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Battle of Venni

2026-09-11T16:59:10Z

2401:4900:CCD7:F72B:A9:15FF:FE43:2319:

{{Short description|Battle between Chola against Pandya and Chera rulers (c.130)}}
{{moresources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| date = c. 130 CE
| place = Venni (near [[Thanjavur]])
| result = Decisive victory for [[Karikala Chola|Karikala]]
| combatant1 = [[Chola dynasty|Cholas (Uraiyur)]]
| commander1 =
[[Karikala Chola|Karikala]]
| combatant2 = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyas (Madurai)]]
[[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]
* About a dozen [[Velir|Minor Velir chiefs]]
| commander2 =
*[[Uthiyan Cheralathan]]
*Pandya ruler
*Velir chiefs
}}
'''Battle of Venni''' is a military engagement fought by the [[Sangam literature|early historic]] [[Early Chola|Chola]] ([[Chola dynasty|Uraiyur]]) ruler [[Karikala]] with a confederacy of [[Pandya|Pandya (Madurai)]] and [[Chera]] rulers. Venni is identified with present day [[Kovilvenni]] near [[Thanjavur]], southern India.

Upon the accession of Karikala, at a young age, there was a civil conflict in the Chola territory. By the time Karikala had succeeded in vanquishing rival claimants and establishing his hold over the territory, the neighboring Chera and Pandya rulers saw their opportunity. The two rulers formed a confederacy which also included eleven Velir chieftains apart from the two major rulers and invaded the Chola territory. It is unclear why even the Velir who were generally the allies of the Cholas stood against Karikala, the scion of the solar race and of the Kashyapa gotra, though Karikala by his brilliant stratagem inflicted a crushing defeat on the alliance in the ensuing encounter at Venni. Following his defeat, the Chera ruler [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]] starved himself to death (suicide by slow starvation).<ref>{{cite book|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|ref=Sastri}}</ref> suffered a defeat.<ref name=majumdar137>See Majumdar, p 137</ref>

The battle is generally considered historical and dated approximately to 130 CE.

== References ==

* {{cite book|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|authorlink=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|page=113}}

[[Category:Conflicts in India|Venni]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chola Empire|Venni]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:130]]
[[Category:2nd century in India]]
[[Category:130s conflicts|Venni]]

Rajaditya Chola

2026-09-11T15:00:20Z

2401:4900:CCD7:F72B:A9:15FF:FE43:2319:

{{Short description|Chola prince (died c. 949 CE)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Chola history}}
{{Infobox royalty
| birth_place = [[Pazhayarai]], [[chola empire]]
| death_date = 949 CE
| death_place = [[Takkolam]]
| father = [[Parantaka I]]
| mother = Ko kizhan adigal
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
}}
'''Rajaditya Chola''' (''fl.'' mid-10th century AD) was a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] prince, son of king [[Parantaka I]] (r. 907–955) and a [[Chera dynasty|Chera/Kerala]] princess ([[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|the Ko Kizhan Adigal]]<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-100.</ref>), known for commanding the Chola troops in the [[battle of Takkolam]] (948–949).<ref name=":18">Ali, Daud. "The Death of a Friend: Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India." ''Studies in History'', vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 36–60.</ref>
[[File:Atakur inscription (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sculptures in [[Atakur inscription]] (showing a hound and a boar fighting each other)|262x262px]]

The death of prince Rajaditya in the battle is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.</ref> (1006 AD) of [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 AD) of [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]].<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.</ref><ref name=":18"/> An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by [[Krishna III]] and prince [[Butuga II]] (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] family.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The Sravana Belgola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory of the Chera king for his predecessor Bhutuga II.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101 and 113-114.</ref> Indirect references to the battle can also be found in the inscriptions of [[Vellan Kumaran]], a Kerala commander in the Chola army.<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.</ref>
== Early life ==
Rajaditya was the son of the [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Atikal]], the [[Chera Perumal]] princess, and the Chola king [[Parantaka I]] (r. 907–955 AD).<ref name=":3">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 99-100.</ref> King Parantaka I is known to have married two distinct Chera princesses, Ko Kizhan Adigal and Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli (the mothers of his two sons, Rajaditya and Arinjaya Chola).<ref>George Spencer, ‘Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period’, ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The marriage between a Chera princess and Parantaka, c. 910 CE, is mentioned in the Udayendiram plates of Ganga king Prthivipati II Hastimalla.<ref name=":03">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-101, 437, 442, 445 and 473.</ref><ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.</ref>

