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Chandel (Rajput clan)

2023-03-17T06:14:42Z

2401:4900:8035:CA90:0:0:A25:AB04: /* Origin */

{{Other uses|Chandel (disambiguation){{!}}Chandel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

The '''Chandel''' or '''Chandela''' is a [[Rajput]] clan of India who belong to Vrishni clan of [[Haihaya]] race.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcvhwD5QZKEC&pg=PA172 |title=Frontiers in Migration Analysis |author=R. B. Mandal |publisher=Concept |year=1981 |page=172 }}</ref>{{sfn|R. B. Mandal|(1981). Frontiers in Migration Analysis. Concept. p. 172. }} They were the highest clan among [[Lunar dynasty]] and the chief of the [[Chandra]] tribe. Families belonging to this clan ruled many states in India and occupied various feudal estates. The most notable of these Chandel royal family is [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| Chandel Empire]], who ruled India from [[Jejakabhukti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=chandel%20are%20chandravanshi%20cv%20vaidya&f=false |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref>

== Origin ==

===Early text and inscriptions===
*The '''[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Rajput]]''' were Bramh-Kshatriya and himself [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayavamshi Vrishni]] clan of [[Rajputs]] and offshoot of Yadavas. According to [[Khajuraho]] inscription, Chandela king [[Dhanga]] was born in [[Vrishni]] ([[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya]]) Rajput clan of [[Yadu dynasty]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

Historians Such as CV Vaidya and [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|GS Ojha]] consider these Chandel Rajput to be of Pure [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]] lineage and Highest clan among [[Lunar dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yaman ) |first=डॉ अशोक कुमार ‘यमन’ ( Dr Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eT1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA13 |title=मध्यकालीन भारतीय संगीत का इतिहास ( Madhyakalin Bharatiya Sangeet ka Itihas ) |date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Kalpana Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dhanpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGR2yLsj1DcC&dq=chandel+are+chandravanshi+cv+vaidya&pg=PA220 |title=Pracheen Bharat Ka Rajneetik Aur Sanskritik Itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Lallu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA122 |title=Premasāgara |date=1882 |publisher=Navalakiśora |language=hi}}</ref> According to Ballads of [[Chedi]], the Chandel were descendants of Haihaya king [[Haihaya|Maheshman]] who was the founder of [[Maheshmati]] {{sfn|Upadhyay|1980}}{{pn|date=August 2022}}

*According to 6th century inscriptions of [[Bilaspur State]] and [[Chedi Kingdom]], A Haihaya king [[Nannuka |Chandravarman]] Chandel who became the king of [[Chanderi]] after 98th generations from [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi Rajput]] [[Sishupala]] and re-established the prestige of [[Lunar dynasty]] from [[Bundelkhand]] to [[Narmada]]. He became the 5th king of Chanderi after the Haihaya king [[Hariharchand Chandel]] who was the ancestors of Birchand Chandel (founder of Kahlur state).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&q=chandel+&pg=PA33 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Trilocana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZYKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |title=Kumāūm̐ kā loka sāhitya |date=1962 |publisher=Alamoṛā Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref>

The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya (Lord Chandra), who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas,Coz Saptrishi [[Atri]] was the Father of Lord Chandrma and the Chandelas were Bramh-Kshatriyas so they proudly accept the name of Atri during ''Rajtilaka'' by [[Bramhins]] priest.

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Loving couple, [[Khajuraho]].]]

===Local Fairytales===
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]

