Parantaka I

2026-09-11T08:48:43Z

2401:4900:CCC4:DFA8:3875:48FF:FEC7:8BC3:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Parantaka I
| title = Parakesari, Maduraium Eelamum Konda Parakesarivarman, Veera Cholan, Irumudi Cholan
| image = Parantaka territories.png
| caption = [[Chola Empire]] under Parantaka Chola I in 915 CE
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = 907 CE - 955 CE
| predecessor = [[Aditya I]]
| successor = [[Gandaraditya]]
| spouse = 11 Total<ref>{{cite book|title=Volume 1 of Early Chola Art, S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|publisher=Asia publ. house, 1966|page=165}}</ref> Including: Ko "Kizhan Adigal" Iravi Nili Solamadeviyar
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue = [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] [[Gandaraditya]] Uttamasili [[Arinjaya Chola|Arinjaya]] Viramadevi Anupama.
| house = [[Cholas]]
| father = [[Aditya I]]
| mother = Tribhuvanamadeviyar
| birth_name = Veera Narayanan
| birth_date = 873 CE
| birth_place = [[Tiruvottiyur]], [[Chola Empire]] (Modern day [[Chennai]] [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = 955 CE (aged 82)
| death_place = [[Tiruvottiyur]], [[Chola Empire]] (Modern day [[Chennai]] [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}
'''Parantaka Chola I''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] : பராந்தக சோழன் I) (873 CE–955 CE) was a [[Chola Empire|Chola]] emperor who ruled for forty-eight years, annexing [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] by defeating [[Maravarman Rajasimha II|Rajasimhan II]] and in the [[Deccan]] won the Battle of Vallala against [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] which happened before 916 CE.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=K.A. |first=Nilakanta Sastri |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1955 |pages=Page=168 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=46–49}}</ref> The best part of his reign was marked by increasing success and prosperity.

==Invasion of the Pandya kingdom ==
Parantaka I continued the expansion started by his father, and invaded the [[Pandya]] kingdom in 915. He captured the Pandyan capital [[Madurai]] and assumed the title Madurain-konda (Capturer of Madurai). The Pandyan ruler [[Maravarman Rajasimha II|Maravarman Rajasinha II]] sought the help of [[Kassapa V of Anuradhapura|Kassapa V]] of [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Anuradhapura]] who sent an army to his aid. Parantaka I defeated the combined army at the battle of [[Vellore]]. The Pandya king fled into exile in Sri Lanka and Parantaka I completed his conquest of the entire Pandya country.

Parantaka I spent many years in the newly conquered country reducing it to subjugation, and when he felt he had at last achieved his aim, he wanted to celebrate his victory by a coronation in [[Madurai]] in which he was to invest himself with the insignia of [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan monarchy]]. However he was failed in this attempt by the Pandyan king, who had carried them away and left them in the safe custody of the Lankan king. Towards the end of his reign, Parantaka I tried to capture them by invading Lanka. [[Mahavamsa]] records that the Lankan king Udaya IV took the Pandya crown and the jewels and hid himself in the [[Sri Pada|Rohana]] hills. Parantaka I's armies had to return empty handed.

After his exploits in the Pandya country and in Lanka, he took the title of ''Maduraiyum Eelamum Konda Parakesarivarman'' – Parakesarivarman who conquered Madurai and Sri Lanka.<ref>K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''The Cholas'', Vol. 1, pp. 144–147.</ref>