It seems that Chola king [[Parantaka I]] anticipated a climactic battle with the [[Rashtrakuta]]s and their allies in Tirumunaippati Nadu. Sometime in the 930s, or perhaps as early as 923 AD,<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 7 (1932), No. 1009.</ref> prince Rajaditya was sent with a substantial military contingent, including elephants and horses, as well as his entire household, to Rajadityapura (Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur) in Tirumunaippati Nadu (to protect the northern edges of a nascent Chola state<ref name=":05">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101.</ref>).<ref name=":18"/> The prince was joined at Rajadityapura by his mother (the Chera princess [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Adikal]]) in the mid-930s<ref name=":2">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-01.</ref> and his half-brother Arinjaya.<ref name=":18"/> Rajaditya was supported by a number of military personnel from [[Kerala]] (Chera) chiefdoms in Tirumunaippati Nadu.<ref name=":18"/>

==Chola–Rashtrakuta conflict==

According to K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Parantaka I had taken measures to strengthen the Chola forces along the north-western frontier in response to the Rashtrakuta threat. These arrangements appear to have enabled the Cholas to resist Rashtrakuta advances for several years. During this period, the Rashtrakuta ruler suffered a defeat at the hands of Parantaka and his son Rajaditya. Sastri notes that the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna, whose dominions extended across much of the western Deccan and who had the Gangas and other southern rulers as allies, subsequently increased his efforts against the Cholas.

A later Kanyakumari inscription of the Chola king Vīrarājendra states that Parantaka acquired the title Vīra-Chola after defeating the “unconquered Krishnarāja”. This Krishnarāja has been identified by historians with the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III, although the identification and chronology of this earlier encounter have been discussed in scholarship. Sastri considered it likely that Rajaditya had participated in this victory. By about 948 CE, Rajaditya had served his father for more than twelve years and was stationed at Tirumunaippadi-nadu with a large army that included elephants and cavalry. This frontier force subsequently became important in the Chola resistance to the Rashtrakuta invasion.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Nilakanta Sastri
|first=K. A.
|title=The Cholas
|volume=1
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|pages=154–160
|url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n178/mode/1up
}}</ref>
===Battle of Takkolam===
[[Battle of Takkolam]], Takkolam is a town in [[Arakkonam]] taluk of the [[Vellore]] district, northern [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":18"/>

The Rashtrakuta contingent at Takkolam included a collection of feudal militias and royal soldiers (from [[Western Gangas]], [[Bana Kingdom|Banas]] and Vaidumbas among others).<ref name=":18"/> Prince Rajaditya, in addition to the Chola warriors, was supported by a number of military personnel from [[Kerala]] (Chera) chiefdoms.<ref name=":18"/>

The [[Battle of Takkolam]] fought in 948-49 CE resulted in the death of Rajaditya on the battlefield and the defeat of the Chola garrison at Takkolam.<ref name=":18"/> According to the Atakur inscription, during the battle, Rajaditya was struck while seated atop his war elephant by an arrow from prince [[Butuga II]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref> The Chola prince died instantly. The Chola army was subsequently defeated and retreated in disorder.<ref name=":18"/> The collapse of the Chola resistance after the battle of Takkolam lead to the virtual destruction of the Chola empire.<ref name=":05"/>
In 949 AD, a decisive battle between the Cholas and the Rashtrakutas was fought at Takkolam in the North Arcot region. The Chola army, led by Rajaditya, fought stubbornly and at one stage succeeded in overwhelming the Rashtrakuta forces, leaving them unable to launch a counterattack.
Manalera and the Ganga ruler Butuga II subsequently rallied the Rashtrakuta forces and launched a counterattack. Butuga then attacked the elephant on which Rajaditya was seated and killed the Chola crown prince, according to the Atakur inscription.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Altekar
|first=A. S.
|title=Rashtrakutas and Their Times
|publisher=Oriental Book
|year=1934
|pages=117–118 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57217/page/n133/mode/1up
}}</ref>The Chola version of what happened on the occasion is not different; the Tiruvalangadu plates say that Rajaditya went to heaven after conquering Krishnaraja.

{{cquote|"The heroic Rajaditya, the ornament of the solar race, having shaken in battle the unshakable Krishnaraja with his forces, by means of his sharp arrows flying in all directions, was himself pierced in his heart while seated on the back of a large elephant by the sharp arrows of the enemy, and (thus) winning the praise of the three worlds, he ascended to the heaven of heroes in a tall vimana"<ref>{{cite book
|last=Sastri
|first=K. A. Nilakanta
|title=The Cholas
|volume=I
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|page=160 |url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n184/mode/1up
}}</ref>}}

Here is an excerpt from Atakur inscription:

{{Cquote|{{center|
''Hail! While the samvatsara named Saumya, the eight hundred and seventy second [in] the centuries of years that have gone by from the time of the Saka king, was current:-''

''Hail! When Krishnaraja [III]... having attacked the Muvadi Chola Rajaditya, and having fought and killed him in Takkola...''

