Durga (raga)

2021-09-27T12:44:54Z

2401:4900:4E41:BA90:BA17:AA97:3BDA:FD95: /* Film songs */

{{Hatnote|This article is about Durga (raga), for other uses, see [[Durga (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Durga
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Bilaval (thaat)|Bilaval]]
| type = Audava
| time = Night, 9-12<ref name="Bor">{{cite book |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |title=The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas |date=1999 |publisher=Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music |isbn=978-0-9543976-0-9 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCnoMgEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
| season =
| arohana = Sa Re Ma Pa Dha Sa
| avarohana = Sa Dha Pa Ma Re Sa
| vadi = Ma
| samavadi = Sa
| pakad = Re Ma Pa Dha, Ma Re
| chalan =
| synonym =
| equivalent =
| similar = [[Shuddha Saveri]]
}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
'''Durga''' is a raga in [[Hindustani Classical music]]. It shares some features with ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]'' of Carnatic music (such as the note positions), but is significantly different from it in terms of the ''sanchara''s of the raga.

Unless mentioned otherwise, notes refer to the concept of notes in Indian classical music, called ‘swara’ in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].
Durga raga evokes the [[sringara]] rasa – romantic love.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shastriya Raag Darshan |last=Yagnik |first=Hasu |publisher=Gurjar Granthratna Karyalay |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-8480-826-1}}</ref>

== Technical description ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Feature !! Detail !! Notes
|-
| Jati / Nature || Audav-Audav || 5 Notes on both Aaroh and Avroh<ref name="Thatte Sabanīsa 2000 p. 77">{{cite book |last=Thatte |first=A. |last2=Sabanīsa |first2=M.P. |title=Vande Mataram, Down the Memory Lane |publisher=Jayanti Samaroha Samitee Vande Mataram |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsBjAAAAMAAJ |access-date=26 May 2021 |page=77 |quote=Named after the powerful Hindu goddess, Raga Durga is pentatonic, omitting the third and the seventh degrees, while emphasising the sixth and the second.}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arohana|Aroha]] || ''Sa Re Ma Pa Dha Sa'' || सा रे म प ध सा^
|-
| [[Avarohana|Avaroha]] || Sa Dha Ma, Pa Dha Ma, Re Dha. Sa || सा^ ध म, प ध म, रे ध_ सा Pancham should not be a resting note in Avroh<ref>http://www.tanarang.com/english/durga_eng.htm</ref>
|-
| [[Pakad]] || ''Re Ma Pa Dha, Ma Pa Dha, Ma Re, Sa Re Dha. Sa'' ||
|-
| [[vadi (music)|Vadi]] || ''Ma'' ||
|-
| [[Samvadi]] || Sa ||
|-
| Poorvang-Uttarang || Poorvang || The lower half of the [[saptak]] (octave) i.e. ''S R G M'' are present.
|-
| Thaat || Bilawal ||
|}

=== Notes and features ===
# All swaras used are suddha
# Gandhar and Nishad are not used.

=== Example composition ===
''R m P D ; P D m ; m P D D m ; D m P D S' ; D D S' S' D D m; m P D ; m R, D S;''
Here m is ''Shuddha Madhyam'', M is ''{{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Madhyam'' but this is not used in Durga at all.

== Samay (time) ==
Second [[Prahar]] of night : 9:00 p.m. to midnight ({{lang|hi-Latn|nishitha}})

== Comparable to ==
=== Malhar ===
Durga has the same notes as [[Malhar]], another popular raag and one of old pedigree. The aural experience of both are significantly different. Technically, they are made apart by the use of rishabh (Re). Durga is also readily distinguished by its salient use of the phrase ''Sa Re Dha Sa''

1) '''Common phrase ''Re Pa'', distinguished by the use of Re'''<br />
Both Durga and Malhar have the ''Re Pa'' pairing (''{{lang|hi-Latn|sangati}}''), however, the ''Re Pa'' cohort in Malhar involves a repetition of ''Re'' twice or thrice. More importantly the ''Re'' has a ''kaṇ'' of shuddha madhyam. (''ma'')
* Malhar: ''Ma Re Re '''Re[ma] Pa'''''
* Durga: Ma Pa Dha Sa’ Re Dha Pa Dha Ma '''Re Pa'''.
Here, in Malhar, the transition between Re to Pa, the Re has a ''kaṇ'' of ma, and is not independently pronounced. The ma is shown stuck to Re in square brackets.
Stylistically, the duplication of ‘Re’ is also noted.