== Lankan Expedition ==
Towards the end of his reign, Parantaka tried to recapture Pandya regalia by invading Lanka. Although the Cholas were victorious in battle and conquered the northern provinces, but failed to retrieve the insignia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=GEIGER|first=WILH|title=The Trustworthiness of Mahavamsa|url=https://buddhismloot.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/gei.htm#:~:text=All%20these%20facts%20are%20told,somtimes%20also%20exaggerations%20may%20occur|pages=221|journal=THE Indian Historical Quarterly}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I |pages=154}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. Nilakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63vJPQAACAAJ |title=The Pandyan Kingdom |date=July 1974 |publisher=Ind-U. S. Incorporated |isbn=978-0-88253-426-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillay |first=Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukHRAAAAMAAJ |title=South India and Ceylon |date=1963 |publisher=University of Madras |pages=62–63 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=George W. |date=1976 |title=The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053272 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=408–409 |doi=10.2307/2053272 |jstor=2053272 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> Now, at that time, the Senapati here (in Ceylon) was absent in a rebellious border province. The king had him fetched and sent him forth to begin the war. The Senapati set forth, delivered battle and fell in the fight. Thereupon, the king (Udaya) took the crown and the rest and betook himself to Rohana. The Chola troops marched forward, but upon finding no way to enter Rohana, they withdrew and returned to their own country. Although the Chola forces retreated with a large amount of plunder, Sri Lankan sources claims a successful counter-invasion by Ceylon and they were able to recover the loot - an event entirely unmentioned in the Chola records.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Spencer 1976, p. 409</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I |pages=148}}</ref> During his Lankan campaign (c. 946–947 CE), Parantaka I defeated the Sinhalese forces and sacked Anuradhapura, although he was unable to secure lasting control over the region.<ref>{{cite book
|last=de Silva
|first=K. M.
|title=A History of Sri Lanka
|year=1981
|publisher=University of California Press
|page=42 |url=https://archive.org/details/srilankahistory0000desi/page/42/mode/1up
|access-date=2026-03-31
}}</ref> [[Mahavamsa]] also records that the Lankan king Udaya IV took the Pandya crown and the jewels and hid himself in the [[Sri Pada|Rohana]] hills. After his exploits in the Pandya country and in Lanka, he took the title of ''Maduraiyum Eelamum Konda Parakesarivarman'' – Parakesarivarman who conquered Madurai and Sri Lanka.

==Sitpuli–Nellore campaign==

In the 34th year of Parantaka Chola I's reign (c. 941 CE), two inscriptions from Tiruvottiyur record a northern campaign led by one of his military officers, Maran Paramesvaran. A native of Kulattur, Maran Paramesvaran defeated Sitpuli, a district in the Nellore region, and is stated to have destroyed Nellore.

After completing the campaign, Maran Paramesvaran returned south and stopped at Tiruvottiyur, where he made a land grant to Mahadeva as an offering of thanksgiving. Four years later, the land was exempted from the fiscal dues imposed upon it. The inscriptions therefore provide evidence for a northern military expedition undertaken by Parantaka's officer, during which Sitpuli was defeated and Nellore was reportedly destroyed.

The campaign was probably directed against the power of the Eastern Chalukyas under Chalukya Bhima II, with Sitpuli having been located in the southern part of the Eastern Chalukya kingdom. However, as no records of Parantaka have been found on the eastern coast north of Tiruvottiyur, it is uncertain whether the campaign resulted in any permanent territorial or political control in the region.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Sastri
|first=K. A. Nilakanta
|title=The Cholas
|volume=1
|pages=152–153 |url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n168/mode/1up
}}</ref>
==War against Rashtrakutas ==
=== Background ===