''At the place where,-having followed and come up with Four-fold Forces of the Chola, which stood to confront us without wavering,-we were to come close quarters and pierce them, we certainly saw not any [others among our] valiant men who strode forward saying "We will meet the heros that oppose us; "but we did see how,-the Chola himself being the witness, -he [Manalera] came to close quarters and pierced...he [Manalera], the sole Sudraka in war...struck, like a lion, the forehead of the [Rajaditya's] elephant...''

<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref>

}}}}

The subsidiary record engraved on the upper part of slab throws some more light on the incident:

{{Cquote|{{center|

''Hail! While Butuga [II], having fought and killed Rachamalla, the son of the illustrious Ereyapa, was governing the [pronvince of] ninety six thousand:-''

''At the time when Kannaradeva was fighting against the Chola, Butuga [II] while embracing Rajaditya, treacherously stabbed him with a dagger, and thus fought and killed him...''.<ref name="Epigraphiav6p57">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 57.</ref>
}}
}}

== Chola-Chera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD) ==
[[File:Cola-Cera_Perumal_relations_(c._9th-10th_centuries_AD).png|700px|Cola-Cera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD)]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound', ''P. F. I. S. A. S.'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.
*Daud Ali. 'The Death of a Friend'. ''Studies in History'', vol. 33, no. 1, 2017, pp. 36–60.
*M. G. S. Narayanan, ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013.
*''Epigraphia Indica''
**''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56
**''Epigraphia Indica'' 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.
**''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.
*''South Indian Inscriptions''
**''South Indian Inscriptions'' 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.
**''South Indian Inscriptions'' 7 (1932), No. 1009.
**''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chola, Rajaditya}}
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:949 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Rajaditya Chola

2026-09-11T14:58:27Z

2401:4900:CCD7:F72B:A9:15FF:FE43:2319:

{{Short description|Chola prince (died c. 949 CE)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Chola history}}
{{Infobox royalty
| birth_place = [[Pazhayarai]], [[chola empire]]
| death_date = 949 CE
| death_place = [[Takkolam]]
| father = [[Parantaka I]]
| mother = Ko kizhan adigal
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
}}
'''Rajaditya Chola''' (''fl.'' mid-10th century AD) was a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] prince, son of king [[Parantaka I]] (r. 907–955) and a [[Chera dynasty|Chera/Kerala]] princess ([[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|the Ko Kizhan Adigal]]<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-100.</ref>), known for commanding the Chola troops in the [[battle of Takkolam]] (948–949).<ref name=":18">Ali, Daud. "The Death of a Friend: Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India." ''Studies in History'', vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 36–60.</ref>
[[File:Atakur inscription (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sculptures in [[Atakur inscription]] (showing a hound and a boar fighting each other)|262x262px]]

The death of prince Rajaditya in the battle is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.</ref> (1006 AD) of [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 AD) of [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]].<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.</ref><ref name=":18"/> An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by [[Krishna III]] and prince [[Butuga II]] (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] family.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The Sravana Belgola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory of the Chera king for his predecessor Bhutuga II.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101 and 113-114.</ref> Indirect references to the battle can also be found in the inscriptions of [[Vellan Kumaran]], a Kerala commander in the Chola army.<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.</ref>
== Early life ==
Rajaditya was the son of the [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Atikal]], the [[Chera Perumal]] princess, and the Chola king [[Parantaka I]] (r. 907–955 AD).<ref name=":3">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 99-100.</ref> King Parantaka I is known to have married two distinct Chera princesses, Ko Kizhan Adigal and Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli (the mothers of his two sons, Rajaditya and Arinjaya Chola).<ref>George Spencer, ‘Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period’, ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The marriage between a Chera princess and Parantaka, c. 910 CE, is mentioned in the Udayendiram plates of Ganga king Prthivipati II Hastimalla.<ref name=":03">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-101, 437, 442, 445 and 473.</ref><ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.</ref>

It seems that Chola king [[Parantaka I]] anticipated a climactic battle with the [[Rashtrakuta]]s and their allies in Tirumunaippati Nadu. Sometime in the 930s, or perhaps as early as 923 AD,<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 7 (1932), No. 1009.</ref> prince Rajaditya was sent with a substantial military contingent, including elephants and horses, as well as his entire household, to Rajadityapura (Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur) in Tirumunaippati Nadu (to protect the northern edges of a nascent Chola state<ref name=":05">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101.</ref>).<ref name=":18"/> The prince was joined at Rajadityapura by his mother (the Chera princess [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Adikal]]) in the mid-930s<ref name=":2">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-01.</ref> and his half-brother Arinjaya.<ref name=":18"/> Rajaditya was supported by a number of military personnel from [[Kerala]] (Chera) chiefdoms in Tirumunaippati Nadu.<ref name=":18"/>

