Tondaimandalam

2022-01-03T13:43:12Z

2401:4900:3BEE:2F1D:83E7:2AB8:5EA2:FF4F: /* History */

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{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2019}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Thondai nadu.jpg|thumb|map showing regions of thondai mandalam]]
'''Tondaimandalam''', also known as '''Tondai Nadu''', is a historical region located in the southern part of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and northernmost part of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Kenneth R Hall 88">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RQcLXd595kC|title=Trade and Spacecraft in the ages of chola|author=Kenneth R Hall|date=June 2003|publisher=Abhinav publications, 2003|page=88|isbn=9788170171201}}</ref> The region comprises the districts which formed a part of the legendary kingdom of Athondai Chakravarti. The boundaries of Tondaimandalam are ambiguous – between the Rivers basins of [[Penna River]] and [[Ponnaiyar River]]. During the reign of [[Rajaraja I]], this region was called as ''Jayankonda Cholamandalam''.<ref>{{cite book|title=India and the eastern seas|author=Alok Tripathi, Archaeological Survey of India, India. Indian Navy|publisher=Organising Committee of International Seminar on Marine Archaeology, 2007|page=49}}</ref>

==Geography==
The region includes the [[Nellore]], [[Chittoor]], [[North Arcot|North]] and [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]] and [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput]] districts of the [[Andhra State|Andhra]] and [[Madras State|Madras]] states. [[Chennai]] was part of the region.<ref name="Kenneth R Hall 88"/>

It covers the present day areas of [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]], [[Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]], [[Tiruvanamalai district|Tiruvanamalai]], [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]], [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakuruchi]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] and [[Chennai]] districts of modern-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].

==History==
Neolithic burial urn, cairn circles and jars with burials dating to the very dawn of the common era have been discovered near Mamallapuram.It then came under the rule of [[Cholas]] during first century CE with the capital of Tondai Nadu as [[Kanchipuram]]. The ''Proceedings of the First Annual Conference'' of South Indian History Congress also notes: The word ''Tondai'' means a creeper and the term ''Pallava'' conveys a similar meaning.<ref name="Proceedings">{{cite book |title=South Indian History Congress, Issue 1 |date=1980 |publisher=The Congress and The Madurai Kamaraj University Co-op Printing Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tondai+means+a+creeper+and+Pallava+conveyed+a+similar+meaning%22}}</ref> In the 3rd century CE, Tondai Nadu was ruled by [[Ilandiraiyan]], the first king with the title "[[Tondaiman]]", whom [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]] identifies with a [[Pallava]] prince. Pallavas moved southwards, adopted local traditions to their own use, and named themselves as Tondaiyar after the land called Tondai.<ref name="Proceedings"/><ref name="Krishnaswami">{{cite book |author=A. Krishnaswami |title=Topics in South Indian history: from early times up to 1565 A.D. |pages=89–90 |publisher=Krishnaswami |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL4BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{sps|date=July 2019}} The medieval Pallavas ruled Andhra and Northern [[Tamil Nadu]], from the 4th to the 9th centuries, with their seat of capital at ancient Kanchipuram. The ancient Tamil poem of [[Kalingattuparani]] mentions the conquest of Telangana by Kulotunga Cholan who handed the reigns of Tondamandalam to his illegitimate son Adondai.<ref>{{cite book |title=Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Volume 14 |publisher=Vepery mission Press |year=1847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhoYAAAAYAAJ&q=Adondai&pg=PA60}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=July 2019}}

It was captured by the second Chola monarch, Aditya (r. ca. 871-907). he defeated the armies of the Pallavas of Kanchipuram and claimed all of Tondai Nadu; the region north of the [[Kaveri]] basin around [[Palar]] river basin including present day Chittoor and Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, as Chola territory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restoring past glory |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/02/stories/1302126h.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 October 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The region was then a part of [[Vijayanagara Empire]], first ruling from [[Hampi]] and then headquartered at [[Chandragiri]] in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The Vijayanagar rulers who controlled the area, appointed chieftains known as [[Nayak dynasty|Nayaks]] who ruled over the different regions of the province almost independently. During the British Rule, the whole region was a part of the [[Madras Presidency]].

== Related pages ==

* [[Thondaimandala Vellala]]
* [[Tuluva Vellala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pallava dynasty]]
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
[[Category:Regions of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Natural regions]]

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Tondaimandalam