[[Aditya I]] had two sons, namely Parantaka I and Kannara Deva. The eldest son was Parantaka, born to a Chera wife; the youngest son was Kannara Devan, born to a Rashtrakuta wife. Following Aditya I's death, Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna II]] tried to exert his influence in the Chola country by placing his grandson Kannara Deva on the throne.<ref name="Sastri 1955">{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293 |title=Colas |date=1955}}</ref>
=== Battle of vallala ===
[[Aditya I]] had two sons namely Parantaka I and Kannara Deva. The eldest son was Parantaka, born to a Chera wife; the youngest son was Kannara Devan, born to Rashtrakuta wife. After the death of Aditya I, Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna II]] tried to establish his influence in the Chola country by placing his grandson Kannara Deva on the throne. But in 907 AD, Parantaka became the king. Disappointed by this, [[Krishna II]] invaded the Chola country. On Rashtrakuta side, prince [[Indra III]] lead the battle, while the Chola side was led by King Parantaka and Prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]]. During 911 CE in the battle of Vallala,<ref name=":1" /> a large number of Rashtrakuta soldiers died and their army began to weaken. Krishna II withdrew and his forces retreated. The Cholas advanced further and attacked the Rashtrakutas and chased away from their territory. Eventually the Cholas defeated the Rashtrakutas. Parantaka Chola's early series of victories would also includes this Rashtrakuta War.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutta |first=Vidhan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QXlSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=Parantaka+2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibrp3M-diSAxWRU2wGHcgLLuIQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=Parantaka%202&f=false |title=A Glimpse of the Former Glory of India- The Chola Empire |date=2025-03-15 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref>
=== Conflict with Rashtrakuta feudatories ===
==== Banas and Vaidumbas ====
During the early phase of Parantaka I’s conflict with the Rashtrakuta Empire and its allies, campaigns were directed against the Bana and Vaidumba chiefs. According to K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, the Bana rulers Vikramaditya II and his son Vijayaditya III were defeated in these campaigns, leading to the incorporation of Bana territory under Chola control, at times administered through loyal subordinates. The Vaidumbas, who were associated with the Banas, also appear to have been reduced to submission during this period, with some chiefs seeking refuge in Rashtrakuta domains. These events are generally placed in the early decades of Parantaka I’s reign.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Sen
|first=Sailendra Nath
|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization
|year=1990
|publisher=Wiley Eastern Ltd.
|page=439
|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientindianhistoryandcivilization/page/n439/mode/1up
|access-date=2026-04-01
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Sastri
|first=K. A. Nilakanta
|title=The Colas
|year=1955
|publisher=University of Madras
|page=142
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293/page/n142/mode/1up
|access-date=2026-04-01
}}</ref>
==== Against Nolamba king Iriva Nolamba Diliparaja ====
During the 29th year of Parantaka I's reign, Chola influence appears to have extended into regions near Nolambavadi. A Kannada inscription from this regnal year (c. 936 CE) of parantaka I, found at Bairakur in present-day Karnataka, indicates a possible conflict between Parantaka I and the Nolamba ruler Iriva Nolamba Diliparaja, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta Empire. While the evidence is not conclusive, some historians suggest that this encounter may have ended in favour of the Cholas, pointing to a possible success of Parantaka I over a Rashtrakuta subordinate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dates of the Pallava Kings of the 8th and 9th Centuries |author=N. Sethuraman |publisher=Epigraphical Society of India (Conference Paper) |year=1995 |url=https://sethuramanepigraphist.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Dates_0f_the_Pallava_Kings_of_the_8th_and_9th_Centuries.pdf |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref>
=== Initial encounter with krishna III ===
Some historians note that the struggle between Parantaka I and the Rashtrakutas was not uniformly favourable to the latter. The Kanyakumari inscription of Virarajendra states that Parantaka I defeated Krishna III.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Indian Inscriptions Volume_3 - Misc.Inscriptions in Tamil @ whatisindia.com |url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/introduction1.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.whatisindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|editor=E. Hultzsch
|title=South Indian Inscriptions, Volume III, Parts I & II
|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India
|year=1987
|url=https://indianhistorybooks4.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/99999990037356-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-1-and-pt-2-279p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf
|access-date=2026-04-01
}}</ref> Historian A. S. Altekar interprets this reference as possibly relating to an earlier engagement before 944 CE, suggesting that Parantaka I achieved a temporary success against Krishna III before the renewed Rashtrakuta invasion that culminated in the Battle of Takkolam (c. 949 CE). K. A. Nilakanta Sastri also questioned the early dating of the Siddhalingamadam inscription attributing the conquest of Kanchi and Tanjavur to Krishna III in 944–45, arguing that firm Rashtrakuta occupation of Tondaimandalam occurred only after the Battle of Takkolam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Altekar |first=A. s |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57217 |title=Rashtrakutas And Their Times |date=1934}}</ref><ref name="Sastri 1955"/><ref name="Cholas I"/>
===Battle of Takkolam===
At the height of his success, Parantaka's dominions comprised almost the whole of the Tamil country right up to [[Nellore]] in Andhra Pradesh. It is clear from other Chola grants that Parantaka I was a great militarist who had made extensive conquests. He may have had it recorded, but those records are lost to us. He is known to have defeated the kings of Deccan kingdoms by 912 CE and completed at least temporarily the conquests started by his father Aditya. Later in 949 CE, Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]] waged war against Cholas, so Parantaka sent an army under his son [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] but the Cholas were defeated and crown prince Rajaditya was killed in the battlefield while sitting on elephant.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Sastri
|first=K. A. Nilakanta
|title=The Cholas
|volume=1
|pages=159–162
|url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n168/mode/1up
}}</ref>
In 949 AD, a decisive battle between the Cholas and the Rashtrakutas was fought at Takkolam in the North Arcot region. The Chola army, led by Rajaditya, fought stubbornly and at one stage succeeded in overwhelming the Rashtrakuta forces, leaving them unable to launch a counterattack.
Manalera and the Ganga ruler Butuga II subsequently rallied the Rashtrakuta forces and launched a counterattack. Butuga then attacked the elephant on which Rajaditya was seated and killed the Chola crown prince, according to the Atakur inscription.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Altekar
|first=A. S.
|title=Rashtrakutas and Their Times
|publisher=Oriental Book
|year=1934
|pages=117–118 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57217/page/n133/mode/1up
}}</ref>The Chola version of what happened on the occasion is not different; the Tiruvalangadu plates say that Rajaditya went to heaven after conquering Krishnaraja.

