https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=2401%3A4900%3A3D38%3ABAB6%3A8AB%3A3F1F%3A8854%3AAD51Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-28T22:35:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boro_people&diff=356768Boro people2022-10-25T13:39:48Z<p>2401:4900:3D38:BAB6:8AB:3F1F:8854:AD51: /* Religion */</p>
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<div>{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group in northeast India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Boro<br />
| population = {{sigfig|1.454|3}} million<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=Census report 2011|access-date=5 January 2020}} Note: The number are for the L1 speakers of the Boro language</ref> (2011)<br />
<br />
| region1 = [[Assam]]<br />
| pop1 = 1.41 million<ref name="CensusIndia-mother-tongue">{{cite web |title=C -16 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=23 August 2020}} Note: the number of L1 speakers of the [[Boro language (India)|Boro language]], which is likely a lower estimate of the number of ethnic Boro people.</ref> (2011)<br />
| languages = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]<br />
| religions = '''Majority''':<br /> [[Hinduism]] <br /> <br />
'''Minority''':<br /> [[Bathouism|Ba-Thou]] (Native) • [[Christianity]]<br /><br />
| related = [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari people]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| website = <br />
| native_name = Boro, Kachari<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = Boro bwisagu dance.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Boro bwisagu dance in traditional attire<br />
| rawimage = <br />
}}<br />
{{Culture of Assam}}<br />
The '''Boro''' (also '''Bodo'''; both {{IPA-hns|boːɽoː|pron}}) is the largest [[ethnolinguistic]] group in the [[Assam]] state of [[India]]. They are a part of the greater [[Bodo-Kachari people|Bodo-Kachari]] family of ethnolinguistic groups and are spread across [[northeastern India]]. They are concentrated mainly in the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] of Assam, though Boros inhabit all other districts of Assam.<ref>{{harvcol|Dikshit|2013|p=376}}</ref><br />
<br />
Boros are officially identified as "Boro, Borokachari" scheduled tribe under the constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf|title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes}}</ref> Boros speak [[Bodo language|Boro language]], a [[Boro-Garo languages|Boro-Garo]] language of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] family, which is recognised as one of twenty-two scheduled languages in the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf|title=List of languages in the Eighth Schedule}}</ref> Over two-thirds of the people are bilingual, speaking Assamese as second language.<ref>{{harvcol|Dikshit|2013|p=375}}</ref> The Boro along with other cognate groups of [[Bodo-Kachari peoples]] are prehistoric settlers who are believed to have migrated at least 3000 years ago.<ref>"Most scholars suggest that the first Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples began to enter Assam at least 3,000 years ago." {{harvcol|DeLancey|2012|pp=13–14}}</ref> The Bodo-Kachari were also some of the first people to rear [[silkworm]]s and produce silk material and were considered to be advanced in rice cultivation in Assam during this time period.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Handloom and Textile of Bodos|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/220083/10/10_chapter%206.pdf|journal=G Brahma PHD Thesis|pages=139}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Chattarji|1951|pp=95–96}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Boro people are recognised as a plains tribe in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, and have special powers in the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]], an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous division]]; and also as a minority people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boro (Bodo)|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/boro-bodo/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Minority Rights Group|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The Boros are sometimes known as Kacharis and Mech to others but self-identify as Bodo or Boro,<ref>"The people very seldom call themselves by any other name other than ''Bodo'' or ''Boro''".{{harvcol|Mosahary|1983|p=42}}</ref> but the correct form is ''Boro''.<ref>"It is important to note here whether the name is ''Bodo'' or ''Boro''. It is undoubtedly ''Boro'', which means 'great people' and not ''Bodo'', which many of the people themselves call".{{harvcol|Mosahary|1983|p=42}}</ref> ''Boro'' comes from ''Bara-fisa'', which means "son of Bara", and ''Bara'' stands for "man" or "male member" of the group.<ref>"...we have references to the term ''Bara-fisa'' meaning child of the ''Baras'' and the term ''Bara-fisa'' must have been subsequently termed as simply as ''Bara'' pronounced as ''Boro''. Dr P C Bhattacharya writes that like other tribal names in Assam the name ''Bara'' stands for ''man'' or ''male member'' {{harvcol|Mosahary|1983|p=44}}</ref><br />
