant]], former vice chairman of ISRO and a [[Padma Shri]] winner.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-col.html | title=Shri N. Pant | publisher=Space Applications Centre, ISRO | date=2015 | access-date=18 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721124753/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/asac-leaders-col.html | archive-date=21 July 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Lalit Pande]], a social worker, environmentalist and the founder of [[Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi Environmental Education Centre]]. The Government of India awarded him with Padma Shri, in 2007.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Rivett-Carnac|first=J. H.|title=Archaeological notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India|url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalno00rive#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1879|publisher=Calcutta : G.H. Rouse}}
*{{cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1894|publisher=Lodiana Mission Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Oakley|first= E Sherman|title=Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal)|url=https://archive.org/stream/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1905|publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London}}
*{{cite book|last=of Kumaon|first=Raja Rudradeva|author2=(Ed. with English tr. Haraprasada Shastri)|title=Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking|url=https://archive.org/stream/syanikasatraorbo00rudruoft#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1910|publisher=Asiatic Society, Calcutta}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}
*{{cite book|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 5|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_260.gif |year=1909|publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press|page=252|chapter=Almora town}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Almora}}
{{Commons category|Almora}}
* [http://almora.nic.in Official Website of Almora district]

{{Almora district}}
{{Kumaon}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Almora| ]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Cantonments of India]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Almora district]]
[[Category:1568 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1568]]