{{cquote|"The heroic Rajaditya, the ornament of the solar race, having shaken in battle the unshakable Krishnaraja with his forces, by means of his sharp arrows flying in all directions, was himself pierced in his heart while seated on the back of a large elephant by the sharp arrows of the enemy, and (thus) winning the praise of the three worlds, he ascended to the heaven of heroes in a tall vimana"<ref>{{cite book
|last=Sastri
|first=K. A. Nilakanta
|title=The Cholas
|volume=I
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|page=160 |url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n184/mode/1up
}}</ref>}}

==Civic and religious contributions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Although was engaged for the greater part of his long reign in warlike operations, yet he was not unmindful of the victories of peace. The internal administration of his country was a matter in which he took a keen interest. He laid out the rules for the conduct of the village assemblies in an inscription. The village institutions of South India, of course, date from a much earlier period than that of , but he introduced many salutary reforms for the proper administration of local self-Government.

[[Image:parantaka territories late.png|thumb|Chola Territories c. 950]]

The [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscriptions]] detail Parantaka I's promotion of agricultural prosperity by the digging of numerous canals all over the country.

He also utilised the spoils of war to donate to numerous temple charities. He is reported to have covered the [[Chidambaram]] [[Shiva|Siva]] Temple with golden roof. "''Thillaiyambalathhukku pon koorai veiyntha thevan''" He was a devout Saiva (follower of Siva) in religion.

A record obtained from the ancient temple at Anbil near [[Tiruchirappalli]], sung by nayanmars, which has fragmented documents dating back to at least six thousand years,{{Original research inline|date=September 2020}} informs that instituted some services in the temple with one hundred and eight servitors. However, these documents might be the information about an earlier Parantaka I since lived before only one thousand years. These servitors worked on ancient jaiminiya recension of samaveda and continuously performed many rituals like the live vasantayaagam, somayagam, atiratram, agnihotram etc.

==Personal life==
From his inscriptions we can gather a few details about Parantaka I's personal life. He had many wives, of whom no fewer than eleven appear in the inscriptions. He was religious but secular and encouraged various faiths. We find various members of his family building temples and regularly making donations to various shrines across the kingdom. Kotanta Rama, incidental with Rajaditya, was the eldest son of Parantaka I. There is an inscription of him from Tiruvorriyur making a donation for some lamps during the 30th year of his father.<ref name="South Indian shrines: illustrated, page 56">''South Indian shrines: illustrated, page 56''</ref> Besides him he had several other sons; [[Arinjaya|Arikulakesari]], [[Gandaraditya]] and Uttamasili.

Parankata had the [[Chera Perumals]] as his close allies and the relationship was further strengthened by two marriages. The king is assumed to have married two distinct [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Chera princesses]] (the mothers of his two sons, [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] and [[Arinjaya Chola|Arinjaya]]).<ref>George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period', ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The early Chōḷas history, art, and culture|author=S. Swaminathan|publisher=Sharada Pub. House, 1998|page=23}}</ref>

A member of the retinue of ''pillaiyar (prince) Rajadittadeva'' gave a gift to the [[Vishnu]] temple at Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur in the 32nd year of Parantaka I.<ref name="Early Chola temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985, page 64">''Early Chola temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907–985, page 64''</ref> Tirunavalur was also known as "Rajadittapuram" after [[Rajaditya]].<ref name="South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2), page 198">''South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2), page 198''</ref> It is assumed that a large number of warriors from the aristocratic families of the Chera kingdom were part of the contingent of this Chera-Chola prince.<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 - AD 1124).'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-100.</ref> In the 39th year of Parantaka I, his daughter-in-law, Mahadevadigal, a queen of Rajaditya and the daughter of Lataraja donated a lamp to the temple of Rajadityesvara for the merit of her brother.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica and record of the Archæological Survey of India, Volume 7, page 167">''Epigraphia Indica and record of the Archæological Survey of India, Volume 7, page 167''</ref> He had at least two daughters: Viramadevi and Anupama. Uttamasili does not appear to have lived long enough to succeed to the Chola throne.