<br />
There is a saying of Boro people, ''Boro hari, geder hari'', meaning "Boro people, great people", which made Dalton conclude that ''Boro'' means "great people".<ref>In that regard, Dalton came closer to the truth when he observed that ''Boro'' means "great people", which may be examined in the light of the Boro saying ''Boro hari, geder har'' ("Boro people, great people").{{Harvcol|Bhatt|2005|p=20}}</ref> Similarly, in the [[Kokborok|Kokborok language]], ''Borok'' means man ('k' being a suffix for nouns) and so logically, ''Boro'' would mean ''man'' even in the [[Boro language (India)|Boro language]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Bhatt|2005|p=20}}</ref> Brahma noted that ''Boro'' might have originated from the Tibetan word ''Hbrog'' or ''Hbrogok'', meaning ''Man''. Generally, the word ''Boro'' means a ''man'', in the wider sense ''Boro'' means a ''human being'' (but not specific to a female member of the family) in the languages used by the [[Bodo-Kachari]] peoples.<ref>{{harvcol|Brahma|2008|p=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Language==<br />
{{main|Bodo language}}<br />
The [[Bodo language|Boro language]] is a member of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family. It belongs to the [[Bodo–Garo languages|Boro-Garo]] group of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. Boro Language is recognised as one of twenty-two scheduled languages in the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<br />
<br />
==Religion==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion among Bodos<br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]and others|orange|30.49}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|10.05}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Bathouism]] |#808080|59.46}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Traditionally, Boros practised [[Bathouism]], which is the worshiping of supreme God, known as ''Obonglaoree''. Native Boros worship tribal deities like Bathou (or Shijou), Mainao, Mairong and Agrang. The shijou tree (in the genus ''[[Euphorbia]]'') is taken as the symbol of Bathou and worshiped. It is also claimed as the supreme god. In the Boro language, Ba means five and thou means deep. Since Boros believe in the five mighty elements of God – land, water, air, fire, and ether – the number five has become significant in the Bathou culture, which is similar to the five elements of other Asian religions.<br />
<br />
According to Bathouism, before the creation of the universe there was simply a great void, in which the supreme being 'Aham Guru', Anan Binan Gosai or Obonglaoree existed formlessly. Aham Guru became tired of living a formless existence and desired to live in flesh and blood. He descended on this great void with all human characteristics and created the universe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boro Kachari Sonskritir Kinchit Abhas |last=Basumatary |first=Dhuparam |pages=2–3}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to Bathouism, Boro people have also converted to [[Hinduism]], especially [[havan|Hoom Jaygya]]. For this worship through fire ceremony, a clean surface near a home or courtyard is prepared. Usually, worship offerings include a [[betel nut]] called a 'goi' and a betel leaf called a 'pathwi' or 'bathwi' and rice, milk, and sugar. Another important Hindu festival, the Kherai Puja, where an altar is placed in a rice field, is the most important festival of the Boros. However, caste and dowry practices are not practised by the majority of Boro Hindus, who follow a set of rules called Brahma Dharma.<ref name="HOME">{{Cite web|url=http://udalguri.gov.in/bodo.htm|title=HOME|website=udalguri.gov.in|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410212956/http://www.udalguri.gov.in/bodo.htm|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Christianity]] is followed by around 10% of the Boros and is predominantly of the [[Baptist]] denomination.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds of Bodo-Christians joined a massive rally addressed by Indias PM but skepticism remains |url=http://southasiajournal.net/hundreds-of-bodo-christians-joined-a-massive-rally-addressed-by-indias-pm-but-skepticism-remains/ |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=southasiajournal.net |date=12 February 2020}}</ref> The major Boro Churches associations are the [[Boro Baptist Convention]] and [[Boro Baptist Church Association]]<br />
<br />
==Occupation==<br />