2) '''Different phrases'''<br />
Also present in the pakad of the raag, ''Sa Re, Dha Sa'' is the quintessential phrase of Durga, which is not present in Malhar. (''dha'' denotes ''dhaivat'' (''dha'') of the lower octave i.e. ''mandra saptak'')
<ref name="ParrikarAIRMalharVsDurga">{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Ramashreya |last2=P Parrikar |first2=Rajan |title=Interview with R. Jha conducted by S.L. Kandara, All India Radio, Allahabad, date of broadcast unknown |url=https://www.parrikar.org/music/malhar/jha_malharspeak.mp3 |website=parrikar.org/hindustani/malhars/ |access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Jaldhar Kedar ===
Jaldhar Kedar is a variant of, the major raag [[Kedar (raga)|Kedar]] , and a part of the ''raagang'' of its namesake.

== Film songs ==
=== Bollywood songs ===
#Geet gaya pattharo ne - [[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]] (1964)
#Chanda re mori patiya le ja - ''Banjaarin''
#Vrindavan ka Krishna Kanhaiya - ''Miss Mary''
#Hum intezaar karenge – ''Bahu Begam''
#Be Nazaara - '' Mom''

=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#DB7093" |Song
!style="background:#DB7093" |Movie
!style="background:#DB7093" |Composer
!style="background:#DB7093" |Singer
|-
|Sithaye Ye Sithaye
|[[Sivakavi]]
|[[Papanasam Sivan]]
|[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
|-
|Vaadikkai Maranthathum
|[[Kalyana Parisu]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]]
|[[ A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Manjal Mugam
|[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|rowspan=2|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Aadiyile Perukkeduthu Aadivarum
|Radha (1973)
|rowspan=2|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|Swararaaga
(Ragamalika:ShuddhaSaveri,Shivaranjani)
|[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]],[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Poonthendral Kaatrraga
|Aval Oru Kavarimaan
|R. Ramanujam
|Malaysia V. Sarangapani, [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Radha Radha Nee Enge
|[[Meendum Kokila]]
|rowspan="12"|[[Illayaraja]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kovilmani Osai
|[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kadhal Mayakam
|[[Pudhumai Penn (1984 film)|Pudhumai Penn]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]],Sunandha
|-
|Rettai Killigal
|[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Malargalil Adum ilamai
|[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]
|[[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
|Asai Kiliyey Naan Solli
|[[Theertha Karaiyinile]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Sithakathi pookale
|[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Nattu Vacha Roja
|[[Aranmanai Kili]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Manamagale Manamagale
|[[Thevar Magan]]
|[[Minmini]], [[Swarnalatha]],Sindhuja
|-
|Sandiyare Sandiyare
|[[Virumaandi]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Manasaoram
|Ayyan
|[[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Maanada Kodi
|[[Muthal Vasantham]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Unakagave Naan Uyir Vazhigiren
|Rasigan Oru Rasigai
|[[Raveendran]]
|-
|En uyir Thozhiye
|[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Unni Menon]], [[Chinmayi]]
|-
|Sollitharavaa Sollitharavaa
|[[Majaa]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Athikaalaiyil Sevalai
|[[Nee Varuvai Ena]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|Nadhiyoram
|[[Alexander (1996 film)|Alexander]]
|rowspan=2|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|Un Perai Sonnale
|[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Garuda Garuda
|[[Natpukkaga]]
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|Krishnaraj, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|O Maha Zeeya
|[[Thamizh Padam]]
|[[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shweta Mohan|Shweta]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://oceanofragas.com/ocean_htmlpages/Durga.html More details about raga Durga]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20100927092447/http://itcsra.org/sra_raga/sra_raga_that/sra_raga_that_links/raga.asp?raga_id=34

{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]

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Durga (raga)