===British theory & debunk===

The British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorised that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin, this theory was not supported by some scholars including [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C V Vaidya]] because this Bhar and Gond Origin theory was based on Marriage of Durgavati to a king of Gond kingdom Dalpat shah who was not a Gond but a [[Kachhwaha|Kachhhwaha Rajput]] adopted by King Amandas Gond according to Akbarnama.<ref name="Beveridge 1907">{{Cite book|last=Beveridge|first=H.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649|title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol.2|date=1907}}</ref> After the decline of Kalchuri Rajput remaining Kalchuri Rajput kingdom adopted tribal's which lead to the beginning of Gond Kingdom in which Dalpat Shah a Kachhwaha Rajput was adopted by a Gond King Amandas Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Rani Durgavati: The symbol of syncretic culture between Rajputs and Tribals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rani-durgavati-the-symbol-of-syncretic-culture-between-rajputs-and-tribals/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Beveridge 1907"/> Historian R. K. Dikshit also not find Bhar and Gond Origin theory convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref> Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Bilaspur Princely State or Chandel of Kahlur===
The Princely family of [[Bilaspur State]] are Chandel claiming descent from Haihaya king [[Shishupala]], who reigned in Chanderi in southern Palputana . But according to Bilaspur Past and Present, Bilaspur Gazetteer and Ganesh Singh's book Chandravansh Vilas and Shashivansh Vinod confirm that the foundation of Kahlur Princely State was laid by Birchand Chandel in 697 AD who claims its descent from [[Chedi Kingdom|Chandervanshi / Chedis of Chanderi]] [[Rajputs]] who reigned at Chanderi in the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] to northern [[Mahismati]] region, but this is not completely true, Harihar Chand Chandel (71st king of [[Chanderi]]) made his son Govind Chand Chandel the king of [[Chanderi]] and in old age came north with Bir Chand Chandel.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=50 52 }}</ref>

===Chandelas or Chand Chandel dynasty of Kumoan===

[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, [[Champawat]], 1815.]]

The '''Chand Kings''' were [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel]] [[Rajput]] ruling clan of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]].<ref>Edwin ChandelThomas ofAtkinson(1971)pg504</ref> Kumoan<ref> knownOmacanda asHāṇḍā(2002)pg46</ref> Chand dynasty founded by Som chand chandel,<ref>Pandey(1993) pg197-332</ref> which ruled the region after the decline of [[Katyuri Kings]] in 11th century CE till they were defeated by the [[Kingdom of Gorkha]] in 1790 CE.<ref>Pandey(1993) pg197-332</ref> Chand dynasty ruled over the parts of the Farwestern Nepal called [[Doti]] in present day [[Sudurpashchim Province]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |date=1 December 1976 |title=Prithvi Narayan Shah |journal=Regmi Research Series |pages=225}}</ref>

===Chandelas of Jejakabhukti===

The [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] or ''Chandelas of Mahoba'' was a famous [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] dynasty , which independently ruled Central India from the 8th to the 13th century. The Chandelas of Mahoba was founded by the [[Haihaya|Haihayavanshi Chandel]] king [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]]. They ruled from [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] emperors of [[Kalinjar]] were not only successful conquerors and efficient rulers but also had more inclination towards architecture, religion and love.

{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}}{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}}{{sfn|Kuśa rājavaṃśa pradīpa|kr̥shṇapāla Siṃha, ‎Rāma Sahāya Brahma Bhaṭṭa, ‎Baśīra Ahamada | 1976|p=55}}{{sfn|Nimara ka samskrtika itihasa|Ramnarayan Upadhyay |1980|p=17}}

===Chandels of Mirzapur===

Bijaigarh in modern [[Mirzapur district]] of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] was ruled by a family of Chandel Rajputs who traced their line to the Burhur Chandels of Rewa. They were notable for their conflict with the [[Bhumihar]]s of [[Benares state]] and for participating in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Troy |title=Rajput revolt in Southern Mirzapur, 1857–58 |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1992 |pages=29-46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409208723166}}</ref>

=== Zaildari ===

A group of Chandel families claiming a common origin once held the [[zaildar]]is of Ghund, Madhan, and [[Theog]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]. According to their tradition, their ancestor migrated from [[Chanderi]] to [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]]. After three generations, his descendants moved to Ram Sarai in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. After another four generations, four brothers from the family moved to the [[Shimla district|Shimla region]].

The eldest brother became administrator of Madhan; the third youngest - Jai Chand - became the administrator of Theog; and the youngest became the administrator of Ghund.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA284 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=284 }}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn = 9788170170464}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Shailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Kumaon]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA3 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn = 9788170170464}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Shailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Himachal Pradesh]]

Chandel (Rajput clan)

2023-03-17T06:12:40Z

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Chandel (Rajput clan)

2023-03-17T06:10:58Z

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