Boros are mostly settled farmers, who have traditional irrigation, dong.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devi|first=Chandam Victoria|date=1 April 2018|title=Participatory Management of Irrigation System in North Eastern Region of India|journal=International Journal of Rural Management|volume=14|issue=1|pages=69–79|doi=10.1177/0973005218765552|issn=0973-0052|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Folk tradition and mythology ==<br />
The history of the Boro people can be explained from folk traditions. According to Padma Bhushan winner Suniti Kumar Chatterjee, mythologically, Boros are "the offspring of son of the Vishnu and Mother-Earth" who were termed "Kiratas" during the Epic period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitg.ac.in/rcilts/bodo.html|title=RCILTS, Phase-II|website=iitg.ac.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430200542/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rcilts/bodo.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> ''Basumatary'', the largest sub-tribe of Boro means ''Sons of the Soil.''<ref name="harvcol|Sen|1999|p=44">{{harvcol|Sen|1999|p=44}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History==<br />
According to Hodgson, since the people who were known as Kacharis and Mech to others called themselves Boro, and also the Kachari chief deities, Siju, Mairong, and Agrang, are also Mech deities, the term ''Boro'' is the proper designation for the tribes.<ref>{{Harvcol|Jacquesson|2008|p=21}}</ref> The [[exonym]] ''Mech'' originated from the [[Sanskrit]] word [[Mleccha]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Chattarji|1951|p=97}} Sanskritized version of Mech is Mleccha.</ref> Boros were repeatedly called as Mleccha or Mech. According to Alamgirnamah, Cooch Behar was inhabited by Koch and Mech.<ref>{{Harvcol|Ghulam|1902|p=11}} Cooch Behar was inhabited by Mech & Koch. Raja belong to first tribe.</ref> In ancient Sanskrit literatures, Boros were called as ''[[Kirata]]s'' and ''Mlecchas.''<ref name=":3">{{Harvcol|Chattarji|1951|pp=97–98}}</ref> Copperplate land grant inscription related to Ramca and Mahalia Kacharis were found<ref>{{harvcol|Thakuria|2015|p=96}}The charter records a grant of 186 purās of land, made to five persons, viz. Kacharimahalia Badnagaria, Ramca and Bajhparhania and Chutiya, who offered service to the families of medhis, bhakatas and the brahmanas of the Darrangirājya. The charter was issued by king Pramatta Singha in śaka 1667.</ref><br />
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== Important clans ==<br />
''Aroi'' or ''Ari'' or ''Ary'' is a suffix, which means ''clan'' in the Boro language.<br />
<br />
Some of the important clans of Boros are:<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Bodos|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97343/11/11_chapter%202.pdf|journal=Culture and Society}}</ref><br />
#'''''Swargiary''''': The priestly clan, with ''Deoris'' and ''Ojhas'' selected from this clan.<br />
#'''''[[Basumatary]]''''': The land-holding clan. <br />
#'''''[[Narzary]]''''': The clan associated with the jute cultivation and supply.<br />
#'''''[[Mosahary]]''''': This clan is associated with the protection of cattle.<br />
#'''''Goyary''''': This clan is associated with the cultivation of areca nuts.<br />
#'''''Owary''''': This clan is associated with the supply of bamboos.<br />
#'''''Khakhlary''''': This clan is associated with the supply of Khangkhala plant required for ''kherai puja''.<br />
#'''''Daimary''''': This clan is associated with the river.<br />
#'''''Lahari''''': This clan is associated with the collection of leaves in large quantities for the festival.<br />
#'''''Hajoary''''': The Boros that lived in the hills and foothills.<br />
#'''''Kherkatari''''': The Boros associated with thatch and its supply, found mostly in [[Kamrup district]].<br />
#'''''Sibingari''''': The Boros traditionally associated with raising and supply of sesame.<br />
#'''''Bingiari''''': The Boros associated with musical instruments.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:Bodo-Kachari 2.jpg|Boro women at Hornbill Festival<br />
File:Kherai Dance of Assam.jpg|Kherai Group Dance<br />
File:Boro man and woman.jpg|Boro man and woman<br />
File:Kachári Man.jpg|Boro man<br />
File:Kachári Woman.jpg|Boro woman<br />
File:Kachári Girls playing Gogona.jpg|Boro woman playing harp<br />
File:Boro Phali with peacock and headgear motif.png|thumb|Boro Phali with peacock and headgear motif<br />
File:Jumai khaonai.jpg|thumb|Alcohol production<br />
</gallery><br />
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}}<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<!--Only add entries that are supported by reliable source(s) in which it is explicitly mentioned that the person is an ethnic Bodo --><br />
<!--Names are arranged ALPHABETICALLY as per their LAST NAMES--><br />
* [[Rajni Basumatary]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/actress-to-screen-conflict-tale-in-rural-btad/cid/1691536 |title=Actress to screen conflict tale in rural BTAD |date=31 May 2019| access-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref> Filmmaker and actress<br />