==Chola–Rashtrakuta conflict==

According to K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Parantaka I had taken measures to strengthen the Chola forces along the north-western frontier in response to the Rashtrakuta threat. These arrangements appear to have enabled the Cholas to resist Rashtrakuta advances for several years. During this period, the Rashtrakuta ruler suffered a defeat at the hands of Parantaka and his son Rajaditya. Sastri notes that the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna, whose dominions extended across much of the western Deccan and who had the Gangas and other southern rulers as allies, subsequently increased his efforts against the Cholas.

A later Kanyakumari inscription of the Chola king Vīrarājendra states that Parantaka acquired the title Vīra-Chola after defeating the “unconquered Krishnarāja”. This Krishnarāja has been identified by historians with the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III, although the identification and chronology of this earlier encounter have been discussed in scholarship. Sastri considered it likely that Rajaditya had participated in this victory. By about 948 CE, Rajaditya had served his father for more than twelve years and was stationed at Tirumunaippadi-nadu with a large army that included elephants and cavalry. This frontier force subsequently became important in the Chola resistance to the Rashtrakuta invasion.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Nilakanta Sastri
|first=K. A.
|title=The Cholas
|volume=1
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|pages=154–160
|url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n178/mode/1up
}}</ref>
===Battle of Takkolam===
[[Battle of Takkolam]], Takkolam is a town in [[Arakkonam]] taluk of the [[Vellore]] district, northern [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":18"/>

The Rashtrakuta contingent at Takkolam included a collection of feudal militias and royal soldiers (from [[Western Gangas]], [[Bana Kingdom|Banas]] and Vaidumbas among others).<ref name=":18"/> Prince Rajaditya, in addition to the Chola warriors, was supported by a number of military personnel from [[Kerala]] (Chera) chiefdoms.<ref name=":18"/>

The [[Battle of Takkolam]] fought in 948-49 CE resulted in the death of Rajaditya on the battlefield and the defeat of the Chola garrison at Takkolam.<ref name=":18"/> According to the Atakur inscription, during the battle, Rajaditya was struck while seated atop his war elephant by an arrow from prince [[Butuga II]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref> The Chola prince died instantly. The Chola army was subsequently defeated and retreated in disorder.<ref name=":18"/> The collapse of the Chola resistance after the battle of Takkolam lead to the virtual destruction of the Chola empire.<ref name=":05"/>

Here is an excerpt from Atakur inscription:

{{Cquote|{{center|
''Hail! While the samvatsara named Saumya, the eight hundred and seventy second [in] the centuries of years that have gone by from the time of the Saka king, was current:-''

''Hail! When Krishnaraja [III]... having attacked the Muvadi Chola Rajaditya, and having fought and killed him in Takkola...''

''At the place where,-having followed and come up with Four-fold Forces of the Chola, which stood to confront us without wavering,-we were to come close quarters and pierce them, we certainly saw not any [others among our] valiant men who strode forward saying "We will meet the heros that oppose us; "but we did see how,-the Chola himself being the witness, -he [Manalera] came to close quarters and pierced...he [Manalera], the sole Sudraka in war...struck, like a lion, the forehead of the [Rajaditya's] elephant...''

<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref>

}}}}

The subsidiary record engraved on the upper part of slab throws some more light on the incident:

{{Cquote|{{center|

''Hail! While Butuga [II], having fought and killed Rachamalla, the son of the illustrious Ereyapa, was governing the [pronvince of] ninety six thousand:-''

''At the time when Kannaradeva was fighting against the Chola, Butuga [II] while embracing Rajaditya, treacherously stabbed him with a dagger, and thus fought and killed him...''.<ref name="Epigraphiav6p57">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 57.</ref>
}}
}}

== Chola-Chera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD) ==
[[File:Cola-Cera_Perumal_relations_(c._9th-10th_centuries_AD).png|700px|Cola-Cera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD)]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound', ''P. F. I. S. A. S.'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.
*Daud Ali. 'The Death of a Friend'. ''Studies in History'', vol. 33, no. 1, 2017, pp. 36–60.
*M. G. S. Narayanan, ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013.
*''Epigraphia Indica''
**''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56
**''Epigraphia Indica'' 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.
**''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.
*''South Indian Inscriptions''
**''South Indian Inscriptions'' 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.
**''South Indian Inscriptions'' 7 (1932), No. 1009.
**''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chola, Rajaditya}}
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:949 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]