He bore numerous epithets such as ''Viranarayana'', ''Virakirti'', ''Vira-Chola'', ''Vikrama-Chola'', ''Irumadi-Sola'' (Chola with two crowns alluding to the Chola and the Pandya kingdoms), ''Devendran'' (lord of the gods), ''Chakravartin'' (the emperor), ''Panditavatsalan'' (fond of learned men), ''Kunjaramallan'' (the wrestler with elephants) and ''Surachulamani'' (the crest jewel of the heroes).

Parantaka I died in 955. His second son [[Gandaraditya]] succeeded him.

==Inscriptions==
[[File:Thiuvotriyur2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvottiyur|Thyagaraja Temple]]]]
[[File:Ekapada Trimurti.jpg|left|thumb|Sculpture in [[Tiruvottiyur]].]]
The following is an inscription of Parantaka I from [[Tiruvottiyur|Tiruvorriyur]]. It is important as it shows that his dominions included regions beyond [[Thondaimandalam]]:

{{Cquote|{{center|''..record of the Chola king Maduraikonda Parakesarivarman(Parantaka) dated in his 34th year. Records gift of lamp to the temple of Tiruvorriyur Mahadeva by Maran Parameswaran alias Sembiyan Soliyavarayan of Sirukulattur in Poyyurkurram, a sub-division of Tenkarai-nadu. Refers to a military officer who destroyed Sitpuli and destroyed Nellore.<ref name="South Indian shrines: illustrated, page 55">''South Indian shrines: illustrated, page 55''</ref>''}}}}

Here we have his son [[Arinjaya]] making a donation. Once again it is from [[Tiruvottiyur|Tiruvorriyur]]:

{{Cquote|{{center|''On the eleventh slab. Records in the 30th year of Maduraikonda Parakesarivarman(Parantaka) dated in his 30th year, gift of gold for a lamp by Arindigai-perumanar, son of Chola-Perumanadigal (i.e Parantaka), to the god Siva at Adhigrama.<ref name="South Indian shrines: illustrated, page 57">''South Indian shrines: illustrated, page 57''</ref>''}}}}

We also have several inscriptions of his son [[Rajaditya]] from Tirunavalur. One such inscription is the following from the temple of Rajadityesvara in Tirunavalur. The temple was also called ''Tiruttondîsvaram'':<ref name="A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, Volume 2, page 393">''A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, Volume 2, page 393''</ref>

{{Cquote|{{center|''A record in the 29th year of the Chola king Maduraikonda Parakesarivarman. Records gift of 20 sheep for offerings and of two lamps to the shrines of Rajadityesvara and Agastyesvara by a servant of Rajadityadeva.<ref name="A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915, page 232">''A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915, page 232''</ref>''}}}}

== Chola-Chera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD) ==
[[File:Cola-Cera_Perumal_relations_(c._9th-10th_centuries_AD).png|700px|Cola-Cera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD)]]

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Takkolam]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1987). ''Outlines of South Indian History''. (Rev. edn.) New Delhi: Vikram.
* Early Chola temples: to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907–985 By S. R. Balasubrahmanyam
* South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2) By Eugen Hultzsch, Hosakote Krishna Sastri, V. Venkayya, Archaeological Survey of India
* A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915: with notes and references, Volume 1 By Vijayaraghava Rangacharya
* A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, Volume 2 By T. V. Mahalingam
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). ''The CōĻas'', University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
* South Indian shrines: illustrated By P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Aditya I]]|after=[[Gandaraditya]] |years=907–955 CE}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parantaka 01}}
[[Category:Chola kings]]
[[Category:900s births]]
[[Category:955 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

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Parantaka I