* [[Harishankar Brahma]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The Assam Tribune Online |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan1915/state051 |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=www.assamtribune.com |date=19 January 2015}}</ref> 19th [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]<br />
* [[Upendra Nath Brahma]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodofa Upendra Nath Brahma's death anniversary observed by hundreds of people in Kokrajhar |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bodofa-upendra-nath-brahmas-death-anniversary-observed-by-hundreds-of-people-in-kokrajhar/ |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=2 May 2019}}</ref> Boro activist, known by the title ''Bodofa''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Sentinel Digital |title=Bodofa Upendra Nath Brahma's death anniversary observed by hundreds of people in Kokrajhar - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bodofa-upendra-nath-brahmas-death-anniversary-observed-by-hundreds-of-people-in-kokrajhar/ |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=www.sentinelassam.com |date=2 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Ankushita Boro]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |title=Indian boxing witnesses its finest hour in the World Youth Boxing Championships |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/weekend-read-indian-boxing-finest-hour.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Week |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> Indian boxer<br />
* [[Jamuna Boro]],<ref>{{cite news |title=How the 19-Year-Old Daughter of a Vegetable Seller in Assam Became an International Boxer |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/110998/jamuna-bodo-assam/ |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Better India |date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Indian boxer<br />
* [[Pramod Boro]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodoland Territorial Council Election Results 2020: Pramod Boro New Chief Executive Member of BTC as BJP Extends Support to UPPL |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/bodoland-territorial-council-election-results-103109165.html |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=in.news.yahoo.com |date=13 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|CEM]] of [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]<br />
* [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]],<ref>{{Cite news |title= BPF names Chandan Brahma for Kokrajhar |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/news/BPF-names-Chandan-Brahma-for-Kokrajhar/articleshow/32658395.cms |date=25 March 2014| access-date=18 September 2020 }}</ref> former [[Member of parliament]]<br />
* [[Hagrama Mohilary]],<ref>{{cite news |title=BTC Chief Hagrama Mohilary celebrates 50th Birth Anniversary in Udalguri - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/btc-chief-hagrama-mohilary-celebrates-50th-birth-anniversary-in-udalguri/?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2 September 2020 |work=The Sentinel |date=1 March 2019 }}</ref> president of [[Bodoland People's Front]] political party and former [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive Member]] of [[Bodoland Territorial Council]].<br />
* [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]],<ref>{{cite news |title=BSF gets first Bodo DG |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/bsf-gets-first-bodo-dg/article27293294.ece |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2005 |language=en-IN}}</ref> former governor of [[Meghalaya]], retired IPS officer, former director-general of [[National Security Guards]] (NSG) and the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)<br />
* [[Halicharan Narzary]],<ref>{{cite news |title=NEFU Player Holicharan Narzary Ties Knot With Geetanjali Deori |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/nefu-player-holicharan-narzary-ties-knot-with-geetanjali-deori/ |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=The Sentinel |date=4 October 2019}}</ref> Indian footballer <br />
* [[Kenny Basumatary]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/entertainment/interview-kenny-deori-basumatary-shares-experience-of-shooting-for-bollywood-flick-yaara-487246|title = Interview: Kenny Deori Basumatary shares experience of shooting for Bollywood flick 'Yaara' - Sentinelassam|date = 7 July 2020}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Filmmaker and Actor<br />
* [[Proneeta Swargiary]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/proneeta-swargiary-crowned-winner-of-did-5/|title=Proneeta Swargiary crowned winner of 'DID 5'|date=11 October 2015}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} [[Dance India Dance (season 5)]] Winner<br />
* [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Glories of Assam|last=NN|first=Acharya|publisher=Bina Library Guwahati|pages=1.0 , 1.1 , 1.2 , 1.3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Assam Remembers Kalaguru Bishnu Prasad Rabha |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/assam-remembers-kalaguru-bishnu-prasad-rabha/|date=20 June 2020| access-date=18 September 2020 }}</ref> Indian cultural icon<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]]<br />
* [[Bodo culture]]<br />
* [[Ual (tool)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin|}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCeQfWe6Am4C|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories|last=Bhatt|first=S.C.|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2005|isbn=9788178353562|location=India}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Brahma|first=Nirjay Kumar|date=2008|title=Socio political institutions in Bodo society|type=PhD|chapter=Introduction: Interpretation of Bodo or Boro|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/66535}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096|title=Kirata-Jana-Krti|last=Chattarji|first=Suniti Kumar|publisher=The Asiatic Society|year=1951|location=Calcutta}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=DeLancey |first1=Scott |editor3-first=Mark |editor3-last=w. Post |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Morey |editor1-first=Gwendolyn |editor1-last=Hyslop |year=2012 |title=On the Origin of Bodo-Garo |journal=Northeast Indian Linguistics |volume=4 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003 |isbn=9789382264521}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |pages=375–376}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft|title=Riyazu-s-salatin: a history of Bengal|last=Ghulam|first=Salim Husain|year=1902|publisher=The Asiatic Soceity of Bengal}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Jacquesson|first=François|date=2008|title=Discovering Boro-Garo|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf|journal=History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803001248/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf|archive-date=3 August 2019|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite conference |last=Mosahary |first=R N |title=The Boros: Their Origin, Migration and Settlement in Assam |book-title=Proceedings of Northeast India History Association |url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701071648/http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=30 June 2019 |year=1983 |publisher=Northeast India History Association |location=Barapani |pages=42–70}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Sen|first=Sucheta|date=1999|title=Womens participation in the Bodo movement|type=PhD|chapter=Introducing the Bodos|publisher=North-Eastern Hill University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/65670}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Thakuria|first=Gitanjali|date=2015|title=Studies in the inscriptions of medieval assam|type=PhD|chapter=Survey of the Inscriptions and Their Technical Aspects|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/50862}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Deka|first=Hira Moni|date=2009|title=Politics of identity and the bodo movement in Assam|type=PhD|chapter=The Historical Background of Bodo Movement|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/67844}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/kacharis009491mbp|title=The Kacharis|last=Endle|first=Sidney|publisher=MACMILLAN AND CO. LIMITED|year=1911}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Kakoty|first=Suchitra|date=1981|title=A study of the educational development of the bodo tribe during the post independence period with particular reference to the northern region of Assam|type=PhD|chapter=The Historical Background of the Bodo-Kacharis|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/67775}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Debasis|title=Ethnic Elements in the Political Life of Ancient Assam|date=1984|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=45|pages=101–106|jstor=44140186}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Siiger|first=Halfdan|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:875116/FULLTEXT01.pdf|title=The Bodo of Assam: Revisiting a Classical Study from 1950|date=2015|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-7694-160-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811014709/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:875116/FULLTEXT01.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2020}}<br />
<br />
==External ink==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking people]]<br />
[[Category:Bodo-Kachari]]<br />
[[Category:Bodo people|*]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]</div>2401:4900:3D38:BAB6:8AB:3F1F:8854:AD51